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ֻǿʼֻ߳룬תֻ򵥣
Ѫȱ磬
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001 ֻ

ᣡ
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ֵȺĺĶƱȭͷӷ·Ҫ˸ȥһ㣡
ǫ̃̄ϣҶջӶȭͷǺˮصһȭֻ֣ȭͷȴҪе˲䱻ԷɵĶţҶֻúӰһԼϱصذһ£
飡
ҶպȻأ
ȭͷʱͬ㳯Ҷյ䣬ǫ̃̄ȴĸǵȭУûǷ񵹵أûǷˣֻҪѪȣʱãżôҲûʲôϵѪܴ̼ڵĸй٣ԣûκεıʾֻؿҶյڵϲϵİᣬ˫ȭŵԴϣϵкɫѪҺʶ䡣
ॣ
ʱӵĻغͬľͷ˰͵Ĳڳһ˿飬ʾ⽫ǫ̃̄ϵ˸ҶҲǱȻǫ̃̄һţֽˮͰëմˮҶϵѪǵ˿ڣ
գĪСëҶղţ̲סǲˣòãȥᱻģ
ҶմϢţѾܵ˿Ӱ첻ǣȴĪСĻɵ̧ǰˣһĪС壡
ĪСĽȭѵܹվǫ̃̄ϣŬĳΪְҵȭ֣ҶĪСһֱͬһ㣬ԣӲĪС˵κλ
ǣ첻У
ʮ򣡡ҶץĪС֣ɳźûǮվͻҲܿģֻһˡ
ĪС弱ȥͻڵӣ˶壬㻹ôֻԼ
ӮʮһӮʮҶҡԴʦҪңһӮģǻҪһȥȥμWBAһܹõ
ॣ
𣬲ߵ̨룬ʾߵǫ̃̄
Ҷҡҡλεվױߵǫ̃̄롣
ӮԼһҪӮ
вϵظԼҶյͺһٶȳǰ˳ȥȭͷص䣬ȴҲֻһȭţԷ籩ȭͷ㳯Ҷ˹
ĪСݺݵһǫ̃̄һΪҶտˣȴû뵽ҶոѾˣһȭ˶֣ȴûԼ¶˳ӭԷıҶܹͦһôҽʧȥҲеĴҶճŲȥ⼸ʮ롭
ĪСקëǫ̃̄ԶëͶǣȭУǴǺȭ÷ƶûУֻKO֣Ҷյ³֪
ĪСͻȻּΪõԤУ
飡
Ҳʱ򡭡
ԷͻȻһ¹ȭݺݵĻҶյ°ͣҶֻתǰһжӰ
Ҫô
գոô죡
ҶԴֻʣͷ漴ʵʵĵǫ̃̄ϡ
죬ҽҩ䣬ҽҩ绰Ҫȡ
ĪС岻Ȳ㷢Ƶĳǫ̃̄ЩעҶϵˣŭŷйԼĲ񶾵ԴҶգ漴ԼĶƱǫ̃̄ɲǵĹЩֽƬǫ̃̄Ϸɷ䵽Ҷյϡ

ҶԼܹ߲ĺܹĪС岻ҡԼֻԽԽСĪСӰҲԽԽģ
ţҶոоԼ·Ʈһ㡣
߸ߵƯ˿Уǫ̃̄ĪСҡԼ壬ʲôԼ壿
Ҷպȷǫ̃̄ŵľԼôԼ˭˵ǫֻ̃̄ʣһѡ
ˣԼˣ
Ҷղŵ̯˫ֿţģһ˿͸ͬһ㣬漴ҶմӾлعҶվԽƮԽߣֱƮݶƮգ
ͷҶշԼԸУһеһо۵ףֵֻҪ̧̧ͷܿԼȴ˭Ҳûע⵽Ҷգ˭Ҳûע⵽ǵͷƮŸˣ
ȥ
ƮֵƮ¥Ʈ㳡ҶճŵĿһУȻƽЩĮԼƺˣ
ֱһʽĹžС¥ҶյĸǰҶյͫȻС¥ݶһΣݵŮԵЩ㲣Ŀȴ͸˿㣬Ǳֽˮ೹ԶҲ֪Щʲô
գա
ҶնʱĺƴţҪŮڵ¥źƾε嶼ƵƮȥ
ǰɫƲͻȻۼһŤתһƬ޴Уž޴㽫Ҷո˽ȥ
쵰쵰ҵʱ䣬ٸҵʱ䣬ֻҪټһͺˣ
ҶĿĴŭȴһһĽ֮С
ɫӿţеĺȴһɹâɵͨҶսǰɫϱ㲻ϵ˸棬ȫҶգҶճʱʼͬ¼Ƭһ㣬һһŵҶջӤʱҡֵĻ棬иĸĻ棬ĪС彫ӹ¶ԺߵĻ棬ĪСȭĻ棬Լһվǫ̃̄Ļ棬ȻҲٲҶǫ̃̄ϵĻ棬ЩԼǰ·Լһǰ㣡
ѵֻôҶţ漴ʵļغҲҪֻأҲԣһȥ쵰ˣոô죬˭չ
ҶƴţֽŲõͼֹԼ˳ͨƮȥȴԵЩ޼¡
ȴҲʱ򡭡
ҶջֱͻȻǰɫ֮ڣţҶձоԼץʲôǲϱҲȻͣסǰɫâɵͨƮ
Ҷյ۾ʱһȻ֪ԼץסʲôǸϢǣԼߣɸôȥأ
ǾԼ֮УҶսҧסء
а취һа취ģ
ҶղϵظԼǣôŵʱʵȴٶȸҶյͷһԼٶͨƮ
Ҷ¶Ȼ֮ɫԵĸоץŵĶɶˣţһźӰǰâз˳ײҶյԴϡ
һһɫʮҶȴҲֻʣ̨ѣ·ɫȴѾ۶ϣ
ҶӲקŷɳâڿƯƬ̣̻һ⣬ֱҶյꡣ
ۡ
Ҷ˲䣬Ҷվ;ޱʹ࣬ţǰͱһһףɫҶյǰһƬսɫĴأɫգǲȱıõļУ׹һֱӵƽ߶޷ͷʬĲкѻһһСɽ
š
һɫʬɽһһҶյʶȴһһɢ


002 ߵĹ
ʮʮķϣʮ飬һŮܹһͱͬʱӵЩôʵģŮ˾һ
ʮҹӽҹȻŮˣ
˿̵ʮҹӽҹ˿ԵĿףѪɫڿдһİѪߣŲŲŶصɣͬ趯ֻǣʮҹӽҹ趯ȻУǻȴһ㶼ƯʮҹӽҹʮͷɫĹȣצϵĳʮҹӽҹȥȻʮҹճѪ߸һͷһͷķʬնɱ
Ƭ̺ʮҹӽҹΧĹȶնһһƵĺʮҹӽҹΧڵôղžйǹ߱ʵͬᱻնɱιڿ
ǸʮҹӽҹĸǰһСŮؿڵ˵ˡ
ʮҹӽҹͷһ㷢ֻɫһСڵ㣬ʱһЦǹˣӦøһꡭ
˵ʮҹӽҹͻȻɫһ䣬ˣǹȵĳѨ

ġ
ҶջָʶʱԼѾǺڰɫʬɽѪսˣƺǸϢϢԼ壬ңǵѾ˱Ӽ⣬š
飡
Ҷսʵʵľе档
ۣۡҶյڵ漴ͻȻĴӵ˼ĿԼ૵ȻۣǴӶˤģ
Ҳ˲䣬ҶͻȻĴһãȻ֮ɫ˽䱸
Σյĸо
ָо΢ÿΣʱĸоҶ˶ȭĸָоԵĸ
ϸĵĴܣĹľԣҲʱǹľͻȻȺĹâͬһ˫۾һ㣬ضҶգ漴ĵ˵ʮǹľͻȻľĳĺɫâ
ģһͷһͷͨڣðĹȱӹ̤Ҷ¶֮ɫ
˻
ҶճʲôĹ
۾Ҷ˺һЩ̽ȻҶյ̽ʧˣЩȾĻģҶյľٶΪԼҪܣ׷׵ĳҶշ˹
ģȻңҶҧǾͱҴǣ
ҶտɲǵЩҲԴУֱӻԼȭͷ
Ҳʱʮҹӽҹ٣㿴ҶһȭŹȥʱ֣
飡
ʮҹӽҹĻһЩҶյȭͷȻ˳ȥֻȴ˵档
Ҷնʱһ㵵ؿԼȭͷ漴̧Ⱦһŷ߼ǹȣȻ֮ɫǸŨ
ȥˣ
Լ徹ȻЩȵϴȥˣ
֣
ʮҹӽҹûиҶռݡĻᣬһ󣬱ٻԼѪɫѸٵĳȺУЩȶʮҹӽҹȻɵܵǿֻǸšʳջûȴʮҹӽҹѪͷȸɺЩȱԾ˻عľȥˡ
ߣʮҹӽҹҲû׷Ĵ㣬ҶգקѸ뿪ȵƬɫľԵʮҹӽҹɿҶգԴ͵Ϊ꣬㵹ǺܲȻȣҪ֪˵ķӦǺ캰أ˼⣬ܶǡ
ꣿҶüô
ʮҹӽҹЦǲˣѵԼô
Ҷһ㣬漴ΪʹرͷֻЩãȻȴʧ䣬ȻһУÿһϸڶδ©һʵģôѾˣսǫ̃̄ϣ˿̵Ӧֻһʧȥꡣ
ôƬ̺ҶЩľȻ̧ͷʲôط
߱˵ɡʮҹӽҹǰ·߹ȣö˵Ļ˵ǹߵظ˵Ļ˵ǵڤ磬˼ûжٵĲͬκ궼磬ԣֻ˵ļһŻ
٣ô
ҶԳЦЦ͸˿ʣҲ⣬˭˵Լҵ˶Ὺš
ʱСҲǻȻʣֵıϣһƬԼªľդӪأյվʮˣŮ˵˵ĻҲݸǡ
ҵӪأʮҹӽҹЩһֻ꣬һЩѣڸѵǣţȸҽɣڵ̫޷ȥġ
Ҷüȥ
ʮҹӽҹǿҶյʣ͵߹Ǹ궺ĵطȻֻأǣܾúܾǰ֪ʲôԭɻ˳ֻ߹ȣȴҲ޷ֻأֻ߹棬طûǰãǿǶΪʳղżĹֻ͵ȵһ֣ҪЩԵôֻԼϵıǿԸǿ⣬ȻĻȴľǷɻ𣬳׵ɥʧֻصĻᣬҲ޸Ŀܣ
Ҷֻǰţֱ۾ͻȻץʮҹӽҹļ򣬴غ˵ʲôֻأô˵ǸԲԣһиĻ᣿
ʮҹӽҹûбãҶյ˫ʱֱӴ˹ȥţʮҹӽҹֻҶյϵ˵Ҷձֱӷ˳ȥصڵϡ
侲һЩʮҹӽҹȥ˶ԣǲܵ飬ΪҲ޷ֻأⲻܵ鷴˿ܣ˵ֻҪ߹ŬǿֻصķҲ޷пܳУҲ˵ϾǴ˵ܹҵֻصķ㹻ϲˣطˣͻ֪治һõط
Ǿ͸ҸôǿҶմӵϱʮҹӽҹһһ٣նҪȥҪҲջҪҵչˣҲܾôˡ
ʮҹӽҹһصûΪҶյٶȸȥؿҶһҰĸ־ǣд˵˽޵ֻǴ˵ܹ쵽Ҳֻ˰ˣܹ߹겻Ѿǳѣֻض˵Ǹˡ
ҿԣҶչϵĴʮҹӽҹ˰첻ҲУһҪղ˵ӪأѵЩ꣬Ȼˣܲѵң
Ļӵ㹻߹Ա֮˵ɣʮҹӽҹͻȻЦЦľ߷飬ЦĿҶյѵ㣬ǵҲûʲôԣ֪Ҳеֺˣû˵Σ
ҪҸʲôۣȼ۽ԭ淨֮һҶյûʲôףϵֻҪܸģ㶼ߡ
ʮҹӽҹǿԽ˵ܻʲô۶˵óı꣬Ǹһ궼ƺҲûʲôüƽϵġ
ԣҶյʲôʱʼϣԽԽá
ʮҹӽҹҡҡͷҲ֪ΪʲôԵôԼҪϢ
ϢҲҪҶյҡ
Ҷ˵һ룬ͻȻЩĿѣüҡ˼²ǿվסԸоԼʶɢ
ʮҹӽҹ߹ȱȻᾭֻأǷǳľģԣκ߹ȵ궼ǳܼôѾˣԣú˯һɣ
ʮҹӽҹոհѻ˵꣬ҶձһͷԵڵء



003 
ҶѹʱѾһˡ
ܼ򵥵ľӣҲǳªֻһľӣû
ô
ҶմӴ𣬻ͷһڴҵʮҹӽҹӰŮССڵĳһöҶմδĹӣһ˿ҺʹĨ촽ǻ濴ʵ˼ˣǰĻҶնɫɲ͵ĻҲǼΪаϧҶʵһ˼ûС
ӪأҶտΧʲôʱʼѵ
㻹ԼʮҹӽҹɨҶһ۵ðɣȻôУǾ͸ɡ
ʮҹӽҹˣ漴Ҷ뿪䣬˵뿪ȴҲֻǾľݵĿһ䷿ǰѣֻǣǷЩһȻҲľƵģȴɫѪɫʮҹӽҹȥʱϱ̳ԲεĿƣҫŸɫ⣬ţʮҹӽҹƿһ˿̵İɫʹŷӿ˳
Ҷջӻ֣ɨЩ󣬱βʮҹӽҹ߽ź
ⷿĳӵļªӦ˵ѹûг裬ֻôķһռ䣬ûûӣûӣ봦һа˶ߵĴľͰǹ̵ǴľͰɢģΧǽŸͬĹŹֿƣҶղ²⣬ЩӦڵЩȻƾſ޷赲й
ڸϵһΣʮҹӽҹŹˣ԰ɣ
Ҷյͷ漴ǣҵȭͷֱӴȥˡ
ǵȻ飬꣬ȻᴩκζʮҹӽҹЦǲǻúܲ㣿
Ҷպ˵ûʲôģԼɴǽ͵Ůϴ裬ûЦҪǲᣬǰŮ˿ʱܰԼſ£ǾԿԵġ
ʮҹӽҹΪ̫ˣͬһ㣬ʵҲһͬһˣǿ׳˿ܺ޸опܱɳȥͬĵǿ׳˹Էп˸оۣ˹ԷֻԼȭͷۣôһǿ׳ˣȻͨϵĶҪĲǶǴ
ʮҹӽҹһ˵ţ㿴ľͰһۣҶҲʱע⵽ľͰװĶ漴ɴ۾ľͰװŵľȻǳȺɫҽװĶľͰȴûбճɻҽ
ⶫ𣡡ʮҹӽҹ£ҶյҪ߹ͨǰ첻ģļͱﵽһ̶ȣ壬Ψһİ취õ꣬Ҳޱȵʹ࣬ԣҲǵһصĿ飬ǣ˶Ϊܲʹ׵ķɻ𣬻;
ҶЦܾôǷ׵رԵ
ʮҹӽҹͷͨ߹û˿սԣĹȣҲܽ䵱ʳ
ȻˣǻʲôԥģҶЦЦĺܼᶨֵ̯̯ҪôҪô˵ʳԵǰƺܽԼô
Ҷ˵ҲҪʮҹӽҹָӣ㽫ֳľͰȥ

ָֻĴҶձоҵ֮⣬ָӵؿڣ漴ɢȫ·ڻһ㣬ţΪڹ̵Ĺϵȱ㻯޾ʹ
ʮҹӽҹҲǿЦˣÿܽճɻҽҪֻ֪Žȥָ
ҿԵģҶմڴϢţŭңҿԵģ
Ҷպ꣬㽫첲һľͰţĲҽ
ǵոͨĻɲͬͨĻŵĵطʹޱȣȴ꣬ȻҶմ˿̹Ҳֻʣѣֻʹĳλǻ˲ϴͬҺҶյʡ
ʮҹӽҹüҲЩȥڵѭ򽥽̶Ѿˣġ
ʮҹӽҹĻδ£ҶվͼᶨĴϵûʱ䣬Ҫǿ̵ʱǿһܹȥģգ
Ҷ˵ֵʱѵõ¶ᣬ漴ӵļᶨһһľͰȻ˽ȥ
ǿҵʹ˲ϯҶյȫǣҶصûʹǽҧء
ʹȷΪǿңǣоⶫһʱ󣬶ԵӦһЩǺͷ׵ľֻ˵Ҫˣ磬Ȼɻ
ʮҹӽҹҶʵ˵죬̶̵ĽӴŮ˾ͺҶʲôˣǰֻԼķȥԣ̾ϢһҲûȰ뿪Ƿ䣬ȥܻܲܲҪҶԼ־ˡ
飡
ľűϣҶնȴԵĸأҲҧø
ԼŶ߲ȥǻʲôʸ񸴻
ҶĬȻȴޱȵļᶨĬȻľͰʮҹӽҹȻûиҪãҶնԲҪû뿪ľͰܲ˵ʱȥЪЪҶյĴҪôɹҪôľͰ
Ҳ֪˶ãҶֿʼܵʹȻոʹ˵ĸоֻΪӦĹϵļ󣬵ﵽٽʱ־ҵʹֻˡ
ણ
ҶҧץסľͰıԵ漴˫ͫ㶸Ȼһ
ץסˣ
ԼȻץסľͰˣ
ֻ꣬Ӧû谭ץգƻᴩľͰǣҶȴץסˣ
˵ĴȷЧԻûеＫޣҶտԿԼָǶľͰɲģûȫ壬ǣô˵ҶնԶһǿļ
ɣɣб¾һЩб¾ҡ
Ҷҧгݵ˻ţ
ĴȻԽʼʱԽףԽԽѣҶѾȡһЩɹ˶ģң״̬£ʹĸʵ΢һЩ󣬾һʹȻҲ˱ĸǿң
һͦȥģ
Ҷ˻ţҧгݵ˵ţǰһ澵ӣܹԼԽԽʵУôƮ죬ǣɫҲԽԽ԰ףֱ˰һ㣬ٶ˲ôȻͬʱҶյȴһһȥѾɢļ
ʮҹӽҹһҶֻ̹һܳ׵ĴɹҪôһʱ䣬ֻҪϢмΣܹɹ
ϧʮҹӽҹҲ֪Ҷջִֵɹ뿪ľͰĵز
ҪôҪôɹ
ҶľͰıԵǵҽУѾû˻ֻǷȥ߸֣ԼԵøӼᶨ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
ĴûнǣҶͻȻоһĸоѸԼȫ



004 
һ˿ϯȫҶյĸоˣǾҵʹΪǹͻȻо᲻٣Ҷ˿ÿģΪûнָѾܹľͰһЩɣҶӦܹоԼһ㡣
һͻȻֵǺǻʵ˵֮⣬ľͰеĵҽȻҲڲ̼š
ѲľͰ©ˣ
Ҷ̲סľͰ̽ͷ濴һۣȴûзһ˿ҽй©˾ǵҶվʱЩҽȻһһĴֵָϸߣ˳ҶյĴȥһֱ۵ҶյСŤţһһҶյ֮С
ҿ
ҶնҲ̲סһ䣬ʮҹӽҹû˵Ŷԣô¶
ҶŵʱľͰĵҽҲۿɼٶȼȥգ۵Ĺ򣬱Ѿֻʣһ룬ʧĵҽȫʽҶյ
ôأҶҧҧ漴૵侲侲϶ʲôԭģ
Ҷ¶ľͰǵĹ̸Ҳܣ֮仹֮ģһ޷̫ˮΪװȥҲһôĵҽԼӦҲװ²Ŷԣǻȥأ
Ҷձڤ룬ͻȻģǰһΪ
ɫɫ
ɫֻ֣ǾǺڰ˫ɫɫĴأаɫգĿ֮ȱıõļУ׹һֱӵƽ߶޷ͷһһʬɽҶյĸǰ
ҶЩȣǵһοڽֻʱҲһأֻʱԼܿιȥˣ翴ĲУ¿ڰɫս羹ȻԼ
ҲʱǰɫͻȻһƬ𺣣ţɫҽ·նѣһƬɫٲһ㡣
ҶյĵһӦȻܣ˭⾰󶼻ҪܵģҶܵʱŷԼû˫ȣԼֻһʶǰĺڰսԼȻ֪ôģǣԼĵ̣
Ȼȵҽޱȹ˳ڽӴҶյʶʱԾɢƹҶյʶ漴Զ죡
ʱҶյȤǵҽ·ʲôǣһ㣬Ȼ֪ʲôٿȷԼûж⣬ҶȻԥʹԼʶǵҽԶ˶ȥ
Ƭ̺Ҷյĸǰһʬɽ
Ƭڰɫսеʬɽ࣬Ҷǰһʬɽߵģ·ѻȱıиƽļУȻһһݺύѻһĸʬ壬ͬһѵֱϲһƬȴֱɭɭ׹ǣǰ׹ǵĶˣȻһɫ̨Ҷţͷŵ⡣
ҶԲ죬ȴֻĪ۶ϵһ䣬ʱ֪ıܽԼڣȴû뵽ȻһֱԼ
ܵĵҽ·ܵɫĸһ㣬ѸٵĻһһɵϸʬɽ֮󣬱ʱȥһֱ۵ɫ̨룬ݽֻͷ˿ĴСһһĵһ֮С
ֱǿӽҽɵĸɸɾǿŻԲɫӺȻ˻ɫ޵⣬ԼܹкɫҺ巭һ㣬ͬʱǿӽҽɸɾƺҲǾ㷹һ㣬ҫϢʬɽ֮ˡ
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Ů˵ôֲʵҲô
Ҷ˸ŶЩƵĸЧ治ʱĲҽķʹҶŪĶСȴ֪Ҷ߳ʱʮҹӽҹ׽˼ͷЩ֣Ҫ֪ЩȻʵսȫޣʮҹӽҹҪһһĽ̻Ǹȥս
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005 ֮
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ʮҹӽҹüͷ߹ҲͶ˵ĲΨһŵڶֻ࣬ҪиʧȾͻƵ۶ɣˣȺһѨҲͰ֮ôͻȻðôࣿ
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ղֻһͷ֣ٻǲôȵҶճȺٶһԣЦݾ̲סţԼȭڲ˵ΪĹϵڻŵʱ򻹸֣ͬʱֻʵУȴһҶմ˿꣬һʧȥҶյĲҲޱ飬ֱͻȻж˼һ㣡
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ģҶһЩĵĹﵽ׷ʲô裿ҿֵʱɣɱ˼ͷԾȥˣôûû˵ģңΪʲôҪӪء
߹ȵȫΪʳ˶꣬ζǹӪزϡ棬ǣǺܵСֻҪɱһЩܽѹʮҹӽҹ׷ɵĹȣ漴ЦҲ֪ЩôˣȻԸǰ̣ңҴʱӪѵЩЩʵս̽ѯܣҲֻһȳѨȣ治֪ǵصĹǴġ
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Ҷһ˵ţһߵͺһͷֳӪųȥһǹȭɨȴͷȵԴ
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һͷʮҹӽҹҶѾɱӪſڣеĹֹ쳣ͻȻģҲ֪ӻʲô̯˫֣±㻯һɫĹâֱͬһҫš
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ٰҶһЦûôףһ뿪һҪܸˣ˹֣СүԹԵعһ߶ȥ
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ʮҹӽҹȴɲǼɫ԰׵ǵ֮



006 ּ
ǵ֮ĻǶֺ󣬵µĴӿţͻȻĴӵص˳ֱӲסһմӪͻΧ꣬ǴǵĶ˾ͬ߿һ㣬ȻſǱı˻Ҫ󣬽ȥ
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һзʵڹѸݣգ۵Ĺͱ֮ĴǸ̵
󣬵֮ĴǱɢһ˿ĸֳһ˿⣬һϸܵƤһЩͬʱССĻǶҲǿһ˿СڣͬҲʹõ֮Եø̰ڶƤĴٶȴӵصԾֱɱȺ֮Уŵڶ궸Ȼ֣պ󣬱ſѪڡ̵ֱ
꣬ǵ֮ʱһЩССĻǶ򿪣ǻٴ¶ĺȻһźͷݵѷ·һ㣬ǻ·һѿ˽磬΢΢ţͬһ¶ࡣ
СģʮҹӽҹҲǴлعΧ֮ʲôԣԵԽ࣬ԽǿЩӦöǱ֮ʹġ
ʮҹӽҹѵЩԵЩ£ǶﲻãʵδҲδԵãȻ޴롣
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֮ܵݵĹȵĺηֱҶյĸǰһǽֱͦͦԼҶյȭͷײֻҪҶհֱá
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Ҳ˲䣬ǰҶͻȻоһǼʵĺͻȻѿ֮ӵص͵Ĵ˳סף㽫ҶճŹȺק

Ҷֻüһ䣬˾ͱŵڵأٶʵ̫죬쵽ӦʮҹӽҹȣΧĹһţ̾ͽǸոմ򿪵ȱΧˮйͨ
գۼ䣬ҶվǱϵ֮ĸǰĴָϸֱסҶյĲӽ˰գССǶѾţɫĻ꣬ŵŵķҷֻǣǻٴĺɫͷȴԵʵˣڶѶҶգûӣҶȴоԼǱʲôסһ㣬Ҫֲĳ嶯
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һҧȻܶǵ֮ʲôãȴҲ֣ǵ֮ȻҵػζǵҶղӵݺݵ䣬㽫Ҷոݺݵڵϣ

һˤҶҲǲɵһǼȵ̧ͷһ̷ǱԼҧȻʲô¶ûУǱԼץŵĲȴӲĸ۵һ飬ɫҺ岻ϵµ䣬ڵϱǵ㽹ڣӿһ˿
Ҷ̷һʱ˫Ŀɵϴ󣬾ȵ𣡡
Ҷյʺ죬һƬɫĳҺɲһͰĵô
ıҶһͬʱҲʶԼȻʬɽ֮ˣǶССɫ̨ϣǵһӲϵӿ𣬳ɫ̨Ҷʬɽ
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ĴָϸҶУʱ̡ӿ̣֮·ʱҵĲţҡҷţٴĺɫͷʵĸұָܵĹȳҶշ˶
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ҲҵģҶקŵ֮ҪңҾֻȳԵˣ
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ǵ֮Ҷյǰ·ζʹҶղľ͹Ķźڣǿų嶯Ҳֻһ˲ˣ漴ҶյԴͱǡȥռſҧڵ֮Ļϣٵľ׽һһĽ֮ҧ飬һһһһľôʽ˶
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Ҷս뵽Ƭڰɫս
ɫգɫǴأĿ꣬ϵʬѻɽбɽҰ
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ⶫʲôأҶ°ͣ૵֮аĺܣʲôԣҲŹôа
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ʮҹӽҹ⻰ǸҶ˵ģҲڸէ꣬ȻֻССһ㣬ȴҲȥС
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ʮҹӽҹЦһĿԴġ
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˵Ҳеʮҹӽҹͷô㣬ȻܹɱˣȻеʱǲɻúʹࣿоģֹ·ֱȫ޷һ㣿
Ҷճصصͷǵʮҹӽҹ˵ֻ߹Ͷ˵ˣ̶ֳȵﶼôǿûκʵģҪôԼ̫ҪôԼûչϡ
ʮҹӽҹԶصûκܹ˵Ҳûκܹо͸˵Ǿһ֣ԣ󣬻꣬ʵҲΪĿʼ߹ȣǽֳ壬Ӥ꣬ң裬ӵ󣬶ֱĹֵܹʱʸ߹ȡ
һġҶ죬˵赭дȴҲչʾԼľĸģ漴ֻҪңô޳



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Ҷմ˸磬漴ӣȴҲʱͻȻһݣͻȻһ
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Ҷһ˲䣬ͷ֮ϱһ޴ı׳â¶·ֱֱĴ䣬ڿҪײʱҶͻȻĳ֣ɨȣ㽫Ǳ߳Ƭ
Ǵ˵еĵɽ
ɽʵһɽѩ˥ʣЩϹ޴ıޱȣͬʱֱش˫ܹпκεʱĻͷһ㣬ɽСһ࣬ǺԨԨ֮ףҫźâı׶˭ȥȻǴ֮ʹ
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ʮҹӽҹӦøҶ͵ӪأΪҶաáһµɽʮҹӽҹ㽫ҶոԼɽڣǱɽȻʵٷĵ޷Ҳ壬۵ʱҶտ϶̶ֳȣֻʣ꣬ҾҶվԼҪȻŵʱǿȽҲ飬ɽϵıͻȻ£ȻΣգҲôܹѵֻһ·עҪļУ΢ԵЩƣ
ҪطˡҶѵıߵһƬֻһŵĶǰ૵Ӧþ˰ɣҲû񾭲ϲסֹطˡ
Ŀ֮һƬѩǣϸһܹڱѩҵݵֻǷѾѩǣôˣҶȻӦỨʱӪˡ
ţҶ߽ƬݣΧһȦդһ֨ѽֱ죬زסľţľŲԲϣҶտһɫõ壬һƬĹӰУʱ˵ͷỨʮҹӽҹǸ߹
ľţһȦԺӣҶҲûŻԼӵķߣȴҪߵǰ˲䣬ͻȻ𣺡˭
ҶʱŵһƺԼıϣԱһŷŵıվŸţֻҲ֪һﵽվ˶ãѾ˺һѩŽǣѩɫһ𣬱۾ϸĻѽ䷢֡
Ҷɤӵʮҹ

˲Ҷս˵꣬ͻȻϣ漴۾ᡣ
ˡ
Ҷһ䣬漴Ŷ롣
ڽŵ˲䣬Ҷվ͸оһϣʲô趼ûУȴʮ꣬ЩҶʮҹӽҹǴӪؼ겻ͬǿ࣬㣬ûгէãȻЩڵϱĿЩĵĿǽϣҶսŵʱ򣬴˸Ƥûһ£Ҷһۺ󣬱㽫˿
Ҷ죬ֵطʺԼСӹҼҵӪѵԼòš
ӵĿյкܶ࣬ҶҲ£Լһ㾶ֱ£ѧΧһĿһ·ϱɽٻǻЩģǲô⣬ҲţҲ͵ʱˡ
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Ҳ֪˶ãľűƿһֱغſڵӡ
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򵥸һ֣漴תߣȴ˸ҵӵ߳ӡ
뿪ӺֱӽֱӴ˱ɽԨǸǰһһŵļ̵׸ߣ߰ס
һһţһٸͣң
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ҶڶҲˣһԲʲôŵģʮҹӽҹһƬɽӪضһܣ֮ӦƬӪصĵʦһһ￪֮Χܹó
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һȭ£Ҷնʱһɽϵıȫͬ쳣ļ̣ҶһȭȥǱȻֻһ˿ƣҶ̲аֻһȭǱ˿Ҷҧ˵ʮȭǱšһ
ҶմڴһۣȻļˡ
˶ҶһЩʱ۲âЩ˼ҶˣһйâŨͬһ㣬Ѿ߸һȻ۲âŨȴѾΣһذףͬ߸
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ȴˣ˸˾ȣȴһ뷢԰׵֮꣬Ȼûʹ˫ۿտҲ絶±һ˿Ѿʮңңˡ
һȺ̬һϹ
Ҷҧ죬漴ٹĦˣǼӦԼǰı
ʵҶʮȭһҲСʱҲѰ񣬵ⲢģԽԽٶȻҲԽȶÿļͳ̶Ⱦһ㿼飬֮⣬ҶΪãȻԼ˽ʮһоҲûУұ׸ûйϵɿЩѾһ˿ļһҶ־úܲġ
Ǿ⿿ûõģұʱӦŶԣΪ飿ʧȥԻ֮ȥ֮飬ԳΪ񣬺Ϊ㼴ʧȥҲ޷־ִԼ壬ִΣԼ־ֻˣԣúһԼҲǵִʲô⣬ҲʲôϹֻһõϹˡ
ͻȻ𣬽Ҷոŵһͷһ뷢԰ˣ֪ʱվԼ˵Щ󣬱΢΢һЦԹԵߵһ
Ҷٳһıһüһ˵һűȻѾ˰ٸȵڶʮʵֱѹ
ϼһ϶ҲǻģңôԶԼ죬ôõĶ˵Լǹ
Ҷصûҳֻڶ︹̣ٱ漴ǰı
־ִ
˵ǲ֪ںԭ򣬵ָҶյģеİҲܹŪףȻҲô˻ˣҶץͨйϣȴҲʼղ÷ţֱӪصĵʦʱҶҲû߸ʲô˼ǱҲûֻܹ꣬ʮ



009 
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Ҷʮ죬ÿλʼնǵʱǵһ漴Ϊٽűɵ߰ˣȥÿ춼ڽֻҶ֪ԼʼûΪÿұٶԽԽ죬޷ҵĶ֮ɣ߾ԵˣҶĿĲͬ
Ҷʣȴֲ֪ȥ˭ٽȫԵ쳣㣬רעԼѵҪ˵Ļ뷢԰׵һѡ񣬲ԸָһΣҲһԸָڶΣҶĥҪҪʱϧӪصʦ㿪ʼˡ
㣬㣬㡭˼ұٸͣ㵽ĸߣ
Ӫصʦѵÿһ䳬ʮ֣ʾڱɽԨұ󣬱ʾе˸Լ뿪
Ҷ˷ܣһҶڣһͬص㣬Ǿʮұڵʮδƹ֮С
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ҶҧҧǹŹֵӣȷǺܽʵԱ˾룬ӪصʦȷʵģٿԥļһҶڻһ۾һվͳǶȥ

ҽ¹𣬽ţһһĻҶֻ÷ѩ۾߿ХۿҪ׹µıʱͻȻıֱҶձ˰С
Žߵĺ棬ҶҲǺ߿׹ʵǴ̼һЩȴҲҶΪԼƽʱ򡭡
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ʵҶոŵһӵڶϣǺֻԶǹһԾѾԴĻܶĹȥ
ǵʯ֮䣬Ҷ͵ĳ֣סǹ˫ݣӲֹǹ轫ϣ漴һƶڣǹصС
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Ҷտ⻰Ҳ̲סڶ˾ʨӻὫɽ£ɳѧȥô
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ģҶտˮµһ䣬漴ʹӵϰϰģʲô
һȦһȦˮۣȻͷ軹δ׼ߵԾһأҶվûôˡ
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ִԼִʲôأ
ҶղɵԼ漴ɵԼµִȻǸص˼ȥǣԹôִȴûЧô֮أԼиǿҵִ

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ǹˮǻã˿ȻԾĸߣﵽҶڵĸ߶ȣһ䡣
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ԼĶʲôˡ
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ҲӡԼִҶն÷ҲͲսǫ֮̃̄ˡ
ȻԽԽ
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ҶĿϾôǹ裬ʤ׷ȴͻȻԼŵӵڰУһŤڰ̧ͦץϣ۲ɫĹâұ۲ɫĹâڰ˫ɫʣӶʱӦϡ
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һϣҶȻУոյˮҶձоһ̹ǣţ̧֮ǹ˦ŹΧֳ󣬿ɾǹսˣ
ĺã
Ҷﺰһȭӭȥǹһײ̧ǹĶϣ漴Ҷձ΢΢ü
ˮǲӰģǣˮȴҲû㣬ҶסͷҲκβãǹƵˮҴܣ顱һײˮĶ±ϣ
ģҵģ
ҶҧҧԼȻȴ൱΢Ҳ֪ԼջʲôȻ˫۲⣬ֿȭҪˮභΪѣڣҶѹ׵ıƣײɽڵĵһʱ䣬Ҷձȫ߶Ƕɫ̨
ǣҶճϣԼڵȻ޷Ӧǿ֮궯ѣţĵ֮ͼͻȻĻâʢһɫɵͻȻĴҶյܳ͵ؾͲǹ裬ҪҶĶ˾߿һѿһѷ죬ǹҧȥ
豻ɹâɵĵ֮ҧУʱҶգҵԼ޷Ҫζݶӣȴʼһ֮ס󣬹ڵľѸٵľͱȡʵҶյ֮УҶյ꣬գǹϳϸСƣֱһ׵ķ顣
Ϊ޵ģεĶۣ֮ʳ⣬ʲôţ
Ҷսǵ֮ɢɹκջڣ漴Űȥ˦ͷһһٵϰߡ
㲻Ҷϰʱ򣬱㿴Ӫصʦ֪ʱѾ˶·صϢ



010 ɱᱦһ
һż
޳󣬴ʸ߹ȻĿˣȻҲֻǿܣ
Ҷյ˶ͬ˵һɫģҶǺڰɫΪڣΪףֻǿʼޣữҶյʮҹӽҹ˵Լ־Σһ޶˭Ҳ޷ı䣬ҶĿǰΪ˶Ŭ
ҶŬĹУɽӪص˶ʮߣҲʮߣ
ǶĶʮȻǱ˵ѵ꣬ȥ꣬ȴʼ򲻳ӪصʦȥСչȥˣչ˵ĹУЩŹȥˣЩŹȥˣȴûһЩҲزӪˣǽڷѩΪ飬׵Ƭѩˡ
첻ȥұˡӪصʦŶ룬ɨһȦڵ˵رϷûѧȥš
ӪصԼѾʮӪصʦѻ˵󣬱ֱ˰ܼģȻѾˡ
ɵ˾ô࣬ԣвӦùˣǣף뿪ͲôˣҽһοˡӪصʦĬԣȴѵõĻһ˵ţһ߶ֱӵ룬ŴӻóһװɫҺƿӷŵϵⶫǶûǣӦöⶫ
ܹһϸԵģڵ˶һ
Ҫ߹ȥȻһЩȻҪ֪ĶҪһ
˵鱾ǴʼģκﻹŵʱΪۣ޷ģʵÿļģʧȥ壬Ϊһ־ؼ䣬㽫ѼܹΪ
ڻôֶֻ߹ȣһָ쳣Ƶԣֱʳû󣬻һֶ׳󣬿˵ǶκԽ̲ƷҲ߹ҪԴΪĵ󶯱ꡣ
˭ȵ˭ġӪصʦƿĵϵʱ޾վŵΪ׼˵һ룬ǽʱվŵľͲҪڱɽѵˣµȻҼѩܶô
û˴𻰣˼򵥵ĹҲŪס
ӪصʦһЦ漴ȥؽŴ򿪣ؽŹϡ
ǣֱӪصʦ뿪Ҳ˸Ҷû˸߽ƿȴһģСľܵˡ
Ҳ֪Ľֹ˶ã˴ͷ˳ƿȥŵʵⶫ˹ңܹ˭ѵеӸɣ
˵ͲԼĪʮҶʶһұʱÿζǰѾԼܹһذףˮ׼Ѿ൱ߣҲӪдõļ֮һʵǷȷʸ
԰ӡ
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һһ̤߽ƿȴҪȥ˲䡭
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Ҳ֪˭ͻȻһţʱӦͻȻľʹȺз˶˹˹ȥҲ˿壬Цһкâֻ֣һЩģһһεĻذףһذױ˳תȦлӭЩźΧˡ
һźš
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ȣҶҲһ˲ͻȻԼͻȻԼߵҹ
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ҶһǳɣԷȻ׺͵ϮȴԲʲô񶷼ɣҶһȭؿڣ㵹󷽵ǽڣؿڻվȣҶѾһҰԾصƣ˶

Ҷһȭˮâȭ䣬˸ϽԴܿţһ죬ľݵǽڱҶӲĸһȭһԴСƶоתͷܣȴոתͷ㱻һһȭбӣ͸һȭ÷ڵأ
͵ϮһȭҶյŵҲ˿ȴ죬㳯Ҷչ
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߶ǵˣ˭пͻȻ͵Ϯ㣬˭˭ĵˡ
ŶԷԼֳԼҶҲû˿£ӭŶԷȭͷҲһȭ
䣡
˫ȭڿײ漴Էҽһȴٿ˵ȭҶδ˷ֺԷȴһȭɢһֻȻղȭͷмָŤš
̫Ҷ۾һɣһŽߵڵصҪôԹԴڵװҪôҴ㡣
˶ʱʵָڵϣֻƿ˵ʱˣȻˣοվùȤ
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һܺ޳ƽȭұʱٻһЩʵٶȻһܺõʵһЩ꣬Ȼⳡսб޳ȥȥһЩҶԸºģѰſһһЩ˲ҲԹԵأЩ뿪ӪضѣαҪأ
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Ϊһƿ
Щ˻վţȴѸٵ˳սȦ֪֪֮ԼòȻҲֻǽթԸȴģȻŻջ󲢷׷
֮ģ˿ȴڽ
һܹεˣһȴǸˣҶͬӡ̣˵쳣Ũһ޻ÿұʱٶȶε˲£һֱѳǰ֮УȻҲҪ֣˿սһţĲ¡
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ҶյȭͷڶԷϣԼؿҲһȭһţ漴Ųƿ
ˣ˱ˡ



011 ɱᱦ
ƾҲεŭҶյոˣƾʲô
ԷȻεĽ׶ΣɽӪֻܹƾһ㣬Է㹻ҶյʱźǶԷȻ˽ҶյƢԣҲ̫СҶյĵˡ
һЦҶж˶ԷԼĻش
˫ȭҶձһԾֱεˣԷжʱһ뵽Ҷ˿󣬻˹һʱԵЩִ٣ذ׳Ҷջȥֻ˵Ĵæ֣ذ׻δҶյǰҶյȭͷѾ˶ԷıӣصĽԷҵڵأ漴ԷҶվס˶ԷԴһ㽫Էصذ塣
ҳԼʱû㳤ϲĲ١Ҷǵϧûãûܴ򡣡
εŭҶգ漴־סذ׳ҶմźһԾûܹɹҶշ·ԤƵһ㿪ذ׺Ҷһۣ㽫Էĸ첲Ť
ûᡣҶյֻҪңҾͷŹ㡣
Ρ
Է߷ߵ˵һ룬ֱӱ˲ҽҶͻȻĽۼ֣ĺɫ⣬漴ȻԷҶŤڱĸ첲ȻıҶ˺
ҺûѪ
ѵĸ첲ڵϣ˿һȦ޵ĺڶԷڵ͵һֻϺףɫȥЩ͸ȥ֣˿ĸо˵˲ȥ
ӦԼֻһ꣬Ǹ첲ٳȻⱲӾʵĵзϰɣҶӶԷԹ޵̧ŽԷߵһߵɣ
Ҷ漴̧ͷһˣܸεļһѽѷ֣ʵȻӹɣҶտƺһЩεļһȻϳͣ򶷵ʵĺܣȻѾذ׵Ƕذõһ·ûãҶյȻʵսĺܣǰ˾Щˡ
Ҷճ֣˺ܸɴһָָǻģҲˡ
Ҷ΢΢һ㣬Ѿ÷ЩֽŵĴ㣬ȴû뵽Էȴ˸ɴ࣬ʵû֣ʱ΢һЦֱƿȥȴҲҶһ˲䡭
˶Ȼ
ȭХͻȻһȭҶյı۵Ĺâסȭ䣬ͬһһҶյı
ߣµ滨ˡ
ҶͷҲ̧һЫӰβ˵ȭͷû䵽Ҷյϣ㱻һؿڣҪǰʱҶѾعһݣװȴģǵͺһ¶֮ɫҶշ˶
˹Ȼ࣬ƷǳĲֻؿڣȭֱҶյţǲ¶
ҶһͬһֱȭɫѸٵĲȭ
飡
Ƶ
漴Ҷյȵڵϡ
ҶղüԼЩȻûƴ˴ײǳЩС
ȻҲ͸һ㣬˻һѸٵֳҶȻεļһֿҪö࣬ҶҪƾżɻȻףԣ˵ĶˣҶֻ΢΢һ壬ʹ˱ùȥȴû뵽Ҳܾ˳ƵľͳҶյ䣡
飡
ΪҶյĶ˵һײʵûԷҲҶյʱ˲ͷŵּ۵򴦣ֱӡҶյؿڣһҶյ걻ֱһҲشʶ𶯣Щ͸
ۼԼĹãҲЦһʤ׷ʱǽһȭҶմȻҪȸղεļһϵ֪࣬Զȶá
ҶĿ䣬ǳԼȭͷȻѡսǾͲܹˡ
飡
ε죬ֻȴûܹҶգȭͷ֮ǰҶձ㶸Ȼһȭָ̧Էȭͷײһ
˵¶мҶպܴ򣬵Կĵطʱ̫̣ŨʹҲɬ˵ӲĿ϶Ҷա
ǣһ˲䣬ҶͻȻĴ߶
ɫ̨ɺ޷Ӧǣ̨еĵڶȴϵĵ֮ͼתţҶոԷײȭһ˿â
˲мı˲佩ӲϣҶյĺڰ˫ɫûͬǰ㱻һɢ෴ģ˿ĸоԼ˲ȥĪģ۳ͻȻľͿʼʧ
ֻҶ֪ԷûʧΪ֮ԵʣڱȡԼ۳һţһԼڣһһ׳ţҶոоĳԼԸ⣬ܹԷեɣԷȫֻҶܣҶտɲ˾ͱ¶ȥŶԷѸٱӶĿ϶ҶͻȻ̧ɨڶԷСϣ˻ڡȡԼʧʱ˸ɨڵء
һҲ˻عֻҶղԷĻᣬʱҶհžϥǳŶԷСص䣬˲壬ҶճץסԷͷݺݵȥ
飡
˵ԴذܵĽӴһأ漴ҧѸٵȴڴ֮ǰɫ̨֮ϣǵڶɫӡĵ֮ͼٶת۳̱Ҷոǿмȡ뵽Ҷյ
¶֮ɫȻ֪ԼΪʲôͻȻʧη飬Ǿ˵ɺϣĵȷȷҶոĹҲ˸о£Ҷܹʧǻսƾʲôս
ֻһΣҶմյ˵ĶߵᣬҲһΣζôҲӪصʦ̫ģǣΪһѾɢļһʲôüƽϵأ
ҶԼૣҧԥţջɢڵذϴϢŽ̯ʾԼ



012 
Ҷɿˣ˳ּƿ
ܴҶĮȻɨһۣЩջǰȥɽӪǿѾҶս£˻ɵȻãڻҾͺûˡ
Ҷƿ󣬺ܳϵҲûԼ£ȴӵĽ䣬ߵһ뷢԰׵߸ǰ
ָ߱Ҷյһλ˵ǳ֣ȻҲľԾߣǣ֪Ϊʲô뷢԰׵ƺڲ뵽ⳡУʼжڽ䣬֣ҶҲŶԷڻκԶ̲Ʒ
ҶսƿߵĸǰµҴӲʩˣҲӲǷ飬ˣ
»Ҳ߽ܻǾܾҶձ˵һԣԹҶյĴ֮Լߵ㣬Ҷճ飬ȴֲϲǷ飡
ңҶմ˿ȴҵ˱ǻΪĶ
˵ҶǿӶἳȡ󣬱һֱҶյ֮Уͬһһ﷭ڡ
ҶճŽ֮Уźɫ̨ȴΪĽҶյҲô⣬ڲѾŪãܽĶԵȻԼǰ޽ɣ̫͵Ķƺķۣ֮⣬һþİᣬҽգе֮ɣɫ̨֮УҶҪʱܹʹã
õ֮ɶǿжȻڡΡĶûбԵֵҶնԣʵǴ󲹵⣬ҶսԼϸʱߵѸٵĻۣڣű֮ǿӶ㱻ҶһһҶٶʱĺڰ˫ɫŨ˲١
ı仯Ҷոϲȷ츳־һĹϵǣǾûаȡ֮˵ˣ޷ǾɣʱۻˣҶȴܹõ֮˵Լһٶǻʮٱ
ȻҲҶ˸Ѷ˵Ϊصֻǳŵδȫãͳܹʹ֮ǿӶ˵ǼıǱ֪ҶŻԸԼҲҪǶ˸ҶɢǰǶܸ
ҲʱҲΪþδöӪصʦŽӣǸõصĵأվŵվţҲԵΪ⣬ͷѾȥˣȻˣ뿪ľ͸߰ɣ
ỨɵרŰѵĻƣȻвרְѵӪصʦʮҹӽҹȻǸĵʦ˳ƯҲ㲻ԴҲȽģڱɽô캮ضҲ˵ǱӪصʦҲôѵֶοƲб˵ǲɹʣ˵ҲԥģңɽѵҪ֮󣬶һ۵ĹˣǱҲǼΪ飬ȻûԸõӪصʦĿ϶Щܹ뿪˶ֳһ˿Ȳ
ӣܹ뿪˶ٶЩѵĸоҶնĸоԱɽӸо룬ǻģӪصʦͺָܲһͰˮ
ߴ·ˣӪصʦֹ˳ɽ뿪ļһ漴ָָԼǸôߡ
⻰һڣ˶ɽӪɽ¶ģһӵɽǺǵɽ£Ȼ˵ǾڣȴҲǶ֣ǧ֮ߣͷȥֻһ㺮һ˪ѩȴͷ
û˻ӪصʦǲڿЦΪҶ֪쵰ӲЦ
ԥˣӪصʦĮʱʱ·ȥʱȥʱ·£ȻԲߣ뿪··߲߾ͿԼôѡˡ
Ӫصʦ⻰Ƕ˵룬ܹ鲻ڱɽһӵġ
ҧҧҶմͷƬ¡
¶ͣȴǾڣʮȽǵбȥǲܵģԣģҲ²ȥֻҶһ֣̽΢΢üɽѩǣɽʯѾ˪ѩסҶһץоУ޷΢пܴɽˤȥ
ԭӪصʦҲɷѿˡ
ҶղǱܿеĹϣͨķȥǾ޿ܵģʹĻˡ
飡
ץű͹ıʯҶȴûֱһȭǰǱںǱʱһѣҶյȭͷǶڱ֮У漴Ų壬Ǳµ·ȥٶһȭһƬҶ˾Ǳ֮ϣ
뿪µΨһ㣬һܹԼ뿪·
˿Уѧ«ѧҶյӣȭͷ㣬ҲвվڱµĶ˳
ⷽʵѣĻǱ㲻һֶܹãǱ˵ҲǧףҪһֱʹ֣ʵһ׵飬˵ֵܼµףҲǴ洦
ҶȻ֪һ㣬Ҫķִµ׶ԼЩѶȣողں˵һ˿ӯޱȣ޷ɣܹƴһƴֻҪֵܹףԼȻо
ֻҶȴûע⵽ϵӪصʦѵõĹ¶Цݣٴ˿ϷʣҪȥɲþ򵥣



013 ѩ

ԼǱףͻȻıһҽ
ҶյͷһԼʮ״һҽŴӱˤ䣬ĵطȻһĴ󶴣һͷѩףԳ֮ߵĹӶ̽壬Ĵؿڣ䷢˻
Ȼͷѩɣ
Ҷ¶Щ뾪֮ɫ
ѩɸһͬˣֻȲ˼ԹɵĶ飬ǰѩȴĹ֣ߵʵȻҲر
Ӫصʦ治ǣֻ治ǣ
ȻƬ±ͷѩɵϢ֮أӪصʦǴط±ɽȻûģ˵ǶĿ顣

ҲʱͷѩɴؿڣŭХһǱµϷɪɪĵһƬѩţѩһԾ׵ľ룬ץű͹ʯڵľͳǶΧ뼸оĸҺâ׷׵ľҪɢӴܡ
ǰ׳գҶնʱ˾ٶѵܱڱɽеѩɸ죿
ȻҶյĻδ䣬һ㱻ѩɸ׷ϣǾ޴İһգץУţѩſѪڣ¶ɫͷһ׽Ƭ̵Ĺ򣬱ǹཱུһҶһӪг˹֮ɺͷһǣЩδĸоһ˫С۾תţ㿪ʼѰһ
Ȼǽ˶ŵð˭Ҳһ̵ꡣ
Ҷռ⾰󣬶ʱĵһ䰧ʤ漴󺰵ҾһӭȻ˭ܲ
ҶʵҲ̫ѩжǣӪصʦȻǵСһ£ȴҲƲЩǲܶԸ˵ĶȥȻҲͲܱ֮ΪˣԣѩɹȻ϶ܹԸģֻҪͬЭųɡ
ҶյĺҲǷ׷ű¿£һսҶţΣѩɵٶȱ˿Уǿ϶ܲģȻˣȻΨһսˡ
רķѩҪ˻ȥǱȫֵҳֹСĲҪӱϵȥˣ
ѩȻʹ˷ŹòŵѾͺǶҶֻܼ䣬漴ͷס͹ıңѩӭȥѩɵ˸ǰ˶ȭͷžХǱҶյҲҧҧӲѹеĿֻţŬӭϣ
飡
Ƶ
۹ǽѩɵȭͷֻѩɵʵˣֺ֮ѱƽ⣬Ƿ˻˻㱻£ǣô˵ǽǺֱײѩɸ
Ҷնʱץ͹ıһԾ𣬳ѩɻȭȵһȭ
ҶնԳȭʱյΪ׼ѩɹļ϶һȭѩɵԴѩɾ޴ʱһᣬԴֱײ˱ңһײıұһ죬ѿһƬѡ
Ҷնʱһϲѩɿǿᣬȴõ
־ڵľʵǽչֳֶΣͬһ־ѩȻǿᣬȴӵľԣҶյһ˵ЧȺ
˾һۼҶյĹЧѩɱҵ˲䣬׷׵㳯ѩΧ
һǱµ·ɲǼʮɫâ
Ĺ˸ѩɴȥش⣬Ҳͷħﳹ׵ļŭ

˻ţѩɵĿ˲

ҶۼѩҪ̸ߺһűңѸٵľɢȻ߸ոճˣѩɱŸ첲һɨХܵıӦѣΧƯķѩӲĴǶܲһҪɨһȦˡ
Ҷյѩɵ꣬Ҳ൱ְѩһĿ϶һһҵűҪ«ղǰ㽫ѩ£ֻ˺ѩԵĿ࣬˿һȭȻʤղţͷųһײѩɾȻӲȭͽĻķ顣

ҽէȻһ걻һȭţ·ѿһ㣬ϸƣȻ䵭žʹӱϻȥײһ͹ı֮ϣôҲ֪
һΪб˵ĴĴ󣬸ոΪشѩɶһЩҲ鲻٣Ȼѩɷ൱ֲ
ҶߺһȾģѩȻ񱩣ȭӡȻѪʱҧƴһƴܹµģȻΪʿһ뵽ҶպѩͻȻһԾ֮ߣ漴㳯Ҷյķ¡

Ҷնʱһ䣬ѩɶٻЩǣҶմͷֲ˵Ҳ˵أ˿̳ҶնȻҲ޿ɺǣ鼱֮£ҶҲ޿κΣѩɳԼ£ֱ̧һȭǰ
飡
Ҷյȭͷѩɵĸ䣬ȻһֻһȭѩɵĴҲ˳ƶ䣬סҶյؿڣ㽫Ǳұȥ
¡
һ죬Ǳϵһ˪ѩƬ±ڹһ飬ҶյʱŤޱȴȴѩɸĵֱǶǱ֮С
꽥һҶնҲǹǺѩȴûоʹ˷ŹҶյĴ㣬սȭͷ߸߾漴һȭҶգٶһǱڰݵıڣ硣
ҶػƮѩٶȭҲҧгݵȻǱңǾͱˣ
ҶһֱδȫʵǲҪأҶտɲ뱻Ļɢѩٶһȭ䣬ҶҲǺԥһȭӭϣ
飡
˫ȭײƵһ졣
ҶջȭȻǺıѩɸһ飬ֻҶչ˹ɫ糣ѩȴͻȻĲҽ
˫ȭѩɰֹٿѩɵȭǸֱϵİɫëȻճ˻ҽȭǱ̵Ѫģȭͷ޷սȴҶںȭͷʱ򣬴нҽͷ˳ȥѩɵȭͷ
ңñҸɵ׼ʹѩɣҶٶȾȭͷɣ
ѩˣڱɽķѩ֮Уµľȣҽÿƣǰشδܾѩɣ˿ȴ˲⣬Ҫʹ˶ߣֻزҶܷŹѩɣѩɸոתһȭӳֱѩɵĺģ
ѩɵǿᣬëƤۣҶյȭͷȻȴκβѩɣֱֻѩɵĻǲʹܴǣһҶճȭ˲䣬ȴҲǽҽͷųȥһȭͷϣҶյȭͷ˻ɫδʲô춯صƣЧȴʵһȭѩɵıϣӲƽѩɵëѩɵѪ⣬۵һҶյȭͷᴩ壬һȭѩɵڡ
ţҶһգбһ˿ȣȴסѩɵࡣ
ѩɶʱ˻һ˲ʵͷȻĿҶһۣҶհ
Ҷյһ¶ЦݣѩɵʱҲħı΢һɣȴû뵽˲䣬ҶץѩɵƶȻ



014 
ۣ
౬ѵ
ҶֻһƬѩɵͱ󱬣˿ڴʺѪҺʶȾѩɵë
ͷѩʹ죬ȴ౻ȻҲʹ͸ˣ
ҶƲƲ죬ѩɼȻԵԼĻŹԷοѩϵ˶ԼõҽŪģҲ̫ˣȻѰܹŪģҶҪڲܣôѩɻ뿪
ȣ
һҶսȭͷѩɵ˻漴̧ȱһŽѩɸ߷ɣӴʱ˳ű׹䣬¾滹ǧ׸ߣѩˤȥһ࣬б׶ܹѩ͸ȻҲ͸ˣʱ򣬾㱻ѩɵʬ壬Ҳ޷ֱǱ˳˿ˡ
ȻѩϻЩ۵ëƤеĺòϣǶҲǺöҲֻܰװ˷ˡ
Ҷһеʱ򣬶ҲǸΣֻѰƴԼѩһش󣬱˳ƽѩɸ˱£漴ҶҲǽɨһܣ˵ķӦҵҶʵˣѩɴӱ׹䣬˾ҶվȻĻɱѩɣʣµǽٺļ£˻ȥҶʲôַɱѩɡ
һҶҲ˿ǱϴϢţ³һܹĸоȻãǶһε˶ԣȻӵϧ
Ƭ̺ҲǶǻ͹ڼ˳ű֮ǰв˶ЦҶյͷʾ⣬ҲԹҶյлģѩɵսҶЩȻ൱ţͬʱʵҲʵĵõϿɡ
ҶյҲԼˣҲһһͷ⣬ЩЩ͵Ứѵ꣬ҲһЩỨһܹ꣬һҪỨЧģҶڽҲпܸⲿ˳Ϊͬ飬ȻûҪĮԼȺ
ЩЦʱҶȴҲڰüһֲôĸоʼղͷܸоôЩԡ
˸ˣҶյૣ漴ͻȻĵ۾ȵ쵰ҡ
ҶյĻδ䣬Χסл˷УͻȻ̽һֻƣֱҶյı
飡
ȭ죬ҶձһĵһģץŵıҶȻѣҶձ˳ű¹ȥʮףҶղǿۼƼ䣬ָһץĲµı֮УסΡ
Ҷ̧ͷһŭĿӵȻ쵰
Ҷʮ״ڱɽӪظҶΪ˻භˣһڸղŶѩɵʱټӰҶյʱרעѩɣҲùҶʼոоЩԣΪһֱδһӰ뵽ԷȴǻЩҶյл֮УͻȻ͵Ϯ
͵Ϯ֣ҲһЦָҶյطٺҲʩչֱѩشҿôҶ
ҶˮҲΪڣȻҧ˵ĹУһԵĺܹ˳һҶյģȴһֱĻ̥֪͸÷ϵ쵰
ָҶ˵ȴɨһܣ˭ҰǸΪУǾͱ
Ҷʱ൱ǿƣǻɱѩɣȻҲ²СţǰҲǲĶڱɽãѾչֹ׵սһΧ˶Եĺǳ˱Ȱ裬ҲǻҭĲҿڡ
ߣҶһ˵ΪԼӮˣ˭˭֪أСүطǷϵ㲻ɣ
ЦͷˣƤӣҿ㻹ȥѩɰɣ
Ҷմ˿̵״̬൱⣬ѩɵȭͷɲģҶհ֮ѾشԵЩ͸ٱ͵Ϯһǣ˿Ե翣ʧļ
һŹĺûᣬ԰֮󣬱ͻȻ֣˴Ǳϻ䣬Ҷ
ҶҲϻץסңֱ̧һȭԶҪȶʵڣ
Ҷһȭֿ֣˻Ǻڰ˫ɫȻҶջܴѾ۳׸ʲô
飡
ҶؿڰһȴҲͬʱȭƣûаȭͷӳȥͻȻĿס˵
ΪмҶյͲ˿ۣסкã
ֻиոոֳͷ㶸Ȼ̡
ԼȻʧˣ
㡭˿Ҷվֵʩʲô
ÿ˵ͬżҲЩϡŹֵֻҶյЩ⣬ܹ˵ԳҶˣŸҳ͵ϮҶգҪ֮أǣ˿Ҷյ൱ã۶԰쵽һȻԼĪƾʧȻҶյ޹ϵ
˵ֻһΡҶҧұŹ㣬ҪԼǾ͹ֲˣ
Ҷһ˵ţһȫ߶һأҶȴ˿δ֣ɱԼˣõİ취ɱԷ
ǿ̻ŵ֮ͼƵĵڶɲǼɫһɫϸС͸Ҷյֱ˵ڣϷļȡԷʱͬйһ㣬žӿҶյֻǰǰССһš
˵Ҳ̾͹ɢԼֻȻûɣȴ޷ֹɹâ黯ĵ֮֮꣬ûɣԿʳ꣡
ıʶʱ˾ԸܵԼѸٵȥɢҲζɢ׵ڣ޳ĿܣȴҪʧ˿־ʮٱ
Ҵˣ֪ˣ˸һһȥ꣬ʱŹңŲңҲˣ
ҶЦ㵱ɵôٸ͵ϮҵĻ᲻ɣ
䣬Ҷվһ۳һźɫȻشͨϼȡ˵꣬ҲѸٻָţٲ޷ˡ
㲻ɱңۼãԹĺȵҷỨˣǴ󽭻˵ˣɱңǴ˴󽭻ùͷͲѰ鷳ô
Ҷյ֪֮˵ɣ
飡
ҶոٶĻᣬƣ㳯˵䣬Լϵĳ˵˶ʱҺһѵĲѿϸСķ϶漴ɢƬһһ㻯â׵Ļɢʧ٣



015 
ҶĮȻĿ˱ԼĻɢ
˵ͷҲûԼǱҶոǿжߣƾʧܹǸһһͻȻҶյܿɾͱ¶ˣܹȡвҪõһ˵һԼأȻˣҶտɲзŹԷɡ
ʰ˺Ҷձ㵭Įɨһܣ˶ЩΣһǰǻĸҶյлһӺҶղ㱻˸ɵȴԹۣҶվôҵҲЩ˻ܹˡΪҶĬһ漴ظңҸ裬źҶջţǾֻˡɬıܿҶյĿ⡣
ҶͻȻʮҹӽҹ˵ĻûеɽܹĶֻһǾȭͷ
ȭͷô
Ҷƿ˿¶ζЦݣ㲻ٿЩһۣ˳ű¼ȥ
ЩҲ֮ģټβҶ£ȴǴҶ뿪ã˳һı¶¡
ҶҲδ¶ԶѩɾסĶѨʱ̧ͷû˸˳ǶѨ֮С
ѩɣˣҶܴأȻȡ˵ֽԷɴ룬ȴڣȥںϣĿǰ״ȻɢҪ£ǲܳɹοӪصʦΪҪ治Ǳ㲻ݣͷʲôڵǣҶտǳŲˡ
ѩɾסĶѨĴ󣬲ȻҲݲѩǾ޴Ŀͷ֮⣬ҲΪªˣЩһ𣬱һűҶյҲֱ棬Ŀʶ
Ҷȫ֣ǿмȡ˶Է˶Է꣬ڵȴôССһˣһƬꡣ
ҶҪܼ򵥣ԼϵȥнڣЩԼģһܹԼܴѸٻָܹԼԼڶʱڱǿ
Ĺ̲ӣ˵ܼ򵥣ȴǳҪģͬ˿һ㣬Ҫһһȥɡ
ԴˣҶԵĺģԼϸߣ뵽ƬһȥȻƬֻ뵽Լ֮УԼĶ
Ҳ֪˶ãƬҲϡȥԼʣ֮ʱ򡭡
䶸
ҶյǶһֱʬɽ֮ˣɫ̨ͻȻĲţ̨ĵͻȻľͷųһƬɫĻâ
ɫâͬһӣסƬһģɫâƬһһ̨ĵУ֮ϣһƬֵͼҲǽֳ
ıҶնȻһ
ǶԡҽҲԡ֮漴գе֮ɷ֮УԼĶʹҶնΪΣźǳԵ֮þδû뵽ٶȳַӦҪԼʳ
ҶҧҧȻܲģ˵쳣Ũ˿ֻ֮һѾоԼ˳ĽܹһƬڣҶԼʹҲȫ޿ܡ
һĹ̡
ͨǲϵʹãϵʶ۵ջóУ
һ޷ȡɵḶ́Ҷպòһݾܾʹ˷ֻԥƬ̣ҶվͽԼ˿ߣֱӳƬ֮УֻǴжһ˿ҶնҲǺõģҶյ˿߿Ƭʱǰתһ᲻ɴݵǽڣҶյ˿⣬ȫ޷
Ƭ̺ҶҲֻεķŬҲ㣬ʵʵҲҶյһζһ˿ɣӶãҶսԼҪܣҲԼʤ֮ڿľ͹ôǺԼǷкҲǲ
ǣǶʣµȫԵӳ׵ĸֳͼƵʱҶͻȻϲ
͵۾ҶսԼʶ˳漴̯Լ˫֡
ΪڣΪף˫ͬʱͷų
һһ׵˵ҶնУȴɫҶյ˵ʲôͬǣ˿ҶյȴŨͬһһ׵һ˫֮У
ԭˣҶ۾һ૵ǼһȻǳǸȻһֱϻİϷ
ɽӪǿλеһȻ뷢԰׵ߣȻ֪ѾȴδǰֹҲ͸ΪΣڶλǱҶ˺һ첲ļһȻܹһذ׵˵ֻһţܹӵԼУˣȻûܹеȴŨܹذļһ
ֻҶ²֪˾Ȼͽ壬ȻУȴһֱڲ׾ܹ쵽һ㣬Ϊ˵Щ⣬бܹѰ״֮
ϧˣ
Ҷջ˻֣״ĺڰ˫ɫ㶸Ȼɢ»ͨε̾һ
״˵Ե󣬱ҶҲܹʹãҲֻܹʹðˣҶյɾԶҪԼУضԶڽҶտܹڲԼΪ⣬ҲûʲôãҪײҪҲûʧˣ
ȻҶնԣõϢӶ˼Ҫ̨֮УҪ֪ΣΪأҶնֻ̽ЩˣǺͷԼк棬ǶҶնɽǳصĴҶȻҲԼ˾Եƿأ֪ûкԼлĵϸ
Ҷʵ˿



016 ɽ
ҶΪӶ࣬ȴҲˣҶٵõ֮һЩһֽҶյ꣬ҶܴѸٻָʣͨںϣȫҶյȻлĺԶȴҲҶ뿪ɽӪʱǿࡣ
뿪ѩɵĶѨȻ֮ʣµı¶ѾָҶնȻѶȲΨһµıǱɽӪصʦʲôѹأڣҶԵЩǣȴͷѩ֮⣬ϵΣҶշЩ򣬱˳䵽Ǳµ·

ǻˣȻҲûʲô飬ͦϾطɱȱɽǿöˡ
Ҷֻʱ·㿴ǻΥỨӪأỨĵ㻨ԵΪۡ
Ӫ֮ӪڵգҶղɵ΢΢ü
صգѵʲô飿
Ҷտܲɵ
ӪеǼÿһɫҴңѵõĿյأ˿ҲӰȫޣҶջصӪأ˵Ӧý̲飬Ҳݣ˿ȴĵŵҲûм
صնЩѹ֣ҲҶΪ棬Ҷ¶㲻ϣո㱻ʮҹӽҹȥ˱ɽѵ˿»Ҳ˿ʡ
˵ʮҹӽҹľҶյǻ֪ҲԥֱӳʮҹӽҹӶȥԼûиһͻȻĳ֣᲻ԵЩͻأȵʮҹӽҹӣҶղŷŮпչԼǳǰŷͼɫΪǡ
Ҷմȥһ۵ʲô
ʮҹӽҹҶŵһ̧ͷһؿھȵ㣿ôˣ
ǹ㻹һǹΪԼŰҶƲƲ츹һ䣬漴ѧˣɽӪصʦȻҪҸ߻·һ죬˵ǰӦþһɽѵˡ
ʮҹӽҹĶͷ޽ǵ˿Եɷз飬̾ô£ЩæͿˡ
ƺˣҶָ˸ȥĶҺ񶼺æµ
ʮҹӽҹǳЩ飬һƬĳأΪ֮ˡ
ΪҶȻ֪ģΪڱɽӪظ˺һܣͬһ㣬أЩͨȵĴѳţٲȻʲôǿռݣͨȴǼ֮صġ
ỨʮһƬɽɽһƬĳ֮أȴκΪһͷš
̣Գβɽ֮ܣǶ飬Ҳԩ꣬Ĺ֣ǿ󣬶ȵϲʳ꣬ǻȻͬҲͳʳͷ̽Ƭĳ֮ΪԼأҲ⣬ͷ̵ʵŴЩ󣬴ҵҲǵطģٴ⡣
ʮǰͷ̺ƿսһ죬ÿһգͷ̱㱩һ֣˻ȴһ֣ȴս֮пӡ
ʮҹӽҹƲͷǸ˭սһֻȻʤȴҲΣֻ²ԶˣʱȻ̵ְǲ֪ôðǿжǱ̸ˣҲֻǹӲдͷ֮Ƭĳ֮Ҳͳ֮ء
ҶЦٺٵĲ̶ֻЩɡ
ʮҹӽҹΧǻ֧ڤȪ󽭻Ҳһ䡣
Ҷ󽭻ʱ򣬲ššüͷȴҲֻһ˲˲һỨѵ꣬ҲеûţԸΪ£ֽĿɽ֮У˼ٹ飬ȥǰвʵôס
ʮҹӽҹ˵֮󣬱һ
Ứ֮кԴỨӪӪѵȡķʽͨǰѵ꣬Է򸶳һĻΪ۽ףԣỨһֱûӵԼĻأʵҲôҪε飬Ứһ֣ͻƬɽỨӪ̫ˣһ仰˵ǣ֮ݻ˯
ռɽҲϣỨĴӪԼôỨȻҲϲԼ֮бĪĸ죬ıͻɽȻǻᱻģỨãҲֻнӪǨһ;ƽԴϲỨſ϶һǧɣ׳ΪеһЦ
ҶյûȥỨεԴΪỨ֮УҲֻʶʮҹӽҹѣ˵ˣܣòҲû˵زǣ»ѵڼ䣬ỨĳԱ
ҶϵɽеĻء
ռݣ
ͷҶǾƲеģԼŵȻǺ£žǿˣҶȴԿǸܲǵطǻأʲôȻǻҶվռ˵طȥЩôŪѵĻܹ԰ɣЩҲܽиŶԡ
ʮҹӽҹҶյƢԻЩ˽⣬Ҷ۾ֱת֪һ϶룬̳Ծո˿רЩеûģθɽֵĸʤǽ۷壬УȥҲþԱʱ򣬿ĸֻУּӵӤļһҲȫ޿ܡ
ҶմԼ˼лعʮҹӽҹľ棬Цŵֲȥģ˵ˣ˵ȥܴȥô
ʮҹӽҹ뵹ҲһỨ벻ǲ̫ܣҪУȻҲҪ־ģ˵Ҷ»ֻѵѣҶĳΪỨһԱҲˣ˵ʵôҶһȥɽġ
ֻʮҹӽҹȴˣҶȻӦеʹ죬ȴнŵģҶգѲҶջԼȥô
ҪҶվʹ˷˴õĻᣬȴǲ̫ܡ



017 ɱ˫
ͷɽ޾
Ҷսɽĵ죡
Ҷ־ҪȥӣΪʮҹӽҹļ仰ʹ˷˵ˣֻ磬ˮһѣϸҲþͻײʲô˲õ鷳СŵҲˡ
ɽỨӪزԶ߱ˣҶˣԼҲš
ڽɽҲ㣬ɽΧȻѾӰ㿣ͷҹȴǽδЩȻҲֻЩ˶ţĸԽɽȥùͷҶɽΧεҲֻֻ̽·ȷǣ۵ĹҶձɽ֮С
Ƚɽ֮أҶղŷԼ˸
ɽ㲩죬գѵɽ֣ҶҲֻ˵ǻؾɽ֮Уȴɽ֮ԶûŪɽͷóȻ˽ȥѰң
һҶӲɽת죬ȴ˿ͷҶջԼȻȥˣɽѱ棬ֶģʵǺѽ·ס
ô˵磬ͻȻպգǰ߲ӰͻȻܲۿҪ꣬Ҽ̣»ǳƮꡣ
ǲˣҶε̧ͷ͸ҵİ߲գƵ죬ٵùô
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ڵƼͻȻεɫţҶĨ˰ЩʪȴѾƮ˿
ݣ
Ҷָ߶һ䣬ǰȥ
껹Щôٲǣ㲻ܳζҲʵܡ
ڣҶڸãΧҲЩϤñҵһòɡʮףݺύϸѾӿ˵棬һһ
Ҷյ˵壬ҪѰȥ꣬ȴҲʱҶյĶͻȻһϸ
Ҷնʱһ㣬Լ꾹Ȼܱ˽ȵǣңĵطת죬ҶճżðɽҰȾûˣͻȻðҲҶΪȵԵʣѲɸѾʼɽˣòҲţԼ컹ͷ˻š
Сĵ壬ҶǸ϶һ㣬뵽Ҷ͸ŷ϶㿴Щͷվڱ֣꣬ġ
ỨôܸǴ󽭻ϣ˱˰ɣȪҲ֪ôģȻôӣ˽ɽĵطҪ˵ȽɽռˣỨĵͷΣʱ飬㽫ǵϳʡܿ࣬ʲôܹĵط
Ȫϳɳأ±˵ģֲǲ֪һĴǻ漴صͻȻʵȴ˵Ứܲ򵥣𿴹ģʵҲӪֻѵ꣬ԼĻضûУʵһЩ˲ĸ֣֪ȪΪָֻȴǱỨնġ
Ȫѽ۷壬˵ֻһӵӤ꣬ңǶˣ㱻б۶֫յʱ䣬ǱôȪָһֱΪǰˣˡ
أҿ͸ȪģʱȴõģΪ޷ܣҵǲ֪
ҪŵʱƲ߶߶¼ʶ磬ҲɲҲˡ

˴Ǵ򷢱ʱģҶնǹϸ֮ȴǰľô˵Ứ켣Ȼ֪ỨųȻ˵ǳȴû뵽Ȼ˵ĳ̶ȣͬʱ־ЩգԼ̫Ŭǿųɡ
ЩС¶Ǵ󽭻ҪỨģҪ˵󽭻ỹ湻ҰģɽĹδһƲѾĥζԸỨˣҲҭԼôȻҶոָ̣׼ȪͷѰ򱨳ǡ
Ҷ͵͵ŲŲӱ뿪ỨûжٹУǣʮҹӽҹҶջим֮飬ûǸŮˣԼ¶磬ָ׼Ѿȸˡ
ҶԹȻԼɵ֪˴󽭻׼ɽôҲ֪ʮҹӽҹһ
ȴҲʱ򡭡

ҶҪŹһ͵͵뿪ͻȻһ죬ͷһȴѾãȻ˿ݼŵĺۼ˿̱ˮܹȻ۶ϣҶһŲ䣬㽫Ǹڵϵһء
˭
Ǵ󽭻ĹģҲ൱˵лϸ΢춯ʱ
Ҷպ޲˦Լһƣȫ캦ģúõүʲôⱨӦ˰ɣү͸ùһ㡣
ϢҶ˶һƬ£󽭻˼δ쳣ȴҲǲģؾͲߣҪѲһȴҲĺСġ
ҶնԾƲǺϢ죬Ҳ֪ͷΧһȦǸڵϵݺύ϶࣬˿˾֪ǶصĺõطȴҲΪˣҶտɲŶԷ᲻ѰԵĶ֮ء
ۿԽԽҶЩҲͻȻһȻһֱûжãô˿ã
Ҷ̯֣ųһ漴֮󣬱㽫һƵģ˳ķ϶ǰƮƶȥ䵽˵󣬾ڶԷԼ׵ʱͻȻľʹķ϶˳ȥݺݵײһ˵ı
飡
һ죬еļһʱһı㱻ɳȥͬʱҶһץһ͵˳˵۾㽫˳ȥ˶ԷߣһԾ˶ȥ

˫һҶձסȭͷ漴һҽһȭŶԷǰ䣬ŵգҶյȭͷ˳Ʊ㽫ԷһᴩȭͷֱӴӶԷı˳
һȻشҶҲ飬˫ֳסԷ˿ڣһ˺ӲĽ˸˺룬ѵ껹䵽ϣڰб㻯Ӱ׵ʧ
Ҳʱɵ˿ۿԼͬ״ҲǶȻľѣȶӲɵĴŵòҸҶƴâתܡ
Ҷܾʹ˷ŹȻ¶мƲ»ڣǷߣͷ͸öԷԼĿˡ
һƣҶձ㽫ҽջصһУȫ߶ڶſ̻ŵ֮ͼƵӣɲǼ䣬ɫĻâʢһɹâ۳ĵ֮㳯˵ı˳ȥѸٵľͲסԷĲӣ˸ڵء
֮ס³Ŀˣ˺ܿؾ͸оԼѸٵı䵭֮ǿӶᣬԴԴϵҶյڣձĳ͸ĹʧΣ׵Ļɢ
ॣ
˱걻Ҷ󣬱һ죬һöͭڵϣȾһ˿Ţ
ףʲôҶǰ˻ΣһҲʲôһͨװΣԽҵˣȴûĥⶫţȥʮҹӽҹҪ



018 
ҶĻỨȥţ뿪ʱȴʵ
Լʵڲʶ뿪ɽ·ˡ
Ҷյ֪ԼʧɽֵģֻĿĵǻĲأܷ뿪ɽĵģҲû̫¶ҪỨţȻ뿪ɽɸôȥأ
Ƭ̣Ҷʼ벻ʲôõİ취ۿ˿ԽԽ󣬺Ȼѳɱ꣬ɫֽҹֻ֮Ǹѱ淽ʹҶ޿κεİ̾һǽҹɫҴҲûʲôϵȴʧ˳ɽҰԽԽʱɽֻ¸ѣԥҶջǻصǿùѰһϸ̳ɵ˽ȥʱЪϢԴ취
˵ЪϢҶյҲûţ꣬΢һ壬㿪ʼǱ֮ڵ
ʵ󽭻˿ƲһҲٶҶܹ֣һɱĶԷֲǰڿʽ֣ҶܲӮҲۣȴɣԣ֮ӶһһںҶյ־٣ȴڱ˵ó˵ȷЩʵҪҶգĻɢ³ǼǱġ
ڵЩҶҲЩССźԼΪ׷һֻ˶Էһ˵õ֮Է˵ߣԼӦûܸһŶԡ
ˣȴǲһ֣ץǺ̬ҪƽһЩ
³Ҷս˼˻̽ͷ⿴һۣɫȻī˿ȴ˿δ˵Ǳ࣬ƣҹǾƲͣЪˣջСҶտɾ鷳ˣҪѰҳɽ·Ȼѡ
ҲʱҶǳɽ飬ȴͻȻһ硣
ɽ֣ҹ콵з紵Ҳʲôֵ飬ֻʵЩ죬Ĳ˵쳣΢ȴظܵڣͬں󾱼䴵һ㡣
Ҷ͵Ļعͷȥȴǿһʲô졣
ҶԴоԼ̫ˣҪǻŵʱ򣬻ܵײ˰ƮԼ¾һֻʣһߣѵܹײɣ
һ룬ҶҲȻʧЦ漴תعȴ̽Ӹɵϴ
һŵԴͷɢȫϺɫаֿ֮죬¶һڿݻƵݣ죬ǰһһɪɪҶյϡ

ҶնʱԴֱײͷ۵죬ǿŵԴһǺҶյⷬӦֻǣǿԴãҶձͻȻһȭǰ
飡
ҶյȭͷǿԴţţһӰ󵹷ɳȥصײ֮ϡ
ȻװŪҶ΢΢һ㵣ŵһԵΪԷֻһԴһʲôԴǶԷ嵹ͷݺύ֮ǰֻ¶һԴɫֻ谵ŲСĸˣһҶȻǰͳŶԷͲȵСүСү˺Ųţ
ˡڵϴŹ漴֪˭һֻ޳СҲҶԱֶţ뵱꣬ҹܹ
ѽͦš
ҶһһҲǴ󽭻ˣԼĻأȻˣȻҲ̴߶ɫ̨ϵĵڶӣͷų֮ӰҪһ뵽֮Ȼ޹Ҷվȵһںްѵһﲢǻǣ
Ҷһѽ˴ӵϾ㵽˭
ߣһˣݺڤŷɥľĻʹϡ
飡
ǹϸո˵꣬ҶձԴײ˵ϣһƬˮ
ҶЦݺڤŷɥģ
쵰ϴӵ뵱꣬ҲңҲһ֮࣬ҲΪҲָտɴķȴ־
˵һ룬ҶȭͷûصĻͷ˵
ҶռǹϲٽƵĵȴǲôֻ࣬㣬ǲǴ󽭻ˣ㵽ǲ꣬ôоһ˿죡
󽭻Ǹʲôδһм漴ĿɬҶյСӣ֪壿
Ҷյͷȴҡҡͷ
֪۷壬к󣬱壬Լһ磬ʮҹӽҹδϸ˵Ҳûп
ϵһɻתҪͨаֱ֣ǲɲ飬аɣħӰ٤ǳȴ֮⣬żҲΪһЩ壬޲Ļִ츳׿֮ҵģ
˵ȴȫ޽֮ɫ෴ģȴЩ꣬漴ԼĹ渵
ȷ츳׿ѰǰԵ꣬ȴڤ߹ȵ̵ʱȴǵż̤żΪ飬̤żֻؼεǰˣ⵽żҲ꣬ʼղôȫ費סϵĽŲ޳壬ǰ壬Ǿ壬ܹ֮Ȫ˻ΪԼǸҶյĵ֮֮ͬƾž֮ȪİԵĴնɱ꣬ܿ޳Ӥ̤꣬ľ磬Ϊպյ
ң뵱꣬εݺ޼ɣһΪгһգֻأ޳ɹҲǺ޿ܡ˵˴ҲǸ꣬漴̾ϧ벻Դ̤֮δһܣǣֻһܣҾͱꡣ
ҶЩ棬ǻɱָε׿Ҷ¶ȴǸ棬϶꣬ô
ߣǾĵˡϵ֮Уıɲ飬аɸϣȴҲǲ٣ȴǰ壬Ȼ֮ĵ֮ǲ𣡡
𣿡Ҷյɴ۾޵ˣ
һɬұҲôģʵĵĲ𲢷һȥֻҪ֮ڤұΪڱѰ껹С
Ҷ˶ʱðβű仰ˣԶֻƮô㻹ˡ
һݣоǿҪ޳һ㣬Ƿϵɡ
Ҷյö˶˵ΪʲôͻȻҸǰ֣ҪŻң
ԥƬָ̣˴ҶĹͭΪҪⶫ



019 Ȫ
Ҷժǹͭ˿ʵƲè壬ʵ⻹Ǹ
ϵʲôֻϲˡ
ҶЦ㵱ɵģ
̾ⶫҶԵȷǼȴãҲãҰɡ
ҶЦҪ滰
Ȼԩĵ˵ԼȫȻ滰ţҶȴǻδţֻ΢ЦϣƬ̺󣬹ֻ̾һתðɣⶫ壬ǼıܹԷ黯Ƭۼ֮У⣬Ȼǿ֣ȴǸãܹռ㹻黯ƬҲûпܡ
һĳֿҶչ֮ȴɲҪ滰
Сӣʵιʶ϶ԣʱץƮȥغȵҪֱ˵ˣֻҪ㽫ңһ黯ͨ޳Σ
ʼǲԸ˵滰ˡҶվӵȻˣǾ͹ֲˡ
䣬ҶͻȻĳ֣˻Ծ𣬳ŹϾͷ˶ȥ
ʶʱùϴ󾪣ʵûϵҶջ䲻ľͻȻ֣ʵ󣬸Ǳ޿ɱܣôһ棬㱻Ҷոץס˼򣬽ţҶиһĻâһ˺ϱǲҺһ첲㱻Ҷոĳ
飿磡ҶյץסϣϷʵЦԣεĲ𣡡
ڰ˫ɫѸٵĲҶȭ䣬ţɢʣŹϱ߸߾
ס֣ϴ󾪵㲻ô
䣡
ҶոṫϵĴһȭֱϵؿڣϵ㱻Ҷһȭ飬ĺɫѸɢɿա

ɽ춼壡
춼Ȼ䣬ȴֻɽΧһС壬ΪصǷ嶥ƽƣҲΪˣ춼˿ȴǱ󽭻ռݣǷ嶥һȻʯҴʱľ
ۣ
Ȼʯ֮ڣһˣţΧ㸡ֳһƬĺɫѸٵӿ˵壬ţ͵죬㳯ŵ³һںѪ
꾹ȻܹѪ
Ȼʯ֮⣬ŵͯĶ̼˽
ȪͯӸϽĽ˷סȪˣ
û¶ȪֻӿͯӵƸ³ŵ˾δôѶݻϢұӤ֮ȥ˿ȴû뵽ǴѶѾһỨӦ׶༪ˡ
Ȫ˵ϱڷߺ֮ɫݺݵĵỨСӵǺұڲƭһϹϵ֪ܲܵһЩỨĴ㣬ȴû뵽ٵĻѻܽʶƣܳɳҲǸȴˣ»رذҡ
ͯû׹Ȫֻǹɵվһԡ
Ƭ̺󣬹ȪаҶŰɱ˰ٱ飬ҲЩ侲󣬱֪ͯӵ֪ͨˣǸҶỨĶƸ³ŵȻСˣҲ֪׼ỨĴзй¶ǰ̽㴨Ӫ֮УбҪǿԶỨǿϮ
ǡ
ͯӴӦһΨΨŵŵ˳Ȼʯҡ

һͷҶһ˹ȪӤ飬Цűǹͭһ󣬱㽫Ťһš
ʵȪǽҶĹڸˣҶȻȴҲûǰ飬οȪĻѻټ٣ǷǳŪˣʮǰȷʵһݺڤľĻʣͻȻʧټϡҲĴţȪ廹ľͽģƾ˵ݣѰȻͷݣλǵġǰϼ֣ȪҲܽ˴Ҷ̽ЩỨϢҶչ˳ҲЩҲ޲ɡ
ֻȪǹļ֮࣬ϣ׫壬һ˵޷죬ȴû뵽䲢е˶ͬһ㻨ǸҶһȭ˼ʵܼ򵥣Է˵ԼΪ鲻ô֮޷ȡԷֻ˵Է꣬ȴ˵в֮ܣô㽫Էһٺˣ滰ȻǼٻҲʹˣҶղ︺
Ȫ֪Ҷô뷨ȻѪ˵ȫ滰Ҷ˵Ľ˸һ٣ԷܶЯôȻˡ
źǹȪѾҶһȭظˣ֪ҶЩʲôҶ󣬹ȪҲʧȥ˸ӦҶηˣʵϣʲôֻǴ󽭻ԾѶΣգƽȪ壬ҲӦ
Ҷȴ֪ԼѾ󽭻˴ӵͷ棬֪ãֻǹȪ¶棬оԼĿǰĴǲôöͭҲ񱦱è壬Ҷûʲôԥ˵
ҶͬʱҲô˵ز˾̽ͷ⿴һۣɫɣ˿ȴҧҧ󣬻ðػɽ֡
ɽʵģҹ֮иѱ淽Ҷʼû뵽ɽİ취Ψһķʹߣָܹײɽȥ
֮⣬ҹҲǹʱ̣Ҷһ·ȴʱкƣ뵽㻯ȵģ¶Ҷշķ˶
ߣѰ·
Ҷȴǲȵˣδʱƾ͸Ҹǹⲫ˿ȻǸӲ壬ʮĹȾӭϡ
һ㣬Ҷձ۳ڿл˸Ȧ漴ʱһϣǷӿĹȸȫ£漴һȭȭЯƿ֮һȭͽһͷȸɷ飬漴ɱȺУ˫ҿץһͷȣԲ˱㳯ඪ˳ȥǹȺɢһƬ
ƾ׺ı֣ʱʮͷ⣬Ҷ̧һֱȭֻһͷȺЩĹȱʱɢգۼʧӰ٣Ҳǵʮҹӽҹ̹ҶյģȫƾεֻҪֳܹ㹻ǿЩȻʹȴ
Ҷյɱ֮ȴδ˶ÿһ·֮Щ֪ĹҶյĸǰ̾һҶҲֻһ˫ȭżɱ
˵ĴҹɱҶҲǲ֪Լɱ˶ٹȣֱʱ֣ЩȲķ裬Ҷղŵõ˴ϢĻᣬҶոǰľҲڽϡ߳ɽ֡
ǣҶĴ̤ʱȴ׵ɵۡ
үѾ֪ˣ㲻ڻ˵Ұɣ



020 
߳ɽֺҶȴûԸԳĻصɽţĪܵ˲壬˳ŵʹǰģ쳣ĵɽԽԽˣֻ˱㵹Ҳˣǲ·һƬͺͺʯƺʯƺ֮ϣ˿һȻ׿⣬ԳȫŰɫë൱ݣصǿƾԳһ壬ȴһűԴͬʱƨһɫߣϸһȻǼһβ͡
Գףβ
̣
Ҷմ˿ǿЦãɽǰͷ̵ĵ̣ҵǻأľǰͷ̣ŵûţȴˡ
ڣͷ̴˿ƣۣſʯƺЪϢҶտɲײеĹŵ뿪ȴͷʱ򣬼ͷ֪ĹͻȻӹľ˳

ҶĶͷȻȭһߵȵĹȸ˳ȥײں󷽵ĵϣƵ
ùȴΨһ취ֻȭͷȻЩĶẦ£ֵͬʱҶҲǲĬšǧҪͷǧΡ
ǣʵ֤ԸΥʵеġ

һŭ
ͷվǴ˯оѣԼͷԶӰԵķŭѡ
ͬʱƾŶ̵һͺЩΧҶյĹգۼͻĺɫȴǱͷ̵ĺһɷ顣
ţͷŲŲ޴壬β㳯Ҷ˦˹
ҶոϽһ壬βͷ˳ȥк󷽵ĵ棬ǵǡ¡һ죬˲ĹѣӲĳࡣ

ͷٶ˻һһԾӲ·ʯƺһʮɣֱҶյĸǰſѪڣҶշŭĺУǽߵľ룬ҶܹŵȳζǴӶϢֱ̨ͬһ㣬ҶոȥڵϹ˺üȦſס塣
쵰Ҷյֳŵĺĸ׳˵ͷ̽ģҿˣͷ̶ˡ
ǶܰռɽռɽеĻأȻǲԶǴͷ̸ˣڽκҴɽ⣬ɽ֮УǰĶ̱
ҶȴûƳͷʲôģΨһܹ뵽ݴӦǲб
ˣҶշӵʱ򣬻Ȼһȭǰ
飡
ȭ죬Ƕ̵ʵڹںΰҶƽٵһȭȻֻܴж̵䣬Ҷľͷ̳Լһȭȴ˿ӦûУվԭһҶյȭͷֱڸ
ҶҪ˵ȫ޾ȻǻѻȴǽҧأľȭȭһƬȭӰͬ㲻ϵشͷ̵ϡ
ʼղΪվţֻǽµһССϺݣֻһƵĳȰˣ˵ҶղùȴҲʱͷͻȻİ˻һ漴߸ߵֻë׵İơ
䣡
ֻ޴İǰɨҶյ˲䣬ҶյĸоһɽѹԼһ㣬ţҶյֱӷ˳ȥֱӴǲƺϣӹкˤɽȻһ죬Χһô㱻ҶոӲѹ֦Ҷ׷䣬ѹҶյϣ
ˣûоʹ˷ŹҶյĴ㣬Σڶ̵ʵ޿ˡ

Ƕһ粽Ǽ֮࣬׵ؾԾɽֵǰΪľγɵһƬǼͺűٶȭͷ
š
Ƕ̵УǾ޴ȭͷȻ£ֻ
ûо޴죬ûкûľѣҲûдعѣûҶʹ಻ı˻
ͷ̵ȭͷ䵽ƬǼĶ֦Ҷǰʱ㶸ȻΪȭͷҪ˲䣬ϸܵĻͻȻľӿ˳ǻһ㣬Χ֦ʱȼһĻ档
Ҳ˲䣬һֻͻȻĴǻ˳ֱסֻ޴ȭͷ漴Ƕ̱ʹİΪƤëһ󽹺ζðһһƵḷ́ҽḶ́ǶҲоʹ
ҶһֲֻҶ֦ƬǼһҿɲôһҪǾ͵ʵȭͷ𲻴Ӧˡ
䣬Ҷձһȭڶ̵ĸ䡣
ͷ̵ʵԣҲ۷ˮ׼ο̻ƾǿѰ޳Ӥļһﶼöʤ֮ԣҶյȭͷԶ̶ǸѥǣҶһȭȴǼŵֶ֮ԻЩֻǾҵʹˣӵļһ˵ɳʹ֮⣬ɳصĴˣǶ̵ͭƤǡ
źͷȻǿᣬȻûı¡
ԣҶյȭͷڶ̵ĸʱǺëƤϱ㸡ֳһڵȭӡǿҵʹö̱
ˣʹŭ
̵˻ȻһѽҶոץصĶ˳ȥ
ҶյڿзתȻǱȴһαķʱôãɵڿз˸ӼˮĺϷصʱҶսȫۼ˸ǰ漴ɵһţĴأСԼܵĳˣҶջǱˤ߻أɼͷ̵֮ޡ
ͬʱ
ҶһͦӵϷҲѸٵĳǰĳһƣȫ߶ǵڶϵĵ֮ͼʱתɢɫ⣬Ȼ۳һһҶյзӿǴһ㣬ĳŶȥ
⧲ʱЩ˸ţҶյ۾Ȼ˶Ȼһ
֮ʵǿֲ⣬ɵŷɥ̱â黯סʱҶտԸоȻ෴ѸٵӿԼڣһһĸоֱͬӿ˳һ㣬ͬʱҲҶٴξ̾ͷ̻ɽʼղ죬ûе
ֻҪܹԷЩԼԼһܹ̾УҲܱĸǿ
ҶյĿҲ˱Ƕʤ޿
ȴҲʱ򡭡

ŵĶ̣ҲէȻŭֻһص˻ȴǵķйŭΪ
ͷ̰˲䣬ڶϵĵ֮׷ѣͬөһɫΣֱɢ



021 ·ת
Ҷһ㣡
ȻͼƣȻǵ֮Ҷջǵһμ֮ʧ֣˵ĽȻҶΪʣѸٵĴ߶ڵɫĻâһѸٵɵ֮ٶͬһ㳯Ŷץȥ
Ƕ䲻ͨԣȴҲѿԹһοøǰЩٶȲԼѸٵԾűܿ󣬶̱˳ֽһŹ˳Ҫ˺ϱĹڶȴͬһƵģԲ˱㳯ǰɨǱɨеĵ֮㱻÷顣
ҶҧʣʧѾײżȻˣͬʱҲЩߺޣ޵ȴǱˣԼ̫ˣ
֮Ѿֻڵ֮Ƕᣬ֮УЩʵһչ֣Ҷյ̶ֳܹѾ൱ˣǵ֮ıȻͻô׾ʹݻЩҲҶջǿʵҪܹס̣ӵиȭȭһսȻľ
ˣҲζҶվʹ˷
ҶȺѵһս
ĵ֮÷飬սڳţסǱϵɣ㳯Ҷն˹
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ɲҶ˳ȥ漴һƬľɽо֪ķɫҶǷɾѩС
Ҷȴڴ֮ǰͰ˹ȥͱƽ̣
ԵӲ
Ҷյȭͷڶ̵ĸǰҶյȭͷãԣҶձԼһЩ
С鲽Ҷţڶ̵Χ󣬲ϵŶ̵ıȥȭ价ŵҽһȭŶ̵ıȥȵĻڶ̵ıճһƬĽڣ˵ʹöԵķŭǴ׳ĸ첲ź󷽺ɨȴɨ˸գҶձıľһߣ㿪̵ĸ첲Ǿľɽչεۡ
Ҷտޱȵ飬ͬҵƮݣȴû֪ҶʵǴʮֵľҲʱͷƺҲϴҶŪղѣͻȻ˺Żȭͷ
ҶղܿȭͷȴҲͬʱ΢΢һ
ΪȭͷȻǱҶնġ
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̵ȭֱ棬Ǽʵĵ汻һķ飬ɳ˸ʯ
ҶձһʯݺݵײУ漴㱻ɳȥ䵽ϡ
ͷ̴Լؿ໺УҶЩѵĳŵ棬Ĵӵһ˿黯꽥͸Ȼ˥š
ġҶղǵĻҼͽһʮô
ҶղԼԽսܴķӦǶ̵ĵ֣ԷɽߣҶȴֻСޣǣôô
Ҳܾʹҽ뿪磬δŵԵɣϣһŵǵһȥҶռĶסͷ̵ɣսɣ
ͷŭҶյĹִǣܹܵҶյս⣬ˣǾͼսɣ
֫أǼ΢ŵķ죬漴㳯Ҷշ档
̲ȹ棬ǼʵĵȻѣײʯʯȻ飬ӹľľէȻɣ
ͷķʽҶշ˳棬ǱײţҶܹô
ҶȻһЦӦǱɲŶԣƼֱһܹܵСɽԼ»˲䱻ࡣ
ôܿ
Ҷ΢΢ذ壬ͷ̳Լʱ׼ȴҲʱ򣬶̵һ٣˫ĳͻȻľ
ᣡ
ҶԾ˳ȥ˳ŵһ̳ܿķ漴յһȭһŵŶ̾ȥ
޴Ļж̵壬ȻɢĻ𻨣ڶ̵һƬڣëԽζҲ˶̵ı˻
ֻҶȴ΢΢ü
ʵֻĻҲҵģһë࣬ǽڵˣֻҶȻ̴ȥ˲СĴˣʼնֻЩˣȻ쳣ʹȴԣ̵ĺʼǷŭģǴŭģǣһζ̵˱˻˻Ҷղİɽת죬Ѿˣ˶ֱ˻ɶ̽ס
ı仯ȻҶһͣͬʱһֱרעսҶͻȻķ֣ƬΪսǼһƬĲϣźܶطѪ
Լöˣ
ǵȻ飬ϵ˶ҶõµģȴҲ˶ѣҶղǵԼȭͷ̴˶̵ëƤͷ͵ĹѪ
ͷ̹ȻѾ˰Щ˲²̽ûдģҪ˻˵ôҲ̫ǿһЩɣ
ҶȻһһĿ̡
ͷȻԼʹ֮УҶտǺԥԼǾ޴ȭͷҶȫ漴ЩȻʵһţ̵ȭͷ̻գе棬ǵĺ磬Ҷǳ˻ڻﵽ˲棬ȴͷ̻һ׳ޱȵβ͵ڿһͬƵľͳҶճ˹
ž
ҶѸٵĽ˫ţӲİһΪ˳ȥǵԵϺۡ
ţͷǵת壬ȭͷҶٴκ䡣
һȣҶմغ֪ˣܰ㣬ңֻҪ㲻ô꣬Ҿܹ㣡

ǼֱҶһȭͷͻȻͣҶյĸǰǺХľҶյ˹ȥҶյͷǶķ
ԼǼǰȭͷҶҲǱųһ亹Ѿüȭ̵ȭͷˣǱֱӴɣ˽ĿŶ̵ȭͷľ
֪ˣܹ㣡ҶսղŵĻظһ飬ȻֻǸղűβɳȥ˲侪һƲҶջƼè壬ؿŶ̵˫ţԲԣ
Ǿ޴ȭͷҶ֪ȻͨԣȴԼĻĹ˵ͳɾˣȻȭͷúԼϣԣƬ̺ҶջǾðһգǶ̵ȭͷֻҪÿȭͷҾܰ㡣
ҶյܸϣȻǲȭͷģʵҶȴȭͷˣҶ˿ֻƾ֪Ѿҡˡ
ƿǾ޴壬Ҷߵ̵ı󣬹ȻͷһҶվͿ˶̵ĽѪԼȭͷһСѪ˿ڡ
ҶռƬҶ೾Ȼ˶һֶۣ̲ûз󣬱ϸĵȻ󲦿˿ڿ˿ţҶղɳһ˿㵣ѪкȻ׶ȻԶ̵ԣҶյΣνĸ׶ٸҶյֱô֡
Ҷһ˿򣬶ɽҴܣ˻ֹȴǸ˲²һսδعµʹΪʼղĶ
ҶҲЩ֣һҰ޵ˣƶѿѳɾļһԣֻӦѲɣ޷ǾŵۣǸ׶˿аγͺˡ
˵ʣҶղɵ̧ͷ漴Եɡ
ͷ̵һ˫ϣʮָͷȻ˰أ



022 ø
һ˫Ƶʮָ˰غ󣬶̵ǻȭҪȴǾ޿ˣ˫ҲͬˣȻҲ޷Լ׵׶γһѪ˿ԶϣƲÿһ̤ʹҲǶҹ˻Եˣ
ҶյҰγŰɣ
ȻܹԼ˵ЩʲôҶճ˷⣬ҲԵһЩֻҪǰ̲ǱǾ͸֪ô
׶γĹ̻ΪѣɽҴܵıԾķʽ׶ţͬʱҲйԼʹ࣬ȴǽ׶ԽԽʹԽԽҡ
ԣҶסǸ׶ʱ򣬱̸оѪģĴУȻ̵˿ڿ˵ǳ⣬Ҷճ鶯׶ʱֹסı˻
Ҳʵ۶̵ôǿᣬҲֻƤë֮⣬׶ȴǴ͸˶̵Ƥëƿ˶̵ļ⣬ֱӱ˶̵ڣʹȻǿ֪ġ
ŵ㣡ҶմµѾγһˡ
Ҷհ壬ɲ뱻̲ϻζβķɳȥȻһһĽǸ׶Ѫаγ˵ʵѹҲʵС¶ܲʹֱ࣬ӸԼһƣڣͷ̲м̣ҶյĵվЩࡣ
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һӣҶղŴ󹦸ɣǸ׶˳ֱӶڵϣȻڵϴڴϢ̵ĶҲǾƣ
ϢĻᣬҶҲǴ׶򵥵ݣǡ
Ǹ׶ʵǸƣֻһƵĹ󣬻ִİγҶղŷ׶ľܼ̣ȴӲһ˿ԣ֮⣬׶ϻ֣ҶȻ֪⣬֪ЩӦţ滹һ㰵ɫĹâʣɫ죬Ҳ֪ѪȾģɰдɣκֻҪһۣ׶Ӧǲ׵ĶԶ̵Ƥ⣬˶ֻ˺޷Ƥëⶫȴ̵ܴ̽壬ôҲһ
ΪˣҶղʶһԼԵ飬Ǿ˭׶̵Ľеģ
漴Ҷղ̿ˮ
׶̵ĽƣȻն϶̵ʮָͷö޷׶γϸ룬ĥͷ̣ҶոоʵŤ⣬˵ʵҲǸоһ˿֣ܹ飬ֻ˵Ҫȶö࣬׻ɱ̵ʵпܽסЩĥ˵顣
һ־硣
úҶԴɫһ䡣
Щɽص֪ˣȴ֪ʲô飿
нĶʵ׶ʵĥĹǺҪ˵ǾƲܵģЦܹĥļһʵȻɲ⣬Ҳǳɽģӿʵˡ
Ҷյû뵽¶ỨҲвУпϷ̬ҶֵԸȻΨ²ҡ
һߣͷڵϹ˼Ȧǲٱ˻ˣȻ׶ӱҶմӽŵ׵ѪаγȻ˲٣˿ھôڣȻҲǶ񻯲١
ˣҺסҶ̾Ҳûʧ
Ҷһ˵ţһٻ֮Ŷ̲ȥȴûмȡ̵ǽղŰһ˿˶̣ЩȻҶ̵˫ţҪȬǲܵģգ۵Ĺ򣬶̵ĽƱ㳤һ㱡ĤȻҶҲ̶ֳֻȣֻôἺˣҲֻʣԼˣǴԶûκκô
ˣ̵һҲ࣬ȻЩִٵҶǰתͻȻģ̱ҶոһץС
ɽǣ
һ˲䣬ҶյԴһͷǱƵԼһҪһһı
ڣֻǶ̶̰УҶվ侲ûаһ̵Ĵ㣬סҶյҲǺСģֻǿסûõٵ˵Ҷգţ̱Ѹٵķɱ
ͷ̵þˣȴ˿Աأٶȸǿˣ˵Ǳܣ˵Ծÿһǰ˳ʮ֮࣬صʱ򷢳죬·ɽֱʵɽš
κǶ̴ҶԽɽ壬ɽһһɽ£һƬĲֻһЩϡССǲ֮ϣȴǷľ壬ɫ͸覣ɫҺ
Ҷվȵǻ
һҺ壬ҶֻڱɽһΣҲǾȡװƿеģû뵽Ȼͬʯһ㣬ǴӾģЩܻκν䣬Ҳɽ䣬ҲǿҰˮУνĿ󶴸˵˵ʵҲöϡУֻﶼԻ󣬶ҶƻǿĹռԲԵ
̽ҶշƬд󣬴תƺۣúðصָͷҶգȻֵЩ塣
Ҷնʱ˫ðСǵ㽫Ƭ͸ô

Ҷ䣬˵ҶյĸǰϢҶմԶҶŪǿˮ
ðɣðɣ̰ˡҶε˼ҿһЩ߾ȥΪĸл
ȵﶼϲʳ꣬þɽ֮УɽεĻʵ٣ԣЩǶʳ͸ҶգǶ̿¾ֻܱ磬뿪ɽˡ
ǣҶεѯȴûụ̆Ȼڶ̶ԣƺΨһлҶյİ취ˡ
ͬģҶնǼΪĴ𰸣ûռݻأΪزסõĽֻǽỨˣˣỨҪռɽҲþһȷѪ꣬ҳ벻ɻ֮䣬ԣҶĴǴ磬Щδפɽгʹ֮УŻغˮ㣬µõ̵ͬ⣬ȡΪֹĽ
ȻˣҾͲˣ
Ҷ˵ɾ͸ɵԸܵƬ
ʵȡҲһܸӵḶ́Щˮûпǰ෴ģȴ쳣ӲҶնȴ鷳ֱӽ߶ɫ̨֮ɵֱӴӾ㽫ĻȡȻ󲻶ϵĹ
⻹Ҷյһκ»
һĸо
ʱǻ䣬ֱĸоȻ·ȼԼ꣬ȴụ̀ůģҶոо泩ЩӿҶյʱҶܹͬоԼڲϳӯǡ
Ҷ˻ţǰԼűԼҲҪƴغȥ



023 ԡվ
Ƕ֪Ҷ뷨Ҳ֪Ƿڡ
ҶģҲġ
ˮĻҶռȡҶվ͸оԼҪըһˣǸоʵ̫ӯˣһ򣬲ϵĹţԽԽ֣Ʈҡεƺʱᡰ顱һѿ
ˣҶûзŹѵõĻᣬֻҶҲ͵ʴףһ߼ȡЩһȴǼٵŻİ취Լܹ༳ȡһЩ
ȻҶȻֳ̰ģȴҲûʧȥִ磬ЩٶȻǱȲϼȡѸ٣ֱķҲ޷ȡĻʱҶձ˼ˮȡǽĻһһڵҶҲû¼ȡˮеĻͻȻֱӰʳҪ֪Զ̶ԣֻʳȴζ
ʵĻҶҪܼ򵥣ǽЩڣԼĶ
ⲢһӵḶ́ȴҪġ
ʮҹӽҹ߹ҶգҪ־ҪۣҪ츳
ҶյʱǲģѾףʹ൱ȻҪ־δҪ츳δ֪Ҷտǹѩ򣬾ҪԼǿ׳͵һһĶԼȻҲ˵ģֻҪܹ漸ѵ㣬ֻҪ㹻Ŀ̿࣬ӵģ͵סįܽһһĻߣһĴʻ㣬ǾǺ
Ҷϣ˵ǽƫ棬˱ķѰ޷˶̵ʱԼ㳤ĽˣҶͬҲûѳ۹̣㣬Ȼõ˴ĻȴҪӣһһĽЩԼ
Ǻڰ˫ɫ˿ߣͬСϪʵĻЩ뵽Լ֮УĹâǿʢ
ζġ
һһظͬ飬κ˶ԶһĥǣҶȴУÿһܹȻ˵ļһ˵ľǶڼįΪ飬ſܽ˱ƷĿֻΪһ죬ܹҫԽκ˵Ĺâ
ʱ䣬ҶնԺ塣
ҲһӣҲһյ裬ҲһʱҲһ죬Ҳʮ졭
ҶҲ֪Լ˶õʱ䣬Ҳȫںһµʱǻ¸ãҶյУʱŸ޹ؽҪֻڵĻɢʣǲʵϲãǿζ¼ţҲɢ
Ǹоڵҹɫ֮УΨһܹԵ
Ȱ
Ҳ֪˶ãһֱڻҶ͵۾йƵһХͻȻĸ߸ԾȫţһĨɫһĨɫȻͬɫԵĸţҶһȭŵ䡣
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оҶһȭͷȻˡ
ҶտԼųѾǰǰˣ࣬ȴһȫͬĸоʱ⣬͸ĸо˿̵ĺڰɫӵʵʣԵȴּ
۷ı֣
ҶնԴ˵Ȼ쳣ãⲢǽֵЧеģԼѾ۷żȻҲһ˿СźȻѾԳʵʣȴҲ˶ѣ۷żѾﵽѵ۷״̬ûܽ˻һԼУҶЩʣɥҲֻҶͣƬ̰ˣ̲ĵҶջǶģܹﵽ̶ֳѾ㹻ˡ

³ҶǽĶȻܿ˿ͷѾ֪ȥˣȻܹҶһЩڶ̶ѾܿˣͷбĹûĵҶջ
漴ҶЩĿ˿ЩջԴѡ뿪ΪĲıʵ٣ң̵ֻ⣬µǻһΪĵ飬ȻҪȥỨš
Ҳ֪ΪЩ˶ãϣҪ²źá
һ䣬Ҷձ㷭ɽ£ƬˮҫĻ֮رʧҶյҰ֮ˡ
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ҲôŵʱҶͻȻפʹһ¡
㣡ҶһϲصǾ㣡
Ҷȡԡ޸Σҹδ롱еվ֮⣬Ҳ֪ǷΪֵԵʣҶնԱ֮ﻹͦϲģŵʱϲĪСȺСƣԣǾƮݣ˲͹ҶյȤҪ֪ʵΪָһʱĴ㣬оܹƮģǱܵģҶձ˳žζȥ
Ƭ̵ĹɽֻȻʣҶտһƬɵȵĸоǰľȻһƬɽȪ
ţҶտһŰôȪıϣһƿһֻԲԻСǴɢġ
Ҷյ۾Ȼһ£漴ԾĳŰȥʹһ£оˡ
ǾҲţȴʼҶյıǼƣʹҶղɵֱ̽ҪǾƱͬʱ
Ǿҵġ
ȪͻȻŮͣŴŴĸоǽŮӶеȴִ˿ʳ̻䡣
Ҷղɵ̧ͷţȪԳӰģŮ˳Ҷյĸǰ
ǸŮˣ񻣬֬˲ɵ׾׵һ䴺ԡأȪˮϴ֮֬⣬Ů˵ҲǼΪԸУԣ΢΢ĻߣּΪĸоӣҶ˼Ҳδ뵽ݣʵΪ£·覴á
ĿɿڴƬ̣ҶոϽعͷȥεǸû뵽ˣֻžġ
κĳ棬뱻ŮɿϼƣþǱ۾ԼЩ޹Щ
ҶȻòŮȴϵƽôǰĿȪߵİ·ûע⵽ҶյĴһ㣬ǰһ˿˵Ĳһͷٰ˿رǷӹԸеǼʱһֱζʫ续Ǿ׵ĸоͬչ翡



024 Ů
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Ů˽˿Ĩɺƺûн·ϵ˼ƽŰǰΪȡմɾƿԻƱҶ̯̯֣ʾ¡
Ҷεֵܳȴʵûǰһ֣ԥƬֻ̺ǺܹɵĽԴ£ȻŤȥһЩ濴Ů˿ûڵĴէй
ƱһڵΪƶƺô
Ҷյûô֪
ǾඣŮͻȻЦƯô
ƯҶ⻰ѿڶ漴־Լʱ򷢳ʵڲôˣֱεʵҲǹ⡭
ҶҪһ£ȴҲʱҶոоԼڷɣ
׵ģҶշԼӷ˳ȥӹգ漴ص䵽ϡ

ͬѰţҶյǰ쳣˵˿ڣͬ㱻һ飬Ҷյؿǰ¶ϸܵ޷ƣҶտ˲ܵԼɢţ˲ȥ
ǳͷȻ˵ƯôΪʲôҿңŮɳ壬ߵҶյߣϥµҲϲƭҡ
ҶտŮˣĿֱģֻȴ˿ûо˵ǶôջˣĿдŵǾ
ŮԼһƣԼȻûпγֵģ
ŮҲûиҶտڵĻᣬǽҶոǷһľżƵģҶհϰקǰߣŪҶյֽţҶڰǰ
ҶոоԼСָ΢Ů˴ԼʱԼȻ޷
ʵұ˵ȴֻһͣδ̫įһ£ʱˣãĶҵ⡣Ů˾ƱƣݵҶյߣҺιе˵ƺܺãʵҺϲҲһɡ
Ǿʵƣˣ㣬㣬ǾҺӺ们䣬һ˿΢ȴǻζ
صǵǾҺ븹ҶǰƾȻĿʼϣǲ㱻ǰŮ˸ɢ꣬ҲĻָǾƾȻǲһľƣѵõܹ޲꣡
ˣҶȴû˿ϲĸоֱֱؿŮˣˣԸжģģŴŴģǰĺǣҶոоΣգǶ̻ҪΣա
ҺιҶյĺ֮Ů˱ȻĽҶɿ漴°ͣؿҶգ
㡭Ƭ̣Ҷջ̲ס˭
һ˰ˡŮſڰϣľƱͻȻһܣǾҺ㻯һϸŮ˵ǱеľҺȫУŮ˲¶ı飬ЦԣҲòЩԼӣ㿴Ǿͺ˼ɡ
аָңңһָȴָȪҶŷ֣ȪϷȻһСٲ
Ȫˮ¼ߣٲˢ֮£ǵûȴ˵¶ȣݸʵܣͬʱһһƬˮڣʹƬȪʼðŰɵŮҶտıٲģҶδʲôأģͫױ
ٲһĨʺ죡
峺ˮʵ䣬Եĸۡ
Ů˿Цô
ҶտŮ˵ٲϴ򶷣
ŮɹǣԼЦݣԴȻΪҽٲȾô
Ҷ̿ˮĥ̵Ǹˣ㽫ɽġ
Ů˽ԿھƱɽұһ־壬Щ㿴ڶأˣɫҲĸ
Ҷյ˶ѣ
ѵѪһɫôκζֻҪȾѪѤãŮһ˵ţһָ׸Լָ漴ź̾ϧûѪġ
ҶտǰǳŮˣòŵǸӡ
ö˶ô˵ҵġŮ˽ƱݵҶյߵҪһô
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档Ů̾Ʊ˻ȥԼͷƺȾ㺦ˣʵ㲻úµģҽܺõʱͲɱˡ
ҶǣǣǵǲǸΪң
ŮҡҡͷΪڵ鲻ôˣ㿴ѵɱˣȴɱ㣬ҺģĵʱͻĲ鲻õʱͻɱˣĺˣһģŪġ
ҶտŮˣܵĮ·˵һȻ飬ٵһ۸ƽҲΪٵ̫ˡ
ҶվԼӦÿ־壬ǰŮ˱лҪֲƾĪһƣƾܹ׵ḥ̂ƾ֪ʲô취Լ޷
ҪŮǸӣǸӣǲճƵġ
ǣҶմ˿̵ľȴĪƽŮ̺Ҷеǵ㲨ͻȻʧˡ
һŵġҶͻȻڵһúܺãһһһıǿֱһ죬ҰȻվƬ磬ƬȴҲ޷סңҽ뿪ص˼䣬ȥˣȥ£ҵڴ𡭡
Ҷ̧ͷŮһ۵ٸһôһþƣ
ŮЦʵදţŮǽϾźۣؽƱݵҶյߣָҶյ°ͣˮιҶտС
ǺþƣϧϾҪûˡҶһȻͷŮˣͻȻټ

Ҷ³ֵ˲䣬ҶձͻȻץסŰһƣ㽫ŰƷɳȥŮ䣬ֻǣŮҲ֪ʲôδԭ뿪Űȴô˳ȥûŮˣͬһӰһ㡣
ͬʱ
ͨһҶսŰƷɵ˲䣬һԾȪ֮Уȫ߶ɫ̨̨ĵһӣͼɢųɫĹâȵĻѸٷǱ¶ȼߵȪˮʱӿһһݣˮϵſƮǱһƬȪ˿̳׵ıһƬ֮أֲָ
ˮڣҶѸٵĻˮȪһȥ̽ͷһȴһƬĶ£ҶҲ룬Ȫ˳Ƕ³·ɽֹ䣡
Ƭ̺󣬳Ů˴Ƭˮ߳վȪıϣЦš
ôǰȻܶҾ˼˼ҵֺŮԴƺ˼һΪҪһ㣬òֿЦˣξͷŹɣϣ´μʱ㻹ô˼Ȼֻɱ



025 ѪȾɽһ
ҶշŴǶϹ䣬һƬʯм
ǶȻ̫ͣߣֻжʮ׵ӣգ۵ĹҶձ˳ƻ·ɽ֮С
֮Ҷ˿ͣȿ񱼡
˵Ҷոֱɽ֣ãã֮ҳʵǼ£ҶȴУɽһȦ󣬱Ƶɽֱ¼䣬ͽֳɽȥ
Ҷյ뷨Ҳ򵥣ŮҪ׷ԼȻ»䣬˳ɽ׷ȥˣԼƫƫͲɽܣƸȦɽȥ׻զ˵ţΣյĵطȫġ
ȵҶɽʱ򣬿˱صǼ˵걻󣬱ֱɢʬ壬ǣضǵǹĺۼȫʾйһս˶Ʋ֮⣬Ƿ嶥ʮͷǣ׳ͫȫڣֻǴ˿̶Ѿˣ໹ƶǣʺ˳ɽٲ䣬ŮһĨ֮ɫ
ɽ֮ȴҲֻжһͷޣҲ֪·˵ùײȺǣһ񶷡
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ңЩ򶷵ĺۼҶձԼڻЩӣƺѾɽĶսɽ洦ɼֵһᡣ
ҵÿҵỨˡҶҧҧ촽ûεֻܹһ־磬ɽǻ˳ȥΪЩˣֻ»ĺܲҺܲҡ
ţҶͻȻһ֣ȴɽɽﴫţ𣬼þȻ䡣
ףڴôҶԾһµ˵ĽӦþǸղǲɽ򶷵˰ɣΪɽӦѾˣû뵽ȴڽսˣȥ˵
Ҷǵţ漴Ѱ֣ȵ͵͵ӽǰӰʱҶղŷԼˣĺס
еԼĪжʮߣֻͫĺȴ࣬߰ʮߣһͷ͸޴ҪѰĺǴ㼸ȦǱϻһˣԼĪʮӣһ˫ΪݵָۣػζָܹЩǣϵĳѾΧ귢
ǣǱΧסУͷһߵֵźǣһߴĺȵĪ̫ˣȻӦ뿪ɽ˵أɱ˶ĵ֣ҲƽϣȴǻôҪǸϾɱɣǴ󽭻±˰Եô
ǲһ˫ݵ۾Ϊ̶ЦͬõĹķһ㣬˫еСתţЦŵ벻кĪɻռɽɣǡҵȺҲˣҿǱԹԵɣǵĹޡ
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˵ĺʱõӦȺΧ׷׷ŭĴ󺰣ʵȺǵĶ֣Ƹ߰ĺţ겻ұ˺÷飬ǲƵɢΧĺǱӿϣ˺ҧžͽ̽ʱĻܹ׽֮
ǲĴЦǱ˵ĸƴˣ˵Ҫô
Ⱥɫͨ죬һ߷֣
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ҶնּĹľｫߵĶԻһȤȺ겻Ứˣ׼͵͵ǣǼȻǴ󽭻ˣǾˣȻ󽭻ѾɽỨ˿εأԼȻ飬սͷˣ
ҶնЩûд𰸣ǣҶӦû𰸵ġ
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Ҷյư棬߶ȴǵڶӣͼתţصףƬ֮ضȥ
ҶնڹľУĿȴʼδǵŲ͵ϮȻҪһɣȻҲʧȥ͵Ϯ塣
ҶҪȴһǡôĻᡣ
ȺǵΧȺ꽥֧رȺǵָ£ԽԽײУȺ𽥼ٺѾɥʧ˷ΨһǱŵôڴ
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Ⱥҧгݣȴ޴ӷֻǵֵȺĳȻǺƣйǴ̡
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飡
׵ģͻȻ
Ҳδ뵽˻ͻȻ͵ϮԼעȫǸǰȺ֮ϣĳԳȻͻʵʵӡ˱󣬱Ǽƺһ˶ǰ˳ȥʹǱˤ



026 ѪȾɽ
ǲǾþ֮ȻҶͻأ͵Ϯһȣȴ̻ζָЩĺǱѸٵػԮһķֿΧȦҪǸ롣
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ҶնȻӹľԾչ˫۱㳯ȥ
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ԾǵĸǰҶ̧־һȭͼǴǱϸҲǸŵһؿڽʵʵİҶһȭţ˾󵹷˳ȥصˤڵأһ
ҶһˣҪʤ׷ȭ䣬ȴҲʱͷ˶ĺͻȻͷһҧ¶Ѫڸݰ㳯Ҷһҧ䣬ӲǰҶո˻ȥ
ΪǱĴӵؿڱҶһȭеĵطһ˫ǷŭҶպȵʲôˣ
ҶǣһЦǵش𣬶Ǽǰ˳ȥֱͷǸǰ
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ҶյȭͷһȭǺԴͷһģ˳Ʊץסף
ѽ
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ǲԾ˰벽һݣǰһײС
սʱһֱȺΧУͷ֮ҲΪ򣬾ԼıбȵסȺ
ǱҲ۷Ϊʵ㲻жǿָܹͫȺǴ˿̣
һ㣬֪Ҷ֪ЩȺΧҲ֪
ҶյͻȻָ˴ϣֻҪܹɱǣЩȺʹɢȥҲܹ˵þȣҶҲȺΧǱȻǸһ³
ıʲҶյ֮ڣҶտЩȺɢЩΧܻʹͻΧܣҶյİΣǹʲô飡ҶձͲΪ˾Щ˶ȻҲûָЩƴЩȺҶ׼ص׵ĵ֮ɲֹһ
ܰ赲ȺȻǸòͷҶվʹ󲽵ĳǶȥ
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ͷ֫ڿշ˵˲䣬ѣӵصӿֱסͷĽӿϻص档
ͷҶԼԸģȻԸæ赲ȺЩ֮α˷ѣԸͷˣͬʱͷס˲䣬ЩҲʼ̰ļȡ̺ʹͷŴȴҡֱڵء
Ҷմ󲽵ǣ̧־һȭڵأ漴Ҷձ㽫Ǹ˵ϡ
һȭȭȭ
޻ΣҶվôǵ·ᡣ
٣ѵֻЩôҶվǵ쳰Լ˸ս
ҧ쵰㵽˭ҷģһὫ˺Ƭ
飡
ǵĻ䣬ϱְһȭֱӽԴصҵϡ
ҲǰһӡҶק콫Ǹקԣڵ⣬㻹ҶҴСУǾͱȭͷұ⣡
Ҷһ˵ţһǵСһȭǸͬϺһ㡣
Ҷ߶һ䣬ǸղݣʧȥȺ󣬾Ȼ˵ĲãȴҶնû뵽ģۿŽ˸ĲˣҶһѾסǣ󷽵һôϵ󽭻ˣʲôطỨ
ԭỨ飡ǡЦŵģỨܿͻ군ġ
ܿ죿Ǿǻû군ඣǸϢҶյͷ漴һϥײǵСϵ㻹ûشҵ⡣
ƺһ漴Ҷյһģ
ҶյʶһЩݵˡ
Ҷսǵؿڣ߶ǵ֮ͼƻâʢһ֮Ҷյ˳͸ҶյƣֱӴǵؿ˽ȥɲǼ䣬ǵɫ任أĸоԼڼɢ
ҶհյǶߵ꣬ȴ֪ʱζ֪ˣЩɵ֮꣬ǰζôоΣ
շ壡ǴǶշ壬ſңſң
ллҶյͷл漴ûӦֻҪ˵˾ͷŹ㣬һ·ߺã
ҶնȻ߶ȫȡǵ꣬Ƭ̵Ĺǵ͸׵ɢڿ֮Уʱ˿߳ڿУҲǻɢ
ԭˣѹһ˵
Ҷһ䣬ʱβȺˡ
˿ȫǸЩͫϵģ˿ʧʱȺǽ¶ãȻ֮ɫ漴ͷȻ֮˸ʬʱɺһɢܵӰ٣ԣָܹȺȴǱк⣬ΪŹ֣ܹ仯˿߸Щǵϣͬ߿һĲЩǣʵЩǵı⣬ǵ;ѹԼ㷴֮ûС
ʵҲͦҶΪź̾һ䣬漴Сϧ㿴ۡ
ҶָȻǶ˵Ҷܹ÷еǣԸ⽫ʲôԽȥȴɲҶˣȫƾġζȻǵôθڡ
λС硭ʱǱȺΧʮ꿴ȺܵûӰҲʵ˿ͷ˸һмҶյǳµղźСʼỨ飿
Ҷ룬漴ͷỨˣСɢˣ֪һղ˵ʵôǵշ壿
ţỨǶ󽭻Ҳڵġµԥһ£漴ȰСһ䣬Īȥˣշ˿ҵúܡ
Ҷպɽʧ죬ʵ֪ʲôĿǳʲôˣ
µͷҲǵ;˵˵շ˱ǷһƬɫȥˣ˿շʵǻսһƬҴֵֻɽתһȦ˴󽭻Ҳʵãֻֻܲ룬ģȴǲ̫ˣС¹һˣȰ㻹Ǳȥˣҵͬ飬¾ͻΣա



027 
Ҷȴǲ֪˵ˡ
շɽһ壬ɽˮ£ǡҲǴ󽭻ỨĵطԴ󽭻ԵҲһ˳ỨɽһĶ񶷣뵽ȴʱ˲֮ͣ
ɽΧ󽭻ռһ֧ǾڤȪǾȴҲշ壬ڴפշɽȴû뵽ǡײⳡ񶷡
ỨӪȻûбǿ׳֮ƣ֮࣬䣬˹ȪỨЩ˽˶ԹǴ󽭻᱾ỨҲ޶ͻỨҲǹȪƱˣ󽭻ͬΪɽ֮Ļûʮҹӽҹ䣬ʱæǴ󽭻ᵹ͵ʴˡ
鵽ǽԴϲǴ󽭻鷳ȴû뵽ս֮УҲ֪˭շһƬɽڣɽ֮󣬾ȻһˮֻǿˮĻȴǳɫɫĻ
ɫĻδ˼ȴڴгֹأȪѵһıֻãЧѰİٱ֮࣬Ȼ˶ѣҲȴỨ֮⣬ܹΪûмƬأҲνİٱ֮ɫ֮ʱãȻǻȪ֮壬ԣɫıŽȪ
ֻҪȴĹã֪һʶѰֻвɲ飬аɣħӰ٤֣ܹϰ֮壬ÿһһĸ֡
󽭻ҪôҪ
ҪôҪ
ỨɽĻأǱȪͬҲ֮ģ
ǣһս㶸Ȼ
󽭻䶼ɽ֮ĴⳡܵĹעȻ٣ỨӪͬշܲע⣬漴ɽ˱Ȫܾͳ˲ܵܣߣյĹ򣬵ɽε꣬ʮа˾Ÿ֪ˡ
˵ɽΪ˻أжͷˣռɽҲеһ֧Ứɽ뿴֮ຨ˯ͻƱҲⳡҲпӮʤˣ뻹ǴŲϣܷб˿̡
ǣȪͲͬˣعռõģ㻹صסȪ˱߾ˣܴ˵ıӳɽشģδȥã
һշң
µδܵշ壬ĿȾĴԵ˲٣ƴƴմյĸҶսãҲҶŪ˴ţ
ԭˣҶյͷл漴ȴ֪ˣȻշΣգҾȥһ¾ͺˡ
µҶ˵֪Ҷոû뿪Ĵ㣬ֻǲ˼ѣֻ̾˿
ʵµҲǺ⣬ϣҶձȥһ̲ˮʮȥշ壬ȴֻʣʮĲҺ˿ֻ֪µ֪ҶյƢԣӣ˵Ứշ嶥֪ǱȪ˵ϡܲȥմ֣
µֻҶͬ飬Ͼʹ˷ҲͲ˵ЩʲôҶչ֣Ųʮɽ뿪ǱӰϳҲΪį
߳µҶҲûʲôԥתɽֻص嶥շķ򣬱һ·ۡ
շҶɽĽңշɽеĸ߷壬ΪױϣҶյҲ߲·СյĹ⾰͵շĽ£δüǷ壬Ƽɽ˷ɱ䡣
ʮ壬Ϊ뺷Ǽź飬ʱػͷϼۣȴҲʱɽĲͻȻӰɱһĹͷ󵶣˵ͷ䣬˱ܹ֮ͻֻߣȴӲǵӰҲԼУһǿڴ󵶣ŵӰ͸Է˺˵Ļ๥Ҳͬʱ֡
ŵСһ鳤һҲӦͬĸ֣ǰʮĽ飬ò׵ü㾹˽̣пΣ
ޣŵǰ˳ɽܵˣһӰŵСĴЩ鲻㣬ȴҲôģ˵ҪȥɽгΣ㣬һɽôĵطʲôΣգĻֲҵ󣬴˻ضᱦҳ࣬ȴҪ߱ܣȴǰʲô˼ȴǱҵɵˣ
߷ѵȴҲһвʣһֻеӰҲǿ˼֡
˶˶ʮϣǽŵƺǰдΪ㣬·ӰһԵģҧӻһ֧ݵ㲻Ҫôھ͸㣡
ۼǾݳŵУɫǶȻ壬˵ЩʲôŵȴǲܲˣͽǾݴ죡
ǾݴȴǺ֮һƬľʱʹ˻ŶشߺҪˣҲҪˣǾݱˣҲֻһʱ̰ǶĽϣر˰ɡ
ŵ֮ɫȷѸᣬݷ£ȴҲʱʹ಻ͻȻ˶𣬳ŵ͹ȥŵһ´ǾݣٶȲҺһϸֳһƬɫ⣬֮УǱֱӸˡ
պڷ֮УŵҲǴڴϢһ˳ƵڵϣĽ͸
ǷҷҪʹã٤壬ȻʱҲܼǿķɣˣŵ˻δܽˣŵҲȵͷſϴ࣬ô˵ҲǼòãܲϵŵķκҲǼкôġ
Ƭ̺ŵƺҲЪϢˣҪߵľݣ뿪˵أŬ壬ܳɾ٤֮壬ȻԴϲҲɲһ¾ϵķгһǰ֣Ҳһ¡
˿̵ŵȻûǰԥ֮Ժ󣬿̻ԼǰȴҲʱ򡭡
ž
һֻͻȻ˳ƫеľͲŵֱϣֻаĵط
ʵұɱģҲɱģҶնӣŵǣΪԥˣѵãЩ˼ɱ㣬
Ҷռֻݣµⶫ͹ˡ



028 ɽС
Ҷ뿪ʱŵȻǷߺ޸Թ
Լƴɱõıϧʮ꽻ѾѷĿȴΪ˼£˭ġ
ֻŵʼûгҶȥңش֮սȥĽ
ôԥƬ̣ҶԹĿУžȻԶ
ݿ͸ͨİɫûʲôֻɰƳɣͨɫģҶճŽԼݣоһƬͣһɮԼᳪģ˵ľ˲䰲һ㡣
ȻǼķŷ
Ҷһ䣬ֻĿӣܵ˾ݵһ˿棬ҶղʶģҲ֪ϵ̵Ǻξģܹ֪Ҳܹеľˣò˵Ǽź顣
֮⣬ҶҲܵշĻˡ
Ȫշ壬Ȼ˵Ŀ飬ҲշҵͷȡȪʵ࣬ȴɱԽڶۣϻЯһЩЩ˱ġ
ҲⱾһ˺ɱģ˽ɱˣȴ˼ǵۺ죬˱׷ɱ֮УԽֵ࣬ıҲԽ࣬ɱҲңշҲң
Ҫ϶߶ȴ׵ˣҶͻȻסŲɽֵҹɣ
Ҷ̫һ·ǾȻױƼֻȻݣǱصıʵôҶպܿؾͷ˶ԷһĳһԾֱײһŴҪ˺ϱɸϡ
Ҽһȣ漴һӰ˳ҶնͺȵСӣ
ߣҶЦԴЩ岻˰ɡ
ŶԷ䵽ԼǰҶպԥı̧һȭ
飡
һ죬˸Ҷնһȭ漴һǻδվȵα㡰⡱ĵ
Ҷڿɲǳé®СˣȻлδȴҲﵽ۷壬ִӲĽҶȴ˿塣
ҪôҶž΢Ǿɣ
˱Ҷ˲мļһ䣬Ҳ߳ŭ˫һ㳯ҶչƼƣҲΪŨȻûУȥҲͬ۷壬ҶյΪ൱˵Ӧһ
ǣ˹Ҷոǰ˲䡭
һ޵ĺɫҶյؿųССĻٺȻһöͷԷƼڻҶյ˲䣬Ƶͱ֮ӶʧţҶյӿѸٵĲڶԷϡ
û˿ԥҶҽеĻᶼԷ߶ɫ̨Ƕ޵ĵ֮㽫ԷȫӶ
֮ɺֲܿǾԵģǶжҶյģӵ֮󣬻۳ĵ֮ʲô£ͬʱҲҶףֻԼ㹻ǿ
ǣ£ҶֻҪӵе֮޵аĴڣûֵܹ֮İᡣ
ɱ˵Ҷձɽɽ϶ȥûаͣ
ÿ춼ҶղҪΪһԼֵļһ̾ȵĲпᡣ
ҶյҲʶԼǰž̫ҡˣֻǸղСҲͰˣһΪļһǿɾ鷳ˣҶտɲû¡
ϸĵĲغãҶղż˳ɽϡ
һ·Ҷټ岦˵׷˸׷Ŀ꣬ȴΪһԲͣͻȻĴ֣ǽһ˵á
Ҷյûʲô鷳ܳµΪһˣпΣգǣҶֻ۷ΪʵôʣǶһ˻ε˿ž;һ׵˥ȻͼûʲôҶյĲڡ
ҶնȻǺ£鷳ֶĪ䲻ڶ
ɽķƺʱҶտһˡ
׷룬һ鲼ЩɷǵƮݣȴҶڱɽӪؼˡ
ֻ˴˿̵ľȴʵô߸һΧţȻǴ󽭻ˣ
ǻ鷳Ҷ̾һѾͱˣӪã
˵ҶջǼ·һضѵɣ㳯˵ķȥ
ιǣ
뵽ҶͻȻĸߺһ㽫ԷĿ⳯Լ漴ŶԷͷʱҶձ㽫ŵİɳŶԷ˳ȥУмҶɣ˶ԷߣҲ˲䣬ҶնȻͬԱ㹪ӣ͵ؾʹ˳ȥ̧Ⱦһţһ߷ɳȥ
ǵû̹ҪϰôҶɨһǼ󽭻ĳԱָָҴ򣡡
Ҷյ˳˶Էŭ˾ȭͳҶմȴȭͷҶյı֮ǰҶվȻ̧ţŶԷСһŵ䣬˸ߵڵأڰ˫ɫȭͷһƬȭӰ˷ŶԷһȺ˳˹ȥ
°ɣ
ӭϣҶոԷĹӲƴżϱԷһиһǣҶձһȭڶԷϣ˸ſڵϣԷҶձ̧͵سŶԷĺһ壬˵ıӱָܽӴһء
Ҷա
ҶյȭͷҲ죬Ҳǣƣ
ҶֻҪ֣һǰײУһֺǵƣҪʻ㣬ҲðԵҶյȭͷŸΪ׼ȷ
õһ˺Ҷպԥһţٶ߿һˣȻԼɵһƬ㳯ǰ˳ȥֱӡһ˵ؿڣ˸һɣ
󽭻ҲˡգۼŵˣҶ카Цݣ΢
ҶȻˣǳӶԷŭĻҲ˲ڿм
̫ˣ
Ҳʱ򣬵ĮҶջͷ
Ǹܾˣ
ΪʲôֵֺܹݣҶҲ֪ĸо
ɽ䣬϶£ӦǴӷ嶥һһ̤ڵϣһ˿ͬƮһ㣬ڷҡҷһ㣬ģ䵽ɽƺ֮ϡ
нŵķΧ·˲ʧɲǣһжɾĸо
Ⱥ󽭻ޱȹɣѸٵõһԣܹĿҶա
ܴ򣬵ǡ˿ҶգĮΪ̫ˣ



029 㴨
˵ıʼǾģڳҶյĲҲǰޱ飬·ֻ˵һʵ˵һȻһ㡣
ǣɲǣ
ˣ
ҶͻȻһ˵ͺᣬ;û˿ҶȴоһɾֱԼ𵴣ţҶҧס촽ɫޱѿƬ̺˻ǻ䣬ϥڵأǿס塣
̧ͷ˻ˣģôվ·ڷƮҡһ㣬ҡҷţȴԵø
ǣ˵ı󣬺ɫѸٵƮ𣬹ţ̻ţ۳һȫɫķҵĿ̤ǣ
廯ΣҶҧ۷Ϊ
ԽΪǰȻ۷ʵҶԽһ
һȴǲСһ
һż
վֻÿһ翶ֲʵǣǵżʱһжһˣʱ㲻ǵĻǣ飬֮Ǹ飬֮⣡
Ϊ񣬱ҪΪ飡
һȴʹʼղͻƣһǰ˸ҶرĲͬ
һΣҶյĸȴǱԶʱҪ̣Ȼ徳ʵѰ۷ĸֻ벻Ƕ̵Ķ֣ǣֻʵĶԵȣվ飬Ҳ޷ӵԶ̵ʱҶɸڻȭǰ˸ǰҶϷĶ־ĸֳһĸо
ģҶҧгݣһȭڵϵҪĸǿſԣ
Ҷղû˿٣ǸпԼҪŬ׷ʵֳĶ־͡
ҶʱѾվҶյĸǰ
ģģ˿̳
˵ĮĿҶյҪ˵ô
Ҷܽȥô
ƺûҶյĳһ㣬Ȼ˼ôƬ̣漴ҡҡͷŽƸ߸߾ҪҶյĶͷ䣡
һ˲䣬ҶղŸظܵԽһĲָ࣬оͬ˰ȣϱġСɽƺҲӵĳأ
Ҷ˲ɴ۾Ŀѣ
ɱңŷƺߣ͵ϵѹͺȵǵ鷳ȥһ
Ҷ͵ĻǾݣش죡
ɫڿһ󾭳֮ӾвϵĴƯŽɫΣһƬͬĿĽɫд˸оһͣ
ֻ͵ĸоȴʵôҶܹĸоݵķɣԼ˶ţǾ֮ڳ꣡
˵ɫδ䣬ֻǲ԰֣۾סؿڣȻҲҲܴ廯εķͻȻġһüĴѿһССѷ죬ȴԵ쳣Ŀģ
㾹ȻЯ˱ɾؿҶգĮȻǣΪУ
䣬˲ٸҶ׸ԣһĿķȻһֱۣ·䣬ǽɫĹâһĵķ飬ܵȻֹǰžݵķⶸȻ飡
ǺľƿݵĽ󣬱˳Ƶļ䣬Ҷһ£
Ҷսҧ˫ǲʡ
Ҳʱ򡭡
Ҷտһֻ֣һֻݸɵ֣΢΢Щ壬һֻ˵֣ȴܰףͬһĽףôĴӲ˳΢ָӭֻµľƣȻǷµľƾôɵסͬסһƬӿµҶǰ򵥣һֱģޱˣ˿ȴҲǵһ¶飬ȵı顣
˵󽭻һš׷΢Ƥʱ۷壬ң廹Ѱ壬˵죿ĺܲ
ǾȴûǾȵıҲǽɢֻĿ̤ǵķȴȻ
ǴƤ̧̧ûжȴЦţ˻֣ǰɫһ
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Ƿ𷢳죬ͬѵĲƣһһĵͬĻ꣬ڵϣɫĹΡ
˽Ծ
˳˰ӣ漴ĽͳͷҲصĳɱ˳ɽɱѸ籪գۼͷҲصӳԶֻȴǽ֮У˿û׷ȥĴ㡣
ʣµǼ󽭻ȻһģعҲǷ񱼡
ǲܣЩʲô
ЩԶıӰҶɫŹ֡
ǰ׷˻ڱɽӪأһǰȥѵͨǰ㣬Ҫ˵ʲôĿģ˵ͣһͷİ׷ȥȷͻ֮⣬Ҷվ˺ǿжǿأҶղ֪δʹùǱĻҲû˿ȤҶմδ˻ǿزȥɽѵͨôȻܣ
ĬƬ̣Ҷջʳ޷סĻ㵽˭
ЦЦҽн㴨
򵥵֣ȴҶһ
һǣ
ƽ£ȴ˸Һӣ
㴨Ứ˲֪㴨ɽп˲֪
ûˣΪû˸Ҳ֪
㴨һ棬ɽһĶֵϣǸ棡
һ꣬ûỨȴѾ˽㴨̤Ƭأվɽ丩羰˵ɽƧǸĵط
ǣɽɽ
һ꣬磬¶㴨Цſ˵ҸͶԵѾˣҲúܺã
ǣỨɽ
һ꣬㴨裬ΣڵϦȴһĵĮ˵ߣ
ǣ˶Ѿˣ
ǽ㴨ɽУ˲Ľ㴨
Ҷյһ˫ɲǼ㴨Ǹ㽣Խ֣ǻţֻ㴨ǰŽʡ
ұڵȼˣϧûȴˣ㴨Ҷ΢Ц漴ɽ߰ɣ



030 ̤У
㴨ɽţҶվš
ɽܳһһ̤Ҷվ÷·˰꣬ɽ̣ܶһһ̤Ҷձ㿴ɽˣ
׵ɽҶոоԼã׵ɽҶոоԼֻ˰벽ߵ˾ͷ
ǸоʵĹŹֶҶջعʱѾվշɽĸǰǽ㴨㴨ǰӰ
շɽʵһȥܹһУԼаפ˵أǸ֮е̳
۽Ҷֻһǵ棬ֻһɽֻۣһɽ֣֪ڷһսһݵĶսɽ½֮䣬һ鱻ϵɽͺ¶һĨɫԵѤĿ
ǣ㴨ɽʱЩȫͣôվ
Ϊǰλ˵ֽн㴨
Ҳв˲ʶ㴨ǣǴ󽭻ġšæӻط嶥ɽôסȻҲ֪ǰ˭²ʶȴ֪Ҳ͹ˣΪʵǸ޷ӵ֡
㴨ô˫ֶ΢ЦţЩͣһͨˣվҲ·𴵷ɽ磬ķ羰һ㡣
Χȴѹֵܣ
ã̲סվˣиˣ
㴨Ƿ΢Цŷ羰ӣֻ΢΢ص˵ͷôһ򵥵ĶȴöԷɴ⣬ͷ㴨ʾ󣬱æ뿪嶥
˴ͷȻеڶ
գ۵Ĺ⾰շķ嶥࣬а֮ڣ˿ȴȵʣ¶ʮ˰ˡ
壬Ǹص֣ȴ֮һ
ʵߣȴò¡
վ㴨ĸǰ̾һʶˣҵúһǰҲһСģǼǼϲĶϲңڣҪ¶ҵͷϣʵƨˣȴҪһ
㴨ЦĽ
Ľ
㴨ͷɣ
ıǰѵһصѿխ۶ɣģȴźâҲ֣ͬôļ򵥶أȴû˸ҺӣΪǾʮ츳Ǹˣ˶Ҳһ죬ĵ˻һص֣壡
ֻһɽӵһ
һǳǿһ
˼£ȴƣ·Ҫɽնѣʵˣ˿̶ףΪʲôᱻΪгһտܼ̳о䣬Ϊȷǿǣǵڽ㴨ǰʱ򡭡
㴨ִָָֻֻһ飬ǵէȻֹưĵ˲
ɫԥƬ̺󣬽˻㴨Ҳûֹ˼˵ģó彫˻ȥ
죬㴨ͷ󣬱ɵĴ˵һԡ
㴨΢ԴĿ⿴嶥һࡣ
ĪҪ˿ңҺŶǱ㴨ĿɨǸˣֻжʮͷһƤЦƺһ㶼½㴨һ㣬ֵǳţĸҸ֣һȥҲнˣȻȳƤôһ㣬֪֮ϾȻˣȻεġ
ʱŭǧ˵˭Ƥ˵һο

ǧһƤ࣬Źǲ壬ֻҲ쳣ɣڤȪ˵һࡣ
ô㴨ǰ󽭻ҲҪһô
ĸҡȪ۾Ⱥ߳ĸҶɽʱҿ¶֪İģأֻǣû뵽ЩСȤʵֻҪھͺˣžϰףҲýȪõġ
ȪվʱҶձüëһһ˥ļһﲻԼɽġ顱ô漴ɵĸ̣СүҪ쵰ĻԼ±˻ðǮ
ͬʱҶֲɵĿ˽㴨һۣȪǻд̶̽㴨ϣҪ֪㴨Ѳ֪ͷȻǵǰԽ㴨ΪȪûãֵ֣ǣ㴨ȴˡ
㴨ȴޱ飬ɵؿŹȪ󽭻ҪҪһ
Ȫɫʱôˣо⣬ŬĻȭͷȴһ޻һ㣬һС
Ǿһ£Ƿͬǰ㲻սʤɣ
Ȫ콫⻰ģڻµ˲䣬ȪͻȻ
Ȫǰ̤һһʮɣӰû˰˵ֱڽ㴨ĸǰֻǰ˵Ӱл棬һĹȪأ
Сˣ
㴨Ļ˻䣬Ǿһ磡
ò˵ȪһӰð˵ı»Ϊ㴨Ҳ޴ϳ٣ǣ㴨и򵥵ķȻ治ЩӰ٣ȫıˡ
ۣۣۡ
絶㴨ӳȥķĵһ㣬ӹȪӰ㽫ǰ˵ûӰϤնķ飡
ȵȣ˵Ӱ
ǹȪİ˵ӰȻȫǼٵģ
㴨ϲƺˣⱾΪ׼ģΪҵָ֮ڱ͸ɣȪЦȴǶȻڽ㴨ͷһųɫСǬ飬ҷѾ˼ģ޷â㳢ζʹ˻ҽɣ
Ȫ䣬㽫Ǭ鳯Ȼ䣬ѣ𣬴ӿ׹˲âһʮĳԣֿһž죬¶Ǽ»棬㳯Ž㴨Ȼ
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ɲǼ䣬ͷǬ黯ĶԻе棬Ļ㴨˲û

ȪĴЦỨ˽𣬴˻ɱȴɱ㴨ҲʵǼ顣
ǣȪЦֻƬ̣ǻˣȪЦȻֹͬסӵѼӡ
ǻиֳӰ
㴨һɫƮƮǬĻʵǿֲǻ澹Ȼմ㴨˿㴨ΧһƬƣǧ֮ǻȫƵԶ
ҲǬһѵõҲǽ㴨Ҳֲסǻգ
ǣ޷˿û塣
Ҳʱ򣬽㴨ƽƽһƳŹȪƳһɫľ޴ӡڹȪͷǹȪֻüҺһ㱻Ǵӡӿ䣬صˤڵϣ壬ֻһ㱻ĵĽ͸ҪӰ
Ȫ˿̵ıʵأ壬ɣֻţŭʣһܻһ漴˲侲ҧҧ嶸ȻıһӤ궸Ȼ𣬼һţѸٴܽԱߵɽ֮С
ǧͬʱüë⹫ȪʵݣȻԼ壬Ӥ꣬Լʹɢء
㴨Ҳû׷ȥϾɱĴ㣬Ŀ͹ȪӤߣĿصǷ嶥֮ϣĮĴɨ
ɽỨ֮أ˴αˣ㴨һ٣漴´Σ˭ҲԽɱ
㴨ǵĮû˿ɱ⣬ȴ÷嶥˶һ
շ嶥˶עĿڽ㴨ʱ˭Ҳûܹ⵽һֱվڽ㴨ߵҶȻʧˣ



031 ɣ½
ȪƵĿţԽɽ֣ԽϪ
ˣ
Ҳ֮У㴨ֻǲ׺һڣֲĸʤǣɽ򣬽㴨Ǵ棡
棬޿ȡĴڡ
٣ȪܣԣȪ˿ֻܣҲֻԶԶܿһԼ㴨ĵطҲеĿ־ͻһЩҲĺһЩ
ֻȪδ㴨û׷Ҳڽ㴨УֻһյСȪδǰ˻׷ΪڹȪУҲֻǸյС
ּˡҶվӰ䣬ӰӰƮҡţŹȪЦԭӤô
ҶûиȪ˿ӣЦţȴ͸ŨŨķ̡
ȪӤڷƮŭҶյΣ
ҶյҪӤ꣬㣬ȻѾˣʹɡ
ҶһǰֱӣΪ˹ȪӤ꣬ˣʲôġ
СȪǻЩƽıߣݺݵضҶյȷſңҾ㴨ȴھһֻӵΪС
Ȫʰһһ٣ȴ˵󼸸ֵʱͻȻŭͻȻľʹ˱𣬳Ҷշȥ
Ȫ˵Լ壬ΪǱȻ飬ô˵ӤһͨȴʧӰƮҡűͻȻֻһգۼû˵Ӥ꣬ӲͬķҶշӿ
ҶЦ˵ӤƲܶģټٱǻεֻ֮㴨Ѿιһƽ֮ҶĻâңȫȭһһҶձصһȭ
ҡҷܷɢڹȪ˲ͱɻɵһƬ˵ӤȫУ˳һʣ˵Ӥȫ飬ûһӤģ
ҶЦһ漴һȭԼͷ㷭ȥֻһôǺȤ
дҶͷ͵ϮĹȪʹùȪӤܴΣҶյǻ̫ˣʹùȪΪŭסͻȻһ죬һڹ⣬ҶͻȻ¡
һҶ⧲Ѱ뵽Էܴ³ڹ⣬ȴû뵽ڹ⾹ȻѸݣҶʵڹҪؿڵ˲һŲȥҲǱڹ򴦺Ȼһ˿ڡ
ҶջͷһҲڹ⣬һöнޱĽƬͨīֻ˿˹Źֵķơ
⽣Ϊͨ飬ǹȪɽָңңһָ֮öīɫƬ»ڹ⣬ڿһ˽Ҷնɱ
ҶյҲԵΪ侲ͼڹԼ֮ǰܿȴڼ֮ǰڹͻȻһΪ壬Ļڹ⣬һſһ߳Ҷؿڶȥ
ͻȻıʶʱҶմ󾪣漴֪޴ӶܣѸٵľͽһš
ۣ
ΪĹϵҶյǱܿڹ⣬ϧڹⶼǻӰҶȴվûܱܿöĽƬڵĽƬֱӶҶյС´ĿĵѪ
ȪЦСΪôҾͽ̽ʲôɻ
Ȫָ߽ĿŤȻǽӽ㴨ܶŭҶյϣ߶öֱҶգ˵֮󣬱һΪ壡
ΣǹȪֺϷ
ҶۿŹȪ渹ѪܹܵţȴûѪΪ걾ûѪġ
Ҳһ˲䣡
һĨѤõҶյǰţ
淢¡¡ӵص˳һСѿӵѷϵţһ仨Ȼ󣬶Ȼţ
ǻ˵˵ǣǻȴԵĹ죬ǻһССĻҰɫͷնѾôŹȪ·ܹȪ̴һ㣬ͬʱЩ趯ڻŵ˲䣬㳯ڹȥӿо䡣
ॣ
öīɫĽƬסڹʹɢڵϣһ
Ȫǵ֮е֮ʹ֮
֮Ŀֲܣκڵ֮ǰᱻɵң֮꣬ϵ׳ɳֹǾܹƿصұ֮
ҵˣֶȻǲй¶ȥ塣ҶȻĿŹȪ漴ЦЦޱȲõҼţǲй¶ܵģ
԰գ趯سŹȪӿȥ
ȪתͷܣҶճɹȪ꣬ȴΪȪֻǽӤ壬֮еģȻη壬޷ܵҶԽɣһأȪһжӤ֮Уǵ֮ޱȺȻӭսΨһͷܣӽ㴨ǰһ㡣
ֻҶղǽ㴨
ŹȪģ
ȪתɲǣĵҲǺȻѣɵ֮趯ֱУһƬΧΣȪУţڹȪһ֮УЩĽסӲĴӿ
Ҫ㣬ŹңֻҪܷŹʲôԣ
ȪץסľݰģֻǣҶոûк˼ǵ֮һ㽫Ȫȥ
ţȪоԼӤеѸӶţޱȵĿ־ݣ˻ţɽϣϣɱ˿ж첻ֻҶղú
Ҷ̯˫֣ϻȡŹȪꡣ
ܹȪʧȥ壬óϹȪ۳壬Խ֮Ӥ껯ӿҶյҶտ̵ĸоͬӯȣͬĺҶյлۣһƬĴ󺣣
ˣ
Ҳ˲䣡
ҶͻȻĸоԼ
ĲҶոоһ˿ʹ࣬Լ·Ҫ˺һ㣬ǣһ˲䣬Ҷϵʹ֮ɫֱϲ
ޱõϲ֮ɫ
ͻˣ
۷һżڹȪġ˽£ڱҶոȥˣ
𣡡
Ҷ쳤ХһƬҶһƬ
һһף˫ɫҶյϱŷཻڣȴֱμֱҶյ˫֮У
ֵĺɫۻûһȦɫֵ̫İɫŤɢһİɫ£
ţҶս˫ſһУ
ʵʵĺڰ±ƯҶյ
һɲǣ½ԣ



032 ɽս
µ꣬ɪɪȻ˰ݣ
еɽǰ㾲ףδ㴨ڷ嶥ʱ򣬱עһжǳ־硣
ʮҹӽҹʵǰʱǱͲʱøˣ֪Լ𵽱ˡ
͵͵ȥɽ飬ҾͲƽˡʮҹӽҹ۾Ҷյ˵Լпģ
˵е¶Ҷնʱͳ˿
ԵȪӤҶǳ۷żˣֻкĹ죬ѰҲǵǹꪰˣʮҹӽҹоһѪɫѾΪϡҶԼ͸ΪˣȴһȦɫ̫һɫֻƵĴСɷΪƯȴʵֱ֪иãѵɡȥɣ
ɣǼ¶ģɶҶնȴЩϲǲΰĸоǹȪΪ󽭻ĸ֣ԼӤꡰ˽ס󣬻ҶҶյУʵѾΪ˴ˡ
һȻöīĽƬֻҪУܹɹ⣬֮ն׼൱ĺãҶյǾԼǹŹֵлЩȻҶ޷ڹһֻ壬ǹȪĻα£Ҷȴǰ첻ġ
ڶǹͭ˵Ǵ󽭻ĴѶŶԣⶫʵҲǼҹȪŵһö壬ֻҶȴۣЦ󣬱ֱӰǹͭ깣ô󽭻Ⱥȥɣ
һ˵һ˵ǰΪȷС
һƣŷģɫ㣬ֻǰƵһŤѺۣ龫İһΪҶֻƵϰ벿֣ҲҲΪֻаԵʣƾҶо޷ʲô֮ҲǺ޷Ӧ
ιιҵĻô
ʮҹӽҹԽԽߵҶոع
ţҶ̧̧ͷ˵ʲô
ʮҹӽҹûɵһУԼղ˵ЩʲôأʵҲ޷ҶպúŬ֮ģʱУҶձֳǱʮҹӽҹΪģԼҶոǸ൱ȷľϧǰûûεľȻһ䶼ûȥѵҪ˵һ鲻ɣ
ˡʮҹӽҹڰ֣Ҷվ⣬漴ͻȻʲôˣôһģ
˵ǸͷӣҶֵ̯̯ǡģڱɽʱͼˣ˵ͷǲеģһȥɽʲô֣Ҫû¶ȫɢɢ壬˼Ӧ°ɡ
Ϲ˵ʮҹӽҹָҶնͷϵһ£ŵҶһ۵ǰûûСĳƺ
ٺ٣˵ҲûұǸͷӶѡ㴨Цſ˿̵Ľ㴨ȫշʱĸĪ⣬Цӯӯģ΢Գƣڼҵүүһ㣬ʮҹӽҹڣεˡ
ʮҹӽҹ˳Ӧġ
㴨ͷ漴Ҷյ۷壬гɣ
Ҷָɫӿһ£ָתţһƬɫĹԣǵĹ棬ԵɷΪѤȴ˿ʧԻ͡
㴨ͷô
㴨˵ŻʱлһССɫˮʣǱǱȪǣҶֵʱ򣬽㴨ȴͻȻȪס
һ
㴨ЦڣҶľԽ㴨ʵ̰ͼȪˣ᲻ãԣк󻰡
ʵǿ񣬲ȡʲô壬ҪÿһмҲδĥ־㴨ǳҪΪͬŲͬ־Ż᲻ͬһ㣬ȡÿһ걾ȴɼΪûǰܹ֪Լõʲô塣
㴨½̯
㲻Һڱɽı֣вͬڳ˵ļͣҲŵʱֻּΪԸʹȻǣ磬ͺܱľ㴨ָָȪһˮԼ
㴨ĻޣҶȴеĽ̵롣
ȪܹҶȪ壬ǣȪ֮ʺҶô
Ҷղ֪㴨Ҳ֪ȪԼŬ壬ʿ϶ʺҶյģҶͬҪΪ˸գһżɻ껯żżЩ˶Ժܼ򵥣Щ˶ȴ죬꾭±ǨƾŬ޷żôҶܹȥôͬûܹ֪ңҶܹżܹʲô壬ܹжǿҲûܹ֪ΪǶȡҶյ־
롭ҶտǱȪһǲҪˡ
㴨·ͲµҶյĴһ㣬ЦЦ㽫Ȫ˻ȥʮҹӽҹΪȵ;ܾ˸ɴ֪ࣿ˿ܹȴùôһĻᣬͲһ£
Ҷ̯̯֣ʵýͣΪԼʤű˵Ը
Ի֮󣬽㴨Ҳ΢ЦǶҶΪãõҶյĴ𸴺󣬱㲻ٶȥ漴ʮҹӽҹӪص鷳ˣҪ뿪һ󡣡
ʮҹӽҹͷûϸʣ㴨Ứи壬ʱ򣬽㴨ǲӪеģԼҵطҲ뿴ѩȥ˱ɽҲҸĵĵطչأȥɽ
Ŀͽ㴨뿪ʮҹӽҹҶ˸εıɽǸһ䣬ӱɽ󣬽ȥУȻôˣȻҲҪⷽˣȥʲôô
ҶüУܼӪô
Ȼԡ
ʮҹӽҹȻӦʣҶյǱʮҹӽҹҲǷǳãδ˵̶ܹµʱеģһ㣬ʮҹӽҹǰڴ
ôҶյȥһڣ



033 ȸ
ỨӪػΪֵģǣжỨأ
ʵǳ٣Ӫл궼Ứѵԣþ·ỨٺʲˣͬʱҪΪỨˣҲʵһ׵飬ж಻أһҪ޳壬˵һˡ
ˣҶ˵Ứˣֻǰѣʮҹӽҹǿã㴨Ȼû˵ʲôԸ⽫ȪҶվһܺõ̬ˣȻҲܹỨȻӵ壬Ȫһмֵı⣬ǶûʵйأǣһǷҲΪ㴨ҶռỨûأ
ԣʮҹӽҹûгҶỨ⣬ҲûҶյж飬ҶҲ
һ㲻òһỨһš֮ˣǾܹˣ
ӪصĶϽǣһֹ壬źܶνġݣЩίеģҲжԻ켣ίеģûбʵĲ޷ǾǰֱỨǢ̸Լί϶ѡ
Ҷջ֪ڣϹʱ򣬴ǿ鿴Ƽġ
ίк֣ȲɱˣҲǶᱦ漰Թˣ˵꣡
ί߽ȸһ꣬ȴȵԭס񣬲ԭסԲͬ
ȸĸ׳ʢһ֮ңȴಡΪ˳ϲ˷ϱĳ룬ϱδţȸĸױ徣Ź˼棬ȴ飬Ӳǰڤ飬ȸĸ׸չȴ˹Ѹֻǣº󣬼ȴȸĸ׻УǣӿɾʹˣʵǼٿĪ飬գȸĸ׻ȸֱͶˡ
˭Ҳ֪ȸĸ׻ǹ̥¶ȻϵһʬĲҾ磬ֻĽҲȸĸ׸վˣʱм޷ӷĹŮѵ϶дȸĸ׵ҲûĻԹޣȸĸΪԼҲھΣԼΪΪܹһ˶ֻأ˵ͷһԹԧ죬ȸȻҲ罵һĻꡣ
ô¶ΪֹǴԲֻȸǹ̥ȱ޷ֻ̤أͬʱƾŬҲ޷飬Ҳȸĸһֱڻȸĸ˲֮ԩԾĭҲ룬ǣԼŮȸĸȴһֱ޷ȴΣúõһӣûˣ˻޷ֻأгһճΪүͷϣ
¾ͬһС̣һֱȸ׵Уֱһ죬ȸĸײ֪ĶڣһֻҪõǼܹȸ壬ǣ޷˵ģȸĸױȥڣȴһȥأһֱûл
ȸίУϣѰԼĸס
ҵ֪¶ġʮҹӽҹҶյͷʵͬȸģίڿһ࣬ʧٵʱã˳ʱûлʮа˾׶༪٣ң˵Щ鷳ҲȸֲϷΣǣ±һֱţͬͬ飬ȴδ¶
ʮҹӽҹΪŹֵؿҶһ۵Ʋô˰ɣԸ¶
ҶպٺٵЦȻҲЩͬȸҲӲΪԼˣҪֹ¶ԭȴȸԸһСΪͣСꪱûʲôر𣬲Ҷ濴Ƶͼƣϸһ룬ꪸͼƸԼӹȪĺɫƬƣǷ񣬻дķʽȫͬĺۼҶҵַֻͬǲ֪ˡ
֮⣬߹Ⱦ궺Դֻصĵطе궼޷ֻˣȸǸʱֻػŵģȸĸ׾µıǨ᲻֪Щʲôأ
ˣҲˡҶղδ𰸹ʮҹӽҹҸȥȸˡ
ȸִţһֱڴܹ¿ϵίУΪ˻ھỨԶ˾ȻҲΪỨΨһĵطԸ뿪ɽȥѰȻỨϣο뿪ɽĻΪǧô
ԣҶյȸסʱȸȻΣбȻЩԹԣϾһѾһˡ
ʮ껪ɬȴòȸ䣬ֻɬòУɻһ˿㲡
ԸȥڣҶյҲֱףӵĵȻҲ㸸׵ľԣҪ֧Сꪣңֻ£»δұҪ뿪ȻһŵΪ
ҶյҪɺܹ֣ҲỨĹأỨĹأȴҶյĹأҶյӣȻصġ
ȸɫԺܲƽҶŵȴô죿Ҷ˶˸Ǻã֧СǸΨһˡ
ǣȸѡô
Ƭ̺ȸȡһ֧ɫСꪵݵҶյĸǰϣŵԡ
ҶЦŵֶǿģ˵ģԿõȸֻƽĽӹȸеСꪣ
С֣Ҷϲһ£оȻǺϤ˵ǸԼöƬһģһ뵽˴Ҷձ㲻Сйһ˿ţСҶյ΢ˡ죬㻯һС
㾰ȴǸöƬƣҶȲĴӻȡöڵĽƬָһöƬҲ쳶һһڹɶա
һһģһڹڿƣԶԶȥҲʲôҶռǸɵӣԼӹȪöƬ֧Сһ׵ˣֻûˣδ֪ˡ
룬ǿԳˡҶЦſȸҶԳͺ⣬ңӦҲȲˡ
ȸһ˿΢Цݣŵɿ
٣Ҷû˶ˣ԰ɣ



034 
ڣڣ˼ǰ׹أ
ɽɽĽ֮һƬ֮أݴɽɽ֪ԼʱǾͻĵȴ׹ǣƬ֮أڣ
ЩЩЩȴǿǰưһصĹ̥ԣڣǱ˴ҵĹʶ㶼ǲкҲܴҵ׵Ķǣϵ곢̽ڣЩ֮УЩˣЩţЩ˵꣬ȻҲЯıڣ֮УЩŻģܹܹõһЩջ
Ҷոȸձ㵽˹ɽһбŹɽСӣδӻɽ򣬶ӾǹɽˣͬҲڣ֮ǲԶˡ
ȸĮҶҲһ·޻һȸϵףģһ֮ãȸûԹҲʵ̫ܣ˵ļҲ㲻жôҶտ˿ûֳһӷ緶
˹ɽȸǳҶյһδѵûʲôŹ֣
ҶյָĹŹ˸ǣӦǷˡ
ȸ˿ҶյСĬֻǼô£
ҶյǳģҸطЪš
뿪ỨҶվѾоˣЩʼֻǸţҲûƳʲôͼҺĽƻβ棬Ҷվ뷢ѣҲ׼ֱ˹ɽЩͻȻĴ˵޼ɵȻôȸǵټ
̯Ҷһָ·ߵ֮֮ºȲ裬ӴЩ
ֻҶոǲ̯£ʵˡ
ĺܶණΪѷȴûУò˵ҪȲ赱ȻвҶҪҶ͵֣綼ûУȴĲûвȣЩˣȴţҪݵģЩԪֽʲôģڻŵУҲֻǷ׶ѣЩĻ䵽硣
ˣܶණǺϡҶվͱǲƸŵһһνë⾹ȻҪû
ģлҲһʱȵԴˮ˲һȣ
ҶﰵԸţǲ̯ϰùѪͷȸΪȻЩˮӶֻҪЩ㣬Ҫ֪˰ݼʱڲ裬ԣҶֶȻ󣬵Ͳͬˣ˵ǷڣҲТ˳ĹһЩ㣬ˣ絹ǲϡѰ㹻ˡ
ȴҲʱͻȻһЦϰ壬λСϺò裬ҵġ
ĺͻأڻµʱбһźƣѸٵƮȵ̯ͷǺƱ㻯ĺҶյĶɢȥ󣬻һˡ
ǵģһˣ
˳Ŀ㲻㵽ŮˣǾͺǶˣرǰ˻һͷĳʱָһ飬ĵ˸ָһ˿˵ϣҶյˣԾŤŤƨɣԼĵŲԶ˵
Ǵ󽭻ˡָһĨָûлҳصͷҲ˵ңҽ̡
Ҷպܲӵֵ̯̯û
Ҷյδ˵ѣû˵˵Ҳô˵
ȴҲ⣬˿ڲỨˣ¼Ŵ󽭻᲻˳ȻģȴԼҪ㡣
Ҷտ˿ܣ̲Ϊ壬ǺƻʱҶվѾˣǰİ̲Ǳ𣬶ǸĹȪһһӤԼǰǱ޷ɽ򣬻ǰ̲мڱ֣Ǿδ֪ˣԷҪԼҪӦһ·βٵЩˡ
Ƭ̺Ҷ£Ŀ⣬Ȼô֪Ϊʲô
̵֪ɱ˹Ȫ뵣ģûΪȪĴ㣬ӹȪĶȴý
ǺЦˡҶŵշ˶Ƽˣǽ㴨һǴӡȪðҲǹȪԻߵģôܻɱأȴҲţҲΪĸƫƧĽҲ˵ҲûɽȥңǵСĶ̡
̵Ҳܺ棬һֻ۷Сôбɱ˹ȪֻӤ꣬Ҳɵֵ֪ܲҸȪһͨڤҸӤͨģҲ֪ȪѾˣ֪һ۷СỨΪֻһѣҲָ˭
Ҷֵ̯̯շôˣƾʲô϶Ứ˹Ȫ
̲𻰣ϸضҶգĿҶմ﷢ëǸȴָӣһŮ˵ľ£뵽޵ļһﻹȪһͨҲ֪ôһ֮ҹҪҪȥдһҶձЩŻ
̿ҶһƺҲʧȥԣ˿΢մһЩĩӵǿڤƣһҪûģԸңܵҽû
ԭǰƣ
Ҷղֹһ䣬ӹȪöѾˣңҶҲöԷӦòǳöͭģΪȾͻٹһöȻˣǽƬƣڿӦǿ鲻֪õİƣ
ҶյҼԼ֪˵ʲôأ
ҾͲܵԼûˡ̵ȻˣȻҪЩʲôġ
Ҷ̾˿һмı˵ôϻһҪ򡭡
飡
˲䣬ҶձͻȻһ棬Ӹ߷ϵĲˮ㣬ȫͷڰ̵ϡ
ҶտɲǰϲҪΪŪԷΪζҶˣȻҲ벻Ҷո˸ɴĶ֣ǲˮճմԼһӲһᣬ漴ǻŭվָץס
̵Ļ䣬־ǰһڣȴҶץŸһ̹𻨸ֿ۵ϡ
ǻҶʹתӵܾˣ޲вŮļһˣ
ǽһŽţ˿Լ·ﻹƵľţģһŮһ㣬ҶնʱһθҲԸȸߣ



035 
Ӥϣȴ֪ںηȪԼ壬ȻӤ֮ʵӲʵҶȻҲὫǻƿ̣ȸǰ񱼡
̱ƿ˿û׷˼ȴɾһĸˮһﲻǻҲǶһ˾Բʱ̾Щ
̴Щ˵ΪҪк׷׵Ҷշ˶
Щ˼ǰ̾ѡģûκһΪ֮£˵Ըһ۷ļһʵộԽһΪʵѹˣǣҶܹɱȪܴ֮Ӥ꣬Ҳð裬Σ̿ɲ֪ҶջỨˣڰ̿Ҷ۷屻ỨƸǽȻʲô֮
ҶҪ֪ԼˡӡĻ϶ڶһ䣬Ϊʵڲô
ȸδܳף˸˸ۼһţ㳯Ҷձ
ͷ
ҶȸԴһ壬ӹҶյͷвԶĵ棬¡һ㽫ķ顣
ɽľƺֲ֣˵ĹãͻĽսľˣֻǺϰߵĹϼţϵţڳ߸߹ֻ̬ҪǱá
Ϊĵ飬ҶڱԷ˸ˡ
ʹжǽ
ٱ֮ǫѷȴʧâ
ƺˣû˶ܽˣõġ
ȻǰΪˣı¾ͲЩýȴộÿģʵ˰ٱ֮ͷ
Ҷ΢΢һӣ㿪齣̧һ˵Сۿһ˾ٽҪָͷһָ֮ڱöīĽƬһĨڹ⣬ֱ˵ؿڣ˸ɳ
̴˿Ҳǿϵڹҧгݵ㻹˵ɱ˹ȪĲôȴʶڹ⣬ǹȪı
ҶЦһ漴һΣַɳһڹŰ̶ȥ㵹ٿʲô
ҶڷɳĵڶڹȻǴȸе֧Сꪣֻǰȴǲ֪һڹ⳯Լʱһ£ȪöƬȻǼģȴδĽƬöţҲΪһ㣬̶ٶһģСһмͷ
˻һӤܴð̸еʹ࣬漴ŭźץסֻҪڤƣϵȫǣ
̵ĺ̼ʿȻǰڤƱȻǸѵõıڹնɵıȻҲΪףر˵ڹ⻹ǳԹȪ֣֮ȻΪ˷ܣȪǰȻ޳Ӥĸ֣ĶĻһ㡣
Щ˱ƻҶҲһڣаһ䣬漴ڹ⳯ȺȥȦ㽫һ裬ˣڹҲֻԷȴжʮˣпȫ£ŲɳԼҶոϽӭУȭƣǰǺһȭ
ȶ˿ҶյȭͷһǲмһЦ
ȴӲƴǿˣҶճ˲۷壬Լȴ壬о֮жĶãѧҶյӣȭ䣬ֱӭҶյȭͷ˳ȥ
飡
˫ȭһײȻһ죬ţһҽȴҶյġ
˸ҶӲһȭ󣬶Էҽһֵ˳ȥָѾŤĲӣֱϻһƬڡ
ȻҶյǲʢԷģǿʱкܴĹϵǣⲢҶˣЩСУԼһ˿ֱӰѶԷɳȥ
ֻҲʱҶձһһţȴƵԼı󣬸һġ
ѹ˵˫ȭѵ֣ԶٹȻռˡ
Ҷиһ䣬漴ÿеڹԮƿ˺еȻʵʡ
У
ȻУв֮
ǺɫѸٵĻһȦգɫһգ£ŹԣɲǼ䣬ҶյӰ˱ޱҫۡ
һԥҶʼջûԼŹֵиʹãǣԥҲֻƬ̰ˣҶֱ̧㽫˳ȥ
ԣ˳ȥ
ҶȥƺǾ취ɾ䡣
ǣ·ţȺȥ
ž
أȴǳƵĺ죬ȴ쳣࣬ͬһ㣬ţ±㶸Ȼѡ
ɫĺѵ˲䶸Ȼ緢ââһƬܱŰϯ˲両ֳһɭļǰŰ
Ƭ̺󣬺ɢȴǰ˶ɪɪȫһƬӣ廤ǶԼ·˲䱻סһֱı
ҶմֵҵİΣ
Ҷһ˵ţһգ«Ƶģ㽫ǺҲ編Ƶ˳ȥ
ӿգȴδǰڵϣڰбͻȻסȻȼһƬȼգԾţͷųڵĹâ
š
䣡
Ȧձ㱬۵Ĺâ̫ͬһҫ˴أֻǺɫĹâصʱ򣬵Ȧҫĵ棬ƾյȼɫĻһȼţֵ׵ĸǣУյĲҽҲǴ˷
үڿһأҶ˷ܵĺȵĺ
ʵг˶ĵǹ֮ıȷҲкܶϡŹֵģǱҶڱɽɵ˵вôǿҲѽ綨ȡÿ˵־ͬҶȻ֪Լ־ʲôϵԼʵף㹻Ҷտĵˡ
ǱߣҲʱһֱҶߵȸͻȻϲĺһңָǰ
Ҷջͷһ㿴ԶȦǣȦżƥͷֻЩƥҲ飬ƸѰͬŵȴϺڤѸ磬ңۣȴǲ֪ƣģ
ߣ
ҶյĻԥģȸʵ첻Խȸһڼͷɱžͳ֮УȸԼһԾϡ
ͬʱ
ҶҲûкһ̵Щ£ۼһ£ŶԷȥЩ˸մӺɫĻгɱײըͷųĺŸ첲ɪɪ

Ҷջ״ЦûЦȻ֮һɣЩֱҶղ͵һ漴ǳ˻һԾǣŹɽɳ۶ȥ



036 ڣ
ҶȸǰȻһƬߵɽ֡
Ȼǲףٶȷɿ죬֪ƣ룬Ҫļɽ֮ҲƽأȴǱȻҪʹ
ֻҶոȸʼһƹܹ࣬ϺڵŰٹ֮
ǰ̣
̸ȪͬڤͨȴżĲ𣬹ȪУǧڤǹȪֺϷͬҲڤͨǰ벿̵֣죬ȴ޵ڤĺ벿ڤ̣
ڤգ޹⣬ڤ䣬ѪâޣǱҰ
Ȼδı£ȴҲѾڤ̻Ǻɫڤһ𣬱ܻƣҲǰ̵ıһ·׷ϣٶȼ죬ƬҲʼյҶյ
Ҷķһ߲һֱ̧һպڣǶƺȥīĺվ죬ȼűƲкȻըѣըһ顣
ˣźƬ̺µĻ۳һţ̵ֳģҶ˻СӣڤƻңȻ±ꡣ
ǻ÷ҶͷҲصĺ׷ôЩ죬ȥֻһ䣬Ͳӷô
ߣ
һԸҶ֮ȴȫ߶ƣθҶһ·ǰ
һҶҲûж̲ϴੲҲȫȻãҶյҲĥˣǰִŵǰƣȻǲı㲻ǣҲ쳣ҪȻǰĺ£ӵ׷Ǽ죬֮⣬̴˿Ӥ֮Ҷյǲ壬޷Ǿ˭Ҳκβ˭׷ţǰ̵ıˣ԰޳Ӥ꣬ԽҶΪҶվԼʮа˾ŵüȥ
һıҲ֪Ǳʲô鵢ˣ˵ȥܹǻ¶ģǵ취ڴ֮ǰ˦һųɣ
Ҷﰵ߶ǰ겻ɢʵ˰գǶƵٶʵ̫죬޴˦ѣȥҲֻܾݡ
ȸͻȻ֪ڣһۣҲһ衣
ȸĸףȻֻǿȺڣȻ̽Ѱһصģֻȸֻڣڣײ˹Ⱥ˵ȲӵĹ֣֮󣬻Ϊֲοȸʲô˲ֶΣʹӶݳ֪޿ܴڣ޿κεȥỨ
Ҷ֮ϸϸĥһ£ö⣬ԼڹɽϹתƣܹҲǸ취Ҳڣ֮ϲҲ˵׼
뵽˴ҶҲԥתͷ㳯ڣķȥ
ڣشڹɽɽϪɽȣȴֲǰ򵥣ڣƷҵ磬˵ж죡
ȸָҶȻǺɵıҵڣڣǶи̵ֳݣҶ˻СӣΪӽڣû£Ȱ㻹ǽڤƽĺá
ǵõץ˵Ҷ΢ƤƵ׷˼죬Ҳûųɹѽ
ֱۿҶձɽ֣ڣȥ
ڣĹȿһƬŨܶڱֻƼɽߵұڣҶղŨֲָܱ
ȻҶΨһıǼǰԼյĹŨڻȻʣֻڣɽȣкǰȴʲôɽȵļ󣬶һƬĿҰңңȥҶյǰֻһƬ״İٹǣŵ棬һֱ쵽ƽߵľͷ
ҶϸŨȴͻȻĺƣõǶƻ֮ͬ˿ҶմϢĻ׷ˡ
СӣԳ̵ģڣҲǰôģΪڣĵ׺罫ңҲܰȻ뿪طðա
ҶˣֱĴָԼϱȻһ£תͷ㳯Զ񱼡
ڣǰ׹ǣЩɭȻȸҶյĻָָԶߣ׾ܿȺ
ȸı£Ȼ޷ڣ߶ԶģȻޣԣҶպܿͿȸ˵ĵط
һƬʯ֣ȴĺɫԶԶؿȥǣֻҪϸһᷢνǹȡ
ô˵ĶࣿҶҲǾһ£֮ʱĹȺҲ˰ˡ
ҶЩܲס̵˵ŪԼҲݽȥˣǲŽӴˡ
ˣҶҧ֮󣬻ǲ˹ȥΨһ˦̵Ļᣬеİ̴иݣǹȺҲ΢΢üҪ˵ֵӵĹֻۣĿݣڶѹѹһƬŻǼΪģĳɱܹЩ鷳뵽ǰڤƣ̵Ҳ¶
ȪϹǸҪĶҲܶˣǿ޵Ķҳɾ͹Ҳһö
ﰵݵһ䣬߶ڤ̣ǹƱΪŨҶձǹȺȥ
ʯΧЩȼҶղʱ¶̰ı飬¶ӿȻеİҲһĴǹȾһҲͬһƵģֱͦͦľ͸ײ˸档
ҶסȸöƬڹ⳯ЩնȥȸôĹȣϻؾȻܹѣ
ȸȻҲ꣬ȴǹ̥ҲɣЩǵͬ࣬ԲңֻǣЩȶԸˣʲôȥڣŻѰ
Ҷյʶʯֵĳ·ˣ
ȸͷԼʶģ
Ҷյָ·ɱȥ
ʯֺ׳ÿһʯнʮ׸ߣʮһ޴Թҵͨ·пдת
ҶճʯֵʱΧĹҲէȻҶɱʮͷҲЩСĹȥڶĹϵҶֻýһֻеСҲ˳ȥͬһڹ⣬ΧĹն䡣
ͬʱ
ҶҲǷųȴûУǻΧЩ֡
ȸǲᱻЩȹģҶȻ۷壬һЩҲûνȴɣѰĿ꣬ţΪȴҲǹϲʳ֮ɾ군ҶոȸҪʧȥʯָȵڻҲ̵ܹ׷ˡ
ڣЩҲͻ˺ҧץӶѣȻ㹻סµȸļָĺãƬ̵ĹǱ㽫ǶƸ˦
һ̶ʱҲǼ



037 ˱Գ
ǹȺȻҲѲ̵ģ̵ֻľҶȴǸһЩҶպʯڻΧЩȶٻᱻʯ裬ǰ޼ɵȸָ·ҲᱻʯȴǴӿжκεЩȻȺο̴˿ȴӤ֮ϣȻΪЩȣܹ̳ԵЩ֮пˡ
ۿҶղԶȥȻнǣ˻Сӣٸһλᣬڤ£Ȼұ㲻ˣ
Ҷ΢Цȴǵɵӣ
𣡡
̵ӰǶзڣ漴òŵһ𣬵ҲҶ΢΢ԾǻȻҲܷƵĺ
Ű̵ĺǶƶȻıǺâʢӿԳұڤƼ䷭һƬ㳯ҶպȻ䣬ֻҶȴȻ壡
߶ƬСꪻɵڹնΧĹȣҶҲֱͦ壬ͺһ۸߾٣
ͬɫĹâҶеĺâȴްұ֮У͸ŰԵ֮ƣɫѸٵľ۵Ҷյ֮㻯һȦգҶո߸ߵ漴һ˦㳯ſжȥ
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Ȧոڤײһ𣬶ʱһ죡
˲䣬Ȧձըĺ棬ͬһ棬µЩȸյĴҴܣֻͬûֵȥڤ̱ʧӰɲǼͻޣȴǲʤƽ֮֡
٣ҶЦһŰ̸ߺǻȴ治ѧԣһ·㳢ԹٻˣκεңĻܽڣ
ҧгݵĺӤ֮壬ңұһذң
ҶյǾ͵ı˵ɣˣ
Ҷȴǲ֪Ϊα𲻵ֻӤԼǣǰʧ㡣
Ҷձ㲻ٸǰ񱼣ƬСꪻɵڹնɱŹȣһ·ǰͦԼĹҶձƼʯֵĳڣǰȻ˦ԶڿиЩǰ̵ĹȾš
ڽǻ˦ˡҶնҲ˿ʹ˷ԷѹȺٴӺ׷漴ȸǼһǳǰˣ¼Ȼ˦ˣұ취Ѱ㸸װɣģҶȻᾡľģڣɽȣ֮ȴǿҰʵǱж죬ҿʵСһ֪ĺѰҡ
ȸҸѰҵһͷq˵qĹù̥塣
Ҷ΢΢һ壿
ȸȻһЦΣӻôֻصġ
ҶȻУһҪԼ壬ԣʮҹӽҹҲ˵ȻҲ֪ⲻǰѰ˴ġ
ʵ岢жôСģ෴ģ廹ΪӦ֮޳ɲ壬ֻҪ겻۱ݻٶٴζؾۣиΪεĵطڷҵķԸҪ壬ŵ磡
ͬزѹԲȴΪգɷ𡱵ķԸʹõزʼն޷ɾͷҴҪҲˣһ̣ҲʹȸԶ޷ֻأһΪȻѹȴҲ޷Ϊ
⿴ƸȸľҲֻͬԶ磬ЩңҶյҲȸ׵Ŀģ˵޷Ťתȸľǣȸôܹˣ˼ۣţȸ㹻ڷܣҲ۾һ
źǶȸ˵ЩȻҪģȻҲ˲Ȼˡ
Ҷ죬Ҳ֪ΰοҲˣеѰȸĸס
ĶȻǱǱȪͿ֪һǲ壬Ӧû˻ȸĸȸֻΪ˶Ҳȥ鷳Ŀ̫ܲŶԣǾѰʬʱ⣿
ҶջǱܵĸоȸѾϾôδ¶棬ʵڲǻţҶյû⵱ƾȸĽڣȸ˵ģֻҲˣҵ׵£ȸҲǺõġ
¡
Ҳʱ򡭡
ҶնͻȻƽըƵһ죬ţǵ¡¡ֱƥ˻ѡ
ҶȻô£
⻰ո˵꣬ԶСɽ±ͻȻһȻֱֱͦϸһ£ȻһͷȫɫԳа˱ۣ˫ͫǣҰ⣬׶ֻΪſڵϣſһ°ˡ
ˣǰ˱Գɽеޡȸɫ΢׵˽ģЩɽ޽֮ʱڣѰһƬԼϲĵطԴǸͬһط໹񶷣Ǹǽ˰˱Գƺõĵطð˱Գˡ
һأҶնʱڶһֲô֮ˣŵôҪſžǸɽ£Ȼƿˣ
ǸҶһ𱻰׷ϣҲ㹲˻ѣȸҲֱ࣬ӸҶһ۵ȥǰ˱Գ
ҶտǸСɽƵľԳ˫ͫݺݵضˣô˵ͨӣҲֻûȸһۣ֪Ƕڵ٩Լ漴ߡ
ⲻ߻Ҷմһܣǰ˱ԳͻȻĹֽһֱܵСɽƵһĳ㳯׷
ҶҧģǿҪˣҿҲһˮأ
Ҷն֮ȻΣȴܲ˱ԳģͬСɽһʮɸߣǰһԶľ׷ƨɺͷʹҶҧҧҲֲֻתͷϵӭϰ˱Գ
ȻôҾһ̺ˣ糬ȴԸ
ҶƼȦīĺգ漴һѣȦձУ
ɲǼ䣬â˸˸



038 һë
Ǻа˱Գؿڣ̻һȼյĺ棬ǻɫëʱյĽڣ¶Ƥ⣬ȴҲǱյƤǾҵʹð˱Գϵ˺ţȭͷ㳯ŵ䣡
ҶմѸٵÿеĵȴһ𶯣ͬѵĻơ
һô¶̶ԶԳ
Ҷﰵֹһ䣬̾ǰ˱Գľʵͣ˵˱Գˣ̵ƤڱȴǲԶˣȻҲΪһɽֵİ˱Գȴֻˡ
˼䣬Ȼƿ˱ԳȭͷҶûգе޴ȻǺ¶ȴͬʱҲҲ޷սȻбףҶյҲ⣬ֻǽڵöƬ֮УһڹŰ˱Գײȥ
öīĽƬҲʵǼı˫ӹ˱Գϴһ˿ڣɫѪ˲Ⱦë
ܴ˱ԳҲԵĸΪŭǰֻޱһ˦ҪȥץǵڿҴܵڹ⡣
ֻǰ˱Գʵڹھ޴ЩȻֲȴôǰ۰ڿ裬ȴʼ޷ǵڹץס̯֮䣬ҶսһǵڹͻȻ٣ǰ˱۾ԳǵûץסƬбһӡ
˼أ˱Գ˿ڣƺòǱҶҲǽռϷ磬ǣҶȴп֪˱Գ䲻ǰƤ񣬵ȴҲǿ϶ģܴҲߣȴȴԽԽ죬ԽԽŭս෴ģҶȻ˿ռϷ磬ֻҪǾ޴һǣҶԼͻᱻĵķѣҲʹҶղòʮֵľ
սǵ취һһųɡ
Ҷܿؾö⣬룬ôܸ˱Գһأȴǰס
Ҳʱǰ˱ԳͻȻתӶȭͷҶһСС˲䣬˱Գë
Ҷյ۾Ƶľ˸һ¡
ԭˣҶЦͷ˱ԳҪˣ
˱Գë֮£ҶտĿĵצۣȻֻݼŵ˲䣬ǱҶյĿ׽ˣӦĳ־ڰ˱Գϵ˿ڣɼǣԵȻʺɫ
ͷ˱ԳȻ֪֮òڣΪҪСɽƵſڵҲ˵ͨˣȴŴ˿ڡ
ŹȻҲʹ࣬Ȼˣβȥ
ҶƼ˿ڣ֪Լθ˱Գһˡ
Ҷձܿ˱Գµȭͷڴ֮䣬㲦֣ʹƵ˱Գı
˱۾Գ˻űתͬʱҶվָУ
ɫĹҶյſ͸ɭ͸űĺܶȻŷһֻаƴСľ±Ӱ
ţ·ڰ˱ԳĽűߣʱһƬө͸ĺ˪˲ϰ˱ԳĽƣӹף˱ԳǾ޴ԭأת
ʹð˱ԳĺŭţŤת壬Ҳð˱Գ˫Ǹոն˪죬ѳһЩϸ죬Ƭ̵Ĺ򣬱Ҫ˱Գ顣
ֻҶȴƬ̵Ĺ򶼲˱Գ
һҶձ㽫һֻвŵСҲ˳ȥڹ󣬱öƬһ𣬷ţڿл໷ƣŰ˱Գ˪ס޷˲䣬㳯Ű˱Գĺ󾱶ȥ
ۣ
Ѫɽ죡
ڹֱ˳Ű˱ԳֱӴ˿ڴ˱Գڣ漴ؿ͵Ĺᴩڰ˱ԳǰĿĵѪ
Ǿ޴彩ֱҡţա顱һ죬˱Գֱͦͦǰ䣬صˤڵϣ׵ûϢ
Ҷմ˿ڴ֣֮ôҲһˣǼ߰ɡ
һȡȸҶղǰУɵôˣ
ҶƵȻҪ
ȸ˵һ󣬱Ҷմ䣬ϰ˱Գʬͷëȸҳһɫĺë˱Գȫǻɫëֻжǰü֮һǽɫģһëҲǰ˱ԳĶġ
ҶջǴԼ˸ߵĽëʲôã
ȸô
Ҷʵҡͷ˵ѾǸé®СˣǣҲشģʲô鶼˵
ȸкö֣ƵķͬЧҲͬһ־ͽ䣬ð˱ԳĽɫëɵģһ䣬ܷɶݰѵõķıû䣬һ˱ԳĽëҲܸ˻
ҶնʱȻ˵ڣǸأԭǱĳǰЩʬɲȫȻǷֻⷽڣҵöҲǧѵġ
㵹ǶࡣҶսǴëֳһȸһһ롣
ȸȻң
ҶЦȻºԭģĶͻҸףɱ˱ԳȻûаæѣҾͲ֪˱Գϻһ鱦ëһȻӦõģңĻᣬ»ұ𱦱ֺһҲûġ
ҶҲûǵ٩һ䣬ǰλɬ˶ҲǰǰнĮҲҶһЦģȥһϣ漴΢ɬʵҲûʲôֻľˣ֪ȻһЩ
ȸĻٻǴſɬζȴҲҶ˸ѶҶһֱȸĸʢˣôȻǺܾúܾˣҲ޷ֻص֪һЩĻǣҶȴˣȸȻһ껪ŮȴѾ羭ޱ¡
㸸׹ŵʱֻӦûڵİɣΪĸ׶ֻأôΪʲôе궼޷ֻˣҶպܺţ漴ʶԼôʳʵЩף޷ֻĸֺܴܿȸ֮ϽһֻǺѣû˼
ȸ΢΢һЦʾԼû£漴ʱȷֻܹصģֻҲ֪Ӻʱʼ˵صԽԽ࣬ҲŻȻ֣ȻˣȻˣֺֻأ
ҶյôĪģ
ôĪģȸͷʲôֲһƴԺͻȻֵ֮Ӱˡ



039 
ǹɽСĸ֣˵ʱ䣬ѾľޱȣֻҪܹӤ꣬һٿ˾ңû˻û޷쵽Ϊõȷһ츳׿
õӹһֱô
ͬɽһ㣬ɽҲһԴĵĴɽ֮Ҳʵ٣Χ̾Ųٵȴκһ֧Щ޶ãòԸˣϲɣŵʱΪԼˣҲϣĳ죡
һõȻôù¶ÿԼҲͻ࣬ڣĵطܰΣգҲһЩܲջ񣬾һΣȻǱȴǲ⡣
뵽˴õ㲻ɺ˼֣С˿鱳ĵط׼ЪϢһҹ뿪ڣ
Ҳʱ򡭡
Զĵƽ֮ʹ΢΢üȴҲܿչδϣҲûжµĴ㡣
ֻܶʱԸΥġ
úܿ㷢ǹ֮ԽԽ죬ĳԼ߶ġ
̧ͷԶĵƬߣñ㿴һƥºƣȴһƥȻҲ˵ģһһ˫ˣƨɺȴǸΪ׳ۣһƬĹȺֻǣЩЩ벻ͬÿһͷȵ϶ܻٵĿһЩƬͷ
ȣ˭ôľȥЩ
ڣ֮صĹЩ̫һѰǰ㵨СͬʱƬ֮εӰ죬ɱˣڣ֮صĹƬ۳µ壬Ҳǰˡ
˵Ҫ࣬Ҳͬɢ֮ͻữΪڤɢԣڣ켣꣬һ㶼ϲǹȣòʲô˵Ⱥһﻹϲô򣬺鷳
û켣ڣãƽײЩȣȻƿֻȴƶ޷ƿˡ
ѲѰԼĺ˵ˣȻô㵹ù飬Ҳ֪ĸǵĻ
иһ䣬漴һУгְɫ˲۽ڣһ޽ǵǹȴõɡ

һߣǻıϣɽƬСꪻڹ಻ϵķɻƣЩȸնУ
ǵù͸ҶָڹնɣͬʱԹŵҵ˭˭ˣ
ҶյıԹûеԼĲô˰̣Ȼ˰˱Գֱ֣֮һȺĹ׷š
ˣʱȸҶյ䣬һָǰ
Ҷ̧ͷܿͿӰĹҪҳһӰʵײˣֻӰעĿȴһǹһ˰ɫ޽ǵǹ
ǹǹͨ
ǣЩлƽЩȴĲ
˵ǹҲѿһֺܾнĸоҲǵ㣬ҲҲǴ̣ûб滨ѤãҲûƣ
ֻûһͷܹͻǸ޽ǵǹ֯ǹӰǹĺҲѿ
ǹȥֻһۣҶձЦùʱܹԼһùһܰ顣
ȸ΢΢˸۵û˵˵⻰ģʵûҲü
аҶյǻĴȤЦŴ˸˵ˡ
䣬ҶյҲûԼĴڹԼĸǰ֯ͬһŴǰĹȸסȴͬļ⵶ЩȰ˲䣬նķ顣
ţҶձ㲦תͷǰڹ⿪·Ӱȥ
ģڶһǻĵù
ʵڲҶգΪҶվǸֻбŻᱻһѹ׷ϣԼУֻ޷ֹҶճԼ߶ЩȲѰǿ٣ҪҶȻǲܵģֻܶ࣬ܲ˰ˣѾҶյƨ׷ʮ
㻹ôҲø̵ʱҶȻ˸ǰһߴ߶ڹնЩȣһкǹĲ
ϻڶֹһ䣬漴˿ߵͷҲϰ̧ͷ˵
Ҷտ漴Ц
õΪʲô
Ҷ룬ͷ
úܲؿҶգΪҶ˵ʱ򣬱ԥĴֻҶҲδȸϣ󣬱ǣס֣ڹͻȻɢһסȸʹ˺һȻǱҶ𣬲նȡ
ʵܵġóƬ̣ڵȻܲȡ
ҶЦ֪
õǣܵĹҡ
ҶЦҲ֪
ΪʲôܣõӦñ׷˺ԶѵУ
ǰĵôҶյҺϲùʱһùҲϲԼĵùתˡ
óĬƬ̣漴ڵҽá
ҶЦҽҶա
Ҷոõĵһμ棬һƬĿҰϣΧŰ׹ǣȷ裬ɭֻҰȴ͸һĸоڹȵ˺ҧУƽĽ̸һ㡣
Ϊʲôᱻ׷𣿡õһû˭ȺϿûб
ҲԸǡ¶Ҷվ;رίԹֻǿһƬضҾ᲻ʲôڱֵʱ᱾ܵĻͷһǣҾȥˣðһȺ
õɫܲΪǰͻȻҶӦǸȤ˶֣Լһֱûһһ
Ҷ֪ϲԼڵصסÿҶյǹȵĳѨ
Ҷգһ۾Ǳ޹Ҳú٣ȻǰһǸһ㶼˽ڣóȻı
ǿܵɱܾá̾ڣĹЩ벻̫ͬŨĹϵǶܲбײȴԸǵİ취֣ҪôȥǣҪôɱǡ
Ȼ̾ȴ˵ĺƽ·ǰǧƵĹɱһȻ顣
ʵɱǵġҶЦֻǣɱ֮ǰҵȷһˣڿٲ
Ҷһ˵ţһ̯߳ƣĴһֻݣһֻķݣ



040 Ѫ
֪ǰİݱȻǼ
Ĺ󣬾ϸģʾǰݵĲֻ֪ҶͻȻóⶫΪ
Ҷպܿؾ͸˴𰸣
ǾݷߣҶպԥݣ漴شݡ
δ죬ȴصڿнһ𣬻֮һɰĸо˲䳯ɢȥ
ɫķڿըĽɫγŵ䣬·ճһڻһ㣬ڽ̻Ի͵ķ֮УһȺɮľ㣬ҡη壬ݣǽ֮ͭϣ죬һһɢ綼ǾȻİͣ
ΧĹȱĿ겻ѣڷ֮£ϵڿҴţһš
ȻҲܾ
ǾУһͷͻȻı㻯ɫڿƮɢ룬¶ʹ֮ɫ˻ţ֮Ƭ֮ԵĸͻأȴҲвݵڿнɢձϢֻмöƬӿе䣬ڵϣˤ÷顣
еһͷȵȻеڶͷͷ
УĹȲҽлɺ̣ͬһڷƣ״иֳʹ࣬򰧺ҽУˣŭǳ
νĹȣÿеĸɵġ
ڴ˿̣һжŹȱȣ׵Цɢ
ڣʼնǻɵģЩ˲䣬ƺҲĳγôĸɾϾ
㿴ɱЩļһҶտõֻҵȷǸˣ
䣬Ҷ˱ŵԵ
û٤壬Ҳ޷𷨴ģ˵Ĵݣ˵˼ݵȵͬʱҶյͬޱȵʹ㱻Ǿֱ֮ӳȡ
˿̣ɢҶյҲԸӣֳ͸еʶҲɢ

ɫɫ
Ҷǰɫ
ɫĴأɫգͷĵƽߣĶϱУһһĿĵʬɽ
һƬսһƬս
ҶնǰƬڰɫսİѾˣÿԼʶɢʱῴƬڰɫ磬ƺƬ鲼ʬսԼ
Ҷǰȹǰ׹ɭɭ˳̫Ĺǰš
һʬɽһʵʬɽеʬɽҪߣʬɽ֮ˣһССɫ̨ţԵұĿʬɽͷһȦ̫һŹâ棬ѤõĹη·ظŵϵʬһ㡣
ҶվʬɽǰͷĪĸоսⲪ֪Ƭսս˶ã֪Ƭսսжҡ
ҶֻǾãԼӦƬսӦڴսһ̣Ȼͬصʬһ㣬ΪƬսԼꡣ
Ҳʱ򡭡
زʬɽƵҡҶ̧ͷȥ㿴ʬɽĺ󷽸޴ȴԵĺģҶŬҪ壬ȴʼ޷쵽ͬʱǲĴͻȻӿˮѪɫĺˮһһţ͹棬͹ʬ͹Ҷյ塭

ҶͻȻ۾͵زţڴڵشϢĿܣɭɭ׹񾭽һ£漴Ҷտ𣬿ȸãƽ˯˶ã
ý֦ʱɡ
ҶȻôã
ԼֻǺڰ粻յĶѣȴû뵽Ȼ˾õʱ䡣
ãùŹֵؿҶյҲΪҪɢˣشزǵû飬ôָǸ
ҶƲƲ죬ԼŲʲôܹĻָΪ֮ÿ˽󲿷ֶ⣬СʼնԼƽﲢûʲôãǣҶҪܴЩҪˣ޲Ҷյꡣ
ҶյСܣȻǲ㹫ǿһۣȻ˿ԼߵľݣͻȻЦֿлл
÷˸ۣȻ֪Ҷյллʲô˼ҶͿʹþݣǣң֪ʹþݵ³ˣ޷ȸˣ˱ƨ׷ϣñл߾ݣȸɲĶ֡
ҲǸˣԳƵЦЦ漴ҹqʬ
Ҷն֪q鵹ô֣Լ˯ôãӦܴȸ֪ЩʲôģǣҶպܸɴĵͷ֪qô
ȻЩ֦һǰ¶ֵķзɽİҪڣѰԼİϢ֮أʱɽǳ׵ķˣqռĹɽأҶǳķģǿģΪˣɽǾһȷѪ꣬Ȼûв룬ǣȴҲڹɽУɽʬɻǳ޷
ҶհţͻȻҵ֪̽ʱļܣûɵصͷʼǳ־硣
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Ҷֵ̯̯֪ĻȻȥˡ
ǰ׺ӹȣõСֻڣΧԽߣЩʬǰԽǿ۹qʬôûмֵqǰǹɽİɽбޣɽȻҪĴˣqȻȥ˰׺ӹȣڣ
òûرǿǣ˭֪ԽߣȻԽΣգҶմ˿̲ŲߵжΣʵѾ˲ٵ鷳
㵹ǺӦȥඣҶպٺٵЦţȻȸӦýʼĩˣѵͲܿһŮ׽ŪţҲϣܻĺһɣΪʲôԼأ
ȸ˸۵˵ôҲû㷢Լģ˳͵ģ
ɵŮˣҶĶͷɸֵĿȸһ￴бȴ֣ԾǸֻҪװĳһЩ͸ˣ֮ҲͻȻͻӦˣ׸İֲҪײҪ
õ۽ǲĳ鴤һ£ѵһ



041 ׺ӹ
¼ŵĿҰͷȹɭɭİ׹ǣһӰ˳ŵƽ߶ȴûɮ
ûѡ˸ͬУɱ˵ѡˡ
ҲԼǸˣ
ԳĵЦЦкˣһεˣɻϧԼ꣬ÿ˵ԶֻԼҪĲпҲʹûкˡ
ҲӦɣ
սԼоһʱĳ嶯ҲõĽˡ
Ҳʱ˷ɽ£ԵĴϢȴ漴ǰľ
һӵߣӦ˵һӵ˿̣ǺӵеĺˮѾɺԵӵԶѿƵĴأǺӵ֮ȴǰɫģǺˮ޾İ׹ǣ˳źӵѣԶԶȥͬһ׺ӣȴҲһǺӡ
õǰ׺ӹȣ
Ҷո̾׳ۡ
ȸȴǲսȭͷҲǺӹȵľͷܼԼĸףҲǺӵеİ׹ǾԼĸס
ʵҲֻ׺ӹذˣһأǱȴմӰ׺ӹȴһعƬľʮ춷ǹ裬һżΪͨڶأȴûдκζһɴ˵ء
ԣڰ׺ӹȣϣͬҲŲôĻ䣬ԵĻʵ̤˵ء
ɽ£Ŀ׺ӹȣҶע⵽ΧӰҲԶһЩٲǿҰǰ㣬˾ƬֻԼѣ㾰Ҳ˵Ĺȥ˵׺ӹΣգȴҲɷϣǸΣչ棬׺ӹȻջԸ˵̽
ȻΪҶָһЩ˵ô𹾹ĺϲУָǺ棬ȴǹɽеĸ֣ǰӻֱ徳ˣд˵ѾӤ֮ٿǸݸ߸ߵ죬ǹɽҹϪ𽧵ĸ֣Ȼ켣˶ʮͷʺһ㣬ôЩ껹ûӤ꣬ȴųӤ޵У֣֮˵ЩԴ޵ɣںź˲ûʵҲɼһˣǸġ
ʶҶͻȻõǳ壬Щĵȴܲס
Ҷɽշһ棬ڵһ㴨ӵĳ壬ҶȻӡ̡
ˣõͷɽˣȻǸ֪ġ
ҶյֻǲףΪʲôҪ˵Щ
õɫ֣أҾףЩ˶ǣǧĪȥǴк¶ԼıҵﶼΪѰǲⱦǴʲôطģǴ˭ϵģң˶׽һ˭Ҳ֪бҪʱЩ˻᲻㱳һӣȥǴҲɣΪСѡ
Ҷ󣬶ʱ۾һǾ˵ɱԽҲǳ̬ඣ
ʵҭһ£Ҷյĵطһ㣬ɼҶģҲʵ˵ʲô̾˿ҲùҶˣôôɣ
˵䣬Ŀ׺ӹȣ˳źӵǰΧв˶һۣнǾ裬õʱ򣬲˵ɫлͣΪڣĳͣʶõ˵Ҳ٣Ȼ֮ڣֻʱܹһЩ
ҶҲԸܵΧѹֵգɫҲһЩǰķɣҲȤȸЩѹ֮£ȴ΢صȸĸо£
ȥϰɡҶսȸᱧŷŵϵҡ
Ц㵹ţ۷ΪǾ̤˵صģǷݶǼıնеڹҲǲѰˣδؾĶ֣ȻҲ治Ҿô׺ӹȣֻẦ㡣
ҶЦЦǼȲϲҲǫȻǲ֪ҶջеƵģǺųӤ޵УôͳҶܹ۳ɵ֮޵У۷ĸ֣δûһ֮
˵ǰţԼʱĹ⾰׹ǶĺӵҲڵ˾ͷͬ׺ӹȵ֣ǺӵͷȻһ«ϿȣȴСԣӹڵǷǳ㡣
ûʲô˵ģȻ˳źӵ֮˺ӹȱѰԶˣЩСĽ֮ǹںӹȵȴҪ˶ȥ˲ſ϶
Ҷ˵νqʬȻʲô˸ȤᣬȻҪ̫⣬˳źӵֱӽӹȣ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
ңȾң
ǹȿͻȻһҽУ񣬽ţһȫȼڤӹг˳ֱײΧˣĺţ֣ͼܹס
ֻ˶ѡ˱ܿĿȼڤҴܣϵĺȣջǵвڤգɫȻĵڵϣʹػŸ첲ڡ
ǶúǱڤյԸȣҲԹЪ˹ĳΧ˻ȥɣȥɣҲһȫɢкöŽ˺ɷ顣
٣ôӽ𹾹ǣϵķһһЦڣض˵ãҪپж٣ҪΪƴһĳô
ŵЩˣ治𣬱˵ء
˶ԵĺĮڣ֮رͺΣգÿ춼˻ϣÿҲкܶڴ˴˵Լǰʵֵϡ棬ңˣԶĮû˻ָǴģΪҪʱҲĮ
ţûǿԼ
Ƭ̺ϵڤ𽥽С彥ɢҲԸƿѾȫϢֻܵȴ꣬ӹȡ
ЩԡҶǣ߹ǻûгɢȥڤ𣬳СڤйŹ֡
õʲôŹ֣
ҶյѾģҪɢƱҪȴ壬ǣû˵ĺۼڤδ壬ֱꡣ
⵹ЩŹֱ֣֪ܹĻֻеѣõ󣬼ܵգҲٽˣ޷ǾʹˣңҲɫ˼һ£漴ҡͷٹ°ɣֻΪq
ҶյͷɫĻ棬ҪСһЩ
öľȻ飬ͷӦ˱Խǽɢ꣬Źȿȥ



042 qʬ
׺ӹȵĹȿںСɿǣùں󣬱ֻȻʵĸо
ڵİ׹Ǻ٣ͬʱҲģȻܹ׺ӹȵĶպյޣڰ׺ӹٱţʬˡ
Ҷ˵ĿĵȻǰ׺ӹȵԹqȻϢڣͷ֮ء
֣üô˵İһ¶ûз
Ҷյƺϣ·ɣ
õûëôϣ·ȴĸоŹְˣ׺ӹгдޣкȻἤŭǣ෢ǣȴһ޺ûʵЩѰ
ʲôѰġҶղΪҲǡûнء
õǴ˻˿ɾͶҪһˣЩ׹ǿмֵģıЩõʬҲΪ˶ȻΣնҲڴˣ뽫δ֮вٻǺܲöԸġ
ҵˣʱȸͻȻĺϣɫ岻΢ţԶǹq
Ҷ̧ͷһ㷢ǲ֪Ȼߵ˺ӹȵľͷǰһƬʵұڣұ֮£ȴһ޴ĹǼܣˣȴ߰ɸߣͻһǣ˫۳ϥǣʮ칳Ǵ̣չ࣬ͬһ˫ǳһ㡣
õǽǣ˫ᣬӦǹqûдˣ
ǹq޴ĺǺģǿǾʬʱȴ𺳸
ڹqܲǣѻɽЩѾ׷ˣЩģȻqǰܵƣڰ׺ӹȵľͷߵİϢ֮أռݴ˵أȴڹqĽ£ҶյԺܹճǳ쳣ҵĶ񶷣ʮͷ޲ϷŹqȴqһУʱ̣qסԼߵϣվȥģиϵļһﶼڽ¡
ÿֲò޶̾Ϣһ޷qȫʢ֮ʱεǿ󡣡
п֮󣬱ȡˣǿɲΪڹqһ˿Źʬ
ʬȦҶյôȡ
öʱҶյһ׼ûУ㴳ڣˣ
ҶεЦҲǵһνڣʵûо顣
̾ԼʲôˣȻһֻǣ̹鸹̣ûϵĴӻһ񵶸һСƿqıϺ󣬱õڹqļһСεɫĹʱСʳҫʣͬǳøϽĽСƿȥֱεɫĹ轫ƿװ
ôЩӦùˣҲôûϲöġýƿã漴ӹqʬϻ䣬ȴֻ˵һ룬ɴ۾ĲݣŪġ
ҶյɵĿæﲻ֪ʱһɫСݣԵЩ˵һ㣬ȡǵŵСݵ˵ô
õĲݣܹᴿȻ㲻öϡҲǲĶ
ǸˡҶսǸСûǹͷ˳ժģҲһˡ
õҲĲݲັֻǲҶյĺˣתһȦܰεһ꣬Ĳպã˳ֽƿҶա
һ˵ҲΪ⣬Ҷõ˹qĹ裬Ҳջ񣬵ǣҶջعͷʱüͷ
į¼ţͬ仨ˮ飬ɽĴ̣
˿̵ȸȴͬһʬվڿյĵϣһ˿
ҶջȻԼʵǱĩãȸԹqĹ貢⣬ڲҲϣֻΪѰԼĸףҲȸʲôںֻԼĸĸһֱһˣƬûл˵֮С
˿̣qĹڣȸĸû׺ӹȣǣΪȸô᲻׺ӹѰҹqʬΨһĿֻһȸĸײǲ׺ӹȣˡ
̫ġҶסȸ裬СƿŵȸĴҴӦģһ쵽һ£ȫϣô
ȸеĴƿԲȴǷڲѣΪⶫûҪĶȴԼޱȣϧԼĸգǣԼҪô
ȸҧűݣı㽫Ǵƿ߸߾Ҫŵȥ
ôҶղδȸֻԵܲҵ㸸ף٣Ƕ㸸׶
ȸ˽ҶյĻؾסҶյ·ҭ
ΪʲôΪʲôΪʲôȸĵүΪҪĴңʲôˣʲôûɣ
Ҷոȸٰĳ޽ǵ˿۵ҲԲϣֱһ죬ԼУүҲҶ޼ɵ
䣬ҶסȸƣȸճȭͷģסĴСƿ
ȸĿڼҶվĽȸ䣬ȸԼؿڣվһ߿ţҲĬȻв֮ɫǶĿһ굹ԼǰڤΪ̤磬ұѡԼĵ·ԶԱ˲̣Ҳ̣ܶԶԱĮҲԶĮǣȴ̿ȸģȸǲͬģδõѡȨⱾͲߵ·
Ƭ̺ȸĳҭСȥҶḧĺ󱳿οš
ȸƽҶոöһۣȻҶѾջ񣬵ҲطȴҲʱ򡭡
һŭͻȻ쳹
ŭɫĹâϯŰԶԶؿȥܹһȦڿ裬ҵģĿ⡣
üǳĵâֻеâ
嵶â֣Ȼ˶񶷣ڰ׺ӹдޣֻâȴδ޺𣬵ҲʵЩ졣
Ҷ˼Ƭ̣ϵߣȥ



043 ּ֮һ
ҶյҲûжµͷҲδˮ˻ɵ壬һûֻܹ黹еģңǵâֵĵطǡñǰ׺ӹȵĹȿڣ
ȸҶǣֱóŹȿڶȥȴû߳ԶǱ㱻סˡ
סǵȴǱˣһһߵá
Щóǹ죬ʲôģĽУˣƻԳȴֶЩţǲ֮·ڣ洦ɼĹƬǿƴһ㣬ģʵǺòª
Ҷ˿Щõ֮УͻȻıӿɭɭڤƮҫͬʱеڤȼЩöһ˲临һ㣬죬漴˵㳯˷˹
кöãҶոϽָһзɳһڹһø÷飬õЩʲô⣿
֪õ׺ӹأĶǴޣȴǴδЩҲδ˵
˵䣬ҲԼһգ㽫޽ǵǹУ
Ҷյ㻤ȸ
õľʮ춷ǹȻԽΧԽֲ˵նУȴҶڹնа֮ΪʹһЩ
ȸиúҶҲ˿δԥǸСҲڶ˳ȥ߶ţڹڿоâպգ˳ɱЩãڹЩһҶձǲɵһ㵡
Щͷô
ڹɱȺУֱײЩþȫһ֮ڹһײ㱻÷飬һѵĹƬǾ󣬶ǲһҶղɻɣõãҲܰѳƵĵâսԼѱ޵ˣֻԼ֪ˣ
Сģ
ҶĪȴͻȻһ𣬽Ҷոѹ
̧ͷҶձ㿴ɢĹƬһζ˲ӵϴ𣬾£һţƬ̣ǸոձڹúȻѾ죬һڤ𣬳Ҷ¡
ҶոϽָһ֧СꪻɵڹԮǵԼڤһΪˣһ˿䵽Ҷյֱϡ
ۣǵʹ
Ҷյı˲Ť죡
ʹǵõҽʱҶҲδܵҵʹԼ·գڻ׵ıɽңӶʣ°㡣
ϢţҶڹ⽫³ڤø÷飬ͬʱϵĴԼĸ첲ȴڤζϨһҧȫ߶ɫ̨ڶſ̻ŵ֮ͼƵӱٵתҶղŸоһ˿ʹɢֱϵĻʧȴϨ𣬶Ǳ֮ԡȥ
һǹɨõԿǣ漴Ҷյô
ҶտұۣԸո˲ʹҲЩ£֣صû£ҪСıմȾڤ޷סڤǸֱ֮С
Ҷ˵棬ȻҵһһҵĵֵϮãȴҲս
Щʵ㲻˵ǲһ׵ؾܽ飬ܹǺǿֲڤҲ㲻жֻҪЩڤմȾˣ鷳֮ȴЩøɱ֮ҶոýǰûٻأЩƬܹ»һ𣬱һһߵĹͷӡ
ôȥǰ취ǵֵסҲģᱻҶԳɣϵǵɱȥղŹȿڴǱڤ˵ʱûмЩãǲ׷ȿڣֻҪɱȥͻᰲȫ
ãõͷϻһ
ҶҲ׸ԣ䵽ƬС֮Уֻڹ⳯Щöȥ
Ҫ˵Ҷյڹ⿪ҲһͣѸףɱȺУֱֱֻǰȥȥӲǶ߰˾ߵãǸƬ
ֻЩƬ»۵ٶʵ̫ˣҶ߸սôƬЩƬѾŻˣȴҲʱ򡭡
öȻɱ
޽ǵǹǰ΢΢һ㣬ûǹӰûлâ
ΪõǹҲδȻܹǹôôҲɹǹܹɱô
Ҳʱ򡭡
飬飬飡
Ƭըѵ죬õ޽ǵǹ̳ǻδ۳õĹƬһըѣ
ǹǹ۶죬۶ǹɱеġ
ҲǾʮ춷ǹͨ
ߣ
Ҷ̹ϵĺһɱķ϶ǣߡ
˺ϻһ󣬵ҲɱһѪ·ǹƬ۳õٶʵȴ֮£ԵЩٶۣӲı˳ɱȥ
ǰͦԼʱĹ⾰ǰ׺ӹȵĹȿ֣ͬʱȺȴҲֳһЩӰȺɱ
ۣÿһǰնǵӰպգâ죬ɽ֮ƣǰʮ֮ڵ÷׷׵ıһնķ顣
ͬʱǸͬУһҴӤ޵УЩ£ǰͳͬ˳һ㣬һһ˵ĵâǰ㾫ȴҲԳΪԵһ棬Ѱȵ˲ƺĴʹ
˵Ⱥжǲףȴӽ𹾹
𹾹ޱıһ˫ƣ
ǰȲĵâǰѤҲǰԵǣ𹾹ÿһΧһ󱬶Ĵ죬ţΧЩñ㶸Ȼըɷ飬ȴƬδ£ֱӻһѷĩ䣬»۵ĻᶼûС
ϣǸУ
֮⣬֮Ҳܿһ𹾹ȻѾɱ˾ȿڰ֮Ȼ𹾹ӣǣֵҲǰһ·ɱȥֻ𹾹ʮװˣȴˣȻ˵Ǵ粽УȴҲߵļѲ٣˵ǾȿˣҲԲϴһأҶջȺп˼ȼյڤ𣬺ȻҲ˵ǹڤ֮ˡ
ҶյҲߣ
õͷӦƽٶȵҲҶ۷Ϊ֮пκöƬ֧СڹʵϬңЩñͲһ˽𹾹ǰԽ÷飬֮⣬˶һãֻǹƬ۵ٶʵ̫죬ʹЩǰ̣ߵ˼ѰˣҶո֣һãһӹƬۣȻҲռЩˡ
ǰƽʮ׵ʱͷӽ𹾹Ҳɱ˹ȿڣǷ˶Ҳǲ˲ٺˮɿϢһȴҲڴ˿̡
ǴͻȻһһֵӵص˳ţЩһССĻǶ䣬ɫҶƬźɫ⣬аĺҶƬϵת
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044 ּ֮
ô󣡡
ҶտԷģԼ鲻Խ³ֵʱ۾ûȸؿڣǿŵ֮ģ
ǰĵ֮һ伸һģһұĻ꣬аĺͷ٣ֻǰ֮ȴҪҶһ࣬ſҶӸ꣬ȴһɿǻ֦·ȴǱ˻ҪСѿ䶯ţǶġ
ǵ֮ӵص󣬻ٴͷҲƻһ㣬һ˫ڶѷ·ܹȥһ㣬ÿ˶оһܾǱʲôﶢסˡ
𹾹ǿδ£ֽĸᵽɤۣܵ죬Ȼ˰׺ӹȵĹȿڣȻǵ֮˸棬߶룬ǵ֮裬Ž𹾹ӿ
𹾹Ҳǣ˫һ˫ǰǷ㱻÷飬ֻ֮ҶǶ仹вͬ˵ǿ˲٣Ƕ֮Ƭڤ𣬳Ž𹾹ͷ¡
ڤǲЩڤٳɻҽ֪һǻֱܹʴ꣬޴ӵֵ𹾹ĸڤŤԲܿȴǲ֮ʹֳӿ
ۿͷڤ䣬ΧȴǱ֮ȥ·𹾹Ҳҧֱ죬ͻȻıһ
𹾹è壬һȣ˶öֱ죬걻ֱĽϣ𹾹漴Σֳ޴ŭĿգֳֽƣ˫ͭ壬ǲŭƣʵĲ
õд˵ӲѰ壬ǷһĽ壬ڿʵ١
ҶպЦôֵĽգҲϡ档
÷˸۵㻹˼Цǿǵ֮ǽ𹾹ֵס֮ǿҲֲúȥȫᱻ֮¶ӣɢĸɾ
ǹв˶һ뷨ǵ֮ĳ֣нԲһ£ȵҲǵ֮Ĺˣ𹾹ܽǵֵ֮ãҲܽӹɱȥǣ𹾹Ҫǵֵסǹ˶ǵóΪ֮Ŀˡ
ֻ𹾹Ҳǳɾô
ŭĿվһڣŽ𹾹ֵµڤ𣬶𹾹˻һ˫裬Χӿ׷ױеڤӿ֣𹾹ı㻯һ׹⣬ֱӴӵ֮ϿӹԥĽӤߣˣ
ڵ˲ɵһĵ𹾹ӺҲǸôһԵľˣ
𹾹˻Ȼ֮Աǣ˵θɣֻҪԼܹӳˡ
ϧ𹾹վҲδԸ
ǵͻȻ¡¡ĹƬӵӿ𣬲ϵķУѸٵĻһգۼ䣬ЩƬڹȿڼһǽȿڸηס𹾹ٶȲȴ˰ģ̧ͷײǹǽ֮ϣϵһҽУǵ֮Ӻ󷽶𹾹Ӥ÷飬𹾹Բӿˤ䣬ֱͦͦıڵϣȻıûϢ
˽Ծ
𹾹ˣô򵥾ͱŪˣ
ȴǲ˶룬֮ڷҡҷ̵֦ҶһĨĺΣǴӿµֱ죡
ɫ䣬ȴǾڽ𹾹Զģ½𹾹ѪùȥȻֵˣ
ط廷
Ծ֮󣬳ǵضȻε
âӰɽ
ĵʵͨǣǱŷĵâȴ̻ͬѤãڰըѣһһĵ裬ɢӭЩµĵ֮漴Щնķ飬ϺɫڤӶѵ䣬·ڿоһƬꡣ
ֻƬʼҲδʪƬߵâͬһȫڤιסһʣЩڤ㱻ʵķ顣
λӤ޵Сûôùˣ
ȵڵ֮ԺãЩһʧӰ٣ȻƾղǱ֮ѸɣǱֻ۴ϸգۼ㱩һȦ࣬췴ӦһʣסĲӡ
ң˫أ֮ϵУҲų󺰵Ⱦҡ
̧ͷһۣյȻʣ
µĵâǰӹնѵȴǾնѱӿ漴˳ǵâնȱڣԥѸ˿
ΪʲôʹץŲ价ƵǲôΪʲôң
嵭ĮѣҲζҪȥȴǷģһǵðݼ㡣
쵰ʹɫ¶ŭųҲģ
年ЦЦ䵶նǰãţһµĵâƿն𣬽նأͬʱҲһϣӿˤ䵽棬һĹΡ
忴һЩɢĹεʵ̿ԼʹȥˣұʹһЩ
ڧȴ˹ģٵɱ죬Ҳû˾ò죬ʵֻԼܹúõػȥҪģûں
ֻǵ֮Ӷ֮ԱԽӽޣҲԽӵаȣͬһ㣬ϵţӵص׳ӿҡҷţԵצ
ľ˵УȻǼ
Ҷյѵûô
õǸ«ȣ«ӵô
ҶմڹնߵõǾ˵ȻôԽڹȿڵĹǽ޷뿪
ÿΪ꣬ͷŻɵյ֮ģֻǵ;˵Ȼп̻֮ӣΪ˶ˣ
ҶƲƲ죬˵Լ֮Լͦá
ҶҲȻԼĵ֮ǸոճѿѣֻɹһЩȰˣʼնֻǻǶ䣬ǰһ䣬ʵѾ׵ĳֲĳ̶ȫϣ
Ҳʱ򡭡
ͻȻͣ䣬ܵҲͻȻֹƬ·˲ţֻ
ǰĺڰ
ͻȻģЩ㶯ͬ֩뾫²Եһ㣬Ѹٵӹ棬ܷɢ
ܣ
ҶȺһ䣬漴Ҳ˵˹ʵǼһЩȻǱܵÿˡ
ںˣģֻҪϣ̸ܹܵԼ˲ȥԴԴϵĻ֮Ӷᣬξ𣬻ɢ



045 ɽȱ
õɫأܹؿ⣬Сĸֻ˵ʧȥ侲
Ҷյ侲࣬Ϊ֪֮ζʲôر֮µȻǣֻҪҶԸһµʮҹӽҹͬı飬ͻᷢһЩˡ
֮Уֻ֮֡
֮Ŀֲܹģ壬޷ֵ֮ɣ֮ʱֱɵܹ꣬Ϊ񣬲ȻΪ޷ֵ֮ʴңɣ֮ĳɳֹģԣ֮֮õİ취ܣҲΪԼȡһ·
Ҷյ֮ʱܹ޷Ƕ֮ոճɵĶ࣬ȻҲСˣҶǹŹֵɫ̨ҶҲѾɿˣҲʹҶղδԵ֮ʱĿ־֮С
Ҷպܿ鵽ˡ
ӵѸٵĴ̴˲˵壬ۿɼٶȣЩ˵ɱȥͬ绯ĸʬģֱֵ֮׵ĳԵ
ҶȿԶȴܳ׺󣬻Ǳɢ׷ϣ㱻Ѹٵľϣ˻һ£ڵأͬʱҶ˸˦˳ȥҶջͷʱƥȻɱֽͬƬһ㣬֮ɵӶʣ㣬ţǵ֮δƵģǼӿ
ͣ
ҶһɫĽƬ㻯ڹ⳯ЩӭȥնȴջǱξ𣬲ڽƬϵڹͬһ飬ͬǳâɢ䣬ॵһöƬ͵ڵϡ
󣬱Ҷˡ
ͻȻӶ˷Ҷշ˶Ҷյȭͷֻӿ㱻ξѸٵһҶڵϻУһƬɳڵһӡۡ
ͬʱ
ҶܹظܵԼھ𵴣ţѸٵѸٵţǰ䡣
ԭҶļһɢǰĸܣȻʹ࣡
ҶյǻЩеûģ߶һʵʱֱȴǵ֮ʯܹϵġ
ģҶҧ㵱ֻô
ȫ߶еĵ֮ͼתҶձû֮
Ҷյ뷨ҲΪ򵥣ӶԼôԼͬķǣûĵ֮ĵ֮ʱҶձ㶸Ȼڣǵ֮зǵûûУԼȡȴʧ٣֪ȥˡ
Ҳʱ÷ٵĴӺ󷽸ϵǸ޽ǵǹһ̣֮Уһš㽫նϡ
ȣȣ
ҶźţԼϵİ
ͷһ˵һȴҲΧ޽ǵǹ裬󣬱ȴҲһǣֱӱĵɳȥǹ˳ŵ棬ǿվȡ
ҶոϽУǰƵУѸٵĸһ¡
գ漴׹ڵأ
ž
һ±ķѣɭȻĺܱŷײϴ˷ӿ֮˲һƬ˪ɲǼ䣬ҶյΧ׵һƬɷΪƯ
ֻ˿ȴǻ˪ѩ
˵˿ҶմĺȵǸΪս綼ᱻƣ˭Ҳӳȥֻһ취Һһǵ֮ˣǲǱ֮
Ҷͷʵûʲô˵Ǽü֮󣬵в⶯ȴ˸Ҷ֣ȻԼ
ϣ
Ҳʱ򣬵гʵĳ죬һâƵ棬嶸ȻնǰһƬ
׻˼ĿҶһۣ漴ģ
ȻԺգ˵Ҷյ飬ǣ忪ڵЧȷǺò٣˶ͷͬ׺ӹֻһڣǾܴ׷룬ҲᱻڣҶյ鵹ҲΨһĳ·гͷҲһء
ȣ
ͺһ㶸Ȼεָ죬Ȼѡ֧Ҷյľ飬ȻҪʣ
ɲǼ䣬ⰻȻ
ڳı󻺻ۣ
һѵ
һޱȾ޴ĵ
廯ΣȻһ޴ĵ
廯ε˲䣬ȵĵҲǴﵽ㣬ǵ֮û˿ĸоȴĳ֮У·һɽ䣬ģѹ˴
ɽ
ŭһ˻𣬳㽫еĵǰն䣬ţ屳Ǳ廯εľбֱƿ֮󣬱㳯·ŵ֮ĵطһն䣡
ųͷ֣ĸҲ˽׷׵廯ΣЩƲ¶׶˲ˣԼıҲ˳Ⱥŵ֮ķȥ
ˣǹȴһߵͨĿƬ̣֮ʱбսȼգ
ǣ
е޽ǵǹͻȻһǹñǰ־ͽ޽ǵǹǹ˳ȥҲʵӦ֣޽ǵǹͬһ㣬һ⣬ŵ̶ֱ֮ȥ
ɲǼ䣬âޡ
ҶտĶЩȣԼȻ۷壬ҪȴҪʱգǲѰһͨһҲԼ١
ͷҶյһţҲδͣʵҶմ˿Ҳϸ룬ۿ˶ѳ֣Ҳ˼վһԿţ˵ûʲôͨҶȴָöƬ֧СꪱĻڹ⣬Ҳŷ˳ȥֱƵ֮
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046 صʯ

ѵɳ˶˳ŷ䣬һƬɳȴҲʱһ첲ͻأľʹǶѷ˳
ޣޡҶռѵĴӷĨ˰ɳ³мܺлŵô
أ
ҶջعͷȥڷĶˣǸ޽ǵǹһԵķͷңǳǱʵñҶպõȥȻҲǸմӷģ˵ĵȸҲڱϣͷҲûʲô⡣
Ҷ£ֻ΢âܱ΢һЩһƬ棬ͷҲǺģɵʲôط
׺ӹˣõӦǰ׺ӹȵĵصװɣû뵽ȵ׾Ȼǿյġ
Ҷյ˼Ǳˣ
ŰɡõҲȥ㿴ߡ
ҶŲŲ£âԼ࣬ǽڣ
šõһعȴǲ֪˭ġ
Ҷյô
ҡҡͷǵ֮˹ȿʱ󣬻ͷܵʱȻҲܵԶΧȴûˣصףҲ͸˸ˣδǼ£ȴҲ̸ж⡣
õ΢һ£ѾˣҲҿ·ֻ̮ǰߡ
Ҷյǹȿڵķô
ٴҡͷǰ׺ӹʵЩͻأ˵һƬңطĨڵģʵ治巽
ҶյǾһһɡ
öԴҲ飬΢һԼǱģҶձ㽫УΧ֮أǰȥ
ߵƬ̣Χķ٣˲ŷһʯ֮䣬ʯķʯɣҶùʯģаߺ񣬻нӷ죬ȻȻγɵʯΪģⲻòҶ˶Ϊ̾ڵص׽ĵعʵǴֱʣ
ȴҲʱʯͻȻһȻʣʯͻȻܻҡҷ
Сģ
ҶոϽסˣһգ㷢ǰʯȴǶŹǽϵ͵ƣͨյ
ǰȥɿɿ磬ǻȴ˲䣬ǵоȼССĻ硣
͵Ʋһ㡣õǳƣ
ʵϡȥ֮УЩ߹ҵ͵ͨǳƣ겻Ϩֻ͵֮ԳΪеɮ˲û͵ĹϵǰĳȻǼǵеĻԶҲղоԶҲȼ꣬Ļ뿴ҲϨ𣬲֮⣬ƺҲûã˵Щ棬ȴҲЩߡ
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ҶýżĥĥϵĻҳסߣȥǰ濴
˳ʯҶյҲҪˣɢ£ͷǰȥԼյĹʯѾ˾ͷȴһȰ볨ʯţƷǳأҶһƣʯűԼŵ棬¡¡󣬱ڴ򿪡
ȸһ侲ҡ
ʯźһ˽Ƿ䣬ÿһǽ϶һŻֽɰķֻ˿ţͨǰһ¯̨˺ֵȴ㰸ϹĶȷڣҲ𣬾һһľͷ
֮⣬Ǿ֮б
Ѳɴ˽ǱҶմȥ۵ҲѰľɣң˴ֲڵ»Լõģ
Ҷһ˵ţһָľ˳־ֳľȥ
üĺҪ
úĺǼʱȴʵûҶյֿ죬ʱҶȻľ˳ȴȻɡ
̫СˡҶЦ⽣ǲڼϹģ磬ͬôܻè塭Ҫ
Ҷ˵һ룬ɫһĴ󺰣ȴȸЩߣϢƬ̣Ҷպľһ˰벽Ȼ֮ϣ
ɲǼ䣬ǰ˽Ƿİǽϵİŷæʢɰдķ˲
ҶпɬҲ϶ű⣬ֻǣղ˵ĺ仰ľڰղܻǻأлҲţĳ룬ȸʵõĿԣֱӾײˡ
ǰŷâ֮󣬷ʱɶݽ⣬Ӱ˸Ǵ˹
ץߵ޽ǵǹ˶ǹ⣬ҶǷųڵĽƬײһ󣬱ֽȸϸ
ֻǣȸ뿪ţǽϵİŷɻâ֣ƲϵĻӰ˸Ƕ
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һߣҶͬǴöƬûڹ⻤壬ͬʱ֧Сꪸ˳ȥȴͬڷİ֮ǰͣһȦһȦ󣬱ʼղô
ҧ˴ǹ޷ƿεнƣҺƵˣҪô֮ͨҪôΪߣҲӤ۷壬Ȼǣ飬п֮ˡ
£Ҷյֱ˵ƾƲƲͺˣô˵Щ졭
Ҷһ˵ţһߴʹڹⷭɣӿĽ䣬֮ɫ
˵ųĽⲻɱǣҶյҸоһֶ
˵Ǽع˽Щ
Ҷյͷôģ˵ûʲôݣܸоǰ˵ɳĽⲢ
ɾõӦôֹЩ⡣
Ҷ룬ڹһ⣬漴ߵǷıϣһǱóֵûг֣Ҷպױס˷һ˺㽫ǷĻâҲ˲ʧ
Ȼ
ҶյԼԣ
«ǹӿЩ⣬ߵıϣһңǽ˿ûзӦҲ׵ؾͽǷⷴѪĳ嶯Ľƾƽˣ
ظĽǽϵİŷºҶղżҲµعӦϰ֮ϣֻ˫֣ܲԴԣֻҪȥ˵ͻ½⣬ǽƣˣԷ˽ٵԼʱСĽŪŲµģΪˣֽˣǽҲ˶



047 нڤ
Ҷմֻǲ²⣬ȴҲ磬벻ԵҲ˵˵عҲûܹ˵׼ǷȴǺöһֺټĽֻܹ⣬ΨһȱǽҲҲƷֻһĽͻȼ٣ҶóŸȸãȸȴҪҶҲǿⶫȸȷûãܴ߻⣬ȸȻǲɵģҶոһһ롣
պý˱ڷô򣬺ܿҵ˰أغһǽڱ쳹ź¡ŲƵһߡ
ʯڵĺǼңΪҶսȥͼһʯһʯ֮⣬ұʯ棬ȴǿżɷĴ֡
ԸǳڤϷ˼䣬ײΪȻΪ񯣬ʮغ죬磬յóԸĽ£ɣݺδ֣ȻԸδԲ˽»Թƣ˺Уڤ˼Ϸ뿪˵أɣԴȥ޻أɣȻҲȥ޻أ
ȴаʣ
Ҷ΢΢һ㵣ȴû뵽Ǽд־飬Ҳд˿λȴаǰȥ֮ǰ˶ּϸϸ飬ҲֻǼԼƽѣر֮ǽϵÿһֶ͸ŨҵĽ⣬мİȻţȴǶ͸¶λǰҲλ
ʱͻȻҶ֣ͬʱָһǽڣ
ôˡ
Ҷմǰȥȴʵһ룬ʵıͣȻ֪úԼʲôˣȴʯڵĺĴִ
Ҷսǽϣ漴ҡͷ
عǽڶʯɣ˵Ҳƴһѣÿһʯ䶼Եķ϶ʯǼȻҪˡ
̤̾Ӥ֮ͺˣܹӤһ£
Ҷ̯̯֣Ϊ֮
ȸĵҿԵġ
ţ
ҶոͷƵؿȸ
̥ؾӤꡣȸΪֻӤû壬ԣ̥޷
¶ʣ˵ҶˣöδȻһ̥ټҲû̽Щȸһ˵ҶոõҲˣ̥Ӥ꣬ȴû壬޷ùƾԽҲûʹ˲ϲµĵˡ
ȸ֮㽥㵭ͬһ㡣
һ֣ҶȻǼģΪȪʹȸ̺󣬱Ҳͬһ㣬Ȼı˳ʯȥѸٵûУգۼʹʯ϶
ʯڵһȴɻʯң֮ʯںȴһ佣ң
Ҷոողżȴаľʣ֪λǰŵʱΣʱ뷨Ȼ˵֢ҲӲ̫ȴаȻ˷ѵΪ̤֮;Ȼǹ֮ǽɣȴаȻԾ֮Ľжӣ޵ҲǽˣнȻȻġ
ǽȴѾ˽ȵǣҲʶ֮ˣһǳ壬һȴ˺ǾȻӽ𹾹
ģҶյӾȻթ
𹾹ΪףҲܲʱ֮һò˾֣˵𹾹˵ֵܹ֮꣬ȴҲ׾ͱŪŶԣԭ㻨
ڽ𹾹֣ȴΪһ
һڤ
ǽ֮вٽĿȴаƺϲղؽЩʲôι״Ҳ˵ΪÿղؼֵԵҲڽҵȴһʯ̨˷ƣϷȴһɫĽԼխֻһָмһɫϸߣŤһ㣬ϸһᷢҲǷƣЩâȴΪˮ㻺ڽ⣬ֻǿڤ֡
𹾹嶼Ǽʶ֮ڤɭƾоǱοʯ̨ķȴһõķƣӴ˽Ҳɼ˽֮
һȻҶõ
ôʵȻǿᣬȴǲ𹾹ԵȨӦòᶯ֣𹾹֮սϣܴ˵ǿӶ˲Ҳûʱ佻սҲ̸ϴƣȻҪѪƴһ
ҶոòŪԵɣһۣҲ׵شӶԷж룬ڤջʵСҪ˵ģȻǼٻ𹾹սףͷһȻҲشֺϻδûлᡣ
õ㿴Ƕֳܷʤ
ҶյҪôǼãҪôǼ죡
÷˸۵⻰˵Ǹû˵һ
Ҷյÿˣ˶һ֣ԷжߣҪܾã˶սƴȻǻֳܿʤġ
õôģ
ҶЦϵǿ϶սپȴǱˣ׺ӹ̮䵽ع˿ɲþôǿ϶֪ʲôҹζ࣬϶Ҫץõڤġ
öԴ˲ÿɷ񣬵ʵ֤Ҷղ¶ˡ
ҶûвµǸȻΪߵĽ𹾹ǳ壡
ӵնµâǵƽȥ˲䣬ͻȻľóһ̣
̾ө͸֮󣬱㳯Žùͷһ̱㵹ڽ𹾹ͷƾ𹾹̶ܶͬβһظŽ𹾹ţ𹾹ɫ㶸Ȼѿˡ
Ӥʧˣ
ΪȻһ
ͬʱ
ͻȻһůâеɲǼ仪â֡
ԭӵӤĸоҸоеĵһ壡¶ܵı飬漴Цſ𹾹ⱦƻܹһΪһΪȴǻת޵ҵϣ
𹾹ʱɫ䣬ܴΪŸѽѷ֣ԼһΪ˵廹ƾԽһǻô
Ǻԥģ𹾹תܣȻ𹾹Ǻʶʱ˿ûдͷ
Ц漴ʣ
â֣
һܿ죬ʵܿ죬˲뵽ɲǷһ֮󣬽𹾹أȻնأȴǲװˣΪȻˣ
̧̧֣ƻɻУâЦɲǼ䣬ɫͲ԰֣֣ȻļΪ
ȻЦһԼı㲻Ҷǿã³
ֻ۷ΪǿԽһĴۣܲסһشڣƻܹܣԿЦ֮󣬳忴ǱڤҲϲɫ
ȴҲʱøҶնһۣͬʱ¶Ц⣡
ˣ



048 ս
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Ҷոͬʱ֣
ݼţҶոȻû˼ȥѰҰŵģֱӺʯǽĸɴ࣬ڣʯ˵ʵȴҲֻͨʯһ֮󣬱㻯һѵ˱˳Խң
һҶһۣһȦգųͷĶ˹ȥ
һȴĺͻȻֻǽںͷһ㿴ȦճԼȻѾǰеĳһãâէȦջδأ㱻նƬ
ǽ̮ɳܿҵҶյӰЦ۷ʵˮ㣿ȴ̫ҵ˰ɣ
ôõȻ𣺡Ҳأ
ͻȻĴӲɱṇ̀ǹֻһһǹӰˣõǹǺȴ֪ôģǺǹӰȴһǵصĸо֡
ɫ£һ˫е۾ȻɵϴֱľͿǰǵǹӰš

˵õǹôĵܿ죬쵽˼Ŀ죡
ɫĵâͬʵһѸݣһţ漴ǵâûǹӰ֮У
ॣ
Ľ꽻
õɫ΢䣬ǹӰ֮УȻֻһģǱеһ
޽ǵǹб۵ã˵ǹҲ˵֣ƹɽЩ˶˵׿ʮ꣬Ӥ֮˵һû취ʮ꣬ôȻ׿ȴҲô
ɫȻ嶼۷壬ΪȻŶԣֻһϽ棬ñ֪ҪԼ٣Լľʮ춷ǹĵͨǣҲԼ費壡
˵ûĬȻҶյǲʾٺٵЦҵ˵ĳЩʵǿᣬˣҲǷһˣ
ЦſҶյ㲻ԣ
˵ĺǵȻ˿Ҷշһ㣬ȴ˲䣬Ҷձ㶸Ȼ
īĽƬҶյ˲㻯ڹֱȥ
һϽᵶǰॵһ㽫öƬȴҲʱҶս£ڻСꪣȴûлڹ⣬ǱҶץУͷų䣡
Ľ죬Ǹֻб۳Сꪾڳĵϡ
㲻ԼҶЦ֪ʱ䣡
Ҷһ˵ţ־ͱŷĹâȭͷͳųһȭȥ
ҪǿܣȻᱻСնУȨ⣬һȭ޿ɱܣֻѧҶյӣȭͷ󣬸ҶӲһȭ
飡
Ƶ
˫ȭһԣҶƮȻ䣬ȴֱʯֳ̨֮סʯ̨סΣ
һľԶ׼ȷȻԳԽҶһΪôᱻҶˣղЩƸưˡ
ҲЩȻԼܴ𣬿ҶյҲ̫ӯ˰ɣѰ۷ӵеǿȣҪ֪ĸŴ۸ӵĹϵֻ˵ǿȣܺ⣬ˮףˮˮж󣬱װٵˮˮ׵ĴС츳ˣȴҲܹһޣһ۷꣬ǿȴ˿徳磬Ͳֻ츳ˣóǰһǲǰϻţѾ壬ܳȷûдҶϿļ
˿̿˵˼תرһȭȻױ¶
ֻҶĿϸ˼ǶԲߵĻᣬһȭȴĶûУָһãڹ㳯ų嶸Ȼȥ
Σ漴Ҳֻܳ
ĵâҲ֪İͨȴǰԵޱȣǽƬڹһײڹȴ˲䱻÷飬ĽƬҲڿзŵϡ
漴յȴҲյ˲䣬εƣ
εն
âĵڶâµĵâкһȻǳڹȥˣȴֱҶգ
ȴҲڴ˿̡
ॣ
ǵâδҶոǰһ˽ǹɱ˳ײǵâ֮ϣţõ޽ǵǹ㱻÷飬ֻĵâ˵δɢȴҲ޽ǵǹ̴Ҷյ˳ȥ
Ҷյ˿壬ȫûв㱻һնϲӵĺ£ǼĬõ䵶â˲壡
խɨȴڴ֮ǰҶȻס
һҪҶգȴԼԴԴȻ˿Ҷյơ
ԣӦٻһ˵һּΪĸоԼ·һ޵׵ĺڶףԶ̽ͷָоóĿ־壡
ҶȴǺϲΪȫ߶ɫ̨ǿ̻ŵ֮ͼƵȫתţͬһҶյ֮С
ҶյΪҪǿӶԼһΪ꣬Ȼǰ첻ģ˵ҪһЩ񵱳ȪԻ壬Ҳ˿̵ĳ壬ش޷廯Ρ
˻ʵѵãҶҲҽ׵̸ɾɲøȸĸǰ¶Լܡ
ȣ
Ƭ֮䣬ΪȻ֣ҶҲԥ̧žڳС֮䣬ģ峯õķ߷ɹȥ
ĴȻûвµĵ޽ǵǹڿд̳һǹųıȥ

ǹ
õ΢΢һŤе޽ǵǹǿҵֱı
ۣ
ֻһ˲ͱһᴩİԵ񣬽ֻһؿڱ㱻׽飡
ɴ۾ڹĶҪ˵ȴʼ²
ҶЦ˫ֺʮ밲Ϣɣ
ŭҶգ漴ĿĻɢֱ׵ţĻһȦһȦɫĹΣɢ
곹ɢţॵһǿƻȴڵϣʯ̨ϣڤɣ
Ҷոöû뿪Լվĵط࣬ǹҶȻĽַһ£
Ҷ΢ЦõҪ񣬻߽
Ҷնûкøеģ˵ĺĿǰΪֶֹǳϦģҪջۣε飬Ը⵱ӣôҶҲ⵱ؾӣò뵱ӣôҶȻҲνСˣ
Ҫ񣡡óƬ̣ᶨֻҪ񣡡
ҪҶЦЦĺֿܳ죡
ڤȻǼΪѹ׵ıǿƻȻҲǺöƾһֻʱһиãȴҲܹŤתսֵʤ֮ˣҲֵڤȴΪʵЩϾõǹǾʮ춷ǹͨǹˣƻʵǲѡ񣬵ȻֻҪֻһô˶ʼնĽ֣



049 ּ
ƻҶȻڤץȥºҶպȻʯ̨ϻиۣһӣƤžɣдšڤĸɷĴ֣Ҷշһҳ㿴ȴаıʼǣ
ݺأԺ֮жһΪѰϦڤΪڤݺδеУ˴ȥ׶༪٣̿ȥڴ˵أԵˣ
ȴа
ڤһͨʮֱ仯Ϊӣҳнֱǰ׾Թ϶һЦӰȴаע˵н״ڤľڣÿһжɫ
ҶȻһʱܽڤŪģȴаĴ״ڤǲ̫ȻǰȴаûдţҲ֪νݺأǧʲô֮ء
ŲӳûλΣߺܹϵҡͷȴǿף濴ۣڤȱ㲻ãҲȥЩڤ֮ȴǹѵԼľʮ춷ǹȥѧɣȥ˽ҲΪ鷳ͨ伮ɣ˵жͨҲѽȥҲܽöͨ伮ݺ˽ǿ˽ʶȴаҲֻ˵ݺأȻǰ㾳绹Զء
ҶղĽӸڤպãȸ»ΣڽһȦҲδٷʣµıѰҳ·
һ㣬ҶյΪȴаһֱʵܴԣعҲܴʯͨ˴ȴһ򵥵ʯ̵ͼȴǵعʯֲȴаҲԼȴλԵ޻أӿɾʹˣ
ڳˣ
˳ŵعͼ˵Ǻܿҵ˳ڻص棬˵ȵԶɵ˸оѹ֣ȴҲȵصࡣ
ָָԶӦǰ׺ӹˡ
ָǰ׺ӣһ׹ǵĸɿݺӵ׺ӹǺӵͷȻ˺ӵȻҲ˵뿪ˡ
ҪˡõҲþʹ˸𡣡
Ҷյû뵽ûʱͻȻ𣬲õɣңҲ֪ҶỨˣȴκȻҶһȥҪֵģҲûʲôס
ߵĺǸˣڰ޽ǵǹһԵټͷҲء
ҶĿ뿪ȸҲ߰ɣڣתת
롭ȸԥһµǲˣ
ţ
Ҷն⻰ƣȻѾõ˹q裬ǣǲȸ˵Ŀģȸĸ׻δţȸ飬Ӧò׵ķŶԡ
ȸѾˣϣ̫ãˣҲ
ҶЦҲ
ǣǼҵ԰ɣȸû֮ǰʼŸ׻ţֻҪŬȥѰңһܹһǣ֮󣬼ʶֺԼ뷨ж棬Ҵȥˣһùq裬ȻⱾǸ׶ҵ԰ɣȻһ죬Ϊгɵʱһ̤磬߹ÿһ䣬ȥ׸ѰѾˣɻţ㶮ô
ҶһŵġҶ΢ЦȻؿڵʵһ죬ҽ뿪޷סңһȥΪҲţһһѰңһȥһţѾˡ
ȸĬƬ̣δ̽Ҷеܣǳֿлл
Ҷ΢ЦɣָָԶȥɡ
ڣ֮УΣǰűҶնԼջ⣬ȻˣȻҲȥΣգһ·Ĺ;ߵĺ˳ҲûϽޣ·̣Ҷոȸ㿴ڣڵ
߳󣬱뿪ڣܶǲԴľżһЩɽ䣬ڣȫ磬˲ڣеһǷֻξ
ҶûĸоΪǱڤ͹䣬ܵһУҶֲܾԤУ
ܾԼʲôҶ°ʲôأ
СѰڤƽ
ʱһͻȻҶͷ𣬽Ҷŵһ飬ԼôѰ쵰ˡ
õİ취ȴҲõİ취Ⱥ֮󣬱ﶼûȥһֱڣڶ׵㡣
ڣֻһڣҶҪȻҲôߣҶһӶڣ꣬ȻܹҪġ
һȱǰ£ҲûлɹҶȻڣ֮ˣϾڣΣ֪˵Ҷֻ۷Ϊ޳Ӥ꣬ҲżеģǰڤȻҲڣ֮УǱߣǣ̳֮⣬ʵ벻취Ҳ㹻㣬ȻҹǣȴǼ
˿̼Ҷգ̿Ȱµ˲ͻ˷ŭ˲䱬˻ţƾͳҶ䣬ڰУоӿڤ̣һֳֻҶ䡣
Ҷֻ΢ɣ̷ӦһƳŹӭȥ
飡
һ죡
Ҷյȭͷײ֮䣬Ҷձоӿűһ£ֱͦͦľͱǹָĳȥײں󷽵ϡ
ҶؿǻӤ꣬Ѿˣ
̵Ӥ壬һΪֻɣҶǣȰ֮䣬ǱȻϵӤһ̵ΪȻػȫʢ֮ڣʵҶܹ׺
ߣ
ҶյҲ֪˿ӭоǰ̵Ķ֣ȸȿ񱼣ֱɽ֮УͬʱŵͬʱҲңԼûһὫǴӳԡȻƾ̺ŭһҶվ͹Ǻ
ֻҪ˦̣ȴҲǼѣһ廯̣ɶǧٶȴǼ죬ûӮ̣Ҷֻƾ˫㣬ҪȸҪ˦ȻԽѡ
Сӡ̻ƸֳףҶնݺݵصҸģϧԼûаסҼҪڤƣҲҪɢҵҪܹܶã
ʵܹ׷Ҷգڤ֮󣬲ɶѸݣɽּĵҲ޷γ谭ҶȸɱȴЩײײǱģڰ̵УȴҲðһĳ죬Լô޳Ӥĸ֣ȴҶһ۷Сˣ棬ʵһ裬°̱裬ŲҶлӣȻҲҪҶϷˣһȻٽĥܳ׳еڶ



050 Ϸˣ

׷ᣬҶսɽһƬҰʹð޷ӿиʱ򣬱ȸƽһ
ǼһǳģûҪðաҶֹȸڣģа취˦ģһԼɽȥɣڴһ죬㼣ܹ̤磬Եټ
Ҷ˵󣬽ȸ޽ǵ˿
⶯ϰߣֻǰֻһŮǶȸ
漴Ҷ͸ŷïҶգ֡
ҪһɢǵÿûⱾˣ
䣬ҶתɱȸĶڣջûз
ںïʢڸǵĵط࣬ԣ̲УĵصȴҶմ·ɱҶΪƾżƬܶɱ֮ҶյӰٶȳڰǰʱ̻ǲššüͷֲϹӣȻָҶߵŮˡ
ڤҶϣȸϣǵɽôСָʲô
оᣬǰСĺܣҲ֪ʲôè壬Ҫ֪˵ҪҶһĲôʹ죬йԹߣ̸ǿڤƣ
ڣҶղûȸⳡͼܳԶ֮󣬱ӻƣſлεǻǲҪ⣿Сүأ
ң
̶ʱХźһ㳯Ҷշ˶ȥֻҪ֪ڤҶյϱãȸȻˡ
Ǿ͸ɣҶЦһ־ͽǰƳŲĶһõˡ
̶ʱ󼱣ƻڤ֮󣬱㳯·ɽָ壬ѸٵץҶնȥƣ̯һ̱ŭɫ࣬ԼץʲôƣȴһĨڵʯѡ
ߣ̷޷޵Ľʯ鳯ŵһ»ڤ̳Ҷ׷ȥŭСӣˣң
ˣΣһҪˣһأҶ˳ֽһôȥȥðɣ
̺Լȴûأֱǰ쵰СӸˣһأҶ潫ڤƸȥˣҧҧڤ̻ǳſƮȥ̽צӰ̯һַ̱ŭĽڵϣһʯͷ
ҶշĴЦþãȴŶ
ŭұҪó
Ҷ˿̵вЦ㵹Ͷֻ̥أȴҲǱ£
ֻأ
̱ҶոһҭҲ޻˵вҶնĺû˵κ궼ûҶˣ
ǾʱҶճṴ̋ڰ֣ץ˼㳯űϵһϪﶪȥ漴Ű̵ѾѶˣԼȥϪ̰ɣ
ŭɶԼһ·׷Ҷգ쵰СϷˣһжǱĥŪȴû뵽ȴԼڱҶϷˣзߺ޶ʱȻڤ̻ûһֻ־ͳҶȻץ䣡
ϵŭŵɱ㣬ڤȻҵģ
ȻȴҲǱƼˣٸҶè׽ϷץĹ֣Ҷվȭӭϣ漴һ𣬱̸ٶȴɳȥصˤڵأֻڤ̻ɵĹֱסҶյĲӡ
ƴӿ£Գ̵Ρ
СӣҧгݵҸģԼϧٸѡô
ҶտỤ̋˿δоɫԼ·Цѣǰڲϡ
ɫһ潫ڤƸˣ
ǰˣҶЦ쳣ģŰ̵Բһ£ʲôʱ򶪵ģҲǵεʱҽƶϪҲڰϳûƼʱˣˣǸһŮ᲻ҰѶ֮ȥأ
ĬȻ۾ȴתţȻ˼
ҶնʱſĴЦϰ̵˼·ɱҰɱҰɱңͱҵǿơ
죡̶ݺݵصҶյҿɱȥңܹҵģŮƣôʱ䣬Ҳܳɽȥҿ϶ҵģ
ҶպٺٵЦõأֻһ˵һͷȥҵʱѾأȻɽ֣ǣڣڿɲԶǵ˵̺෴ģ;껹治٣㵹ʱôһأ
ҧ֪Ҷ˵ʵǼٻܶʵܶǼٻҲм٣ؼǰ̷ֲ٣֪ܽҶյĻ滰
СӣҶյ½㵽Σ
ΡҶյҪȴȻˣõİ취ǸҪȥˣ
ۣ

̵ͫ׶Ȼһ¡
ҶյΪܹ˵Լ壬ʵҲȷˣ̿ɲֻʣӤĹȪҲش廯ζ޷쵽ĳ壬Ҷյ˵̣Ǵ߶̨û֮Ҳ˵̣ȴҲش̡
ǣҶмǱ
ڤ
ڤȻҪ״ڤͨʹòܷӳǣûдڤڤҲǱı
̵Ȼ޷ֵڤķСڤ׵һᴩ̵ͷȥʱֻڤĽǽѾ׵Ĵ˳
ʱһǸ̾ԼĺˡҶ⽣ڣµõģ
䣬ҶնȻӽǱڤббȥն˿һֱСӵؿڣţ̱ҽһһ첲Сߵ壬㱻Ҷոն䣬ڵϣ
ŲҽҲ̧ĳһڤִ̣ҶյؿڣҶձ˾ͱķɳȥ
ֻҶص˲䣬ǿŵʹ࣬һͦ㷭ȥ̵ַֻڤ̣ҶײȥҶҲӲһ·ǰðҲһСӺᣡ
ҶҪ֪뷨ƿڴᣬÿһڤϣͬһѾ޴ݺһ㣬оҪɢƵġ
ֻҶպҪôԼҪôԼŲסôһ϶Լ
ȣ
˻һҶճŰ̷˶ȥڤٶȴ̵ļͷ
̱˻һ㱻Ҷո˵ڵء
ɱңҶҧγڤǾͿ˭
ۣ
ڤ£һأȴ̵ֱ̰ؿڣڵϡ
̳ʹͬʱֱ̧ǻһҶյؿڣҶոĵһΣȴҲڵص˲䣬Ҷձ·һͰڰ̵Ĵϡ
ԣҶȻĿھѣݺݵضŰ̵ȽȽնƬ
¶ɫ૵Ƿӣ
Ҷյɴ۾ֻŶѣ
ٶȴ̵߼䣡
Ǹӣ
ԼƵ壬ҧ漴ͻȻһɢ㻯ڤ̣سſӿȥ
Ҷ裬ȴ裬ҲԼȴҶջɢҲпԼڤ֮£̿ɲԼСģҶѾڤƶˣԼȥɽѰңαҪϷ
Ű̻ƣҶҲڵϴڴڴϢţ֮󡭡

ҶշſЦŵľһƱݿڵ˳ҶյУ



051 ڤ
ɫɫ
ʺѪҺ˹棬·һĨɫʣֻǴʬɽѪˮԽԽ࣬ͬһһĳߣŤջһԽԽֱ࣬һƬѪ
ҶܹŵѪζ
Ѫɫĺ潫ûţҶŬΰΰò׻صѪĺ棬ȴҲʱ򣬾޴ӰҶնֻӣ׵ĿѪɽһƳҶյͷ䣡


ҶվţȻ͵Ǽ򵥵ľͷǽڣԼľϣϻ̺ӡ
ģҶĶͷÿλȥʱҪ㾰ѵĸĹ
˵ʲôľŸ֨һʮҹӽҹŶоôԵʱɹõġ
ôҶտʮҹӽҹȻỨӪأ
ȻʮҹӽҹͷȻΪ
ҶյҸȻģ
ǣԼܻġʮҹӽҹҡҡͷ漴ǰ㵹Ӫſڣ˸̧ģʱѾˣʶɢɢǲҲǽ֣ι˵㱦ŰǿȻġ
ʮҹӽҹ˵ʱ򣬲ƲҶһۣȻ֪ҶȥڣģȥֵطҲʲôֵģֻصƾȻܹһ·ǿŻʮҹӽҹҲ֪˵ҶյӲ˵Ҷյ־ֲ˵ˡ
ҶĶͷͬʮҹӽҹ˵ǰ㣬뿪ɽʱΪشĹϵʶɢʲôǲˣֻ֪ܻỨŻᰲȫ֮⣬ʲôǲãȫӳǿŲŵײײһ·ܻģȻԣǲʲôˡ
Ųһ壬ҶȴȫӴˤȥʮҹӽҹۼֿ죬ϽסҶգشϡ
ҶʮҹӽҹιĶ絨Ƕܵҩȴо綾ģڣȫޣɢܶ»죬ڴųɡ
죿
ҶŤŤӣԼصһشˣһΪдӳ֧ţǰҲֹݣҶͬΪҲиߵͣǽ𹾹ҲӤ֮ȴԱȲð
ʮҹӽҹϸĵİҶջ̯ӣһƿԼˣָܿһЩҵٿ㣬ЪŰɡ
ҶչɵصͷʮҹӽҹҶһֱĴмʮҹӽҹŵģΣʮҹӽҹȻû׿˵ƽʲô֮¶Ҫ֪ʮҹӽҹỨλֳܷͣչԼһ֡
Ů˲ῴСүҪ˰ɣ
Ҷպֹһ䣬Цٺٵڴϡ
ûҲҲʵȤĺܣİʡҶշ˻Ǳڤ
ڤ׽Ӧڤ֣׽ÿһֱ仯Ҫգԣ׵صѰĲɱ
ϡȴ֣ȻԽûҶնԴ˲̫ȴаĴڤҲ̫ˣڤֻʮֱ仯ȴҲ㲻÷ӣҪڤͨ˵ǸϢ仯ȴҲڤѰʮֱ仯ÿһֶΪʮֱ仯ȫܹۣСڣܹڻͨܽÿһֱ仯ԲɱȻǼкôģԱЩ仯ӣȴÿһб仯һһҪǿˡ
нǴڤľڣ׾Թ϶һ죬ΪֻһȴΣһЦӵĶ࣬ȴаעͬ˻˻ζڱӰȴһУҲɬҶտҲδֻ֪лý
ҶҪһͨȴȱʲôʲôΪ֣ѰģıҲͲʹڤ޴ڤҲ͵ˣˣ˴ڤȻãʵ˯ͷ
˵ڴϷڤʮֱ仯ҶձȻģΪ򵥵İ׾Թ϶ҶҲŵνͨʵǶѧģ޷ʲôرͬɱȻΣգȴԴ˵ܹиĽҶֻÿģȴ޷ζġ
ڣڴҶյȻָĲˣ絨ҩЧһȻҲ´ߡ
ѾõĲˡʮҹӽҹ߽䣬Ҷո̾ʱ滳ʲôģôصƾȻָ˿졣
ҶЦͷӵıðɡ
˵ٻˣҪԽЩʮҹӽҹ˸ۣվɽһƿڴͷ˰ɣܽ޲ˣҪһˣҪЩʱղܻñʲôˣĵɣɲỨˣҲڵĻǳʲôû˹㡣
Ҷͷ˻Ҫȥ
ʮҹӽҹǣ뿪ɽˣЩԶҲЩ鷳Ҳ˵׼ʱܻ
ҶԴӶʱת
ϹʲôʮҹӽҹָҶյĶͷ⸱Ӿ֪û¡
ԩҶһίģŶͷҲܸܲһȥô
㣿ʮҹӽҹȥʲôҿ¶ȥæġ
ҶƤЦ㰡
ʮҹӽҹʧЦһõô㻹Ǻúɣֻ۷Ϊ㲻ʲôġ
ȥʶһ»ôҶˣҲͦˣĳɽɽܲɽɽɽɽɽɽǵɣ͵еģҳȥתת£Ұæû͵ҲڣԼԼġ
Ҷ⻰ȻϹ˵ˣĶԣɽɽ֮䣬žǲĺõطο岢ǰ򵥣ɴڤͨȴҪúģ⻰޴˵
ҶҪʮҹӽҹȻΪ̡
ŰڤôȻҲģǰƾҶأǽɽߣҲֻ޹ƿ԰ʵҪȻҲһֱ׷ʹ̾ڹɽҲţҲʹ˷ָ׼ѰҶգʱܵ˺ܲҶնҲ鷳͸ʮҹӽҹȥתƣͷðȥɣܽɽҲ׳ȴҲˣҶտɾͿˣ



ڶ ԰֮


052 ;
գʮҹӽҹҶճһľǰ
ľľٺҲľͷģǰľͷӵȷôݻζҲȷӪõķӣСԺŻԣʮҹӽҹҶյʱѾһͣ룬Χ˻ţȴҲҶ˳ǣƥ񿡶ˡ
ô̤ԺţʮҹӽҹΪֻˣ
ʮҹӽҹ˶ۣס
˵ҲЩˣ˵ин㴨ĻΪβ
ҶЦſʮҹӽҹڴŮ˽Էıҽȥ
źʮҹӽҹûôֻǵĮڽǰ˵⻰룬ǾͲҪˣΪ߲ɽ򣬿ԺҲ߲ȥ
˶ʱɫҪ˵ȴҲʱڴĺ˺ȥＸ䣬˱һԲٸʮҹӽҹֻǻ˻֣˸ϳ
ԭ˵ǽ˹ӶҶСſʲôͷ
ұҪȥһ˷ǣֻ˳ġʮҹӽҹȷҲЩͷ֪ô
Ҷյ
ʮҹӽҹҡͷ漴͵һʶŬ֮壬޳Ӥ꣬ɳ֮飬꣬û壬Ҳ޷ֻأţֱӰԭס񣬶ģͬȺҲ޷
Ҷӵй壬ҲֻأǲǸ̥һ
һʮҹӽҹˣ꣬飬һ֣컯еһ֣̥ȴطģ飬ȴǣǲܡ
ʮҹɫߺһ£Ҷֱ̯̯ʾ֪˼һһŮݺô
ʮҹӽҹԣǹ̥Ȼֻ֮ȴкܴĲܹҲϣɾ͹񣬶ңͨΪǻżµµʮҲ޷壬ʼǻ֮޷޳Ӥ꣬ҪԽ࣬ǲҪǣ֮ԽһԳɣӤ꣬ȴӵ꣬ˣֻҪŬΪٶܴﵽӤ֮ˮ׼
Ҷյһﶼ飿
Ѱ顣ʮҹӽҹ֮УĴʷƾãΪ޷ֻض磬ҲԱȲĵ̣Щӵǿʵ飬ЩЩһǵױǴԪͨҲµòȻδ¶棬ȴʮа˾žԪͨŮԪʮ
ԪʮĹʵǸȤĹ¡
ԪͨһоŸţⱾҲûʲôԪͨֻҪæĹ˵ǾŸţǾʮҲ޷ԪʮԪͨСģҲԪͨ۰檣ԪͨĵھŸȴ飬һ꣬ͬȺǻụų⣬ϻԶϲʨӣԪͨϲҲ޷ıһ㣬ԪͨûϲԪʮĸס
ˣûʲôҪԪͨϲԪʮ
ϲǵİݼڣΪԪͨ⽫ԪʮﵱԼļ̳
ȮӵĹټԪͨһʮ߸ãӵȴֻĸһֱԪͨʧҪ֪ԣǷӵ꣬Ƕ츳ʵУû꣬޷Ϊĸ֣ǣܹһǿߣӵ꣬ӵУλ궼Ԫͨһ⵹Ҳ˵Ԫͨñܲӵ꣬ʲô꣬ⶼǳʱעģԪͨҲ޿κΣֻܸпԼĴвֱԪʮ꣬һöԪͨһģһ꣡
õͨķ΢ĹػԪͨЩԪʮһڶϷ롣
ʮҹӽҹǰԪʮɽ˵˴鷳ɽѣҲ˵ڶԪʮɱԼ磬ԪͨΪʾͷꡣ
ҶûûεЦһ֣Ԫʮصǣ¶˼
ʮҹӽҹϵұҪȥһˣǡ˼ҳִ󷽣ҲӴһ̣֮⣬½޹أȻ޹أαط˼ǣ
Ҷյͷ۵ͬ̽˵ܱͲãοֺŶԹȤ˵ǷǣҶվĴְԣȻڤҲǺõģ
뵽˴Ҷľڤ
ԴڤֲɱҲǺУȴаĴڤӱ϶ԣһɱ֮ҶȻ棬СŹҲˣ˵ݲݶ಻ãֻ𽣵⣬Ȼ޷б仯ȴϤںϹͨ
һУڤĽâתȴʧͬˮһӽʹţҶһУڤ˽Ҷյ֮ŷ
һʵԪʮЩһѡ
ʮҹӽҹȻӤ꣬ЩȻҲǣЩҶȴĺܣ۷ΪЩȻƲ𣬶Ҷ־һ¶ٻɫ٣οڤʵǰɭ֮ЩҶն¹˭ֻδ֪ȻҲⲻЩ˾ȣڤıȻҶΪСʵ
ҶսЩĿⶼУȴĮģЩҪԼҶտɲһԼ꣬Ե֮ɹ˵ˣȴδɹ飬Ҳ֪ζΣϧʮҹӽҹѹ󣬽ЩҲԽ
˼죬ҶСӹĵҲڣһ·ȥδʲô鷳ÿһ´ڤеȻʮҹӽҹЦһǰÿϣҶվ⼸ʵҸ
ֱ죬ɵĿͻȻƮ߲˿
ⳡµĺͻȻôĪˣģʪҶȾգˮݼ֮
ˣԪʮҲδԸЪϢΪֻҪɽ뿪ɽˣ˵·Զôĳܹ˾뷮ǽ˲١
ʮҹӽҹͷ˿˲̫ϣԪʮصǡ
µóҶյŮ˿Ҳ֪˲ټȻǡ
Ҷոʮҹӽҹ˵ЩʱִЩҵķ紩ɽ֮䣬ңӹӰʹɽʼ쳹š죬ЩЩͳͬһľ
ҹôҲᰲӣ



053 Ⱦϸն
ҹʱ֣ʻɽĵڡ
ԪʮҲ֪ЩʲôǶɽЩ벻ᣬδԽɽڵפЪϢ
˽ʳˣʳȻпڸûгԵҲ껹飬ԲҪʳͨԶ֮ˡ
ҶոʮҹӽҹϷ˸Ů˲ϷҶͻŪһϷʮҹӽҹὫ˿ߣͬһŴҶҪıڤ˿ߵķ϶䴩УɣǼΪ׵һϷҶճһٶʮĴΣʧһٶʮĴΣ˿̣ڳһٶʮΡ
źҶûгɹڤֻһ˿ߣʮҹӽҹ㳷˿ߡ
ӵļһΪʲôͲһЩҸоܹɹġ
Ҷ̾ʮҹӽҹһ߳
˿ҡҷɣֻеѾıϣܵɽּ亮紵ĵĺӰ伲ߣĹͻȻĴ˳ţǷ˶
ɫ䣬Ȳ£СĶˣµǽ˴ˣ
˰ε˾ٽ
ɱէȻ˳Ƿ꣬ԶҹƮ
µĹȱնɺ̣Ļâܡ
ƮĹȱĺۿͬ౻նǲȴҲʱ򡭡
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ƿ˿âһһβָϸĺ䴩εĶ֮ϡ
ˣǣվû̴ܹ
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ľ䣬ͻȻ߳˻ƺһЩԼģնܵĴ죬齣̴죬ﲻڷɢ
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ӰӪгʮҹӽҹˣԪѮԪͨͣԪͨĵǲԪʮġ
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Ҷյͷ漴ǰԪѮ
ԪѮ岻һ
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ɱ
ݵĳ֮󣬲֪˭һ䣬ΧĴ̿ͷӿȴٽӿЩӿҶա
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Ƭ̺ЩҶӿĴ˿̲Ҳһߣһߡ
׷룡
ԲԲԴȴӲϵ䣬ˮ֮Уţ䣬Ţ֮Уˮ
˽Ծ
Ҷûȥȴˣһ
˿̻ͷʬڵϣз׷µˮˢš
ֻΪһһ
Ҷޱ飬ȴϲڤ룬ǿȻʬӦ֤
ɱ˵Ľ
ΧдĴֻ̿ԥƬ̣漴ٶԾһأǻҶգ
һΣյˣ
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ҶȴԵĺ侲ָһڤд̿ͻصԼߣţҶ͵ı任ڤҶյߣ˵쳹Щ̿͵Ĺ֮ǰͻȻĶ
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漴Щ̿أеȻ顣
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ն
Ҷ³һߵڤƣֻһȦˣ˭Ҳûпǵϸ΢ĽӰֻҹнɣ̶ѿЩ̿ҡŵء
һҹеɱȻϢı㱻Ͼš
ֻΪˣҶˣ



054 ӵأɽƿ
崲֮ϣĸдͷźĽãƽĶסˣȴֽ°΢΢¶һ˫׵СȣȻĸ˶ջ
أεӡ
ǸǿˣͻȻ壬䣬ߵӱߣƱ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
ǾƱžһѿһϸϸķ϶ӨľҺӱ䣬䵽˵ϡ
죬Ļâٶӳã

ɽڣ
Ҷձյ˿ڷ䣬ԵЩȣƺһжȴûĵõ
Ϊһɫļ
žžž
ּƬ̺ǹľ߳һˣͨͨͨͨΨһĿֻһŹһŹľɵĹǾ޴һ֮ߣʹѰ˵ĹǱģȴֻܽ䡣
ԪѮŭԪ
ÿ
һ·Ԫʮﶼδ뿪ҶյҲǵһμԪʮģ΢΢Щ㵣ҶԪʮＴͲҲλŮ̽ӵŮӿȴֻʮ꣬Ȼֻδ
ԪҼǵ㣡ԪʮģԵǰ˵Ƕô
ʮСǵңҵңѾˣڵֽ̫̫΢ЦǰʮСҵʱҺȾ£㱻լӡ
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Ԫʮֵ̾ô
̫ЦЦ˶жġ
Ԫʮͷ˵ЩʲôֽϣҲ֮ڣֻǾųԯϡ
̫ȥҶյܹԽһ۷ɱ徳ļһﲢûУɱɣɱ֮ģȴͷһؿ
Ҷ΢Цöѣ
Ҳܺã̫̫ҲãҵĹҲܺá
̫ժԼĹڤһ֪ʵѰ̫ͬеĹľʵۣģҲδƷδ⹭ĥȴҲֻǹ˺ͨİײˣ޽ϵģȴҲʲôرˣƼΪӵĹľ̫ʱȴ޷ӵĸо
ĽҵĹҲ̫ҶЦǣҵΪԽһ
Ҷ̯̯֣ڤ쳹Ҷз
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Ҷտϵ漴ףȴҲ˲䣬ҶնȻ
ڤһ㳯̫ȻȥӰƿգ̫ȥ
̫򶨣˼ȴδңֻҶճɲǣ֪Ҷյܲ򵥣̫ˣҲļڤǣܱҶտ죬ҪŹҪңҶֻҪ̧̧֣̫Լڤһڼ֧ǰͶԼĺ
ԣ̫ˣλӰͬ˲ʧһ㣬ܿڤ
ʮҹӽҹأڵ۷ΪӰ壬ٶȷǳĿ죬ͬʱֻбҹ˵˲ܹõӰ壬ҹʱӰΪᱩǡ
Ҷյͷ漴
̫ٶȺܿ죬쵽˾ȣΪҶվȻԼҲ̫Ӱˡ
ɷϣҹҶյ˫۴ȥһЩ鷳ȴҲ׶̫Ӱֻ˵̫ٶʵܿ졣
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ҶչǣͻȻĹЦţ㳯Ųһ㣬һâҶյշ˳ȥ͵һɫļ֧ɣ
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Ҷ־תڤ˸ȦҶ£ȴҲһ˲䣬̫ӰٶʧڤֱӲŢ֮С
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һ˲ߵҶյĸǰڤȻ𣬽һնϣȴҲڴ˿̣ڶҶյļ򣬵ȴҶյؿڣ
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Ҷ̧ͷǲмƲ̫漴Լϰ䡣
ˣ
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ˣԼ㲻Ҷˣ
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ڤŵӳȥģһƬɫˮ̫ȥȴڴеһ˲䣬̫ż㣬ֻɵĲ˲壬ܿڤĹ켣
ҶմϢܴҪһҶף̫˵ʵĽû̫죡
ѧ׾Թ϶ͺˣ
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Ҳڴ˿̣ƿ֮Ȼһ߳Ҷնȴ飡
Ҷͫһһӷȥȴأ̫ӰͻȻҶյıŴ󹭺ݺݵҶյϣɳȥţˤˮݣ
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ãҶԴӵֹʮҹӽҹһûأ
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һ̫࣬Ӱһ㣬ɵıܹڤȴڴ˿̡
ڹƿգ
̫д󾪣ܣڹȻԼǰ޿ɱܣڹȻᴩ̫ļΣţ̫żͷһʹʹлڶڹ̽Ĵȣʹ̫İڵأǼϣǶѪֻûѪ˿°ˡ
ˣ
ҶһϲǷɳȥڹȻöӹȪĽƬȸСꪣڤ˵ֻʹһգǣöƬСꪱǱնУҶտһǷҲԴڤ֮ı仯߶ƬСꪣڿȴǹȻУڤȻֻʹһգֻҪܹգĽ仯ȴǲһ
һڹҲܹʹڤˣ
ǻģҶ˿Լս⣬̫ҾãӦ´԰ɣ



055 
̫ҶգҲԼĲ£
ǣ˿̫һ䣬ǰһﵽŪıⲻ۸ô
ȴ룬̫ȴ˿κεң飬ƯĻ߳Ҷնȥ
Ҷղ߶ڹ˳һơ
ⱾǴڤһпɹصı仯ֻڤ׽ɱйأһȻƣȴҲʵ޵úܣһڤ޷ֵĹԣб仯ԽնΪ˿̶ڹ⣬ǲ˵ͭǽڣˮòȴҲ֮⣬㱻ķɳȥ
̫ɫ齲Ĳǡ족֣ǡ֣ԱܵҶǶһǻ˵ǽң˿ԱķɣʵЩˡ
ڣ̫٣Ϊ죡
鱻Ҷյ˲䣬̫㶯ˣȴûмҶչŢˮݣʧС
̫֪ҶյĹ̻ӵǿսˣôֻز
Ȼ̫Ӱոʧڹ㵹ˣӹ棬նһѺۣȴҲֻ̫Ӱնضѡ
Ҷճϵı۾ΧĻһ󾪺
ֻҶ֪˿۾õģ׽̫Ӱᱻˮ󣬼ˣԼڰΣ
۾˲䣬ҶձܵԼˣҲĸΪˮˮݵ紵ҶǽˮĽŲ
ˣ
ҶͻȻ۾ڤС
һâƿ
ǸڤУǴӼͷ֮ѿصڵϡ
̫ھ֮ɫ漴ˮеӰԼϽɱȴɱڤһ˺ۡ
Ľ̫Ҷյļһ
̫鲻ԽķпҶȴ˿û飬̫Ϣ˼ڤȥڹ㶸Ȼ̫Ľ´ȥȴҶմڹ棬ˮ֮УѰ͵Ϯ
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ڤ룬̫˸Դ漴ɻҶյС
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̫Ҷյڤͷ˹õ֤ĶȻˣֻҪ㲻¶棬˭Ҳ˵Ĳǡ
̫ǱնѵĴ󹭣ȻδعζҶȴѾصʮҹӽҹߡ
ǸҶϵս⾡գȴǱһƤЦģ޹ĳʮҹӽҹֵֵ̯̯ĳֵѾûˡ
ʮҹӽҹͬǾȣ̫ͬԣԽһն߲ûУҶսҹնȴ徳Ĵ̿ͣʵ˺ȻɱҶģһʮҹӽҹҲȴ˾ȣĸҶһۡ
ӦɱԪѮڱϼԾ󻼿ɶ
ҶյĮֻ˵ģȴɱ˵ģɱȻɱЩҲɱûȥɱɶ
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ҶЦΪɱˣԣΪô
̫˻岻ɵһζĿҶһۣ漴ףҲ֪Щʲô˿֧壬һԲıɽֶߡ
ԪѮҧҧȴвʣԲҶ׸ԣԼ̫׷ȥ̫ȻشҶղ֣κһԪѮ֣һܹĻɢ
ȴҲʱһֱڳԯϵԪʮͻȻСۣԪѮԪѮڣԪʮҡҡԴԪѮֻýʻ˶
磬ҪҪȥҼ棿ֹԪѮ֮Ԫʮ￴Ҷգգ۾ŶһؼҰɣҼкܶĻ㵱ӳΪǶͣȴָܹǣǲǻú磿
ҶյͷһڳԯϵԪʮֻʵδϻһӤʣҲֱֱģûŮеߣҶտʱ򣬻գһ۾ǿɰ
ҡҡͷҶ΢ЦֻһаСŮӦûа취ڵģ˵Ķô
ҶտǴʣǣԪʮȴǶģԪѮȻҲʮҹӽҹҲ᲻ֻ˵ˡ
ԪʮЦݣǿɰģ¶͵ĳ죬˫ˮ͵Ůܹ۾
ҪʲôԪʮҿԸܶܶ࣡
ϧҪĶ˭ҲҡҶ̧ͷ˿ϻ䣬Զҹɫֻš



056 ꣬խϷ
ҴɽݣС԰Уϣ硭
ĵҹУܵȴʵôر˵ҹǹǺˣҲ˸˵ʲôǣԪѮҾҶȻԪʮϢΪҶյ߷һһԻڤĽֻ˵ҲˣҶյϻһƣһĽľƣ
һҲеɽǣһƵĽͣǾֻܸĽȥˡ
ûȥڤҹɫĽʵ˿־塣
Ҷˡ
Ҫĺܼ򵥣ֻܹŰˣǣ˭ֲأ
ԪʮԼ첻飬ȴôܹҶհ쵽

ڶգ꾡ȥƬɽֶԵĲԴ˲١
ҶˬҪ˵ҲôԴۣһվҲǺòʹ졣
ʮҹӽҹȤҶռ䣬ģҲʻضο๴Щʹ˼أֻʮҹӽҹҲип˭ԸǻţǣʱţҶὥ¸֪Ǹ˵ˣ
ԪѮָŻ·Ȼ뿪ɽҪִ﷮ǣȴв̵·̡
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ԪѮһĻȴһĹܼңԪʮ³ǰԪѮǿõһŪһŸɾӣźһͷԪʮõʱԪѮѾ֪ʲôҪ͵ӵСˣİӡ
С㡭ԪѮɾӵûʲôóʳֻܽͳˣ°ɡ
ԪѮ˵꣬ҶѾƨһ̧˲ϡ
𿪡ԪѮŭǸСӡ
ҶνĸλôԲܵҲɣ
ԪѮԼҶյĸоЩ΢һ治ҶգȴɿҶյ̬ҶҲϲԪѮһֻһ˹̹ܽǸ˽ĪС壬ڣûκʸ˵̣
Ԫʮӻֹ֣ԪѮ˵ҲֹûÿӼ˿ڲˣͽԼ
Щ֣õӵĵطЩֵģرǸһķˡ
Ϊ׵Ǹ׵Ĵ󺺣žƣɫ΢죬мֺƵ˼Цŵ˵ɽĴ󽭻ԵҿҲİԵϧֻϰԵȴһ汾¶ûС
ڶҲЦǣǼһʲôԣ绢ҿӦøĸ֣èŶԣ˵Ǵ󽭻һͷͷȴ˵ҿǴ󽭻ҲǲˣҲɽµط磬㲻ʲô
ɲô˸ӦͣѧһҫļƵ˵ʱģ˵ʲô˭ܹĹ֮أĽûаγõԴ
ڶֽŵ˵˵쵶˵ɽǻ˷ǣ˭ܱȴĵ죿
Ǻ׵Ĵ󺺶žƱٺٵЦȻķкܡ
ȴҲʱõĴűƿһУֻʮ꣬ɫ԰ףۣűһ񽣵Ľ
Ϊǽ̫ƣ̫ã̫Ҫ̫խδ˵˭һβָĽ˵ǽ˵Ǹ׶ӡ
߽õֱ꣬˵ǰĨǰľ룬Įǵӹˣǹɡ
Ǹղŵڶ˵ļһһӵ˭
ֻ˵֣Ҳ˵ȥ˶̧֣ͷȥʱŷ˲ȻһСֻβָĴСȴֻ˵һ㽫˵ĻǸɢֻдһƮҡأ漴ԽԽ
һʱİȴҲֻİˣվ˲䣬ѾϣſϣǱʵ񽣵խȴʼδһ㣬˰ĸϡ
׵Ĵ󺺣˿ȻѪɫǺںڵգɲǼͳ˰ֽһ㣬ǣǣЦļΪѿ֮Ų˫վ
⡭λС硭׵Ĵ󺺽͵Ȼϲӣұøˡ
ҡͷղȴҲˡ
׵Ĵ󺺸ЦǻҪΪЩʲô𣿡
ҸղŽŵʱ˵ˣ˵ĵܿ죬ȻˣҾ͸ɣĵҵĽ죬뿪ˡ
Ǻ׵Ĵ󺺼Ǹ˿ҲǰǵԴ޺ǲˬŹ鷳ģԵ֮ɫ󺺵ϣȴǿ־壬Ǳϵխ־塣
С˵Ц׵ĴЦǾǺȶƣ˵˵ģҵĵʵġ
ᣬֻһΣǲεұҪˡ
״󺺵ɫס˼ǣͻȻģ㽫ȥȴҲһɲǡ
ǱŹֵխȻʧ
̾ԭû˵ѣĵĺ
˵⻰ʱ״Ѿ˵ϣԴӵıԵͬ˯һ㣬Ը⽫ƿᷢü֮ȻһβָСĽ
ƹ˻֣ʰӣ·˴δֹһ㣬˵˶Ȼľÿ춼в˻ɢҲôʵڲֵôС֡
ⷹԵ˼ҶһֱĽϷ꣬漴Сгԣкȣпֵˡ
ԪѮҶһۣ漴ȥʣȻǲԸڴ˶ԪʮԪѮҲЩƼˡ
ʵĸԪʮֱҶ߹ӵʱǱխͻȻĺҶոǰ
Ҳý̧ͷҶյҲãҪҪȱ˭Ľ졣
ԪʮĻУҶյǰͷ꣬˵Ҷգȴ˭Ҳ֪ǲǳԪʮġ
Ҷյͷ˿ڤٿǳ໹Щɬ꣬ҡͷʲôã
ôĽã
Ҷյɱ˵Ľ
ЦѵҵĽղûɱˣ
ҶյҲ㣿
üͷ漴ջصԣ߰ɡ
Ҷʼƿӣֱ˲Ǿ¥Щ˿խʵķ˼־塣
ʮҹӽҹͻȻҿΪûΪ
ҶպС
Ϊϡ棬ҲΪʮҹӽҹҪߣǣûΪôܣĽǰĿֲǺ׵Ĵ˵ţƤЩȴҲ۷֮ôܱ׵һɱˡ
ЩǵţȻҶһۣҲһ̬һɱ֮Ҷպô۷壬ڤѵõıǿҲ˵Ĺȥ꣬խҲǱǸΪʮҹӽҹߵûΪ
ءҶνǳģȻͲ뿪ˡ
ʮҹӽҹ룬Ҷ⡰²ؼ߸߹𡱵̬ȵҲûҲ



057 һ۳
뿪Ǿ¥߰ղִܹ﷮ǣЩʼվ裬ȴδٷʲô⣬Ҳδд̿Ϯһ·ߵĺ˳
ҶյҲûţһֱڲڤʮֱ仯ѵ㣬ҶȻᣬֻڻͨĸ־ǡᡱֱ㹻ģҪջۣÿһֱ仯䵽ʹɹҶҪʹڤͬʱҪ߶ڹ⣬ѶȻҲѣֻܷϰԼ
ҶյҲЩ츳߰յĹ⾰ȻСгɾͣѰʹѾûʲôѶȣĥǷҪһ´ڤɱУǽһа׾Թ϶ѧҲǺõģȴҲʱȻ˷֮⡣

۳ǣһƬɫĸǽźʵѹȸУ̧ͷȥķשʯĳǽ·նڵС룬ֻͬƴСڿչᣬǶʮ׸ߣһӺڼѹҶ˵ûоʲôʮҹӽҹȴúܣߵĺڼȫ۷ΪͷĶȴѾӤ֮ңѾһ롣
Ԫͨĵ̣ڷǣ˵һ
һ㣬ԪѮҲܿһδ뷮ǣҲ˸Ԫʮ֣ǣֻҪܽ뷮ǣ˸Ϊ˭ҲܲסԪͨŭ
Ҷδʲôŵʱ̫¥ˣǣϸһ󣬱־ǳغ˲ãҪ֪Ҫ޳ǿδɽ裬ֻ˫ֶһ۳ǣһܹ쵽ġ
ȻѾ˵طʮҹӽҹԪѮͷǱˡ
ԪѮ²ҶյʵҲʵϲҶգȻѾȫˣȻͲҶӻһұ㶪ʮҹӽҹ˻ͱҲǸһ䡣
ʮҹӽҹһһ龧ʵҲǻֻᴿģҲЯʮҹӽҹͷʾһ£ҶǶȥԪʮһˣȻ˷ǣĻҪġ

Ŷ뷮ǡ
ֵݣǹɫ㣬һζ
ҵȥˡʮҹӽҹֱԲ䣬˳Ǳ㺰סҶյ㲻ܸţԼ䣿
ҶҲʣͷԡ
ȥ档ʮҹӽҹĴһ£ͽָһ¥漴¶ԷİĺܣʵطûʲôùģԪʮֵֵһ䣬ȥתһ¡
˵֮ʮҹӽҹӽʮö龧ҶյܲãŰɡ
ⳡҶվú죬оԼǱʮҹӽҹгһ㣬˿ʮҹӽҹ˵šźˣгкȣһ㻨ȥŰɡ֮Ļϸ룬ҶվԼòҲûôƯĽҲ
ҶĿʮҹӽҹ뿪СһߵĽֵȥ

Ϊʲôǣ³ȴԪ֮ͨ⣬֪ġ
ԪͨǸܰԵҲŵˣ֮ڵĽֵԡԪ֣Ϊŵĵһ־ͽԪ֣ԶڶԪ֣Ԫ֣ζ仯ﵫӪҵ̼ңŵ֮ǰȫửһԪͼ꣬Ԫͨʾ𾴣仧ǵˣÿÿ빩Ԫͨĵǻ֧㾴ϣڻҪڰ󹩣вţ³һΪҡ
ҶЦҲ֪ԪͨΪʲôú죬ǽ˵ҹ㣬ǲǼеĴôѵԪͨ˲ɣ
һ·УҶոоԼڹʱĽֵһ㡣
ʵ˲࣬鶼ѰӣҲ޳ɹʲôģҶϣ˵˭쵽ˣԪͨǰԸһǿҲδж٣úķ޾£ļįΣգԣ鶼޹֪Լû츳Ϊһ֣Ҳʹ˷ŰӣôõȴֻأҲ֪ʲôԭ궼޷ֻˣҲ͸Щûֻȣʱⲻʹ࣬ʸݣʱˣȻҲӦˣĿһЩʵҲǻ磬֮ˡ
ԣҶȻһ·Ѱң뿴֮ⷮڻ᲻һЩ˲õĸ֣ŶȺڼͿ֣ΪĶ֮ĶûƼ٣ҶվȻμ⡣
Ȼ˺ʧҶպܿͲʧˣΪԪʮˡ
Ԫͨڷǻ뷨ģרΪ֮˿ٵģһԪ֣רŷһЩвٻԪͨĲҵһԪʮ֣֮ͬԪֵݻͬԪʮгǰ߷Ķһ㶼ǲһҲٻͨͬʱԪͨפѲ£Ԫʮ־ҵĶ࣬Ķβ룬ٻҲв٣Ҳû˻ܣԻǱ£üٻƭֻԼá
Ǽҵ׺ʵȻȥԪ֣ܹЩҲֻԪʮֻ켣ˡ
ҶպܱݣΪԼֻܻԪʮ֡
ҶյҲԪʮʲôãΪԪʮʵеǹŶгǰ㣬ŶȻⲻд۵ʱ򣬿ɼܲסҲܹ©ǺջģԪֿɾͲˡ
Ԫʮ֣ҶձԸо࣬඼ǵ̣ϻֱ˰ײ̯˶˵ĿĿ֮黹꣬Ϊġ
ʮҹӽҹҶմԪʮ֣ҲҶճʶӵĵط̽ƽ޷֪飬ҶҲ֪֮ͦûʲôҵܹԪʮִԱҲûʲôǴʱ䣬ʮҹӽҹ꣬Ȼǿ۰ˡ
ǣҶ߽ԪʮҲʮףĿ㲻ı̯λϵһ˹ȥ
һǹȴֲ˵ǹΪǹֻа۳һǹѺ˴ǹͷһأǹǹͷīǹͷȴ߹ճŹͼ˷ƣɲ˵ˣȴǿʲôģҲǷƣֻʱΪƯ׺һҲ˵׼ġ
ʵϣ˶ģǹͷͼƵ˵׺ֻҶտǸ˶ǹʶĸо͵һԴȻǴδǹģȴҲǿǹ죬Ǿ߷죬ȻԼöƬǸСꪵķͬ·ȴǼӦͬһ˵ֱʡ
뵽˴ҶȲĶ׵̯λǰͷ



058 һ˶ǹ
ʮҹӽҹڽֵ䴩УܿģԪʮ֡
ǷĽֵ࣬ңκεطĵطȻҲ⣡
ʮҹӽҹһǰţȴǵòӦһŽ߿õΧעĿʮҹӽҹȴûƼһ㣬޵ĳɤӴģծ˽ᣬû꣬ΪϵĹһܶʮ壡
Χ˶ʱףæԼȥˣԭծģԪʮʵϡ棬ÿ춼ܷüأʵûʲôͷҪ˵ʲôӣҲ޷ǾծľȻǸŮˣǸƯŮˣ
밫ʮҹӽҹתһȦ漴ǽǵıԵã㷭һȥһƽѡ
ľƵ¥ݣ֨֨ʮҹӽҹȥ
ƽڴŵȻǾƣ¶Ⱥֻܵͣһյ谵͵ƣһֱĽ䣬һװ磬ɫҰףǱ
ʮҹӽҹǽߣڿ˵Եĺġ
úɳƵĺڵҽһҲ֪ġ
ʮҹӽҹô£
˵ίһһ׷죬֪ǼһˣȻ󷷸ԪֵһӣǡӵҹҪһǣұڳĵϽˣҲṵ̂ֻ뽫ǱߵĶһȻװĺϿһͼ
˵Ͳ԰׵ɫɲǼ䣬ȴǱøӺѪɫ
ʮҹӽҹɵʲôͼ
˲һΡĴɽɽϿ̫̫Ǻɫģ̫棬һɫ£
ʮҹӽҹͫȻŴ󣬳ĬβſڵǸӣ
Ǹӣ˱סԴˡ
ʮҹӽҹûȥҹǸίһضˣ
ˣʧˣһ壬ŵ壬Ҳ֪ǶԪͨТǷӵģ̇ĿԵĿն񣬿Цŵο֪˹⺦ǣôѵǷȥǸԪͨˣ

Ҷն׵̯λǰûǶǹ֮ŽǶǹǹʲô
̯λһֱ۾˯ѣһ⻰ֻ۾ʱС۹ⰡǼ
ˣҶռģҲЩЦڰֵһ϶˵Ǳ
̯ЦȷûҶõʲôֻõͷһۣȻǼ
ҶʧЦҡҡͷ˵õģⶫʲô
̯ǹǲֻҪУնУҲġ
Ҷһϲ֪϶ƬСһ׵ˣҲԼҪҵĶȴǲ¶ɫ䵽ǹ֮ڣӿֳĹâĮе˼ô뻻Щʲô
̯һЦ˵
Ҷȴڶֹһ䣺̣
µľǡ˵֣˵˶ԷȻƨƨߣ˵˼ҲֻҪһڣȻԿ
ҶյҲֻҪԼܹܵ϶Ҫ˶ǹµģܲҲЩֶνǹ£ǣҶֳȥʱ򣬲һ䣺׳գ
׳Ȼ̯ģԼʮҹӽҹȻʮö龧ȴѯⶫļֵԼöٳأ
ҶãǾУԩͷֻһö龧ô
̯۾һʵѸײڶö龧˳ֻǸ˶ǹҶˡ
ҶǱĴ˰Ż̯ģѵԼУ龧˵ֵǮô
ҶȴҲ룬ԪͨݣԪѮĳ᲻󷽣һö龧Ҫƿᴿ˵ϡҲڼֵƣǣԪʮط·С̯ʵֲˣҲǼֵ⣬Ǻ˻ᴿ龧
ҶղԣʵһƾƤٺҲ˼龧ֻý¸֮Ժ漴ȻҶˣܲ飿
̯˵
ҶյҲ֪ҵԩͷģҲ˻֪ǹʲôë
̯ԥһµ棿
ҶյҪˣ͸ýǹˡ
̯ٺһЦ漴СЩҵ׵ˣ¶ӦǱˣŰѿۡǣǿۣûзǼǲҪҲգǣ˰
ҶջȻһǹǱϵȻǣ㻹ãһҲỵֻҶǹ̵ģΪöƬСꪶ೤̣ϧ̯֪ȻΪǹˡ
ˡҶЦЦ漴¡
̯ЦֻҪҶղ鷳ãȻֵùĽҶߡ
ҶҲЦЦĺֿܳΪɲԼˣҲЩǣƬСꪣǶǹҲ֪˭˶ұģһױмʲôıԼҲ֪ѰãϾҶõȴöƬ⣬ʵЩС
ˣһһҲǲġ
ҶյҲĿֻ΢㲻ٷգǼԪʮ
ʵԪʮֵĺöǲ࣬ǵϰָĶЩ֪õ⣬˵ǱȴҲпѰװΣҲѹطƭ˵Ķ࣬Щ񱦱ĶĳرһЩ޵Ѫ⣬ٻĶ࣬ҶһԶ̵ᣬޣҶջܾԼªţɶȴǸԼսһģҶ֪ܲģǶᣬ˲רҵƭӶԪʮȥɼԪʮжҡ
֮⣬ҶջƼ෷ģŮԣûΪȥãÿ˶
ҶյҲûͬķĸԼ鷳οвŮ˻Ըģ㹻ƯȴĺһЩԼδɡ
ԼʱҶڽԪʮָһȦҲûҪ׼ʲôǱʲôãɲ뵱ԩͷҶյЩ
Ѱһ̣ȻϾɣȴҲſЩ̯ǿö࣬ţҶձų̀Ѵ˵ձô
Ĩ˰˵ɫȻһ㣬˹Ƿգʲô
Ҷսݴӻͳڹ̨ϵҷǼı
ʵǼıҪ⣬٤壬ܹԷ򣬿ϧҶ¶ݵļһҪʵϣãػܹ٤ӣÿδݶ˵˼ҶյûԼϵġ



059 һö
˶žݿһƺݵ漴֪ô𣿡
Ҷָָ͡
˸ձֳһ˿ȤʱɢҶհֵҪˡ
ҶȻǰԱֳȤô֪ݵ÷ǲȤˣҲԣ
һǰɣĹأƺѾȥˣҲȥָҶյ汦û汦̫ȥÿһ㶼Щ񱦱Ķ߲֪ôõıЩˣԼĥһ£ĥ͸Ҳ׬һʣĥ͸ֱӼӼⶫ֪ǱȻûգˣ϶Ը⣬ˣ׬ͷҪֱ̯ǾⱦǺöϵΣǾֱȥԪ֣Ϲתơ
˵̬ȲãҲôò˵ʱĨŸɬ۾ҶջЦŵлл
˻ӻֱ֣Ӹˡ
ҶҲ⣬ͷ󣬱׼뿪̡
ȵȣ̧ͷƲƲţǵܿЩ
ҶĪϣҲʣֻỵ̈漴˿ܣ̯ôǿң˼ҶһѵĶԼһʵе㶪ҸҲ߯ģû򣬻û˳Ǯѵһֱȥɣ룬ҶնԾݻģĥȥԪתת

һҶҪԪʮ֣ȴߵֿڵʱͻȻפ㣬˿Լ󣬱űϵһȥ
ӺİԪʮĵطĽʵкܶ࣬Ҷ߽֮󣬲Ƭ̣Ҳ˽
ͦࡣҶóݵҪⶫô
٣Сӻͦϵ߽ӵļ˶ʱָҶյϵķݶϣѶùɣǾͲˡ
ҶҲЦԭԼЩܵ˼Լ̵ʱͱˣҲ̫˰ɣѰ֮һԼһ۷壬Ҳûռٱˣ͸ҽԼ
Ц֮ҶսݷŽָŶҡҡ漴ԼĲĨĨĸ˶Էһ
ˣһ˽ջ˵ͦϵȴôʶ࣬ǵøԼҲˣòУ
Ҷ΢ЦȻҲвܽɵӲŽټҶղǻΪߵ˱Ҷճ
ȻУֻ˵оȻ׻ɵףϺ󣬱㳯Ҷײ˹
е˼
Ҷսȭ䣬ҲԼ±УֻһȭԷȥ
¡
ȭͷԷײ˲䣬ǽܳһƬɳɳɢʱҶԭأԷǱҶյȭͷ˳ȥ
Ȼ۷ΪҶհڰָмвģ㲻
Գŭɫȴ侲ֻһ߳Ҷٴײһߴ֣ͬһе֡
ŶԷĵڶײҶʾֻ˸һȭǰȴҲʱһɫĴͻȻ˵ı˳Ҷյͷ
ѹΪҲٵȴ˵ıҶƲƲ죬ͺȣ𣡡
ɲǼ䣬ڤâ֣
ӰһҶյͷĴδҶյͷ㱻ڤնţҶƴȭͷǰ
һأҶȴһȭ˶ԷϣֻԼıǰȥһ㣬漴㱻һȭɣصˤڵϡ
ǽٵͬʱסƬ̺һ˱ɱǧģҵľ
٣ҶЦҾã䵣ԼıԼС
Ҷ˲䣬նľڤȻ£ٶȻɽӰӹ䣬Ҳδȡ˵ֻһ˵Ĵȣ˶ʱڵأϵ˿ڣڵϲϰ
ʲôУٽоֱնǵĲӡҶֽڤջǰһˣɿ˸Ƶ֣
˶ʱԾֹסǱҶվסļһһ˵ģȻԪɹ
ž
Ҷɿ˸ƵСϷͱǰˣˣðԪͨˣ
˿ЦĪɹ
ۣ
ҶղʧЦòײסȡ֣ٵе㵹ǳɹأ
Īɹίûɹʵǻǵһθ¶
Ҷյô
ĪɹģǰñȽϼģЩûŻֲġ
ҶˣԭѹֻҸԼ߳Ԫʮ˻֣ԼӸǴᡣ
ðɣһءĪɹʱ¶ϲɫҶȴһתǿʲôϵֻ֪ңûнٳɹȴҺܲˣ˵ɣô
ĪɹɥСү۲ʶ̩ɽ㵱ǸƨǷ˺òã
Ҷҡҡͷֻʲôãܲϵ
Īɹһ£漴˼ǣ
ҶյǸղŵˣߵĻø⳥
Īɹ˾ŵ˻ӴȥһľԼ˭ȥǣĪɹҰ⻰˵ô
ǽ컹ûšĪɹ˵һ룬ҶֱҪ򣬸Ͻ·һԼûУȻҲڽٵǸɵǼ
͵ҲмҶձĵƲƲ죬ȻĪɹժһҼʲô
Īɹҡ
ž
ϻҲ֪ǺҡҶհǺĪɹԴϣ漴ȵҺӲ
ԣǸĪɹԴǰЩģǲ֪ôãҲҲǱͦÿ͹ˣҪϲߣ⣬ûˡ
ҶɨĪɹۣСȫ¸ɸɾʵǲжٿˣһϽѧĪɹӽ·һȻҲ磬Ҷո̾ԼǿҲɹҡ
ˡ
Ҷշ޷޵ĶĪɹɱ飬ԼȴҲûʲôȤô
Ҷձӣֱ뿪Ԫʮ֣Ҳû۵ļһˣϾԪʮȻЩ޷죬˱ٵġ
һ·ߣŰյĹҶձҵԪ֡
ԪֺǺңΪ̫ݻĵ̶ǹɫ㣬Ȼ¹һ򣬿ǣֵ̫壬һ˶ԪתƣҲĶ
һҶյҲʡ˹˼һ˿տĽϹ䣬ʵɵЩԾͳŵһȥҪ־ݣĶֶһġ



060 һе
ԪʮصԪʱ֣
ΪԪͨϲŮҲ˿ߣҲ˲ҲҪǣû˸ҵ
˹֮ǰӭԪʮԪͨޣԪҸ˶ˣжţԪʮŵʱ򣬱ֳޱȵ飬ѿף߶ԪʮЩɽǰɽʵܿˡ
ԪʮжԼĳ죬ֱϲգ۾Ŀɰ򣬹ɵĸÿһλĴкȴѹֵ񣬶αʵޱᣬЩЦӭȴжϣԶزأ
ϧ˻ܶʱˣ֪һжٵģҲǼΪȴ˿ֳܱ㣬ԪʮʵСǰرԪĸŴ󷧣ȻҪѧϴһſף
ԣԪʮԼߣÿ̸֮ЦǣȴʼɻʼûмԼĸףԪͨ
ɻһֱѿ׽ʹӽӭԼСԺ
ƵĸоԼɳĵطԪʮ£ȴģֱСԺӣԼϤĴϡ
Ԫʣ
ԪʮȴԼǿɰģĺűӦͣլԺеĹܼңԪѮǲԪʮԪʱԪͨҰ򣬰Ԫͨ
ԪʮҸôˣ
Ԫ΢Ц˰ãֻЩ飬޷ӭʮС㡣
Ԫʮ̾ǰԪѮһȴֱӺСġ
Ԫ΢Ц
ԪʮҲϹӣ֪ԺǽͷźڼʿҲ˽⸸ף˵һģ˵ɽʮ꣬Ȼ˵ˣ㲻ᷴڣֻȥ꣬ңʲôˡ
ԪʵС㣬ˡ
ԪѮĿɭŭĿԪʵС㲻ҪЩġ
ԪʮҲΪѣ֪϶Щ飬ҽţȥͲ̫ˣֻŪס
ԪʳĬãˣ³Ų˶á

Ҷ̵߽ʱ򣬱ʹЦӭ
ƹǸٵˣЦҶչֵλСʲôҪ
ҶյҪȴûУ»ÿûʲôҪġ
Ҳ⡣ƹЦݲ䣬֪ʲô
ҶҲ׸ԣֱӽݷϣƹʾ֮󣬵õҶյͬ⣬ݿƹҲϲʲôģܾɵĵģҶնһϲͨͬƹЩģ̧ͷĿ̵ǹţŵȴɣÿһĶзҷУֻǴܸܵͣ
ƹھݺ⣬Ʒ˵ȷǼܲı¾ݣƹ̧ͷ֪ⱦôô
Ҷսַߣ˸ơ
ƹʾҿô
Ҷյȷ
ƹЦ㲻ԸҲûʲô˭Ҳϲ˶ԼıԹⱦܸõĹۣû
ҿɲ˼Ҷյҵ˼ҪԵĻܲܵҳţԣ
ƹһ㣬Ȼû뵽Ҫ漴ʧЦѲⱦСǰ˵ĻԼĵ̣ⵣʵ࣬Ԫļҵûв½ƣΪԱõģֻƹȻܸҶս͵ϸ£ֻǵͷʾû⡣
ǣҶ뿪̣ǰ˫ֺʮΪǵĬ漴ԼĶ䡣
Ƭ̺󣬾𣬽ţǰѵﵹ졣
ҶЩüëȻ߻ص̣ǵȻǼһƬеʹӶ˵ĵһƬֻƹ£ֻɫ԰һЩҶССһǿƹΪԭΪֻ֮ڿ޳Ӥꡣ
СƹҶտЦЦˡ
Ҷյ˵ˣδػţԼԹ֪԰ɡ
ƹٶȿЦ漴Ӻ˽ЩػԵʹӸ̧ߣѾݽҶյֱӶ꣬ȷǼѵõıϧǵػģ覲褣С
Ҷյ
ƹͷ㱦ͨֵ˸֣㽫Ҷ̺ȥ
ҶմõһС¥ƹǴűĵطһ㣬һĶѡڶĶҲȥǣܷ񽻻Ҫȶڵ㡭
ƹЦҡҡͷʾݻԽı
ȻƹЦŵԸǱҲȥá
ƹָڤ˶֪ȻǸЦ
ҶڵһתһȦ¥ȥ
ҶպܶʱǸͦʵڵˣ𱦱ȻͲװװģȥЩҿңҲûϵΪƹĻ¶ܶϢһĶѡžݿ϶ԷģĶѡ˵ݲǶõıһҶպ׵ؾݵļֵԼõģôֵ൱ġ
ΪҶյ뷨˶¥ҲΪҶ˶¥һ
һе
ڣŽߣýۻŹֵķƣÿҶձ֪еԼĽƬСꪸǹһ׵ģҪáʶĸݣΪǷУĸͼԼϵͼص̫ױˡ
ǱҶյô
ԣƹһ±ǱõСǲġ
ֿ׻ҶȻᵱ棬ݽƹ񣬱˳ȡǱеһ£漴ðһ䣬ƹʶ㣬֪⵶ô
ƹһСѵǿ˵Ҫô
Ҷҡҡͷڱʹѣ⵶˳ۡ
С㲻÷ݽ˵ƲġƹǴһ漴ŵ⵶ҵȷ֪һС֪֮
ҶҡҡͷʾԼû
ûҲȸ֮ʱŻʮǰڶ˶ѾǲˡƹҲΣǼܾǰλʦѲɿгһʮ˱ƥУʮ˿ɵʮ֮УǣױȴδʱʹױˣױѶĴҪʮ˸һֱ󣬻ϣϬֻ˻ˣʮ˻Ϊ£̫ƫҲΪˣʹԹȴóɹͬѵһţƽв裬ҪͬʱһұʦҲ֪ʱﵱģȴұһ׹ʮ˰ıƾױƾһ˾ܲʮ˱󣬶е
Ҷսӿڵʮֱеһ
ƹЦŵͷ
Ҷյôıأ
ƹҡҡͷʱ򣬷֮˲ԪͨҲ뻨ΪԼұԣʱұôһױȻܶ˶֪ǣû֪ûгɹΪû֮󣬻ʧˣӴҲûгֹʮҲδŹϢĴŵкܶ࣬˵ұױȴ¶˶ˣ˵ұױȴɱ֮˵ױұһ룬Ѱ֮ʱ⣬ָ˵УȴҲû׶ġ



061 һ
Ҷüﲻ˼
Ŷţǣ׽Ӱ¶ҲзӰſɲ׽
ҶյȲܻǲŪôһױ͵ĶұˣǿʮֱҲʹʮ˼ԼҲǡõͷļĵǹꪶѣ⻹ʣʮļҶվȻһضԶݵˣֱֱҶԼҲʻҵʮļһ˵һֻұ˼ѣûн׵ʮֱұĻǸô죿
ƹļҶɫã԰οһʮ˼ⱦճףǵȷЩ룬ǣһ˵еܹնУףһıˣҪ֪껨ֱұıδйƷ⵶ƲڵģȻ뻻һҲ޲ɡ
ãҶձعЦŵҾҪ
Ҷ΢ɬЦЦʱ򣬺ܶ鶼ìܣ֪Ҷպ֪֪ܿˣȴ־Դһףʵôʲôƹԣ֪ⶫãҺòͺˣղһҲǵ֮ңʧ֮
ƹҶöע⣬ҲͲ˵ʲôЦ˸ƣĽҶͳ̡
죬죬ѩ죬ǣԶǻɵģû̫Ҳû
ɫҶ޷֪ʱ֣ʱȻ磬պ֮Ҷձ뿪Ԫ֣ǰʮҹӽҹָǼ¥
ҶյʱʮҹӽҹȻˡ
ڴߣŽϵˣüŻǳˣҲû˸ҷʮҹӽҹȻǾ¥˵ķ羰
Ҫ£Щ鷳ҶһֱߵӱߣʮҹӽҹҲδĵҶֻԼµŮ˱üϵÿ죬βơ
ʮҹӽҹعǿЦݣҶյ⣬ȲϣҲϣתƻô
ҶЦЦĺܿģΪջȷǶǹеʮҹӽҹ˿Ի
ʮҹӽҹΪǶǹеǼǾͺ԰ɣҲˡ
Ҷ̾鲻Щ鷳Ƿǳ鷳֪ʵϣҲβƣ۹ȥ꣬ҲıһҲ֪ǲƣģˣˣ˵ڵĺҡ
ʮҹӽҹƺǲἰ⣬ҡҡͷ㽫ʲô㣿
ҶյţȻȥһ죬Ҳ޷ңǰʹ⡣
ʮҹӽҹĬƬ̣漴㲻Ҫһɽˡ
ҶƵʲô
ʮҹӽҹ㲻ҪһɽˣҲҪỨˣҲȥԪʮƺ㻹ͦأԸȻúõһ죬ܹɾ͹񣬱ܹ뿪ˡ
ҶմȤ⻰˵ҺᣬѵҪô
ʮҹӽҹԼЦͬһ㣬ҶһӦ컬࣬ǣû顣
һ˵ˡҶٶ̾ϢѾǵ÷ǳ鷳ݵˡ

ǣԪ
ֻл˴죬̫Ҵңγ磡
ԺľȻήԵĻ佥㡣
ʯ֮һƣһƱʯ֮ϣһˣˣ
˿ֻʮ꣬˫üޣƵ͸˿ǣǲ˲ʶˣΪֽԪͨ
ԪͨеЩƣȻһ漴ϵĿɫҲȻ԰Щ
Ԫ֪ͨԼʱ޶ˡ
껹Ļ꣬Ϊû壬ԣԵóԶǣȴս
ܶǰԪͨǷ֮˵Ǹ꣬Ȼ꣬ȴһı£ȻٲѲŰʢëΪÿ˶һ£رԪͨﶼ͸ŰԵˣȻֻЩûΪƢԣЩ˸˴ۣܲңԪͨǺߡ
ԪͨˣܶˣأѾǲˣֻǵõǳ̿ĵĲҰܣֻһϣ㱻شԺһֱЩëÿԲʱ򣬻ǱԾʹ࣬ˣôЩԪͨסˣֻȴԽ˥ֱһ죬׵ɢǻҷ
ԪͨʵĹˣҲЩζˣδǼ£ʱ򣬻һĥ
ǣԪҲܾʹ
ʵԪڷǵĵ̣ˣҲûʲô⣬ǣԪͨ£µȴУڻԪһӹţһж˵ȴ˭֪ˡ
ԪͨƱ룬漴ַգ׼ЪϢ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
Ԫͨһˣ˵һꡣ
괩úأһ£ͷţﱧŰѽѿܳĽ񽣣ϸϸ׶ӡ
ЩҪΪĴ磬иǰ
Ԫͨü޽üʱš
˭ԪͨͺȵԪɣԪɣ˶ȥˣ
úˡ΢ЦվŵģӦֻˡ
Ԫͨͫһʲô˼
ȻǶѾˣģҲܿģ̫ż
ôĿԪͨЦһ㵽˭
˼¶ı飬漴ҡҡͷҲ֪Լ˭ҵʲôҺƲǵˣˣǺƶʮߣҵֱʮ߰ɣҲңţҾͽʮߣ
Ԫͨǰ꣬ڿɵһ㣬ʵϣƺҲЩɵ
ԪͨΪɱң
صͷԪͨұɱġ
һ˺ܾãҪܶ࣬ɻšԪͨмƲ죬漴г𣿡
ҡͷӦǵһμ
ԪͨЦǾɱңȷΪԼ
ҡͷҲҪô
ԪͨǱܹˣңǹˣҲôϲ㣬ԣ
ִˡ껹ҡͷҲûû˹͵ҡ
ԪͨƵȲѰ𣬻Ϊûɱң㻹ǵһμңΪҪɱң
˸ңɱ˵ģɱģҾã˵úܶԡ꿴ԪͨԣԼĽܲɱˣҴˣ˵Χ֮ڣֻˣһɽ㴨һǷԪͨұѾɽ£ǣ˵㴨޶֪ȥңǣҾˣڷǣܺҡ



062 Ԫ֮ͨ
ҶڷĴϣţת
ҶԼ˵ǰ㣬˯˯ԭǻۣ˲˯ҲûʲôϵҶնԣ⽫˯ʱó½΢Ҳһֽ
Ƭ̺Ҷ³һ漴۾
Ȼ쳣ŨԽ֮꣬ĳӯҲ޷Ҷϡ
츳ʣǣȫȻûйϵΪﵽ۷󣬾ˮװˮҲ޷ˮױĸǣҶЩ⣬Ϊ֮ɣԽޣѰ޷ʹĸŨǿɣʹԼΪǿ˿ѷ֮㲻ûϢҲ̸ϺϢΪ޷Խƾǿ󣬷ӳʵҲ޵úܣҶӮһ֮޵еţ۸һСˡ
ҶҪģǳżҲѯʹʮҹӽҹźλŮҲûʲôõҶգ츳ԣÿͬȻ޾ڣȻҲ˶˻ᱻڴ˾֮⣬ʮҹӽҹΨһܹҶյģֻľϢϢأÿ˵嶼ʵ־
Լ־ʲôأ
ҶԼǮôȻԼһԪ壬ŮôȻһɴŮ壿
ҶʧЦ漴ֹԼǲ׵ĺ˼롣
ʵҶҲ֪¶ãһ;ܹܿѸٵıǿȴҲԼ˶꣬ľһңĻµµΪһʼżˡ
ԣ漴˼һҶԽĽƬеСꪸǹ˳ȻԿ϶ļжһ׵ģǣǲеǹϾµãҶҲδԹҪһԣۼһ
Уļб˲ɢ⣬漴ĵڹ֮ҲҪʹڿУ
Ҷպǿģ²ϲãԼۼϲȫͬģңıʮ֣跨գҲֻƾ˱ɲʮ˱󣬿ϧʮֱ
ҶЩСԹȴҲˣĻǻϲ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
ҶͻȻоһ¶ɵһ
һֱʬɽ֮˵ɫ̨ͻȻıɢɫĹâȻתĵڹǵ˸Ӧһ㣬ͻȻľҶնҪҶյ
Ҫ̶ʱ㲻̣Ҫæʱ㲻ڻⱦˣʲô
Ҷܹ뵽ô£קڹⱯݵغţˣҲδֹĵڹԼ֮УţڹҶյȥҶ֮еĺڰɫսԽѪʬɽ֮ˣɫ̨Ĺâţĵڹڣճ׵ʧ
ͬʱ̨еĵĿɫӣĸֳǹཻͼơ

ԪͨúܺЦǳĺЦ
ɱ˺ܶ࣬Ҳͬǣȴǵһ˺Ц޻ɡ
ԪͨԳʮߵŪˣԭвòᣡ
ԪͨƺҲùȫԣٸǰСгȥһвļһԻԪͨʵ˷Լʱ䣬ԣԪͨˣһӣͬΰ㳯걼ڶȥ
ţԪ֣ͨȥδһвСܹסԼһ
ǣԪͨתɲǣһһֳխĽһ׶һԼĸǰԪͨʱһݣűԾȴҲʱǱխһʮţ
ԪͨأͷһۣԼ·ȴʮദδ˼壬ȴҲ㵡
ǺÿĽÿ֣
㲻ƺҲ⣬ͷܶ㿪ҵĽ㲻ǷȻ˵ĶԣûõģҪɱˣ
԰յ˲䣬𽣶Ǳխխĳ󽣣ȴڿлΪߣԪͨ
Ԫͨ˿Ļ˿ĵ˫ĿǽȴҲڴ˿̣ըԪͨԼ߽޾ĽӰһ㣬ܣǱ޿ɱܣ޿ɶ㣡
侹ȻĽ
ԪͨͫǰĿ콣ȴ¡
ΪԪͨ

ԪͨͻȻ쳤˻ϵȶĴӭǽӰ¡һ죬ԪͨҲǱɳȥڿз˸Ȼ䵽ϡ
ԵԽӿĵȻ
ԪͨȴһԲȻЩΪ˵ĹϵѲ۷壬ɴδܹо⣬ȴǰ꣡
ߵʯߣԪͨͻȻ䣬ʯ㡰顱һըʯ
һɫĿн¶û⣬ûʣǣǱɫĿнȴ˿δ˸оأΪĨɫʵ̫죬̫ޣͬԪͨǰԵƢһ㣬ҲһʵԵĽǽ䣬ȻŻС֡
λұʦܶǰΪԪͨıҲԪͨϲı
ԪͨǱལץУ漴ֱָǰꡣ
꾲Ľխ䣬Ȼİ۾
˾˵ĿŶԷȴԣǣȴԷЩʲô
ܶʱսҪѣʯãܶʱһսֻҪһˣ
Ǳ㿴Ľ죬ҵĽԵɣ
δ
µˮӿݻƵҶ£ڵϣ
ɲǼ䣬ԪͨˣҲˣ
ѸٵӹԺ䣬ֻһƬӰţԺӵ룬˶ȻٽŶԷն䣡
¡
δѣ
˵ĽŶԷնȥʱǵǳܲסǾ޴һ󣬳·ݣڣ׵ıһӣ࣬ɳԺ䡣
Ƭ̺ɳɢ
ԪͨЦĽܿ죬Ҳϧˣ̫ᣬվЩ
ɳ֮£ԪͨĳལŻ棬ĸ䣬ǱѿխȴֱָԪͨʺֻǽԪͨĺ䣬ʼնһ磬ǣǲ֮壬Ǳխʼնûд̽Ԫͨĺ
ԪͨԵЩģܶ궼ûгֹˣΪżиսˣҲ̫ʤ޷ģ٣һԪͨϿǰ꣬ϿǱ󵽼޷˵խ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
ԪͨǿĵıͻȻ̣Ž֣ĪĲ
ͷԪͨüβס㵣
ǱལȻһصƶţĸ˿֮˻ţɢâǱལᴩ˿ڣۿɼٶš
Ԫͨŵ꾹Ȼûܴԣû꣬ΪûУ㵽ʲô
̧ͷ΢ɬЦţ
ɲǼ䣬ɫӿ˳ڿҡҷţһұ֮ҹţ
֮
Ԫͨɴͫףţţ㽫û



063 Ǵ
Ҷ߳ʱ򣬾ʵô
Ƕ䲻֪ΪζԼְֺޣϾҶҲòǶĺôǣǶָԣ԰Ҷɵ֮ҲܹҶ޶ԣȫƾԼϲãҶܹƾԼ߶ɫеҶƺʼûȫõϿɡ
Ǳ̵ļҲδʹʧҶմ߶ĿſеǹͼƵӣܹԼıУͬҪգǣܹҪЩıȻ̵пѾڣҶȴôأ
ȻҲȫȻûкϢ
Լ͵ԼıԼıˣǶԷԼɱˣ
ҶԳƵЦЦ漴㲻پ£Ͼ˵ЩƣҲ㲻û£ǾδйͻȻ˶һֵϲ飬ǵǹļУҶҪͬʱҲصı
һţһһ¥ȥҶձüͷЩӣ˳Ŵ⿴һۣȴһӺڼӽֵѸٵϿϵȺ
أƣƺ͸ѹ֡
ҶտһܣƺǾ¥ĿҲֻ࣬˽
ô°Ҷһ䣬漴̽Դһ˵ıӰι
ĪɹԼʵ겻ôĶɷǣǱܵı׼Ⱦܡ
ȴҲʱҶյٶĴҪܣǾܿЩҲñҵĽ졣
ĪɹɥȥĲҲ˻ߵǾ¥ĴߣЦүסﰡ
Ҷչָ˵
Īɹֻȥ¥˸ȦߵҶǰʲôԸ
ҶյôˣҸоղ̫ԣƽҲôĺڼȥôѲߣ
ϲ֪Īɹ˵¶ʱۣյҶնߵ
ϻ
Ҷշ˸۾͸ĪɹԴһƣһصģθڣҶҲǾ۾䣬ͳôĸֶҶĲһֱӿˡ
˽ͷӶڼȥҲ֪¶ˡҶյʵǳʲô£еģϢӦúͨɡ
ţѲ飬ѲߡĪɹ˶ϣҶնԪͨˣ
ʲôԪͨ
ҶյķӦǾȣҲʵ˭ϢᾪȣĪɹʵǾˣҲ˲ҶտʱýԼˣϽ˵ҶյϣֽҶյס
үүҺүүôĪɹС£˵ã֪ͺˣǧ죬ȻǸԼ鷳
ҶջعֻΪϢ̫ͻأԪͨȴǲ⣬Ǻ棺˵ģ
ĪɹԪͨڷǿֻ죬ҪڷǻĺЩҪԪͨɫԣԪǽ֮ʲô紵ݶעţǰЩҲ֪ʲôԵʣԪͨ뿪ԪҴլһֱסڳǽıԺҹԪͨԼıԺﱻһ̴˺ĻȫˣһڶûУԪҶˡ
Ҷյ֪˭ɱô
ĪɹȻ֪ˣֻ֪¸ңºڼѾĸŶˣ׼Ҳ׼ϵѲ߶࣬ȻδլҲǳ顣
Ҷ°˼û˼ֻǺ棬δԪͨ˵ֻδˣǣÿһ˶Ԫͨ˵ǰҲǴ꣬ο޾УԪͨʼջᷮǣҲһֺܺõ֤ˣһͻȻıɱˣһ˺顣
˼Ƭ̺Ҷջӻ֣Īɹʱɴ⣬һ̵ľܳ˾¥
ҶҪһ̻һƣҲֵÿϷЩڼڽεȴĿģʵһ־磬ֱʮҹӽҹ֡
ʲôʮҹӽҹԪͨϢǰҶһģһľȣȴûҶǰ֣Ǻܿ侲ѹģɿô
ɲɿҾͲ֪Ҷ˿Ż׶˵֮ڲ˶ֻ֪Ǵղҹ¶ǻˡ
ʮҹӽҹü˼룬Ҷߡ
뿪¥߹ֵҶղŷַǺңһңԼھ¥ǰ򵥡
һ·ǴȻʮ˳ǹӣֱ޼ɵڼȴ˿Ϊץˣ֮ЩҵףЩȨƵĶûзŹ
ʮҹӽҹҶպܵ͵нֵ֮䣬Ԫʮ֣Ǽݡ
ƽѣǸ˻ڣɫɲ԰ףȴѾûȻ֮ɫʮҹӽҹ˷ܵԪͨˣˣǸӲ֪ԪͨжТԪͨҲ֪Ķˣ齫Ϊֹ
ʮҹӽҹҶյϢǶԵģԪͨˡ
ʱ˲ſҶգ뵽ǰʧ̬˴֣ελǣ
һ¡ʮҹӽҹҶգỨ˰ɣԪ䣬ҲỨˣᣬԪͨûʲôϵǡýˣפطǣӪȻһЩʻɽ
ҶЦŸԪͷ漴鷳¶ԪͨЩϵ
ʮҹӽҹһѾǣԪͨˣôģǶʵǸϢΪǵ鷳ûˡ
Ҷ΢Цʮҹӽҹƺ˵飬ȻҲͲʡ
ԪȻ鷳ûˣԪͨҲ鷳ǻǷ֮أҿǲ뿪ɽȥ
ȥɣҶյʱǻȥһȦŶѾˣһȺĺڼפأӦûܳǡ
ԪüҵҲ˵ˣǿһԣڷǴôãٻЩ·Ҳܹҹȥ
ʮҹӽҹü˼ȻҶյأ
Ҷյҵν߲ߣֿҲԪͨˣǿ϶Ҫңָ׼ƾյѪùҲ˵׼ûʲô飬ȻҲǺõģֻҪ˷ǣ͸ûϵˡ
ʮҹӽҹǱ߰ɡ
ԪǾЪϢɣҳȥ̽̽϶ǳȥ뵽취뿪϶Ҳϡ



064 ҹɫ
ҹɫġ
Ԫͨ÷տĽϼӰֻʣֵɫ۳ǣ
ҶС뿪Ǽݡ
Ҫ˵Ԫ仹ЩŵģͨһڼĶȻܽŶ򿪣ǳУǣӦҹõͳȥȻԪҲδ˸˲СĴֻۣҪ棬˻Ըðյġ
߹ֵŶԽԽҶͻȻڵô㲻õԤС
ʮҹӽҹ˸۵Īѻ졣
ԪЦǻǺֵģҹҲɫ֮أէȻ徲ȻоֵֹģԣŻԤаɣĺˣġ
飡
Ԫո˵꣬ݶͻȻ׹һѱУԪüëڵϣţһӰˤ䣬Ӱ䵭ȴĲ١
Ҷյģ
ʮҹӽҹǸѻ죡
ԪɫѿԪҵĻѵǸɱԪͨѾҵˣΧ
Ҷյҿɲû򵥡
Ҷոո˵꣬ͻȻܼĽŲţǴ򶷵죬ĺͻأҲǼ죬գ۵Ĺ򣬱ӰӼܳȴʮڼһ·׷Χһˡ
ʮҹӽҹЦõĿҶյٿ˵˳ô
ǱڼΧ˿Ҷˣ̴ң
˲ȻûҶ˵飬һڼʱĿתˣӣ
ǲʶҶոϽţޱߣСһʱߣȻæţǾͲˣǣ
ߣΪ׵ĺڼߣһɸɱۣ
԰գڼ˳սȦͺžͳҶ˳Ҫ˾͵ɱ
ҶѾȥκǵˣ㻹Ҫ鷳ȻˡҶִڤǱɣ
ϣ
Ӱ֣ڤ
ڤӹҶյǰĽӰߣڿһӰڵһʬ壡
ն
Ҷ˳Ʊ任һڤڿлɲǼ䣬ɫĽӰš
̻貣̻į̻Į
˽Իڤ
ǲڼأΪĺڼף˿ȴɷͭ
һֱԹսֵĺڼĶ۾ΪĽ
ڼߡ۾һɸɱۣ
ɲǼ䣬ͻȻӿȵһɽһ㣬ôȻѹҶյϣʹҶյָ䲻һҪĽӲ˰ģ
Ӥ֮
Ҷݺݵغһ䣬ӯԶʤѰˣȴҲԽΪߵһײҶձ㱻׵ѹס
ȣ
ڼĶ˻һһ粽ֱ֮࣬䵽Ҷյĸǰ˶ȭͷ߾٣ҪҶյԴҸϡá
ȴҲʱ򡭡
һֻͻȻĺ˳
ϸ޳ѩʵһֻƯ֣ΪǱһֻŮ˵֡
ֻԼȭͷ·޻һ㣬ȫжĸɾҪȭͷȴֱֻƯһۣȫ޷
ΪѹˡʮҹӽҹЦΪ˵Ϊߵġ
䣬ʮҹӽҹڶԷؿڣ֮࣬ǺĺڼױͬľƬһ㣬ѿķ϶ֱӵɳȥصˤڵϡ
ҧأ漴󺰵סǡ
ʣµĺڼʵСҶˣ׷׳ǰΧ˶˲ˣٲȻҶ˵˴У
ԼҪģҶҧԽ
ҶսᵯڤŶУ漴һӰճһֱ߱ЩڼȥţҶձͻȻ˫һ
һ壡
Ҷһڤӳĵ⣬һߣȺڼ
⽣Ӱʵ㲻ʲôǷı£޷Ǿټ٣ױ֮ˣҶյһҲ̫ЩȻһĵڹ⣬²֪ĵӰô
ǺڼҲʵѵأϬһ㣬ɢڤȴҲ˲䣬ĵڹ䣬Ĵ̴ڼؿڡ
ôҶտʮҹӽҹһԴġ
ʮҹӽҹȴǶҶˣʲôһ壬͵͵ıܹڹı˳ȥôʮҹӽҹٵҲЩȣЩڼδֵҲˣվҶյߣȻҲûܹҶǺʱĵڹųȥģ֪ĵڹͳҶһ֣
ˣδЩڼµĺڼðŭȻսҡ
ʮҹӽҹ̾Ϣһᣬ˵ָͻȻڿһ㣬ȵӿ
˿ģǰǺڼĶҶģƾžΪĲ࣬ˣЩڼʱܵϷ·𱳸˳صļһ㣬ζȻһ͡
ҶҲ飬ڤ䣬Щڼνֱɲǣڤ㶸Ȼ£ǵľӹɾĶǵ꣬ûиٶȱɱĻᡣ
ȾС㣡Щڼ䣬ǰΧ̴ǣҾȾС㡣
ͷ棬ڣǰ˽ԪѮΪλԪʮĹܼӦԶôһ˿
ҶĶͷҸղž˵ֻйѣ㵱ʶǣòã
ԪѮСҪ
ʲô¶Ҷյǵίвڷ֮ͽô
ԪѮɱһӺڼ
Ҷյ˼Ҳþ㣬ղϳʱ͸תܿ԰ɡ
ԪѮǱýɱ˵ģҲý
Ҷңӵ˶ҪбɱԪֻͨ˵Ԫֽͨģ
ԪѮҶ֪СỨ뿪ɽỨˣɽýɱ̫ˣЩǶ˵ʹӡ
Ҷü㵽ʲô˼
ԪѮԪˣԪÿһ˶Ϊˣǲ⻥ǣǶ֪ôɱС㣬ΪҶ֪Сļ̳ˣСйصȻҲСߵɱȻãǿ˵СȲ̳мҵʹɱ֣ǡܲɱˣҪôҪĻ˭ɱ˵ˣܹߴ˭ɱˡ
Ҷвң
ԪѮ룬ȻҲб룬ԶһģҲ鷳Ҳû˻㣬˸ղ㻹Ҹˡ
ڼĶúڼסҶʱ͵͵˳ˣȥţѰԮ



065 Ѫ
һԸģҶնԪѮȴǽעѹϣҵֻ˵㣡
ҶƿԪѮ漴Žֵȥ
ԪѮı齩סûвҶյͷΪ˵ʵ飬ûиղŸڼսҲҶ˻⣬ǣҶ˲ս˻ڣôԪѮĲ²᲻棬û˽ԪͨҶյԴϴӶԪʮҶҲᱻԪʮˣԪͨЩȻȴԪͨƢѧʮ㣬ȻϽɱֻǣԪѮʵû뵽Ҷջ˵ĸɴ࣬˿ûأ
ȥĺš
ԪѮһЦ漴˿ڳ෴ķȥ

ҶǸִܹˣԼСԼүҲߡ
Ԫȴļ£΢ƺ˲þȵˣֻ鷳
ҶյֻҪ뿪鷳ʲô£Ҫıǳǣ
ԪͷҲ͵͵ѸٵŶȥǣȹչֿڣȴɵ۾
ǳ֮׺ȻѾһƬѪȾ֮ء
ҵɱͳǵǰڼذűзĿɱ
Ҷյô£
һڼԪʮˣʮҹӽҹңңһָԶ
Ҷպ޲øԼһƣؾûз֣Щڼ׷ԪѮķš
¸ĺڼҶտԪӦҲ˰ɣ
ԪҲǿɥЦţӣܽͳȥָ׼Ѿսˣͱڽ¡
Ҷü漴ϻֵԪʮˣǣǴҲҪȥ
Ҷ·ɲǣҲԪʮҹӽҹͷеڤ㶸Ȼƿգ
ɫĽӰӹɫҲֵޣ㽫ڼնɱԷδзԼģ˵Ļս֮£Χֻеˡ
˫һҶսڤͳȥʱȴҲǽԼۼƼ䣬һһףɫգɫ£Ҷسֱþȫ
𣡡
ͺţȦڸ±㶸Ȼգ
ɲǼ䣡
½ԣ
䣡
Ҷ鰴Ȧձ㶸Ȼͷų޾ԣĺɫĴһ䣬ǵصĽΧţȼͬʱըѣͬһ㣬͸ɭȺ죬ɫļźڼĽףѸţǶһһı
˿̣ڣ
䵽ȵ
ҲʱԪʮվڳԯ֮ϣǡøҶĿԡ
Ƭ̣ҶտƬĵ棬ڤ쳹漴ҶյƼ䣬ţŨҡ
ߵǰҶ˿ԪʮɫЩ԰ףȴԾ⣬ĮȻĺޱ飬侲¡
ּˣ鷳СҶƲƲýԼΪʲôֻǣ
Ҳǣƫƫ˲ҳǣҳȥȻҲȥԪʮŵسǶҵˣǣ
жĵطбѡҶղмЦЦ漴Ҫʲô
ԪʮɫȻɱ
Ҷ̧ͷǳǶ֮ϣһڼվǽͷƸڼֻȴδͷһͷɫͷڷң·ս֡
ԪʮŻ˽ģ㵱̫һֻҪˣԸ⵹ꡣ
ҶյͷԣֻųǶȥͬʱһۣǡøʮҹӽҹĿ
û˿ʮҹӽҹҶе˼֪ҶҪȥǽͷʲô
ۡ
ʮҹӽҹǺɫģȴޣһĨİ졣
Ѫɫ
ѪʮҹӽҹۣΣ֣һʺѪɫʮҹӽҹУ
ʮҹӽҹͳغţ֮ϸֳĹΣ
ӤǴģȴӤ֮壬ӵӤ󣬱ҲǴˣ飬ؼһµΪȻҲܸؼӦʹʹǷ켫

ʮҹӽҹ³һȻģѪɫ߾٣漴ն䣡
һѪɫâѪţǰ˳ȥͬҵ쫷ϯһ㣬ǰƿնУΧĺڼȫƵһߡ
Ҳʱ򡭡
ҶͻȻĶˣ
ǳǽܣͻȻģҶյڷɳĵڹ⣬һŵı㶤ǳǽ֮УҶһԾβǶǽİѱ֮ϣ㷭Ծǽͷ
ȭͷֻȭͷ
ҶԽǽ˲䣬һȭǰ
ԪмЦ
֪λʮСЩʲôȻûΪҲԼƣǱ㲻Բ
Ц䣬ԪδҶһۣںһȭ
飡
˫ȭײ
Ԫüһھ֮ɫɵ̧ͷҶգֻ۷СӣȻȣԼϲ·磿
Ȱ
ҲʱҶյı۰΢΢һ漴ٶȷԪʱһͣţԪԷȻԼҪԵĻ쵰ʲôΪɣ
Ԫ𲻿ƵţͬʱҶأ˫ǽһ㣬Ԫȥ
죬Ҫ죬죡
ҶպԼߣԼʱջ̫̣ΪʵߣҪԽеУֻȫɱңҪԷһֲڶԷδعǰ㽫ɱ
ǣҶյĵڶȭԪ˳ȥĲӺؿڣ
飡
ƵԪһ̧ͣͷҶȴһźɨӳƿ֮ͬһ㣬ݺݵĳԪ䡣
С̫ˣ
ȭһţԪ𱻴ĺǱ̧ͷҶվǺ޼϶ֳԼҲǱ׵Ĵŭ˻һӭҶյȭͷֻ̧һȭ
飡飡
˵ȭͷԺжԷؿڣ޴ĳ˸˺
ֻԪվΣؿڣҶȴǸؿһȭƣһԾһȭ
Ԫɴ۾Ҳ˲ؿʹϽһ壬ܿȭͷͬʱһѿסҶյֱֻۣҶȴ֣û˿ԥҶһȭԪϣǻӢӸҵ쳣Ť
̧֣ڶȭҲ£Ԫգš
ȭȭȭ
Ҷշ·׼Ԫһ㣬ȭһȭһȭ䣬ԪӶȥһֱʱԪƺڷӦ̧첲ڸǰҶյȭͷ
͸˫˫ķ϶ԪҶյɫȻڡ
СӣһŪ㣬пֶŪ
飡
Ԫĺݻδ䣬Ҷյӱ΢΢漴ԴصǰȥһͷײԪĶͷϣڼĶײķ£ðǵıǽ



066 
Ļ̫ˣҶյֻзϲ໰
Ԫ̧ͷݺݵضҶգȴɷһ˿£ԪԼţԼôо£ԼӤ֮ĸ֣ȻһһǣǰСأǸ۷ˣ˵ʵӦر
ҲΪԷǸӣֻзӲóش򷨣
ܹ鶼Ǻ·ӵģ
ԪŵʱҶȻͬķһ㣬ûиԪκδϢĻᣬǰ˳˿δƣ͸źԵԪȭͷ
Ԫ㣬Ҳ뵲ЩԥԼҶյƸŵȴʵ˰ģֱݺһȭҶľͬһҪķӣһȭһȭԪ
ˣ
Ԫ˻𣬸ϴʹȭͷ΢вҲԪ侲ҶյȭͷܺݣҲܰԵֻ˲Լ²Ƕ֣ԪҲǾþսܲԸԼȻһСܴ
ǣΪߣ
Ҫ
ԪгһĨѪ𣬺ЩɳƣҶտ񱩵ĺţţԪϵȻճһӰһͷĶֳһһĹճģԪ
廯Σ
ԪƺЩȲδΣţʹǻȭͷҶ䣬ҪҶոࡣ
ֻԪ˿δвҶȻĹһĨЦݡ
ҵȵıһˣ
ҶͻȻһԪؿڣһƣԪûб֪ԼһҲûãǰһǸӣǽϵȻȭƱͣЪԣ԰һƣȻҶսǻεһȭұ⡣
Ϊǿĸ
Ԫ˵ţ漴ͫȻŴ
ȻͻȻ߰׸ߣȴͻȻСȥѸٵı䵭
ΪԼڷʧҶһƻؿڵ˲䣬ٵʧ
ҶĿ㣬߶ɫ̨ǿſ̻ŵ֮ͼƵɲǼ⻪硣
ҶյΪӤ֮ĸ֣ҪѰķӶ̺Ǽѵ飬Ҳܹɹ޷ԷشԣҶҪһȴԪԼױȻһ
¡
ĻѿϸСѷ죬ͬһ飬Ĺ䡣
㡭Ԫɴ۾Ҷյʲô
Ҷգ
Ҷ΢Ц漴ƺɨ
ǲڤͻȻӰէ֣ӹԪľ䣬ǲĳһϸߣԪͫȻŴ漴Ȼ
ϧˣ
Ҷȭͷ̾һӤ֮Ȼһ㣬ԼҶտԸܵǹӴܹԪ𳹵ɣǶԼĺôɲһǰ㣬ҶҲԪعԼ϶޷ӶԷģңһɲǵʧҲԼܹɱԪΨһĻᡣ
ҶȻʲôȡᡣ
ڤӰԪ廹δ곹ɢ֮ǰԴȻ߸ߵվڱڶ֮ϣģǿԴǽͷȥĳùڼ䵽ϣս
ǱеĺڼͻȻţΧĺڼȻ󣬼žܹһ㣬ʹóǽµսװֱҶԪˣŸ˼ǿԴһһɢ
Ԫʮվڳԯ֮ϣصֻһ䣬ҿǣ
ЩڼȻĬǶҩÿ˵Ĺһ㡣
Ԫʮֻ̾뿪ˣ
ЩڼԵĶҡĬԣͬɫĵܣҲʱ򡭡
صĽŲֵ̤ԶţǽϳµĺڼͷĺȻԪѮɡ
С㣡ԪѮĺȵˣЩԺļǵ֪ĴȫԸ׷С㡣
ԪѮЩڼ̸Ÿߺ׷ױԼ̬ȡ
ǳǽµĺڼңǻ־һݣԪѮ˾ȱ²ˣǷܹסԪʮ
ֻ뿪ˣԪʮ￴ǽͷµĺڼЩȵظһǰĻ漴ֵߣ
ѥ̤淢صµĺڼÿ·ֱŶ򿪣վҲûѡ֣ۿԪʮ߳Ŷ
뿪ǣҶյ׼ȥĶ
Ԫʮɽֻ꣬ǿݺĹ
ҶյܺãɽˣҾ߹ɽʡĸһù
Ҷǻһ㶼ŶԹҲͰˣֵܳɱҲûʲôǣԼ˭˭ˣˣҶյҲû뿪һ׷ɽҲһ
ʮҹӽҹҶյľûʲô飬ԪЩų¸Ԫʮ鷳Ҳº׷ԥѾʲôʲô߾ˡ
һ·ɽߣԪʮĺԼһˣжԪѮľȱȺԪͨնǣԪʮЩ˵飬ԪͨŽǶǽһĻķլ䵱ԣȺڼԪҺܲùûжҲǳԪʮĶ飬ǣȺ棬Ԫʮ磬ҪϾɱôȻ΢һЩ
˲գۿžɽȻԶе׷ʼδֵͬʱҲԪʮüͷĸ³仰Ǻеġ
ԪѮοԪʮͬʱ͸¶ŨŨĲмǴ˿ѾذҶҪΪԪҵˣûйٹģС㣬ĪҪģһ죬ǻȥġ
ԪʮĬȻԼĻܻȥô

ɽԽԽҶҲ˿ֻܹ̤ɽǱǵĵ̣Ȼǰ
ԪͷɽڣǸĵһ·ȥɽȻٴӹɽƻǵö·ѰҲҵǵˡ
ҶյǶԷѹû׷ǣֱɽĵ͵ǵ
Ҷ䣬ǰƽĶͻȻͣ˶Сۣǲ֪ʲôֻ֪ǰ˶ֱͣ촫˵Ķ䣬ɽĵͻȻһߣŤ뵽һȻӰ
ʮҹӽҹЩݵĿҶյȻѻ졣



067 Ԫ
Ԫͨĺڼʵ٣ȴҲ̫࣬Լа˰ˣжʮͳˣ
Ԫʮ׷ȴδ֮࣬ԼĸһЩڼȻӵµˣԪʮﻹǴ˲ٺڼϾɱδûһƴ֮ǣӿֳĺڼĪȫѾˣ
ֻҪܹصɽ
ԪʮȻ߱ɽ֣ǰıɽʮ֮࣬ȴ޷Խ
Ƭ̺ɽڵ˶µɫģΪɫļƬϵɫģΪɫС
ɫͷ޷ڵһͷɫĳͷ֮µҲΪ㣬ϧȴһˣȴҲ˸ΪȣȻܹ㣿ȴһ֡
ԪҶɣԣԵİԣ
ԪʮĿͷβſڵ磡
ţԪԴӦһ漴һȥɡ
ԪʮҵĻشǲأ
ˣˡԪԵĮɱġ
Ԫ䣬ΧͻȻ·һεķ磬ɳͻȻɾеǣȫ۵ԪԵͷͬһƲһ㣬ԽԽֱ֮ء
黪ڸǣԪʮﵹһͻӤ֮ˣ
ţܾǰͻˡԪɵشӦһ֪׺ϲ㣬Ϊһ¥壬̳мҵܽ״ŴȥǣϺͿˣ㲻ʲôΪʵҪģЩ꣬׵彥ҵúܣҶС˼ҶУȴδ˵䣬ҲδʲôҾʵûбҪ
ȷûбҪ㶼ԽӤ֮ˣ˭Ķ֣ԪʮЦһ׶֪ɣ
ԪҡҡͷĬϣ漴ֻ֣ܳҲҲֻ֣ܳûɱ˭ֻǣ˲ʣȴֻɱˣǸ׽̸ǵģ̫飬ţҲ֪㲻һȥɣúõʮС㣬ˣԪҲᵹǻԪҵģһڵġ
ԪʮͷһǲԸأ
ԪԵ벻ͨʲôԸġ
ҲҲȥԪʮȻǸң˸֮⣬ϲôûаɣʵ벻ȥɡ
ԪԳĬƬ̵Ҿֻɱ㣬Ҳϲ⣬ҲǸ׽̵ġ
߰ɡԪʮﴹףƬ̺󣬳̾ԸҶȥıȥԸطǵģʹɢ˰ɣţӦòΪǵġ
ԪѮС㡭
ԪʮֹԪѮѮ壬˵ˡ
ԪѮԥһ£漴ᶨһֱˣ˽ɵСߣѾ˵־ҲȥģСҪ£ôҲֻˡ
Ҳ׷С㣡
ԣûС㣬ѾˣôЩ꣬ˣ
Сģձ㻹С㡣
ƴˣǣ

ͻȻģԪʮĺڼȺڼͻȻı㶯ԪʮֹǵĻᣬ㳯ǰӿԪԵķ˹ȥ
ͻȻеŮˣȻֻŮҶЦƲƲ죬¶һڰҲɱɡ
Ԫ侪㵵ˣΪԪʮȥ
ҶյͶԻطǣأܲҲȥǰɣοǶѾˣԪԻ᲻Ͼɱͺ˵ˣҲҲ˲̫Ը⽫ԼСڱ˵ȥԪԻ᲻ŹǣҸԸһԼܲɱȥˣ
ҶղǿԪ䣬ӲԼڱ˵УҲϲձ˵ˡ
ÿ˶Լѡ񣬼ȻѡˣôԼ
ǰڼ嵽ԪԸǰʱԪĺڼҲˣͬһ㣬ڶ
ҶͻȻǸҹ̫һĨӰ
ҲɽעһȾѪ֮أ
գҶճ
ˣ
ڤŶ񷣬漴Ȼ£ɫĽӰЩӿĺڼն䡣
ʮҹӽҹ̾ϢһãԼʵҶմľˣʵӰԸ׵ķʽ˾֣ڣʮҹӽҹȴԼδ룬ȻһһѪɫ
Ĩɫ˲佻һ
һսһʵս
ɱΨбײڿм
˾ٵ˴ǹŭȥ˫Ψų
ߺѹѹĺڼɲǼײһ
廷ն䣬һԲԴȥխĽ̴ؿڣ˵Ӹᴩ
ⳡսܼңȴֲôң
Щ׷Ԫʮĺڼ磬ǣҲֻһ˲ˣߵʵڹ⣬ҵĽսҲֻڳʱһ˲ţǰڼ㱻׵ûͬеһҶۣƮҡֻܹӲдţ·ʱ᳹׵ݡ
ⲻһƽս
ԪԾĬĿԪʮ꣬Ƭ̺󣬴ǰ
ͬһʵǽΧƿ˸Ӳֻһ³Ǳǻɢ
ԪʮҲĬĿǰһУԪԼûƥ׵ȻҲûԪԣֱƥԼĸǰĿԣȴԡ
úԪԵҲ㣬вٷ㲻Уϲ㲢ûеǣԼøãֻǸײһˣʮԺ󣬷ǷǣԪԪңʱ򣬸׼֪һУӦûǻοġ
ҶġԪʮЦڴһ졣
ԪԵĿԴ
ԪԾƣû˿ĻΣƼ۳ģԪʮͷ䡣
ȴҲʱ򡭡
䶸
¡һͻȻĴӵص״ǴƺɲǼ˲ţ޴ӵصӿ˳ͻأҺ٣ӭ趯
֮Ԫɫ΢䣬µӲһŤһ漴üĵ֮ôԣǵ֮۳ģ
Ԫ¶˼ı飬漴µһԼ˿δԥֱ̧һȭ漴ɻıǸоȻԣɲǼ䣬㳹׷飬ҲһЩѵĲٰɣ
Ҳɻ˲䣬ͻȻģԪͻȻĸоֱһͷȥһӰĸǰӹ֣
֮¾ȻһһɫĽ
ʶĶһ£ǵӰҪֱն䣡
ţԪ̧ͷ
Ԫʮĳԯϣ֪ʱ˸ˣģ̸ϳҲ̸ϿֻǣǹǵЦʵаĺܡ
ܱǸҶտԪԵˣΪҸôˣ



068 Хɽ
ҶձţСϪľɽ֮䡣
ͻȻģڼһĹľԾ˰֮漴ͬʱ֣
ҶճڤӰ磡
ӹĽӰڼԵĺأʵСǰΪˣΪ֪ǰһһȿֺĽڼԼСõĽۡ
һڼӭڤȴҪײ֮ʣͻȻĲӿǵӰ
ͬʱ
ѽ
ڶڼ˻ţͻȻһԾҶɱ
ǽӰʼֻһڼȴȴǺܼ򵥵ĵ
ҶտԼĺڼ˭ǣȴֻһģ
԰գҶһӣ۶ɵĽƬǹƿնڹէֱֱ֣ľͳڼ˳ȥһжԷؿڡ
ڼ죬ȴܴأڹػǲڤֻ࣬ҲɲǣҶհ۵ͻȻ任ǵȻ׷ȥڤӰ͵ջתǱɳȥĺڼأڤӰӱĴ̹ƿڼףԷ͸
ڼĿھѣ˭Լһնɱʲôɫġ
ֶǱƽǺڼŭûǽǷһ
Ǻڼδ꣬ڤն쳹㳯ŶԷȥڼʱһϽԼУȴֻһڤ㽫ǻδεи÷飬˳ƶ˶ԷĺȭͷĴ󶴡
׳գҶտδɢؼʬнãǵɵģ
ȼҶձɽ֡
ΪʲôҪң
ԪʮһֱҶոϣսʱҶҲδ䣬ԪʮҲһֱδڣֱš
ҶȴǲֻСĵķľͬʱԼܣ֪ʱײɽĺڼ
ԪʮȴҲգһ·ߣȥɽ
Ҷûпڣ͸Ӱ۲ܡ
Ԫʮ̾һ粻ŹҵģߣЩڼֻɽѰǣȻûٹͬܽ뿪˵ʵû㾹ȻˣԸΪԼ
Ҷڿڵ̫ˣҾǿ˳ۣѪһأԼ޴˵Լܻţңúܺãһε˶ԣ㲻бȻŸҪˡ
Ԫʮ΢ЦȻҶյ˵ǣֻǿ˿ʵֻһ£ߴˡ
ţҶջͷɻؿԪʮߴ·ˣ
Ԫʮɽ
ҶȻڿЦ
ԪʮɽǹɽֵķǱߣȴˣǸɽ෴ķǴӷǶ飬ߣӦֵķȴɽֵķ򵱳˱ߣ˿̣Ѿɽǰ¾̷ˡ
ҡҶպƿһ䣬ȴ־ʧȣεΪβ˵
û˵ԼȥɽҲû˵ԼͬڼԪʮʵҲ̫ģͬǱ㲻Ṽĺ˼ȻɽķС
Ҷյ˵ҾѪһأûйϵҪ£ҾͰ㶪ˡ
ԪʮЦǰ˴˿ʵЩɰֲʲô˵飬ο಻ϣѵǱ˵˼ô
Ц֮ԪʮĬΪҶյ鷳ˡ
ÿּ٣Ҷտһɽɽ߰ĺڼ
Ҷտ˺ڼЩڼȻҲҶա
ԪʮſҶյıϣǸվǰͷĽԪƣһұ֪֣ƫƫȴ֪
ԪʮĵλȻҪ֪һСС֣ǣƫƫ֪˼Ȼˡ
ҶճĬƬ̣漴ɽŢĵ棬ǰߡ
ɢɣԪƻøԼĺڼ˿ǲĶ֣㲻ҪˣҲǣǾܰɡ
ҶɽѾת죬ײϹڼĴԼǲˣҶɽзɱЩײҶյĺڼȴǱڤ¡
ԪƺǰļһǸڼٶ֮ǣԽһΪǰƿԣôԼֵأ

³
Ԫ̯˫ƣԪϵǣĻһԪƵı󣬳һֻ۾۶ɣرţ˸оѹ֣
廯Σ
ԪʮԪƵѰ֣ǽۣĪʲôرȴǴδ
ҶյͷԪʮ˳ɽǰ
ԪܹӦȻӤ֮ɣƾ˱Ҷձء
δӤֹֻ֮ȴǱҶոߵģԪȴǳ䲻Žնɱġ
ԪȴԵСĽҶɽеı֣ҲɲԪƵ
ԽӤ֮Ĵ֣ⲻҪҵô
Ҷճ̾ţԪʮȴޱȵĹ죬Ҷ˵ٲȻʵȴʵûپ⣬ڵ٩һ㣬ԪʮﲻɵţⱳԼ˵׶ʲô£
ҶջʱеĽȴѾʧˣ
ڤ죬Щֲ
ڿһĽӰ漴ʧ١
Ԫ΢۾ɫ䣬ȴЩȻÿĽ
컹
ͻȻģԪƵͷȥڤͷƤ˳ȥһһŴ˸漴ڿд˸Ԫƶȴڴе˲䣬Ԫ΢΢࿪壬ܿһĽӰ
Ҷս任ڤ׷Ԫƶȥһһһ׷һӣȹŢĵ棬м
ڤʵܿ죬Ԫȴʵ㲻ÿ죬ƫƫǵĽӰʼն޷Ԫư֣
Ҷյüͷ
Ӥ꾳
úҶ³ΪԪαܿڤģ
ԪƸǵӰ֣ԪҲʵ㲻õĿ졣
ǣԪӤܹ֮Ӧڤӿնʱ򣬱ƿ޴ڵԪֻҪ֪ıߵɢܹ֪ڤδˣȻ֪ڤǴӺδģԪ㲻ȥǸɵӣ
ԪɵôȻǣ
ԣܱܿڤ
ॣ
һ죡
ԪƵǵɫĽӰȴʲôУһöָһöָ
öֵָܹڤķȻҲһѵõıǣҪǼöָǼҲֻһöָˣһöûаĴָİָڤԪǺεȵţ
ɱ˲ٺڼлҵĲ£ԪƿҶյսˣҲΪ˭𣬵ǣֻͣΪǸеĲֵ



069 
ҶĬȻһܱˣͨ޷ĳá
ҶȻ֪ԪڼԼԪԼȻҲ֪ԣ֮ûٿڣ˵һȻûã˵ҲûЧˣԪ˲ͽԼͷųȥ
纣
ԪҪҶյĽڣԹˣǱȷǺܿ죬ܰԵԼȻӤܹ֮ӦǱķԪԼҲ޷Ǳ׷ĽȻ㲻Щ֮ĺڼȻҲǶ㲻ģҲѹҶܹɱ˶ĺڼ
ǣһнΪֹ
ԸΪԼˣΪȻõİ취
ȵ˲Ҷա
Ҷոܵѹضѹ֣岻ıٻ
Ԫȴ۾ٶҶջЩԽΪǰԼѹ֮£ȻܶѾһΪˣ
ǣ̶ֳҪˣ
Ԫһ䣬漴Ȼ˳ҶնҪҶվ͵ɱ
ȴҲ˲䡭
飡
ҶͻȻ̧ͷһȭԪƺ˿ٻһȭӡԪƵؿڣǻδصԪƱ㱻һȭɣص䵽ϡ
ôܣ
ԪƷ𣬵ǲԼƣһĲ˼飬ԽΪԼȻѹסԷôܣ
Ҷȴ΢ɬЦΪĲֲڷǾԪѮ֮ʱԼ㱻һڼѹƣ
ǣһд˿̶ҶȴȫȻãԭֻԼ֪Ϊɱ˺ܶˣɱɽ֮䣬ԼǲɱɽĺڼȻҲûٴ߶õ֮ӶԷҶոоԼ궼챬һ㣬ڲ뵥ƾҶѹסܻף
һڤɫĽӰԪƶȥ
ͬʱ

˻һҶҲβڤǰ˳һһתɱ
Ԫƺ侲ϸϸӦҶյȭͷȴֱӵˡ
ҶյȭͷȻҲΪԵȴͬΪԪƵ˺̫󣬼తȭҲνǣǱڤȴʵһɱɲԪƲСľ裡
ұߣ
Ԫ΢е۾Ȼ͵ĲҿȥȻһӰӰ֣
Ԫ̲ȥȴҲʱ򡭡
ҶյȭͷȻɱ
ȭͷûֱԪƵϣǵԪƸǰ˲䣬Ҷձ߶ǿͼƵӣţǲҶȭ㶸ȻըһŨ

˵ıܵʳУҶȴʹãⱾ¾ͦ⣬ʱȴûʲôá
ǣ˿ȴԪƵı鶸Ȼһ
֪ڤĶˣ
ƮܣȥڤĽӰҲ⣬ԪΨһֵܹڤ֮㱻ʹƣ
ۣ
ͻȻģӰ֮£ɫĽӰֱ֣ӴԪƵıԪƷӦһԪƵļΣ
ϮʹԪ죬ͷһڤԪƱϵȴͼһƬ״֮ȥֻҶĻĻᣬҧŲţβԪ˳ȥн任ڤҲǽ׷ᣬԪȥ
Щɱ˵ĺڼǾֵֵҵǲ̫ҶչǿԪƵӦûϺֵˣӤ֮ȴ򲻹һ۷Сӣ佫֪󣬶ҪԾɱ˸ɴ࣬԰ɡ
ҶȴۻۣԪƸղŵļ˻ȥԪҲ֪Ҷڹ⼤ԼȴǱԷļŪؿһơ
ֻǽãԪҧûǽ˿̾Ǹˣ
Ҷղ䲻ȵĶȥϧд˽ֻǸˣ
䣬Ҷշֱǽһڤ£ͻأԪƻǸоˣڤӿյ˲䣬ΧᱻնȻ΢ԪƻǸоֻǣһ˲䡭
һԪǰըڤҲԪƵߣ
ۣ
Ԫֻһÿ֪ڤֻԼɵҧҧаСӵ״ѧϡŹֵͨ
һ̣Ҷձ㻻ٴڤڿжһɫĽԪƶȥ
Ԫ֪ȥ޷ӦڤҶյʵǼŰ飬°Ԫǰֻ·ߣҪôƴܴеҶգڤȻãҪôֻܳˣ
˼תȴҲֻɲǵĹԪƱö⡣
һԪǰĳһƣȵ糱ǰԼҶһ裬ԪƱһΣ
ۣԪ³ۣ
磬
ҶƮ䣡
ɳ죬
ԪߵԵЩңµͬһ޴УΧһУȴͬҵķ籩Χһƿ
ҶüһšԪƴ˿̱ǰܹ⣬ʹҶնٸоһѹЩϢļ١
Ҳһ˲䡭
ԪƱֻ۳۾ţһһľô˿
Ŀͫ
ֻ۾˵죬ҶսֻһۣͷĿĸоϽڤ߻ͬʱֻ۾֮ͫУͻȻıŷڵĹâܸͬһĻΧһжڰ֮Уֲָ
ҶȻһߴʹڤܻƣһаûīĵǹꪣʱ׼ڹ
ܵһз·ž
Ƭ̺ҶնپЩɻ󣬴˿˫Ŀ޷ǣеĹȴδѲԪƲƬĻ͵Ϯ
ҶղţȴҲʱһ˿âҶյǰ·سĵһƿƬ֮ɫֱ綼
漴ҶȻ
ԼΧյģԪƲˣЩԪͬĺڼҲˡ
ô£ҶǼһѵˣ
ҲɡϵԪʮҡͷҲֻԪƵְˣ岢δж˽⡣
Ҷ΢㸸׵ĺڼҲǶս˵ʿƺҲЩʶʱļһô
ԪʮĬȻ⻰ɲ֪δǻڣҶ˵⻰Ҳδʲô⣬ֻ˳һ˵԰֮󣬱㱳Ԫʮ˳ɽɽ¶ȥɽ׽Բ˵ãǣЩڼΧȦյԽԽСǼٴȥᱻЩڼѾ죬ʮҹӽҹԪҲûصỨӪˣ㻹δҲܽ밲ȫ֮ˣҶȻÿԼܳȥɲС



070 ׾Թ϶
Ҷղɽǰ˳ɽ¿񱼡
ֻҪһֱŵʹߣȻܹߵɽţǺǳԵĵǣҶԽǰܣȴԽǾò
Ϊʲôĸо
Ҷղֹһ䣬ѲԪȼ֮ɽŲʵ̫ܣԼɽﶵȦԪô֪ԼʱɽңԪô֪ԼӺδɽ߰˰ٺڼȻ٣Ҫ뽫ɽȦǼֱͬ׺һڰСԼ˶ѣ
Ҷմ˿˼תԽǽӽɽףĪĲԽǿҡ
Ҳʱ򡭡
ҶյǰһƬȻʡ
ɽֽǵ˽ͷľÿ٣š
Ҷյı鶸Ȼס
ǰķ羰Ӹ£ȴһСɽǷƮԴ֮ɫ֣صһ˿̣ͬһд䴩ţʵʤգ
ɽȻɽ
Ԫʮ̷塣
ҶյʲôЦ·գҲɽܣȴܵɽɣ
ԪʮͻȻָָ㿴
ɽ֮ϣɫĺ֣ȴǺڼȻ۹ŷ嶥Ŀһɨ߰ʮˣ
ۡԪʮԪƵ֮ǻˡ
ǻ쵰Ҷյô޳ܵ壿
ԪʮĵڤҲΪ޳ܣȻôĺڼնɱ
ܲˡ̾ϢһԪʮͶɣֻˣȥ飬ӦûŹġ
ҶЦôҿɱٵˣҲΪĶˣƾ㼸仰һЦ𡣡
ԪʮĬ漴Ƿ嶥Ȼ·ˣֿҲ·һ
·Ҳ·Ҷյܽ·ߵͷǱǻ·
Ҷһ˵ţһ߽ԪʮԼıϷ䣬վڷ嶥ң·漴ڤڽűߡ
Щڼĺܿ죬˳ɽֱͣңЩڼҲԽԽ࣬ԪҲ֪˺ַĺڼѶɽεɽĺڼ̷ֱĺӰ嶥ʯҶңң
ԪƿŰҶգ΢Ц㻹Ҫսƾʲôս
Ҷհγڤڵϻֻˣ
̷ǶͣɽһƬʯƺҪʯƺȴֻһʯɰ룬һܹ߹Ȼӵ
ԪɫߵѵԼܹνǶɱⲻɣ
˭֪أҶֵ̯̯ɱǺõġ
ԪֺɱҵҪ˭ɱ˭
ڼ̵ȶͺŲȹʯǰ֮಻ɲǣڼɱҶյĸǰ
ˣ
Ҳڴ˿̣

ڤ΢ţĽܵ·ǽһ㣬ǲԾɢһЩ
š
Ӱ䣡
ڤȻ⣬ʯϵĺڼ£ॵһлкڼףһƬĻ𻨣Ǻڼ׾ǱӲնѣڼ۴㱻ڤһն䡣

ڼұˣ漴һģʯϹȴҲΪԼͬӮЩʱ䣬ʣµڼڤնɱ֮ʣĲɽϣҶճȥ
ʮף
ʮף
ף
ڼԽʯȴҲһɲǡ
ҶͻȻľƣĵڹƾշɳǹꪵݺݻڼؿڣ˸һɣ漴ڤӰ໹ڿжƯĽһڼҲֻһնڼ꣡
һڤؽűߣҶտЩЦȴǲѧԣѾˣ챻նɱĺڼжˣ
Ҷ⻰Ȼ˲ȼ˺ڼŭЩڼԽ⻰ΪƣƣϺݺ˦һǰ㡣
Ԫȴ侲ˣȻҲѱŭ֣ԪƱЯŭҪʯĺڼ
ȻҶڷ嶥ǣԪƳԼǴˣҶֵ֮ĺڼɲֻѣѪܵʵǣܹɱҶգҲصĴۡ
һ꣬ҲǺùôԪҧҧ漴ֵԪ̣Ԫٶܶǰ
Ǻڼ֮վˣĿ࣬ŵĺڼ޶ȴС֮ϣǶһа˸ߵĺܣ
ĺڼӦһʯУ
Ҷۿţ漴˹ָڤ
û˿ĻΣ
ֻһˣ
򵥵һ
ڤӰĺڼ߾ܣॵһڤܣһƬĻ𻨣֮նһӡۣȴҲڤһķɣ
ҶüһԪЦ֪ǱôѰ㣿
ڼУĺֻ飬ҲֻӵУɼܵĲ֮
ҶȴǲǱֻڤڿзţ·ȥ
ॣ
Ľ죬ڤնܣһСڣȴûܹƿܣˣĺڼҲһüΪϡģ̵񣬾ȻѿһСڣǱڤĲ֪֮⣬ҲΪҶı£ǵڶնλãȴǸһһģһˣҲ޷նһСڣ
뵽˴˵ĲӲɱ֣ͺһٶܻǰɽ档
ҶĬȻֻǹִĴ߶ڤն䣬˵δнǣǾǼٻǣ嶥ֻһɽ֮ڤҲ̣ҶղִľٽնΣ
Ƭ̺Ҷ̾ϢһڼȻ嵽Լĸǰ
ѽ
һһڼٶܳҶյͷ䣡
Ҷָ΢СӹڹײǶ֮ϣ˵޷ܣȴҲƫ磬ԼļڵϣȴҲʱ򡭡
飡
ҶոһۣоԼҪһ㣬ȴǵڶڼɨԼС
ҶֻԼ·˲䱻ɢһģ漴ϣϯľŲģȴڱķɵ˲䣬Ҷҧס棬ӲɲסŲ
ˣˣ
Ҷսҧֱ죬ʯԼΨһϣ޷סЩڼȫϷʯƺԼı޵ֿ֮
ȣ
Ҷյͺţȭͷһ֮ϣţǾ޴ĳ˶оֱΪײ۵Եĸ̶ڼɵüͷ
Ҷȴҧǿţ˳ŵһ˻סɽʯͬʱΪʧȥʹڵϵڤ
һ̣ҶյͻȻӹĻ棡
ڤлŵÿһֱ仯ҶһѸٷţڰ׾Թ϶һҳ
ԭˣ׾Թ϶Ȼõģ
Ҷյ۾ȻͻȻģâնգ



071 һ
ܹ֪жԶôû֪
ܹ֪жôû֪
ԣҲû֪һж죡
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һƺδı䣬ֻǣĴ꣡
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ҶɨԺӵ˨᲻ʲôֲԣû취ǣߣǽݿ
ҶԪʮƿȥԺӼСݣʱצҪץסˣֻȻֱʹʼ޷ˡ
ԪʮĿǺܾ£Ҷյηҡҡָб¾ͽѣȻٳҴСУӣҲ֪ˣǿǻһֱȥա
ԣ
Ҷոֻ˵꣬ͻȻһ죬˨סȻĪѿһӡ
˻
˶ʱ뵹һ
Ԫʮѻ죡
ɺϣֻżȻҶյңֻһӣûϡ
Ҷջδ䣬㷢קǸ֨֨ţѿһӵĻڱ㱻ֱ
Ԫʮأ
Ҷ̿ˮһ

ҶյǾ䡰δڣһѿĻ۱㵱һ׵ıϣ
ûҾ˵˵ģҶһ䣬漴Ԫʮܣ
ȱҪԺȥȴһԾĴͷԾ˹ȥһ䵽˸ǰŴֱֵҶ
ҶĨ˰öĿˮ
飡
̧֣ǹצһɨҶյؿڣҶոɿɳȥصľСԺǽڣѿһƬѺۡ
Ԫʮоֱ̧Ҫȴʼ޷оת壬Ǽ㳯ԪʮһԪʮʱ˳һٶǰԪʮظأԪʮȻԼȻƵǽǣȴǸ߸ߵ̧צ׼Ԫʮ䣡
ιҲʱҶյ۸Ů˰
ɨǶѻʯмҶձӵȴǶһһò˵Ľ
˽Իڤ



075 
ȻȻҲܳʹҶյ󣬱عͷȥ
Ҳһɲǡ
Ҷճ
ûܹһķ飬Ϊûܹһ
һ֮ʱ·һ˲䣡
ţ

쳤Хʹı˻ϵִŵ棬ұշ𣬵ڵϣԪʮȻ£Ҳܻ飬ƿܵҶյı
Ƭ̺İ˻Сƺڴʹл˹
Ԫʮʱ㵹ǳְ
ҶȻյԪʮСݽߣֻܳһǿǿ
ԪʮȻô죿
Ҷյ£ҹġ
̧ͷұ۵˿ҶշŭƱҪҶճȴҲʱҶ΢΢ڤǰ㣬ͷˮһ㣬˲侲˻ʣҵǻ
Ҷմ˿̵κ˶һĿȻϧڴУĶҰޣѿȴϻۣԸűܸоͻһȥ˿ֲȻԸҶǿֲġ
꣬ǣ
ǻƬֳ̣Ҷտ£Ҷ΢΢ὣҪƣʱˣԭشȦ
˵ģÿƬ᳢̣ԽӽҶգȴֱҶڤˣֻÿαҶվ˺ҲԵԽӱǣٱǱߵıԵ
ԪʮЦҲǰ취ܻͲסʱ򡣡
Ǹô죿ڵʵ룬Ҳ䣬ѲҵȥȭͷⲫҶҪԺ뿪ܽŵò׷ǣǾ뿪ˣٻɵһ
ԪʮһߣǼˣǸô죿
Ҷյôһ
Ԫʮ̾ڶҶ˵ĹȻûӵаļһﶼǷӣԼҶģȻҲں˵
Ҷճ˼һ£漴ҵǻвİ취ñ۾ҲƲ
Ԫʮͷá
ҶյͲ濼һ£һƭģһҰ㶪ȥιһ㶪Լƣ
ԪʮЦ㲻˵ôôһ
ҶյҲڶ
Ԫʮ΢ɬֻˡ
ҶյǾͽ۾ϰɣվ䣬δڣƲҪ۾
Ԫʮͷ˺漴۾
ҶսڤϣȻдӵ֮ӶֻҶľˣҲһЩ飬Ҳ֮ĸǽɣֻǲ˷ܣ¶ԣҪǾƲ˷Լܹû֮ȻҪ֮֡
ԪʮҶǰ㣬ҶͬҲԪʮƲ۾Ը⶯
ɣҶտսɣ

һ㳯ҶճҶգȻ塣
Ҳɲǡ
¡
ǵѿҶմ߶ǿ̻ŵ֮ͼƵ΢΢תţҶһ˿㻯֮ӵص׷ӿҶյĸǰһʵǽ
飡
ײǽϣ΢СԺƺζһ£漴ǽ̮
ǽֻײ˲ѸٵĲȥͬһһ׳ľߣս
ʱܵԼѸٵţҶԸоԼɺԵֳӯ
˵ΪãⱾǵ֮Ϊֲĵط
ܵ־壬Ҳܵ޴в

ϵļ˲ӲĽЩϣֻ̧ʣһĸ첲һǹצҶ䡣
Ҷ̧ͷս⣬ԵͷĹצҲǲֱܲһȭ
飡
ȭצײľҶģȴҲͬʱҶնȻ߶еĵһӣͼҫŵâҶյȭŷȵĳɫĻ棬˳ֱȥ
ʱҽһǵЩֻлǵЧֻһоޱȵʹٸҶնȭ˺󣬶϶Щ֮ٶȷĹϣ
վ˵ȭͷȻʹȴҪ֮ḧȴŮ˵ǣȻᣬȴʵҪС
ԣ
ҶȻĻᣬסɲǣǰ
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ҶҪģǾʱ䣡
䣡
Ҷ̧־ȭ䣬ųɫĵؿڣڵĹʱݽȥһȭӡţʹһ߳ŵ֮Ӷᣬһ߳ŵգȻӱ겻
ͻȻģ̧߳ͷ㳯Ҷҧ䡣
ʵҶһȫעĶڷ뵽ͷı£ʱһҧסֱӹᴩţе䣬ڵһȴҲҶչתҪСԺӶݡ
ߣҶҧʹ
ˣ
ǲڤ쳹ţһҶյС
֣Ҷյʱ֣
ⰺȻսⲪ
żзӹһ˿ɳŵ
ͻȻģҶͷߣֱߵԪʮĸǰ
飡
ȻأӿĺţӿȥҲԽԽ
վܹ׾Թ϶һ
ˣҶЦŰԪʮｫ޽ǵķ˿۾ˡ
ԪʮۣüͷҶյļˣ
Ǻ¡ҶνĽϵγֶϵһܲˣֻ˵ˣԣӦøЩŶԣһˡ
ԪʮʧЦǣǿҲֻܴҶյ漴ӵϼܸˣҲýҶɣ
Ҷһ⣿
ԪʮһʣܸģеָıһԣһֻһԸ˭Ҳ޷а䣬Ҳʧԣѵã;ҲĶ࣬ҩֱʹҲ޲ɡ
ǻǲĶҶһ£漴ݸԪʮһһһҲһȥ档



076 ȸں
ԪʮӹǸʱԳһ˿ɬոĨΣ漴ЩŭеһŮӶǸݵģ
Ҷյûע⵽Ԫʮ쳣ԺӸȤһЩὫ˨㲻ΪţСԺҲҪ
ߵҶձ㲻ʧЦԺӿûʲôرģ˼ľͷģƬȴŪĺǼ̣ΪžȻʯţֻôƬܴݶȥ
ǣҶֵʱ򣬱֪壬ʯſٽ޷ƿģԣ뵽жȻϷߣɵǽڵʱǽϱ㸡һ㵭İɫΣҶյƸƿƾҶô
Ԫʮǰ˿ǽƣ㻹Ǳ׷ˣ޵ڣܹ½ƵȻֻгһλµĽƣҲǹ񣬲Ȼ޷ƿġ
Ҷȭͷұš
ȭ䣬Ҷպԥıһȭʯţȭͷײʯŵ˲䣬Ȼ飬Ҷյȭͷҵʯϣ漴۵죬վԭزϵ˦֡
ǱԪʮ죬ǿסЦ⣬ԵЩɰ漴ʯŵֻûв½ƣԶ׼ſ϶ȾƸΪ̣ûдӦǶʯ޷ײοȭͷ
ҶֱǾǿ϶ȥˣ
ҪԿװɣԪʮָʯһ鰼۵㿴ⰼȦƽǵģڻ͹ͼƣӦҪСһƷŽȥܽŴ򿪡
⻹Ǹû˵һŪסҶͻȻǰ۵ôЩ죿
Ҷһ˵ţһ߾ʹӻӹȪŪİƣǰһţȻܷŽ֮У߽˿Ϸ죬ƵİݵطܹǶ밼͹֮
㻹УԪʮҲССһ£漴ôֻа飿Ӧǿŵİɣʣµİأ
ҶҡͷŪģֻа졭
Ҷջδ䣬ԪʮͻȻСģ
飡
ԪʮľУҶձñһۣһСԺ֮ѸٷݺݵײҶյı󣬱㽫䵽ʯ֮ϡ
һʵݣҶȫȻûзһҶձоԼѿһ㣬ȻشҪǰٵ˿ҶֻΪ֪
ѵķǽҶձɫѿ̣
Ժǰ̣
̴˿ȻûҶճʱķ棬෴ģЩݣһϮлɫͷҲģǾδĿ˫ĿѪ˿
СӣȴҵȵĺÿడҧгݵĿҶյڣ򲻷ˣȻðڤƣҵģұһֱطˣ㵹湻ӲŪ㡣
ҶҧŭĹ
̺ٺٵЦר͹κζӲֻԶãǹ꣬׾Ūϣϧ㣬ȴû뵽Ǳӹһ١
ǵЦţȴԽ˵ԽԽ˵Խŭ˿ڶҶյĺ⣬ҧг
˵ɣô̶ݺݵصҶյȻѾڤƸóˣ޼ֵձڣ
ҶյһǰԸô
ܣ̱ƽҶյСĻпǲٵģȴǲۡ
ҶյܵôɣղԼҵģ
ЦҾһƽĵĻɢͦãȸɴ࣬Ҳûʹ࣬ҲҴˡ
ҾϲʹģбĥҰҶտŰ̱ƽͻȻһָԪʮ㿴ˣ֪˭ôԪͨŮ㻹ҷɣ
⻰ڽ˵һ٣ԪͨΪ壬һֱڳȻ֪Ԫͨ飬汻ҶոסȴҲֻһ漴Ŀֱ
С㻹ҺŪңԪͨŮôһ𣿡ǣһԪͨŮô죬ҲطҲ֪˭֪ɱģοΪԪͨסң֪ʲôط⣡϶һ⣬ֻд˴нƣһųıͨص䣬ҼʮǰѰ˳ʮһֱ뾡취ǵʯţҪɹˣֻҪܵõЩͨؼԪͨǰʲôɱɱ
Ҷ̾ԪʮһģǷˡ
ԪʮЦڻҿҲ÷ˡ
ҶյҪ񲣬Ըȥϧҷ費ˣҲס
ͻȻģҶջδ䣬ӵץһɳŰ˦ȥڿбɻɵһš
̻䵲ЩɳͬʱҶ͵ϮȴΪ˼ֱɳɢȥҶҲδ֣ţ̧ͷҶտȥͫױȻһ
ʮŬѪٵܿϧɣҶڤǽȻʯϵǿƣŰϷʵЦ˵һȥǻǻֱѿأˣƱѵģƴҲãһĳķأ
ޱ飬ԵĺܵĮ˰̣ȻĿҲûǣ̸ղŵĿһֱͣҶϵģ˿̣Ŀʼǿ֮ϣ
˷ӣ̹򶨵ǿڤƿǳĶƾеǱܹնô
Ҷյαأ֪ڤֻǰԿףʲôҲ֪֮ǷƷܷնƣҵȷǲֻ֪ܹǰ飬ܲǱϵİɣҲնһԣ
ԸƨҪ濳ˣѵճȥ̸дҶոʮأȴֻԳ򶨵ڼ˵ڤƱһҲǲŵˡ
ҶЦֻ⻰Լţ
̵Σ
ҶյӦҲаƣ鷳ù
ߣЦڤƸΣѲΪԼܴű뿪ɣ
ҶյǾҵˣֻҪ˵ڣ̣ϽʣµİùȻĻҾͽƸˡ
ֻĬ룬ȥҶյĺݾۼģǰСǸ˵ˡ
Ƭ̺󣬰̱קһŰɫƣһҪҶ
һȣҶͻȻҪöģԼ߹Ƹң



077 СԺ
̵üëһ
ҶҪޱȿĲŶԣֻҪĽˣлֹҶգҶգǣȴô붼òԣ뵽ǰڹɽҶϷˣһ̱һй
Ԫʮ͵͵Ҷգȴ֪ҶΪʲôҪΪϣ߽
׾Թ϶ҪֽҲζ޷һһ̳ȥľ಻ܶһɣ̫ԶҶռҲã
ιһ㣡ԥҶճԴߴ٣ô˵ҲӤ֮ĸ֣ѵҲɣ
ߣһԸ
Ҳ֪ܼд㣬ǰƱĳҶ
ʮף
ʮף
ף
ߵĲ죬ЩҶҲߴ٣ֻڤԲȻǽڤյø
ף
Ҷһ㶸ȻȴҲʱ򡭡
أ
ŰڤƵ֮УͻȻըһ̣գۼܣ
ҶһݣܾѾڵһƬʹҶһͣһǰ̳

һ֮Ҷղһ䣬ǽյĸоƲǴаˣԴˣҶҲֻεһ䣬ҲʱһҶձñһʹǱһƸɳȥֱˤǺ֮С
С̴ЦԾ̣ҿ˿̻Ị̇
ǰڤƻǶʯ֮ϣҲĺܣź̵ڻһƽҶոķɺ󣬱ʯ֮ǰҶշ̵Ļᡣ
Ҷջֱ̧̣һڹ
̶ڹȴһ㶼İһӣһڤ̱ɾڹ⡣
ΪöƬ˭ģЦҸȪཻ꣬ҲдأҶڹֻ±㻹Ϥ
̻δ˵꣬ǰڹȴȻʱһһŤȴǱڹУӿе
ҶЦɼȪĵڹô
̺ɱ㣡
̵ı»ΪףڤͨҲΪ˿էȻ֣ʵƵŭ֮һƬڤ̣ͬƵľͳҶվһҪҶոûļơ
Ҷ˸ڤ㻯Ӱĵڹڤײȥһն䣬㽫ڤնһƬֻնڤɢƮܿ۵һƺɽնڤ𲻵ʲôãҶճЩ鷳ڤǹꪶųȥնУҶΧʱһƬڤ̷ֻ󣬱ֱӳҶն
ҶջȭֻǣڤȭͷܹеģҶյȭͷֱӴţȭһ֮ʣڤ̱Ҷڡ

ڤ壬ҶնʱƺһҲҶհһô֮ˣ˵ƻδȬ޷廯ΣȴҲڣǣڤ̾Ȼܹ壬ֱӴ꣡
ʲôͨҶҧҲ㲻вŮŻȥְԼĲ˲ͨ
̾ʲôӣҲǱҶòˣŭҶյá˶Է磬ֻȫ߶ڤ̳ҶչȥۿҪڤ̾ߣҶոϽ˸ڤԮ˳һƣΧڤ̸ն飬ȴԵΪǱ
Ԫʮ䲻֪Ǻͨȴûһܹͨʹ˻޾幥Щڤ̱ȻȻǽӤ֮Χڤ̣ıһ֮С
Ԫʮ϶ҶܴһֱԪͨıӻ£ȥսǣԪʮļʶȴʵһνҪ
ҶڶУҲĥֻɲǣҶձ⣡
ɢ
Ҷյͺһȫ߶ǿ̻ŵͼƵӱתţҶǰһȭƬĵ
ɫĻ浹ڤһײ˵޷ڤ̸ȴҲڤ̸һƿһҶյĸǰ̿һƬ
ã
Ҷնʱ۾һﺰһ漴ǵڶȭû潫ڤ̳忪
СԺڤȻ̵̫ɢȭ󣬰ڤ̱㱻ۿųɹڼʣȴҲʱ򡭡
䣡
һƵ
ڤ̵룬ͬһӿɫڤ̣ţ𣬻һ
ܵĻ汻ײҶջδӦƵͱƹصĺؿڣײڤһ壬ǿסΡ
СͽԲڤ֮У̵ЦΪƾΪܹҵڤƿô
ҶһԲ̧־һǽӰ㽫̵նɷ飬ֻڤ֮쳹Ű̲Ц
Ȼˣ
ЦУ̴˻𣬽š
ǵȻ
µڤֱ̼ͬˮһ㣬ǵضСԺնڱΣɵһƬҶ£
ڤӰ
ǹꪵĵڹҲ˳ȥ
ҶյΧӰպգӿڤȫնķ顣
ˣҶҲоޱȵĳڤ̷صͬڳӿĺһһ㣬Ҷܹڤն鼸Σڤ̶ϵĳҶٶȾ
Ҷմ˿̾ͬеСۣƯԾŬĵֿţȴձû
һɲǣҶձоЩڤ̳׵ĽԼ֣ȻЩڤ̱ӿԼֱ˿ʣ
ڤһ״̥ͨ˵Щ뾭ѵĵطǺ壬ֱɱЩڤ̱̰Ĺһ㣬ԵһɶƾΪٸߣǴģر󣬺˻רע꣡
ӹеĻɫƺЩ
СԺžĿ£ҶմվԭأԪʮ첻ҿ
ҪЦĴЦ
Ӥڤ֮УҶյ꣬ҪڤһһĳԵҶգͷӶʣ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
̵ıͻȻһΪһƬսһƬޱߵս
ɫɫ
򵥵ɫ
֮ϣ֮£
ʬֻʬʬѵһ𣬴һһʬɽǰ˿御ͷ
ھ˭лһս
ʵδŵ飡
Ƭ̺󣬰ϵı齥̣ǺȻ֮ɫˣǱ˿־壬ޱȵĿ־壡
ȥˣ
Ƭڰɫսͬһ̸УȻ֪ԼȻҶյ֮Уɰȴȫ֪Լ֣ΪǰֻƬս֪ҶյĶ
ֻд߶ڤǰţţȻһƬѪѪһʬɽȴǰκһߣΡ룬ʬɽ֮ˣһССţֱ̿ɲǣ
âʢ



078 ʯݽƣѪ
ɻ
ҶͻȻĿ۾漴³ʲôвͲˣúõҪȥǶҶҲֻ˵ϵԼ
ԪʮҶջеû°ɣ
Ҷҡͷûˣ
Ҷȴǿţһ¶ûУҪɴ㣬һ壬ֱ꣬Ҷմ˿ؼл궼ϧƫƫҪҶյȥǱͬ뻢ڣҶŹѡ
ԪʮϸҶһȷûʲô˿ղأ
ˣҶ룬ԼʵԽֻͣõһ屦רģڤʳҵ꣬ȴҵǼĻɢˡ
Ҷһ˵ţһ߽ԼеĶ˳ֱǰƣһŲᣬһƤ
ǰȻ׸ԣǴʯŵ°ƣԪʮ￴ǹŲʱȴǾȡ
ڤԪʮץǹŲԭǼһľȻͨѹаš
Ҷյͨ
Ԫʮ֣صͷͨǲһŵǰµģȻʧãܹ֮ܵǷ켫ֱ̧ѪͬʱѪ֮лɻѱɱͨҲֻ֮֮ͬǾ޷ֻصģȻΪһŵǰҲͲῼֻ֮£ֻǣڤľƺֻа벿
Ҷĵа벿ȻڹȪˣֻɱ˹ȪҲδڤľᣬδЯҶܹŪᣬҲ϶ȥģԪʮ˵˵ֱ׵˵ͨǾͻΪˣľͱɹˣɷҶԸ
ϲ͸ˡ
ҶնͨȤȫޣȻҲνˣƤЩ˼һͼ
ͼ֣һЩ򵥵ɵģһͼһ㣬ȴû˿ıעֻѣҪ˵ǵͼҲǣǿҶøԪʮ￴ԪʮҲʲôֻҡͷɽ򷮳ǵĵͼ
Ȼ˶ûͷҶҲͲԼҲˣԽƤȥŰƣʯŶȥ
ıңǻڴ
Ҷһţһ߽ʣµİƸǶʯ֮Уʯƺһ𣬶ʱϳһ飬ʯ¡¡֮ƿ
ʯݺСǳССųϼܽݸΪʯܣȫǾᡣ
ûбҶ૵ѵͨô
Ҷһţһߴȡһᡣ
ӽˣͶǰǿʤ˶Ź˶ĿʧϣͭС
ӦˣǰǮƣƭ˻ɳС
֣أˣǰ°С֮ƣɳС

ⶼЩʲôҶսǾһһĳȻһһĶʲôͨ
ԪʮòǳЩǰжеĶз󣬱㽫¼ڲᣬȻȫѷʯݸǸⷿ
ҶտЦǸҲ֪˵ǸⷿңЩ˵ǳĹȻҲҪⲼ½Ҳ˵ĹȥǣЩҶҪİ
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䣬ҶյƱץ͹ʯϣ
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ʱҶձ㷢ԼϵʹδΪһҹĶͣЪᣬ෴ģĸΪ˵ڷƮһҹܹͣЪôʧȥҶҲԵޱȴ
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ҶոоԼϵƺˣǣָܿоԣǲǹԸ⣬ɾҲ͸һܹϡ

ĸо
Ҷ۾̾Ѫ黪ڸǣӤܹ֮쵽飬Ҷ֮ȻǸܲģܹȻѪģҲ¿ʲôǣй黪ڸǵĸоҶͻ֮˵˿̵ҶȻһֻŲȽӤ֮Ȼܶݣйһ黪ڸǵĸоҶӤ֮κѣҪֻʱʵѡ
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ѪɫĻҶһ㣬漴ЦǷĲʺ磡
Ҷȴǲ֪ѪɫĻкɫĻǼΪѵõĺöɽǱȪԴ
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ҶտǺɫӦͻȻģǺоʹܳһӰ

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ҿǾ֮ǲʺ绹һ䣬ʺּ꣡ҶǱȻǽƬ̺̲סЦǣСүţʲôʲô
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ҶոԪʮ죬Żص̷ɽţҶնԹɽвϤԪʮȴȻģֻ˰գصһҶȻҲϵù;֮·ˣϾڣʱ߹һ⡣
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ҶվỨӪǰʱоϵͬصƣ



082 ļ԰
Ŀ꣡
ҶʵڲǰһУỨӪȻһֱ㲻ûֺ룬ȴҲ䣬ݴȣҶմ˿ǰֻһƬһƬķ棬ȱưܲӰһδ
ô£Ҷҧ磡
Ԫʮҡͷ
Ҷյ˵
Ԫʮ˵ʵˣҸҲϧỨ΢侲һЩΪʲôҲܹ׵ġ
Ҷü㴨
Ԫʮͷ
㴨ɽĴͬԪͨ̾ڷһ㣬㴨ȴһֱɽ򣬲ٺ֮ͽҲȽϣȴվûн˵Ϊһһֱ֪ΪܾûгֹҪȫʩΪˣ˵ͨҲǲ֮䣬ѷֳ¡
Ԫ˵Ӥ֮ν˳ԾȴԪͨԶأȻˣԸ㴨ȻҲǾ޿ܵġ
Ҷյкöڼ
Ԫʮĵصĺڼûһ٣Ҳٵаʮ
ҶոЦ漴˭ɵģ
ԪʮỨɽҲǺպģһϦ䱻𣬾Ʋ֪ҿѴȴҪ侲Щϸ룬뵽취ġ
ҶյͷĬƬ̵ȥۼأ
ỨҲһۼأӪǿԵģкܶӪѵפôֻҪһţỨͻᱻȥỨۼأǹ򼯡
Ҷһֱʵù֣֪Ǹգ򼯵˽ɣɽһĶֵϣҲСһʵʵĺܣֻ۷ѣʮδͻƹȴиţɡ
ɲǣ࣬ǣ֪ʲôɾ֪ʲô
١ҶȻʧЦ⹫ɲǸô
ԪʮȴǱСɣҸ׶˵һܲ򵥣ѵͲ룬һ֪ܵˣΪôܹ
Ҷ룬⻰
ԪʮҲΪɵĹϵȻĵطȴҲϢͨĵط
Ҷյ·ô
ԪʮĵЦЦ˼ȻԶ
˵˹򼯺˼¥̽ϢȴǸǶһ٣ỨȻѾ˽㻰⡣

Ứǻᱻˣ֪ɣ
֪֪˵һλģӪƬײ治֪Ứ˷ʲôëȥǷʲô˵㴨սˣ֣ỨӪȴû¶
˰ɣҸ㣬գ˶˵ỨʣµӪأỨȴǳ׸˵ץȥ椶ϣĽûͣٺ٣㶮ġ
ҶյɫԽԽ
ỨҲû̫ĹУϾӪʱֻ̣ʮҹӽҹˣǣڿҶշԼǵ͹еĹУô˵ҲԼĵһ֮أּܹҵĸоž¥ڸ̸һЦҶվ;аֱðҶɵĲ룬ǱץĿɱʮҹӽҹ
ǡԪʮԥһµǴ󽭻ˡ
쵰ҶĥЩľˣζˡ
ҶһվתĿλϡ
ǰ̸Ц˿Ҷ£һ㣬漴˭
Ҷյ󽭻ˣ
һüǣ£֪㡭
˻δ䣬ͫױȻŴ󣬵ͷȥԼؿȻһ󶴣ǵɵ۾ɲǼȥ
Ҷճ󽭻˶
飡
ӵǰһ˱͵վֻ⣬Ǿ¥վʮһ˵ӡ
٣Ҷ̧ͷɨЩ˵ԭ󽭻˻١
Ҷոǰ˶ҶյСӣģ
ҶȴǲĮǴ󽭻ˣˣʡǣڴ󽭻ˣ㶼°ɣǽҲ߲ˡ
֮󣬴󽭻Ȼŭ⣬ھ¥еˣмԥһ£뿪Ȼ鷳ȴδҶյĻﶼĥ룺С̵˭
Ȼ㲻ߣһͱˡҶģһһڣΪһЩҪʡ
ҶɲǣӰӹǸҶͬȴ޷Ӧ󽭻ʱ˵ԴͻȻббģͨһӾ䡣
һ
Ҷճֽƹӣӣš
Ҷյ΢
¥쳹˽¥졣
ڶ
Ҷյ𣬽ţһ󽭻ĳԱ䣬ڵذϣƵ

ÿĽ
ǽж죬˭Ҳ֪ΪûܿȻȻ֪ж졣
Ҷǰߣڤʼմ࣬δ˵ĿⶼۼɫĽϣ˭Ҳ֪ǽںʱȴҲʱ򡭡

ɫɴҶյУϵĴ󽭻Ա£ãȻ޴룬ûǽʲôʱ̴Լĺ
¥Щֵ˵ľ׷׶㳯ž¥ȥ
󽭻˲㵽˭кԩ𣡡
ҶյĮỨ
󽭻˶һ㣬˲Ứ˻û
Ҷֻ֪ǿҪˡ
䣬
Ǳڤʼմָأ·δһ㣬ǣôĪģһ󽭻ĳԱ䣬Ǵ
Ҷĸˣ
ſˮ˶࣬վֻһѽһϣܹɱ˭϶ܽסġ
˵õӦһһҶնɱȺΧҶɱһ˱ܽס˭Ϊ꣬ǾͿ˭ǵùˣٿǹƽ˭пܱɱĿܣҶǿ϶ᱻǸɱ⿴Ǽٿǵġ
һ˲䣬Ĵ󽭻ԱԾҶնҪһɱ
һһһɱ̫أһٺòˣ
ҶսսЩ˳Լӿ
ף
׾Թ϶ĳ룡
ҶͻȻ
˭Ҳ̫ĻâжѤãԣ˭Ҳǽж죡
һˣ
ҶȻս󽭻Աľ䶼һϸ΢ĺߣš
촦
СɱˣҶƲƲһʻģˣ߰ɣ
ԪʮͷȴʱǾ¥ͨ¥ͻȻЦ
αôأһ
¥ݵĹսǣݵ̤¥䣡



083 
ҶգʮҹӽҹỨɽңŽ㴨ȥɽ㻹ɱ˹Ȫȥڣ֪Ϊθͬ·ɱ˳壬뿪ڣ㱻󽭻İ׷ɱȴ˳ѣȥ˷ǣұΪȥܷͷģĳ룬Ԫͨˣ㲻֪ҲôǣУǰӻԪɽ׷ɱһ㵹Ϊ棬ݴϢӦˡ
Ҷվȵͷ˵Ķ飬ֻЩʵ֪ɱȪΣȻ֪ȪʱԼ׷ȥˣǣʱշϣԼǸС˭עԼڳ֮͸ñ֪ȴаĵع֮Уֻĸ˶ѣ𹾹ɱˣ屻ɱˣҪ˵й¶ģҲƲţǣɱҲзݣ֪ˣõҲѹ
ͷ˵󣬱㲻ҶյľȣԪʮʮС㣿
ԪʮﲻÿɷֻҶնǹɣ
Ҷһ㵣ǰͷ㻹ʲô֪
ԹʵЦЦ֪ģһ֪֪ģҶҲ֪Щ֪Ԫ׷ɱǣȴ֪㻹ţ˵ˣ޷ǾϢͨǡҪ˵ϢͨһЩѣҪ˵֪ǿǴţˣҲĢ́١
Ҷճһµ㡣
ɵҵǲ֪ȴܹµ¥һΣ
Ҷյͷ˸ƣ漴˽һ¥ʰһ£Ҷղŷ֣¥ǹɵġ
˶¥䣬ϲ֪ܶ࣬ȴٿڣΪҪҿڣͨҪۡ
Ҷյ㿪ۡ
ҡͷ˵ͨҪۣȴǲҪΪ϶Ứ飬´Ҷ֪ȻҶ֪ȻͲֵǮˣԣҿԸ㣬Ứһλ
ԪʮͻȻһϵĲ豭žһڵˤ÷顣
Ҷһͷˮ˵˭
ԪʮЦһӡ
Ҷոƣӣ
Ԫʮɼǵ˵飿Ǹӽ£±ǽµĵط
µֶ˶ԶǽɣֻҶȻڴУִ֪˼ֻǿŹɵΪʲô
ɵ֪ҵײ񣬲ʲô鶼֪˵֪٣²һЩô
Ҷյ˵
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ҶüͻȻʮҹӽҹȥѰԪ飬ѲɾΪ˴£ߵĿܴһЩ
ȴҲʱɵΪʲôҪô֪һֿܴЩ

ҶȻⲻǸԼĽȻ෴ô
ЦܾȣʵֵþȣĻԪͨЩʲôֻҪϲҪǣԪͨҲֻܹԹԵͣȻֻܵԪͨڷǵȻܷ⣬ǣҲһ֮ذˣ绹Ǻܹģң²ѰˣҪ˵ͻȻɱˣõỨӪأ˳ˣȴҪԪͨ˵Щ
ҶոЦôһ㶼ס
ɵΪ㲻Ƿӣ֪Щʲô
Ԫʮ˵ϵķж٣±ɱˣϵɳж٣жɱ£ǽ£ɱ˴ҪɣɱɱˣԣҶ˵Ƿӡ
ɵȴ룬ΪһӪؾͰأƢԣȻǸϾɱ˵ỨӪҲ׻ˡ
Ҷպ󽭻ᣡ
ɵ󽭻ỨԹûǰȻݴ
ҶȭͷǱǡһϡ
Ƭ̺ҶѹŭŹɵлл֪һУڿ̸̸ǼˣҪôļ롣
Ц˵ʹ졣
ˣȻˣһȻֻĵĸЩɻģ˻ŵϢҶյҲˣԪϣԪʮﻹŵġ
Ц󣬿ԪʮţʮСɽʱԪͨȴǲһʿġ
ԪʮﲢԥӻһƵֻҸ׵ģǱ˭ĻҲǣҸ
ˬ죡ɻڵʮСȻˬȻˣҲ˼ģλ˼ڣκ֪λϢһ˲֪ϢỨȴû꣬в˶´£ΪʲôȴңǾ仰ӵ뷨ѰĻ֪
Ҷ۾һȷţ
ɵȴҪҵĻǲţԺĻ⣿
Ҷյͷ⵹ʵڻһϢڼٻǾ͸ýƭˣһƭȻ
ҶյǾ͸ˡ
ɾ豭ЦˡԶͣ
ҶոԪʮߵűߣͻȻʲôתͷɵºܶȴƫƫˣúܺã֪ΪʲôϢô
ȻǿϵġɵֻҪ֪飬ǡ֪ûʲôģϢļܴ󣬴ûԸΪǽϢˣҲ͸ùɽȥˡ
סҶյͷڡ

߳¥ҶյͷʵȤġ
ԪʮЦȴûȤĶҵɲ٣ɵû˵ģȻҶ粻֪ǵϢҶĲ֪
Ҷ̾ȴɲˡ
Ԫʮô
ҶյͷһµسɣһȥģֻǣֻҪȲʱˡ
ԪʮǸӣǸķӡ
ҶյҪȥģʮҹӽҹŮ˰࣬ǲһˣҺܲ
֪ȰġԪʮ̾漴ҧݣշ˿ķɫҵ
ţҶյһģ뿪ɽ֮ǰҵǻмȥһ
Ԫʮʲô
Ҷյɲ˵֮ڣƲ֪ǵϢôܾǿЩʵЩֵԣҵֵһЩ



084 ҹ
أָɽɽƺӹȣ
̾ɽڤȪƺӹȣ󽭻һֱϢɽȻϷԪͨǷصĸ֡
ҲΪԭ򣬴󽭻ỨԹ߶ɽ֮УỨĹģȻȴڴ󽭻ᣬ󽭻ȴһֱڤȪǰ㣬ΪɽΨһľͷˣȪҲΪ˽ԹỨ
ǣΪʲôȻˣҪ۵ģ
ҶյĮĿǰˮϿˮӰƻԻͣ
Ͽ
ɽɽͣɽ֮ȴһˮҲϿ
ϿʵǸõطΪأһںӰķ֮ϣһȴںӵ֮ףȻ󽭻У
Ҷ֪֮Ҫ˵߸󽭻ᣬûⱾ£ǣô󽭻һѣƵһѣ
ɽ£ҶСĵɽ֮䣬ϿĴ󽭻Ӫضȥ
Ǵ󽭻Ӫغ֡
Ӫص𣬻Ц˷ЩЦԽģҶյɫԽ
ѰӪĽ䣬Χǽľ׮潨ɵģԼ׸ߣȴѲҶգɵһԾҶսڤΧǽ֮У漴ӽһɵԾΧǽӪ֮С
СĵѹסŲҶձ㽫Լĺڰ֮УԼͷų漴ȫ
˳ΧǽߣҶսĽŷݸӰڻƿ𸽽ֵĵطȻӪصĺȥ
һ޴ӣźǹ죬ֻһţûдűʵվڡ
ҶյĿ꣡
Ҷ֪ƾԼ޷󽭻ģǣҪô󽭻ḶҵĴۣ
ʲôĴ۲Źң
£
ҶմӻغõľƿһЩ漴˫۱ײײıݶȥ
ι˭
վڵǾְ̳Ҷմ󺰣һǰҪҶգҶȴδţֱӾײȥ˳ƵĻС
ϽһӣȻŵҶŨľƳζ
ģסӵԭǸƹ
һ˺ݣỨ׶ˣ⼸Ӫﶼ֣ƹȻˣδְ࣬㻹ǺˣպŹɣͷ֮Ҳȥȼ
ȼȻǺõģﻹźþơЦţ漴ѵֻһô죿
һŲŲˡ
ҶǴ󽭻ˣðɣ
һˣʱĻ֪Щʲô˵ǲְô
ͷȿһȥ
Ļͷδ䣬ͫױ͵һؿںȻһۣȴڤֱӴ̽ؿڣҶձȻһ̧֣ס˵ͣ˱ֱͦͦĵڵϡ
һʧЦô˶ãƹ̫ˣˣҰһ𿸰ɡ
ǰҪȥҶգȴҲ˲䡭
âէ֣
ҶͻȻĳڰУȴǱڤһ
밲Ϣ
Ҷսڤأͨһڵء
ɫĽҶձǰǰһǾ᲻ɴݣͬʱҪŰѲͬԿһܹ򿪣˵ҲǼѵõıԿȻϡ
Ҷ֪ƲȻǱȴǣ
Ҷһ̧֣㽫ڤǽڣ漴ӲĽǽڳ漴ȥ
ǼӣҶձ̧̧֣ɺܣţҶձ¶ɫ
Ļ
󽭻ڴ˵ؽӪأȻΪϿصĿȻҲдĻھۡ
Ҷãн㴨ǰʵ̤ƽ󽭻ᣬܹЩֻҪӤ꾳ڤ֮񽫴󽭻ĹǸɴɱϧҶպ˿̶޷쵽ֻô󽭻ʹһˣ뵽ڶĻ٣󽭻ЩҲ֪İ飬ǻᾫʵĺܡ
뵽˴Ҷվ;һ󳩿죬漴֮ɫҲԥ߶̻ŵ֮ͼƵ۳ɵ֮Щȥ
̰ļȡ
Щ֮֮䣬Ⱥ̰ĴˮнҶյ
ҶնʱоԼӯ岻ãո֮ҪʹĸΪǿˣҶպܿ;Լ·Ҫűһ㣬֮ļޣǿӶᣬǣһ̵̫࣬ҲкôҶյǶüþգоԼʵ޷ܣ㳷ǵ֮ǰǶѻͬСɽһĻҲ˰ٷ֮һˡ
ߣҶߵҵòҲ£
ҶպԥİνЩȥصˮķ飬Ļضǡ
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ǶѻˮϵرڤնѣҶǲЩʳĻЦ
⾰Ƽ²Ǵ󽭻ˣҲ۵ЩԽѳӤ֮ĸ֣ӵлأҪھڶĻҲǳϦ֮ڤնĲֻǻǴ󽭻ʮѪڽ񳯻һ
ϢţҶտŵϵǼ֮ɫȴҲûһĻˮ¶֮⡣
󽭻ᣬΪ¶ˣȡֻܹϢ
ڤҫҶձǽһд֣漴תͷߣ
ǱڤƶҶձڰȴʱ򡭡
Ҷס
ҶһסĻиˣķǺɣüȴһĨŨҶյĲԶлһԿףŴǾ
Ӱ룬˻عСӣ˭Ϊλڴ˵أѵ֪صô
Ҷյ˭
ΰʶΰɫΪ㲢Ǵ󽭻ˣӪؿҵģ
Ҷһ漴ŭⷭӿ˱Ƕ˵ỨӪصˣ
ȭͷȴҲֻƬ̣Ҷ˿ȭͷɿ
ԭҶɫʵĴãͷңңҺȶˣûϳҲ֪ôߵˣ˼ߣߣ
Ҷ˵ҡҡλεתһŵģһǣΰܾЩͷǰͫױȻŴǽϱڤƶȻΰǰ



085 ֮ҹ
վס
һ˲䣬ΰɫ䣬˫һű㳯Ҷնȥ
Ҷմ˿Ļа̬¶һ˿ɫ
ΰڴ󽭻еĵλȪͰ൱ΪȻԣӤ֮ҶղԸֵԭ֮һһԭȻǲ뽫ӪصĴ󽭻ԱҴ󽭻ϢģȴģΰȻߣҶȻҲս
ۿΰȻҶյıͻȻġ
Ҷճ
ΰΪҶճ֣ȴһɲǣΰͻȻǱɫĽͻȻʧԼǰš
飡
ΰʹ㱻ش漴Ӥ껤ס壬ȴǵɳݺݵˤڵϣ
ÿĽΰԾ𣬶Ҷյ㵽˭
ΰڱȻǲˬҶȴҲжˣ׾Թ϶˵Եϧ治죬ԸӤ֮ĸֻδһеУȻûܹһΰ꣡
һ
Ǿ
үү
ͺһڤ㻯Ӱΰնȥ
ǽӰȻȴǸ׾Թ϶޷ȵģΰ࿪ӣܹӰڤڿת˸ȦٶΰʱΰѸƣڿһĨһȦǿб㸡һԵͼ
ॣ
ڤײǰͼ磬ȴջǱΰһƣ㽫ڤʹƿ
ֻǣȴڤ£ҶձԾ𣬴ӿץڤڿȻŤһΰ䣡
֣Ȼǰ׾Թ϶ɡ
ΰɴ۾Ҫпֻǣڤʼն·ûж֣ǡ
ǽѴ䣡
ž
ΰǰİͼƱһ飬λ󽭻еķٶȱһɣȥǼͷȴǱڤһ飡

Ҷأһ䣬ԼԴڤ׽ǲǷ켫ȻǰͼڸǰһҲôƫŶԣ
Ҷվٽһΰ
׾Թ϶ĻΪֲҶõ֮˴Ļ˿궼챻űˣ׾Թ϶Ȼ޼ɵ
ΰӹ־壬ȴҲʱ򡭡
г֪
һѲߵͻȻڹսǣ漴ȻʧȻǱǰľŵ

ɱ
ҶոΰͬʱţҶתܣΰڿл˸ȦͼΰУһգ㳯Ҷ˳ȥ
飡
Ҷ⧲һ£Ҫ˵Ӥֵ֮ȷǲΰȻҲǲִٳ֣ȴҲҶոһ£ڣҶմ˿ϣһֻ޲壬漴ȿ񱼡
󽭻Ӫжˣ
ʮ
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Ҷȴǲ̫֪ҪӪе˶ԼƲǶ̷֣壬ΪԼտ֣ڼ޷Ⱥ˿ҪǱΧϣԷÿ¿ĭܽ
ߣߣҵߵÿ죬ɽããֻҪ뿪ϿĴ󽭻Ӫأǲһ
ॣॡ
ҲʱӪеľҹɫлصԵĸͻأ
Ҷһ䣬ȴܵø죬ۿſ쵽Χǽ֮ӭǡһҶ̴죬죬Ứ൳ϮӭУǿȥӭУȥ֪ˡ
ǶҲδ룬ϸҶյģ̳ſ֮ȥҶȴĨ˰ѺϽΧǽȥ뷭ǽΧǽͻȻֳһȦߣ۳һƣӲǽҶո˻
ƣҶҧСү޾⣡
䣬Ҷվٽ㿳ڤǽ£ȴδ顣
ιʱҶʲô
ҶҲǺɫһ̳źȥȴ󽭻ĳԱ·˵أΪȴǲߣֻ۷塣
ڤӰΪ˸ϽУȴֻڤһײоͱ÷飬ڤضԷһ飡
ּ̧ɱһˣҶȴδٶڤһǹꪱ㻯ĵڹĴ󽭻Աæңеڹ⣬ȴСꪸеУһˤڵء
Ҷ˸ûڤǰڤڶԷϣ˵ôƿƣ
΢ӵңҲ֪
ǡֻδڣҶսڤһ˵ľ㱻һ˿ڣŵɪɪ
Ĳ֪һµģôп֪ƽ⣬֪ûнƣ뿪
δ䣬ڤѾն䣬ԲԴ˳ŵһԣ
ô
ҶҧҧǽƱһа׾Թ϶
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ιٲֻһŴɣҶտխķѵҪһŴϲɣ
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Ҷ㣬漴ô˵⻹Ǽ˲õı
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رøҶգԴǶԾкôģӤ֮ܽǶǱˣԣ˵Դѷǹ꣬飬Χ᲻ԾԴۼ˵ϳøҶնģǣԴԣǺȿȴûʲô⣬ЧȴҪƽǿࡣ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
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Դֱ۾޹أǼɣֵعϡŨĺõط
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ΧʬˣȫŶȻʬͬ飬ϾǷŭ
ʲôǧ˸Ƿӷ߳ϵòЪˣףˣ˼ϲ
ǧǸƢԣ⻰ȻԷݺݵص˼ۣǧȴǻȻδһ㣬Цٺٵſڶ¥ľϣһϷģǧͬߵǧߵǳЩȻڸǧ˵ԼһС
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ҶʵѵóȺŶļһһ󣬺ܿҲ뵽һ㣬ǿһ·𴰻ŵľ𻵣ȷ֮󣬱ɫƵľĿɨ
˭ģȺͻȻ߳һˣɫ϶ǿջˣ˭ɱҵܵܣԼվ
Ҷղмɵӣ˭ɱ˻ԼվôΧ˰
Ҷյʵ󣬵˵ĶƺʱȻĿҶյ˵ʲô
Ҷյ˵ɵӲŻԼվңָ׼ԼڧɱˣǰӵͷͲڰɣ
ɫһô֪峤˵ģ˵ǲɱˣ
ιǸӤ֮ɱôҶϹڤ֣ѰӤ֮治ʤֻǣҶȻɵȥֵ̯ӵļһ˫ֿݸɵĸƤһ㣬Ѳδ˥ŶҲһͷҲ̫š
ܣ¥׵Ⱥ˶ʱ۷׷׵峤ôɱˣ
ҶƮƮĵҲǵɽ
Ҷ⻰ȴǽЩ˸ʵһ漴Ҳ˲ʬ壬Ƿ׷¥žͷķȥǰǳҶյ߹֮ʱݺݵصҶһۣҶһΪ⡣
һȺЩԶҶЦٺٵĵҲӺúһ룬ͷȻ֮ΪߣҲģǵɽܹ˶̵ʱɱ˷еͷ˵ΪҪͷ߳࣬ˣȴֺõɽְϷһϣԷҲ޾壬ҲһթԳˣǺװĹȻǱȻҲļ



090 Ҷ
ȺһＱĴͷķ䣬֮ϣݵϣﱧźӣʼδҡ
ô£۾ȴʼδ̸Ƚ˵ΪλŻţ
ǰǳҶյǰ˵ĶߵȻڽһиߣϸ˸ŭ߿ĵܵܣȴѾɢʬǶû¡
û
ҡͷ漴˿еĺӣĴ򿪣
һ仨
һ
һڵĿ
˵ɫ죬¶֮ɫţڵ̰
ԴȭͷҶ
ҶͰͰõҶʲô
õıҶ߶仨ϲãŭǣ־壬ʹǷҶ᳹ʧϲޱ󣡡
ҶƵǻôҲܽб
õǵÿˣԲȱбϣһûи飬Ȼˣǣһûи飬ܹרעִţ°빦ңҶԣҲǴ󲹵ĶһҶֵʮˡ
ҶȻںȺŶļһƺҲ˿ֻҪ˶ܹȺӦڻҶ
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һݣȴʯʮ̻ſĽӰͻȻĳ֣
˵ٶʵ죬෴ģǳ
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ڵĽӰâɲǼһ룡
ֻʣµĽӰȴԵĸңԵͬӵأ
Ŀ˸ǰĳһ˫ͬǽӰײȻ֮գ۵Ĺ򣬽ӰཻʮϣͻȻһƻʮһӰ֮󣬱ǴӰصĻǵɫӰ
ǰɫӰأǰĺɫӰվһ𣬺Ȼһˣ
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Цɽߣ
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Դ˵ǲ֪ǰ߸ߵͷǣŶȴԽ䱸óλɽҲպյ
˵򶨣ĮλȻΪҶˣϧλµÿֶˡ
ȴǲһǰͻȻ̯ƣЦϼһΪղӮô
ǰߵһɫСƬȻҶ
˵ɫһ䣬еĵͷȥȻŵСȻտҲ˵ǽˣǶҶȴ֮߳ʱýӰߣνӮ¹ȴ˽

δͬЩȴŭգ׷׵Ծ𣬱ź߸ȥ
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ЯرЩ뿪е˳ƶ׷䣬еǳţԾ¥ĻΧ£
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ߵΪƲΪӤ֮ԷҲвӤ֮ĸ֣൱ȴ˳ϣ߼úϻ֮һͨ˿·磬ն֮Ӱܲգۼɱűߡ
ĸλ߸߾ҶЦллǵڣ
䣬߸ͬʱٽΧ۽⣬ȻǱͬ׶һ㣬Ű䣬ǽǴ󶴣
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ҹ쫷磡
ҵķŷɳƶоջ֮ڣΧθƷɣصǽϣԵۡ
߸ߵЦƮ漴һӣƶ˳ȥѸٵĻ
׷ȥ˴󺰵Ʋܷǣ
ǿȻΣգǣҶϣΣȻ㲻ʲô
ǿջͻȻ
Щ׷ϳȥ󣬿ջбžֻзХŰƮ
ϧôϷĻˣǧŹǷط˯
ԴҲذɣûʲôÿˣ
˶ɱ˶ᱦ֮ȻǼֲ֣ȫȻûһ㣬طЪϢ
˷ڣҶһתѵͲҪҶôǧ̵סΪ̫ҲϣҪᣬֻͷӸͬΪӦò
ԴЦֲһĹǵλ峤ЩҪ˻һǺܳԿġ
ԴҲʵڣԼҶģʵϣ˭ܲģֵֻû£㶯Ҳֻˡ
ҶյһĻġ
Դ̾һεܹοҶñǵҪ
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ҶյǾҪ̬ˣĲ࣬ƻȻĶȻỹ㣬һõһƻҶϧıҪȴֻǷ߰ˣ˵ôˡ
ԴЦȴǲ֪ҵǾЩ˼ȥĶұҶĶǵ
Ҷյǵ㿴𲻴Ӧҵˡ
ԴһµãԸ⽫أ˵ĻģұӦ㡣
Ҷյô㣿
Դֻѡţǲš
Ҷ룬漴ͷĺймвģҶֻһնıӦڼв档
Դšüͷô˵иô
ҶյǺӱйŹ֣ҶȻӸˣ֪ζʲô˵ƽǮǮ᲻ὫǮҪװΪֹ϶ᣬԣͨŶʱܶһЩ϶һ򿪵ʱܸоۣҲƷǺӶҶԣߴСЩҲʹǺʵװҶġ
Դ˲˵ʲô
Ҷյڶԭϼһû׷ȥϼһΪҶ׷ȥ˵Ĺȥô
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ҶյҲߴ٣ֻĵصǣδ㣬ҵĲ²ģҶЩ׷ȥ˱Ȼݣʱ͸ûˣңʱ֮ڣȻᷢһЩ飬ѵûз֣ջ֣ǵСλǵϰﶼûгô



091 պ
ҹˮ
ֵ쫷ɺХԴͬӰһ˿Ĭã
͵͵Ҷգ䲻ӦҲٶ˵ʲôҶǼˣȻŴ㣬ȻҶղȻûҪ
ߣԴվӣ͸źǧҪ鷳ҪҰ֣ң
ǧ۷壬òΪ˵˭ԿǧȴҶգԴ۹⣬øҶܽԷ£˽Ҳ޷֮ʱܸţϾ߶黪ڸ֮δǰʤϣɴ˿ɼԴƺҲ˾ģҪһˡ
ҶЦϣԶš
ԴҵϣƲⶼǶԵģָұʵ鷳ˡ
Ҷ΢ЦԴҲ˵ʲôһ䡣
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Դߵ˵ķǰǰԥ롣
Ҷ߾֮·ǼΣնʹ飬Ƭ֮󣬽ǹ
ԴҶһۣѰͣ¶һ˿ƿš
ţԴס
Ǵ֮ϣбӵűߵڲ豭Ĳˮһء
Դǰһִ˵ļϣųһ˵꣡
Ҷյˣ
ûҲˣԴжˣ֪ʲôɢܻҲֻʣӤꡣ
ߵǣĺӣָһ٣һľ塣
Ȼмв㣡õȴѾȡˡ
ˣҾ˵ջ⡣Ҷյջأһڿջ£ڶһƹ˵㣬οǰղֳǰ㶯ȴûһܣè壡
Ҷһ˵ţһƿ˷̫ܵ
Х򿪴ӿڣ۾ԴԶ̿ԶĵطԼĹâȴȫ߶µĻâ
Ҷյ쫷磬ƾδسŵסȻҪ֣Ҫ쫷лǶԿɲףԣǿ϶ǲ׷ģԸ⣬ǿɽƻĵط㣬Ȼ׷벻׷͵Լˣû㣬ŵĿԸҶҪסı
ԴҧĳǾᣬȴҲܿ¶ģ漴õģ壡
Ҷտõɣ
õԱһƬʯ֣Զ룬漴߸ʯϣʯʯ¾ƻ񣡡
Դϣûƭҡ
Դ˵㷭˴أȴҲʱ򡭡
ң
ǾʣͷͻȻĴӴϱɫЩعⷵյ˼̧־ͳǹ
ҶϲʲôңۿԴùˣϹң

ԴҪ֣ȴҶһֱӾͳӭȥ
飡
Ҷȭ̧־͸ͷһǶԺ䣬漴һ죬һΣҶȴֱӷ˳ȥǽڣ䵽ڵķ֮У걻΢
ģȻձϼһҶոһ䣬漴ԴͷǶԸ
ԴʵҲ˼ܵˣƽʱҶ˺Դʮа˾ŻйرȻ˵ƻ֮أӦø޹ϵֻԴ˼Ѿڴ˴ͷ˴ſ׷϶ȥ
׼ߣѶң
˴һ̾Ҫ׷ǰȥҶҲһͦ㽫ϣ
̾ȭ˱˲սһţ
ȴΪۣȭҲÿһȭ磬ͰԵǣżȭƣȴͬҽǣɡ
˵֣ҶȻҲǼΪһȻЩȴҲа뱲Ӷȭǣ˵ǰҶվǱ˺һһʽȫȻ·磬Ҷոоͷ۵˵˫ֱͬһ㣬ÿһȭཻҶնܸоԼС۾ʹ
ԼĪʮϺҶձ㱻Ƶ䣬Ǳ
̧֣޽ǵǹҪǰæȴǱҶֹ̧
ðæҶյϼһҪˣҷã
ȴû⻰˼Ҷȴֳȥš
飡
һȭҶյذһȭǱٶȴɣ
˱ɫ˿ȴԽԽ԰ף΢Ȼǻعⷵʹܴ
˵ĺûᣬҶȻǲŹ𣬱ֳɱȥ
飡
ȭӭ
˵ȭͷڿײһһأҶȴδɣ˸˰벽󣬺Ȼ൱
һŲͬʱΣͬʱǰһȭ
𣡡
ȣ
ͬʱͺȣ˫ȭײһǽµĵذѿȴҲʱ򡭡
ڹէ֣
ǹꪱҶյڷɳӶײ˵ؿڣ˸ɳֱصײǽڣ
㡭˼ɬɣ
ϺͿ˰ɣҶԾһƳɲд裡
˾ٱһܣҶյƵȴҲ˲䣬Ҷƶһ˵ؿڣ漴ƳצָӲƿȻɢ壬뵽Է꣡
ϼһҶյ㲻ҲˣȻˣЯһº󱲣°ɣ
԰գҶձȫ߶ɫ̨
ڶſ̻ŵ֮ͼƵӷٱתǶ֮ͷŹԣĵ֮˳ҶյĴ˵ڣ̰ӶԷе
㡭
ţݺݵصɵҶգиܵԼѸɢ
ԸԷĻҲԱסӤ꣬ϧҶŷҪôҪҪĻĻᣬǵ֮һǿӶһҲûǽ˵ʵķ飡
мƬ̣˱ڵأȴ𣬳޷վˡ
úǾȵѧֱͨ
Ȼ֮è壬ֻ֪˵Ѹɢ˵ȴδ飬ȻҶˣʲôֶΡ
һЩСжѣҶȻԸ¶³ˣ
ҶյļԸмʵǿҶˣÿҲ޷һֱȥ
ҲΪ˱ȫԼѣҶЦЦˣǼҶҪıȴȤȥһô



092 
ǧÿŷüôҲϹϵˣ
Ҳܺôйأ֪⣡ҶЦȻԲջĺܣӽűһĿǣʶϰϰǣȻʶǿջСǿջСкʱҲһ㶼кͣСܻ׽ġ
õԣջ⣬ǧʮа˾Ҳ⣿ΪʲôСģ
ҶյҲпܣϰȭͷ˽в²͹ˣȥԾ֪ˣ
Ҷ˵֮ʵһŰ֮ϣǲоɵķűҶһ߿ӭҶյġ
һ
һݵ
ҶռȻоǧ⣬ǲܺ޷ǵҶյͷ֮ʡ
һӰӿգ
ॣ
ĽǱľб㱻ڤ˵ӣűߵļһȴǸǧͬһλ
λǧǰкιɣ
Ҷյûʲôɣֻ뿴Ǻӵļвװĵʲô
ǧɫҲ̫λ˵Щʲô
ҶԴˣ׷ſջһâߵģľֻѡ
ǧͻȻס漴ͻȻĹЦָҶյıӵëɣԴȻڣȻԼ̫ô
Ҷտõ㿴Ծ֪ˡ
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δ䣬Ҷձ㶸Ȼ
һҶѾƴȻȻҪˣ
˭ҶһȻ͸˭ģǧԼ˳ҶҲͽһܴ󷽵͸ˣ
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ɲǼ͸һ˿ɭ˶ܵһ˿⣡
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Ϊһ׾Թ϶
Ǳܲһ٣ǧܲ
飡
һ̳ⶴǧӣǿǧɳȥص䵽ϣֻصɲǣǧͻȻһ֮кȻһżǲżĲ䣬ȻѾһ̶ϣ
׷ޣõⶫܵһ٣ڤȪǲƴ֣㱦У
ǧŲӴӵȴû˿ٺϲǷŭޱȵķŭرǿ׷ޣŭǶȻԼ˶ѪŽⱦŪ֣Īһͱˣ
Ҹɵǣǧ壬ǵ꾾Ҫúĥǣ
Ǹǧ̵ͬȣҶոñ㶸Ȼȥ
Ҷӭϵȴ϶ֳ֣־е˻ԾеľȻ䣬ɽļƣ
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飡
Ƶ죬ӭõ˵ڵأڵΣѵķǽڰĿ԰ףڴڵشϢϺȻʮǹ飬ۿɼ˿ߣſƮ
޽ǵǹǧɴ۾ã㾹ȻԴһ𣡡
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ͬʱ
ڤڿд˸ŶԷǿסεɲǣͻȻĴӿмתԷı۵һ㽫˵һᴩ
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ǽ֮£ǧоǿһöֻĴָС飬ݽʱͻȻ̯ƣǿų׳ĹâΧ֣Ҷոֻ۾һʹɵı۾ֵ̧סǹâ
Ȿǧ󣬴۵˲䣬ͻȻײҶգ⧲֮䣬Ҷձ㱻ײ˸ģǧҲ飬ȱ䣬һʹӶ¥䣬ײײ˼ӣӴ󺰵ţæѲɣ
ʱҶոҲ׷䣬һ¥ǧҲ룬Խ¥ķ㳯һ¥£ͬʱǧֹȥ
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ǿջĵذͻȻѿһ֮󣬱ľɣ
ҶոȻǧĸǰȴǱЩѵľżڵ㣬Ҷձ㽫ǹꪷųĵڹܷЩľϤ䣬øǸɴ࣬һ޽ǵǹˮòǷľ屻ǹķ飡
ٸһԣŲҿԴ
Ҳʱѵĳм֮УԳӰ



093 ţЦ
ǳм߳ĺȻǿջСǱŵģȻȴһŲҲ̶ݵĳ
˵ԱȴһؽѣǿջĵذȴпյģһЩмԲѣһʦһСʣǸȴǸŮˣһǸŮˣҶü촽һͷ˿ٲ°۸Ծ£ҶռŮ֮УȴʮҹӽҹŮΪޣֻʮҹӽҹʣǰŮȴʵʵһƤˣǲջλǵϰˣҲ鴫
ҲʱǹŰŲ˵ǧȵõôȴֳʲôˣ
ǧСӲ֪ô֪˶ϽǸʰˣ
ĿŲתӹҶϣ̽ԭСӣͿ㲻˳ˣȻ˵
ҶЦû˵㱾ǹòãǸ
ŭҶ㣡
ǹԵĺǷŭһ˵ɣȻҵɣֻǺ𾢣ȴʼδ۽΢飬òҲ֪ŮѰԴӰ
ǧＱ˶˹ջԴѾˣȴ֪ʱֽЩ
ߣʲôʱֵˣŵǧһۣ漴Ų˵ͳҶԴڣһЩɵֻˡٺ١һɣ
ǹŸҶʮ׿⣬ǣµ˲䣬ȴͬһ㣬ƽƽľǰŲ˳ͻȻĳҶոǰŲ˵ͳҶ£
ͻȻıҲҶһ˵н䱸ȴҲû뵽ǹŵӰ˹ȣִټڤһ
ॣ
Ľ
ǲ˵ڤҶо۰һ飬һģǳŮʵô
һ֮󣬹˿ͣԲ˱ֳҶյͷ¡
ॣॣ
žŲ˵ıûڤ֮ϣ
˵˫ײһ쳹Ľһ߲۵Ļ𻨣ǹŵĲ˵ϵľȻǼڤײ˿·磬Ӳڤķ񣬲˵ļƾûʲôˣֻһ¶磬ˣҶҲƵĽؽغˣʵŮ˵̫ˣҶղ̣ŮϱǲţȻ˾

һߣȴӭǿջС
ջСȻĿջСǣͬջСǰ㰮Ц
һЦţһһ̯ۻɱУһ֧߶ꪡ
ʮףǣһ̤ʮײͬǿջСߵúö޷ܣͻȻ̤ǰ޽ǵǹһǹǿջСӭȥš
ٺٺٺٺ١
ͻȻһЦǿջС͵ʧֻõΧһȦЦ
ЦһЦһ
һʶЦص
õδصȴһ֧ꪣ
ЦУ֧ꪳõı󣬺ݺݵõı
ʯ
ȻŤһǼͣĻǹ޽ǵǹڰлһȥॵһ֧ꪣǹһ˳ƿĿꪣʹǿջСǰŻ󿪣޽ǵǹֱͬ߳ȡԷǰֻǣǿջСڱصõһǹȴ˿δ۾ֿ죡
ٺٺٺٺ١
Ц
ֻһۻ漴޽ǵǹһͣǱеһǹȻ̿ˣ
ǿջСԳӰȴĪܵõĲ棬жꪺݺһñݺݳ䡣
飡
ֻ߼ľʹס󣬱޽ǵǹŵһƣΡ
ٺٺٺٺٺ١
ǿջСòԣֻһЦģޱ׺ͲǣǣòôЦᣬһЦݸ˷

òס¾ǹǿջСȴڵŲ֮࣬ȴ·Ҫһǰ㣬ʹúòѹȥĽָͷҧҧ㳯ſջСȥ
ֻЦУջСӰȴٴǹҪе˲ʧüæһ޽ǵǹһƣ漴õı˲佩סǿջСδߣ
飡
һǹƾǿջСԳӰǶٶȳõؿڣһøɳȥһ䣬¡һӾͱøҵ÷顣
õֳŵ棬ǿӵȴҲʱ򣬲ַһӰȴҶɣøϽһӣȴҶϴأýһģ˱ˤһš
ģҶշӵԾôֱԳ
õĿ콣أ
ҶҧгݵٿҲֵ֣ܳĻᶼңȴô죡
ڤɱУҶֻѧ׾Թ϶һȴǿķ˼ǣǰȴ죬ǹŲ˵һͨңϢĻᶼҶգл𽣣
һ룬ҶձЩĪĳ嶯ԼȻѧ˴ڤлһЦӰ˿ҲǱˡ
úǹվߵļһȴٶȼ죬ҿĶЦͣЦķ
䣬ÿҶգ˶һۣͻȻһһ˿


ͬ˼ĺһ䣬ѸٵĻλãͦǹͳŹŶȥҶȴὣֱǿջС
ߣΪһô۴ŵ
ǿջСȴЦЦĸշһ㣬ֵϴ󣬼ֱҪˣ
Ҷ˸ڤӰЦƨ
ǽӰӿգһֱ߱ȡջСؿڣȴǸһ³ڤҪпջСɲǣԷӰƾʧţǿջСҶյıжꪸ߾٣һɽҶյĺ䣬ǡ
ॣ
һ죡
һеڹ⣬Ҷյı󣬲ƫеı㽫֧ꪸ
ܿ죿ҶջعҿҲǺܿô
ǿջСЦȴҲֻƬ̣ͻȻģСٺ١Ц࣬˲ɾЩ㱣ţҶֻǰһǿջСʧҶյǰ
ٺٺٺٺٺ١
ЦصҶղ鲽ȦЦܹŹ֣һֱڻ죬ƺӲͬķͬʱ鲼Լܣ˸о꽹ǡ
Ҳ˵ҶͻȻ߳һŵЦƨô
飡
ǿտҲҶһ߳ȴһ죬ǿջС㶸ȻֳΣЩڵϣ
Ϊж죬ԭɲѣҶջǿջСĲ



094 նһ
ǿջСڲЦˣ
ɫصĿҶգţ
ͬһҶգһֽһ֣ǵһҶճӿ
ջСȻԼΪѹҶգȻΪǿвһµĵ
ȵҶսӲĲļѣ
ջСʱЦˬʣģȴ˸оޱȵĴ̶ǣţջСӰʧ٣ֻʣһЦ̤ҶܻƣͻȻ䣬ջСԳΣȴǳҶյͷжꪴһĨ⣬Ҷյ䣡
¡
Ƶľ죡
Ƕصе棬ذҵ÷飬ǣǿջСȴδ˿ϲã
Ҷղˣ
ԼûѹסԷôܣ
̧ͷҶȻڸǰһŷϣ
ƴҶ³
ɫɫ
ɲǼ䣬ҶյҲǱŷŨϸߣȺ裬ݺݵײջСڿмžǿջСı齥ȣҶյĺڰ˫ɫȻ˿ԼԼţ൱
Ҳʱ򡭡
ɫĽӰӿգ
ջСϽһᣬסԼĸǰţɵĶꪱ㱻ڤնأջСƺһżͷȴǱڤһ˼Σ

ҶջһԾ£һ㽫ǹꪷųն裬ת˲ĵڹֱջСȥ
ǿջС۳ꪳſɨȥȴɨһڹ⣬㱻ڶڹУȺò׻ڶڹ⣬ǵĵڹ
ÿĽ
ջСҧԵæңҶǴڤŽĿ죬գ۵Ĺ򣬱Ǳڹ£ҲÿڹǵǹǻڤǿջС´˿Ѿȥˣ
ҪƾסǿջСǲų˼ƿ֮ǿջСϵͻȻ˫ĿͻȻӳ⣡
Ҷüһ廯Σ
ջС廯ȴԼֻʵЩ࣡
һ
ջСӰֱֳֻܷ˸ȻУҶոΧ룡
ɲ飬еĹ֣ҹʳߣϣ룡
ӵɲ֮壬ã
ҶյֳֽŤףǰ˸ȫһģһĿջС
Ȼֻһǣɲ۵ĻѰӰǱҲ޷ɲˣ
ôһǱ
Ҷղɵ˼ţȴҲʱǰ˸ջСȻҶ˶
ĿתҶҧƾģǰ˸ջСʵǳһģһȻˣǾֻһһˣ
Ӱէ֣
Ҷ̧־һ̴һջС壬ȴͬпٵģţҶվٱۺǰһջСһꪣȴδʹǶֱӴԼ壬ҲǼٵģȻ󡭡
飡
Ҷյıͻ͵Ϯ˱㱻ǰײһģ
ģ
Ҷջһۣ漴ͺһн任ڤ㻯Ӱ̳һǿջС̵͸
ţҶüëһ
ǿջСǼٵģ
Ҷھ֮ɫͿջСԼģˣȻӦĲŶԣôͻȻ˻󣿶ҶջδףһջСȻ͵͵ﵽҶյıǶҶռͷһ飬ѿһ˿ڣ
Ҷ죬ͷҲصıһڤĽֱͰջСĸ䣬ֱû
ǣҶɸоԼһ̿ǰ㣡
ȻǼٵģ
ҶջδعϥǱһۣȴһջСꪳϣĸģҧǹꪻڹ£ǿջСȻ£ȴգݺݵײϵ棡
ʵʵټ٣ջСܽ󣡡
ǿջС䣬һҶյǰһꪴ䣬ֱӴҶյ壬ǣ֮ǿջСǻһꪣصҶյıϣȴֽʵʵĴʵˣҶմǰײȥ
ҶҧΧĿջСԼ㹻侲˿ҲܹһǼٵģȴֶܱģ˸أ
˵ţҶȴҲԴУֱһȻ̴ĿջСֻǻҶպ޷ģһ
ҵģ
Ҷҧȥʵǰ취ԼȻףᱻĥ
ôֻʣһ취
ۻǱ𡭡
ȫɵ
ȣ
ҶͻȻһ̧߷һӣշţҿջС漴һڤĵڹ㶼ҶߣһȦЩȫƿҶձԾ𣬽ڤӽ˳Ծ϶¥
ǿջСȻʹ˷ŹҶգǽ
ǧЦСӣʱôˣ
ҶȴǲǧһǸˣȸɵǿջСţǧܲԣӵǧҶձǽλӰһ̴ݶ漴Ծ˳ȥ
Х
ֵҷδֹ
ջСβűݶҷ֮Уֻ˵󣬽ҶΧס

Ҷ³
Ļ㲻õÿˣҶվٽһָջСˣ
ջСЦЦҵĿصţ˵Ҷգ
һ̣ҶҲǹЦݣ˽ָǵǹڹʹɢڤҶյıţ
ǰ˵ȴȻ˵Ҷյĸǰ
ҶձĿҶ̧֣
֮
ţҶյ̧͵⼤ţǿ̻ŵ֮ͼƵӷš
ɫ̨âʢ
ĵ֮Ҷյӿǰ˵ɲǣ
ۣۣۡ
ɵĵ֮˲ſͬУֱӴ̴˵壬ţڿƮ
ž
Щͬһһ飬ΨµȻǿջСı𣬻꪿ϵĵŻڵϣ˿һ
֮ջСԾֵôǵ֮
ҶʼѧǿջСģ΢ЦţͻȻǰ˳ǿջСȻ˵֮Ҫ
Ӱ
ջСȻڽӰ֮ǰȴҲʱҶյӰͻȻסеڤڿջСǰ磬ǽܹǿջСӣ
Ҷջս
һ׾Թ϶ҶյִǿջСļܿһô
䣬Ҷݶڤƶȥ
ջСͷ
һֲ˿ڳǰһֱӼӵ䣬׵أ
һǰ׾Թ϶



095 ն
ҶվݶԶ漴üͷݶ䣡
ûڸŽϾ˿˵Ƕ൱ǹɶ˭϶ǳͷۣǣõľʮ춷ǹǾǲù׽ʹùоûʹȻѷʤ
ҪǹȻѹסã
Ҷ࣬޾ڿջСΪѹΪе֮ӶʵԶʤѰ֮ȼӤ֮Ҳ˿·Ũʵü츳׿֮ҲܱӤ֮ΪŨͣԣܹסѹȣֻʣֿܣ
һ֣챦
ڶ֣ҪԽˣ
бȻ˿̲ãǱֻʣһֿܣһսúиҪƾˣ
ƾҪŬҪ츳Ҫһ˿
˿̱ͣ£úʱѰʵδ֪
ҶŶ¥ķľͷķ飬һľм̾˿ûгֹã
ʵ̫жΣնȥԣҶղϣúԼҲϣԼԼ
ԣҶսĿת
ǷܹţһˣܹҪģ
ǧ
ͺһҶձ㷭Ӷ¥£ִ㱼ǧȥ
ǧȫעŹŸսҶյһȸһͷҶճԼǾɫֱɾɫȻҶվԼǰ˵ǿջСѾˣСӾȻԽɱӤ꾳ĸ֣
ҸĻᣡҶ˽ڤӰȻ㲻ϧؼ㽻㣬Ҳøȥ
䣬磬
Ҷմ˿ֻնǧһȻȫʩЯŭȥնѲ֮Եǧ㵱ͷ£
ǧȻһֱֵĲ⣬ǣ˿̱һ𣬵Ǳ˵ʵ
ΪӲ´˽
Ӱǰ˿ȻˣǧҲǼǣȫһţֱӭڤ
ۣ
һ죡
ڤնǧͬƲһ㱻пǽǧڵϣ
ҶƲƲ죬Ȼǲ⣬㶼ãʮȡ׼̽ȡ裬ǣȴôײֻҪ׸ı佣ҲССȱ
Ҷյȴǲ˿ͣһδ֣ܵҶձǧﻢ˶ȥɳ㻯ڹֱǧؿڡ
ǧܹڤΪܹϢĳ룬ҶȴһᶼֻУȴһհǰһ㽫ǵѼǰڹⲦֻǣҶմ˿ȴҲβɱǧһȭؿڣǧ˺ţҶһ֣ץڰյڤ
֣ɱȻ
ǧֻȫ΢漴⣡
ľ⣡
һص˶ԣͷľļ£ʹǧЪ˹ĺȫ𵴣ӿڿоڣճ޴
廯Σ
ǡ
Ѿˣ
Ҷվٽָǧ֮ʱǻδȫεӰͻȻһ죬漴㶸Ȼ䣬ǵ㣬ɷ
ͨ
ǧڵأ˫ͫϴϺȻ֮ɫδȥһͷԵڵأؿȭͷСĽԵĴĿģ
ҶǰǧʬϷ㣬ͻȻģЩĪꡣ
ʱɽ֮ˣշϣ
壬ȪǧԼҪ̧ͷԼǸǿһʸûУ˿̣ЩȫԼĽ¡
ճ䣬Ҷտǧʬ૵վøߣֱվɽˣʱҲ޷סҵĽŲȴʲô
ҶͻȻеִĸΪͣΪβɴݣȴҲʱ򡭡

𣡡
쳤ХΧͬһһľ
黯͸ӳõıһһıһһɫһһɷĸһģһ׵ʵΣ
飬Ӥ֮
һȻΣ
ǵżεĽץУƴһƾ
ʮ춷ǹ裡ͻȻԾ޽ǵǹֱָ˻𣺡ȸ裡
һ˲䣬ǹӰպգ
û֪ô̳ǹͬûеķɳһ㡣
ŵǰɫǹӰ֮֮壬ţǹӰͻȻȼ棡
ÿһǹӰȼһ磬ǹӰԽԽ࣬ǻȻҲԽԽ࣬ȼյǹӰͬȸʱβѣĿųȣĳȣ

ʹĲҽĴײײӣײӣײӣʹޱȣ˻Уһ𽥽ճɻҽ

ȸĻ澹ǵ𣬿Լδ뵽
һŹŵҲõԡ
žž
ҶչƣЦõǹȻƾ֮󣬸ǳŮһӤ֮ȴǿ̤żȻһǹɱŮˣʮ춷ǹҲһͨ
΢Ц޽ǵǹ֣˿һеĺ
Ҷ԰֮ɫһϽֻҲãǵ뿪ˡ
ɻô
ҶտЦҸղڿջݶɱðջСļһʱȴǿһˣ
΢Դˣ
Ҷյͷ
Դ黪ڸ֮Ӥ޳ɣǿɲǵԽѣҶֻ޳壬ֻ˵ǹ꣬Ӥ֮Ҳֻ̤֮Դȴ飬֮飡
ߣ
ȴǱԴЮģȻԴԼǵԴǰʵԴδ˿뿪֮ߡ
˴ɹʶҲͲ飬뿪ջ
ֵĿɺХɳת۾ǿջС˵Ҫ죬Ҳ֪ǲƭ˵ģŰĿȷû˿ͣЪļҲֻܳſſǰ
ǻĵùҶҧȻ磡
̿ջǰߣǡߣ쫷紵ÿ̤һ˶Ҫóʮֵܹ̤ȣǰյĹ򣬾Ȼ߳ɲ˵ʲôֵңԴķһͬǰֻԴΪԶʤǣǿҲǿɱȣٶȻǿ٣ࡣ
ȥܲҶҧҲ취Դصջ֮ǰܵĵطֻҪǣԴ㲻֪Ǵʲô뿪ģ˿֮УҲû취Ѱǡ
õͷջһۣ뿪޳ɣȴͻȻɫ԰ף
Դˣ



096 ɳת
Դĺܿ졣
ӭԴǰ̤һɣڵ㣬ͬһӳգۼѾ˵
ҶһܺͣһߴĺǵĽѾˣѵ÷ֵô
Դ΢ЦХλαؼڸ·һؿջܱܣͣٷֵҲ١
Ҷյĺ˼ˣǾϲ·ҾϲôҪûʲôµĻǸϽؿջˡ
Դҡͷȴ˿һչ˫ۣͬξһƮ𣬽ţ
Ҷջ˵ʲôȴڱҧʱ򻹸ˣƤʲôãǷҪսһˣƼˣҽɱóԸ쵰
ɱﵣҶ¶һ˿֮ɫƻ񣿡
õͷ
Ӥ֮żƻҲжôǣȴǲͬˣӤ֮żʹƻԴΪͻ䵽Ӥ֮ǵһΪ䵽ϣһ˻һƴ֮
ֻƻΪǣԼĶվԼģҪƻ񣬽ҲܹԤȻش
һ㣬Ҷ֪Ҳ֪
ҶղδȰ˵ȻѾôԼ㲻Ȱ˵
ÿ˵·ҪԼߣÿ˵ѡҪԼе
Ҳڴ˿̣Դչ˫ۣͬӥʳһ㳯£ȭ»ƣֱץҶյļͷ
ԴһץǲƺֻסҶգδȡҶĴ㣬Դ˵Ҷȴ˿ӭƣҶձڤ̳
ԴδڤѰжãԣӭڤķȴǾƾץֱӽڤ飬ĳ룬ƸһԴɭϽָ˻ȴһ̯һԼβָȴǱһ
ýԴ˿ڵδ룬㻹˱
δ뵽أ
ͻȻĻһΣ۳УһǹԴȥ
ԴԹһοصѧˣֱץ޽ǵǹǾƳɵǹһģ޽ǵǹǹͷţԴɫһݣǰǹͷµװεһöǰӹ
Դɫ΢ƻ񣡡
õƻ񣡡
԰գͦǹٴ̣ǹײԴıۼ䣬ţñ͵һǹˣƻǷ˳ȥԴͷ
ɲǼ䣬ʣ
ƻɢҫ۵ĹâģԴͷţԴ
Դ϶ʱʳ˿ߣ˼ƻȥȴǰȻڷУ̯Լ˫֣ĿǴԴʳ˿ƻл֮󣬱㲻õڣÿظܵԼеŨͬ峺ˮʹԼÿһ磬ʹԼγͨ͸
š
ܵõͷһ̿ͬһƬƲʣ
黪ڸǣ
ôδԼҲδԼʹ
ԽøܵǰδеȴҲΪΪ
½ֻһ˲Ҳ㹻ˣ
Դŭսɣ
ԴȴЦƺ˿ǰ㣬õԭ̤Ӥ֮ˣϲɺأ
ԴĻδ䣬õͫȻŴҵĲؿڣſ죬һϺɫӺӿ漴ܿƵĴõӿ
ƻܹõġԴ΢ЦУһݽ𲣬ëãȴо綾ҵ飬ԣҵǺо綾ģƻȡҵΪȴû֮壬ôܳܵǾ綾
Դ˵ŻʱȻڵأȻϺڵɫ֣Ҫޡ
Ҳʱ򡭡
ҶնȻ
Ӱպգ
ڤɫĽӰӹҹգֱԴȥ΢΢ʹĶָΪǰ֮ԴڤҲΪɵһЩӰȻԾڰнڤ𿪣漴ָһϸߣ罣㳯Ҷؿڴȥ
ҶտҲ˦־ͻӳһöƬڹ⣬ϸڿײ¡һһɹΡ
Ҷպȵⶾ
Դⶾ⣬ɢȿɡ
ɢʲô¶޷ǾˣϢձָܻɢҲ͵ͬ˿̳׷ˣ޸ԴֵĿܣҲֻܿҶնԵֵԴ
ġûԥҶչϳɢ
ԥʵֻҶȻĸ͸һЩɢ֮ʱɷˣﲻʲôæǣ㲻ɢô˿ģҲͬﲻʲôˣȱסõСΪá
òǱܿеĹؼȴǺݺݵسŵϴһȭ͸޾ĲʸԼﲻæҲҶյԼƾǾܹԴǰ뿪
ɢһЩƮ»صԴ֮УǱƻѹȥΪҲָ΢ЦؿҶգ޾ϲȻԴ㵽ÿƻһȴη塣
ĲһؿջȥôԴҶ΢Ц˿һɢ˿ХҲΣյģ
ҶղδԴǣڤȴҶش
𣬽䣡
׾Թ϶
ҶճֱԼǿɱУҲ˿ɱܵһ
ԣԴûκε㣬;վԶأ
ڤͣԴǰһ磡
һѣ
ֻһ磬ȴģ
Դһķʵ򵥣ȻܲǱ㲻ܺˣۼǰԼȫڤ̴Դȴվû̴ܹԴ塣
ãáԴҶյֻһֻѰӤ֮Ҳ֣ȴҲֹֻڴˡ
䣬ԴͻȻǰĳһƣӡҶյؿڡ
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ҶҲҪᴩɽǳϦ飬ҲôУƻʱ־˱ĵطϢֲ֪Щ˿ΧϲԤֻɽҰֻҪҹ洦ɼżһЩ˻С
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ͻȻģҶǸѪԡŮˣҲҲһ֣ҲԵټ
ҶվѪıϣĿ˼ţֱת֮С

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104 
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Ů˵ӿˣֽĽҶոϵȥţ˶ˮ裬ʪëϴֱЩ˿ʼǵ·ҶղŻع
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ͷŮƺȵҲĲͷֱ̧Ž˸ߵһԵͲʲôأϽߣȥźȾƣնãЩСϸڡ
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ҶŵȭͷɿЦݵǾ߰ɣ

Ů߳ӣҶղŷկҪԼĴ࣬ľݲηһһϵмٻ֮࣬ÿһһƬͨˮĿյأľۼһЩˣֵģЩڿյϴˢСˣģȴһˡ
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Ҷεǣǣǣоһ亹Цˡ
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Ҷյϰ߱ź򣬲ϰźˡ
Ůģˣǻϰߵġ
Ҷҧ
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105 ľ
ҶոöһۣͼȴҡҡͷԴ򲻹˼Ҷֱĥ뱻Ů˳ң
ǲеġ
ҶǺϣվֹǰŮˣȴδĻվǣȴվˣ˵һ䣬ȴҶ̧ͷȥʱվҲΪ⣬ȻɽǸŮ
е¶ɫŮŮҲ۾
ľŮղ˵ʲô
Ůƺֱưͣվ½һԲ
㿴ԼģŮյ˵ٴˣлҪ˵Ҫ˵һ
ҿ
Ҷҧ̣˰˼ұŮ˺òã
㡭㲻ܴǡľŮƺĪһ㣬սȭͷҵģ
˵ǺŮʵ̫СҧгݣȴҲѰ˵˶٣ȴޱȾȣһλ궼˵˼仰˵˴ˡ
Ҫ͵˵ŮһҶյҪһ
ŮĬ
ŮְһקõҪһ
ŮɲԲԣƺÿ˵һֶһֿ顣
Сү̲ȥˣҶ͵Ůƣһ߷ǰǣСүʲôʱˣΪŮ˲㻹ǵԼӡ

еһȣŮֱ̧һƳҶ䣬ȴҲڴ˿̣̾ȻҶȻ̲ȥȻֻƴŮҶչȥɲǣһȭŮı󣬽һģȶԷͷ֮ʣȴǻ롣
ڤߣҶֱ̧۳У˫£֮ǻâѤá
ҶպȵѾˬܾˡ

Ůɫ϶ȻֵܵɲǼ㾲ȥܵеľҺһȦһȦ
ǡʱǽľŮٶȳҪˣҪġ
ŮʱˬʵĴЦŮ͵ҪĶҪ˵˼ҲҪľøĸԼˣ˸ˡ
Ůһ˵ţһɨҶһ۵ǶúõźС㣬ε¾ͼˡ
ǡ
ҶˣøϽһ棬קžͰǽľŮŮӯӯʩ漴ȹڱ뿪ãŮȴǺпԼŮڳˣ֪Ҫˡ

ãҶձ˳ƽõָĵһߡ
ˣûˡҶյѵ̵ȥ˵ǰ
õ˼Ҿô˵ˣôʣŮ˿ڿ㡣
лĵط취ϽܡҶͻȻǸŮƿãվŮĸǰҾӦ˵ЩʲôӦñ֪ĸࡣ
Ů½ǣƺָֻǳĬԵģ
Ҷյ¿ҹϮйأЩģ˳㽫ǸץˣǶԸ֣֮Ǿ㣬ȴɰˣץط㼴㲻˵ллҲǵǸҲٸҿ˵ʲôɡ
õˣǲ˵ǲô˵
û취Ҷ̾ͻȻ۾һӵϼ֦˵двУ
Ů룬Ҷӹ֦ǴӦ
Ҷյʲô
Ůڵдľ
þȵղλǾ£ǵĹϵ
ľдĸ״ˡ
Ҷյܴܲ뿪
ľдҪȥ
Ҷյأǲ֪ôߣָԶ·ôָм
ľдӡ
ʵڳϣӱ˵߳Ƭɽ֣߳կӶѣҶͻȻһ룬ҲǽʶþľᣬϾʶʵڹͳȥط˽أĽʵܶ࣬ҲկŲõͬ޷ĵطء
£Ҷյ֪طôҪȥطڵǸء
ľ֦˰ĸ״ÿ¶ǰأһ󷨣ˮ£ܹأֻҪ˲䡣
Ҷϲܴȥô
ľ֦ȴҲʱҶͻȻץס
ҪдġҶյ˵Σ˵Ҳûǰ£԰ɣ
ľҧҧ촽漴΢ŵĵͷţҿԴȥ
ȻĽ֣ҪȥػúᴩɽѹǳϦȴδ뵽Ľ·һǾǰŮǱץȥ㣬ȫֵõˡ
ľһ۲·ǲϲ˵ΪµãλȻǳޱȣһ·ͨ裬ȴҲʱһ̤կӵľףľͣ½ŲҶոҲǸſկŵķȴһ˵կӡ
ȥȥϵ˷Ҫȴֱˤڵϣмˣʫûʯرȥʧء
µȻȥ౨ҶոҲǶȻһǲŲ⾮µǷҪʫδ
ⲻܡҶյ׵ģ
üô֪ԼɱǸʫϵģ
ԼϵѽңǼ䷿ʫϵӡҲڷҳġҶͻȻһٵ˼ǼһǸʫϵķ䣬˲ʫϣǹðģ
õҲҲǹⲼõģһӶѣҾ;ɱʫҲ̫Щ
ˡҶҧҲ̵ģҲ̣ʫϾûҲ֪˭Ҫɱǣ̣Ӧû뵽
ɫ΢һ̻ˡ
ȥҶյǵûʯǣȻˡ
õͷ
ҶץžľļǸǿµԺȥأܸܲɽ·Ǳ̻ʯȥ
ɽʮկֲɽĸųԣͳ˧ʮկԼկȻӦɽеɽһƶ츣صԴ֮ŶԣϵǾµկӾھŹزԶɽУȻҶոҲɽһͱץϸԣʵҲͨŹرǾ¸ʯսʯǸϵŹزŶãҲͲὫկӽڴɽˡ



106 ٻ
˫ᣡ
ɶǺɽԽ벻ڻ£ˣҶ˻ǻһһҹֱڶҹʱ֣ǲſ۹ٴγԼǰƻҹ̾һ
õҲ֪᲻أؼӡǲãʫѾкˡ
а취ģǲ֪á
ڤկӵʱҶձľѽҪ˻ûڤ֣ҶջЩڡ
ʵڲɵĻҶֵֻɱˡ
ŹǰȻǽͷȻеƻ𣬹ȴǽյģҶ˻ǳͷϱ̽Դ
ҶղԷѯʣǰٿţǻҪϻʯǡ
ʿӡô
ҶóŷżȻӡŵģҲ𿪿ô
ʿʱЩԥҶճȴļǾˣʲôɵĵģٿǹȥǼһˣô
ʿԴڸ˽Ƭ̺̽ӳҶ֣ǹŲСű㱻򿪡
Źأӣһ·ʯϿȿɣصʯǵʱﵹɸƽģҪһѾϰˣֻҪսղУȻʲôνȴҲ÷Ҷ˻سǡ

صСԺŶ漴˵˼һ
ӦҲۣ󣬱ǼһƬȻǱ˷ҿǾƺֹһˡ
ҶյʫϣҾ֪ǸϲϵģֻȥʫҪˡ
ҧʲôˣҾǻ쵰
ҶյȴǵŪʫϵסˣǲٵˡ
Ҷյ㲻óڣȴҲƲģĽŲǵԺӶƬ֮ҲˣΪʵ٣ŲȻСԷҲδε˼
ʫۡҶյץȴδҵǣԣԺΧߣƺҲǣҲʡȥˡ
飡
Ҷջ䣬СԺľű㱻һ߿
ֳֻѵӿԺ䣬ңԺؿԺ⻹վŲˣѾԺΧס
Ҷյʫϣ
Ϊ˸Ҷ׵ġʫϡȴҲֻǼˣϸһܹһЩϸ΢ĲǰʫԸһЩͬĽüĿüٻЩ
ǡʫ΢Цδλأ
Сѿ
ʫϵԭҪǸŮˣû⣬˴
ʫ֣˽СѿӺѺδʫҲһȫΪŮ˸ʲôﵹҲ侲ֻСѿо壬õʱҪɱȴǱţҲÿţȻҶտɲʫ϶һСʴ֮ġ
Ҷյ˵ɡ
ʫЦһӰ˵Ĳ֣ڶ鷳λذɡ
Ӱ̣ʫʼΪǼֻǲˣҪ˵δؾͷϣϾʫıҲ٣ҲôһҶҹϮɱˣ̣ʫϼǹˣѰȻҲðɱԼ뵽ҶձӣɱΪ̴˳ǣ
һҪҵףڵڶҶʧЦԴвô
ʫЦȻѵý컹ƽƽ߳ȥô
ԭˡҶհڰָһҪҴӦˣڶҪͿûˣ˰ɡ
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Ҷյ㲻˵û취ƽƽ߳ȥôȻˣ㻹Ҳ㶫
ʫԳڰʾߵĻ˺󣬷Сѿǰ
塭
Сѿһͷ˽õĻվڱҪ˵ЩʲôȴΪֹ˵˿˵ʲôûá
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ˣңʫ϶ʱŭϣǸץˣȥʰӰ䡣
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ûܹһ
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һȴûʧˡҶ΢Цʫһ͸Σ
ʫϻھ֮УҶ⻰ӲŵĻع˲ԾıȺ͵һ漴ŭɫ֡
ϣһϡʫϺ˶һܹɱһϣץסͣ
ʫСˣΪʲô취ܹñĸԸΪԼԣγڣļ˵ʿЩһˣȴ̱⽫ʫϻ󣬻Ҷռ˱ƽ
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Ҷյ
Ӥ꾳ĸ֡ɫ΢΢һƺղǰɣ漴ʫϵʫһӤ֮ﶯֿ»˵㣬鷳ȥԺ⡣



107 ȥ
˵Ҳʵˣǻʫϵˣһ۷壬һҲǳӤ֮Ҷջһ޶Ҳѹأȴ޾֮ˣҶȴ֮ɫδй˿
֮ǰҪءҶոöһۣսپ
˵֮󣬱һŶԷȥ
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ĵȻ˶һǿһ˷ֿҲƽ֣ȴк壿
֮ʣҶոȴѾ嵽˶Էĸǰ
ȣ
һҶվٽͿ
һȴһǰĵͷ䣬ȴƺպգҪԷһնϡ
ԷЦһһ˵ưԵȴɲУԭȻΪϵĲ࣬ԽһΪԼܹɵصҶһԲڻ¡
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֪ڤڣҲб±ܿܿһ׾Թ϶
ۣ
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¶ĳűΪ˪һػУʱһ죬㳹׵̮



108 ɽ
ۣ
뿪ʯǣҶոȻǲ񱼣ȴûܳԶ׷һ֧ӣɳ׷
ʫ϶ǺܲİҶջͷһ۵ƺûи֣ΪͻҲ֮
õɱˣ
ɱҶյʫӤ֮ĸֶҲ˿δֵԵʣֻЩֲʫߣҪʱȣЩ˲ʱġ
õͷ˵ʲôֻҪܳŹأʫϵצӼٳҲ޿κΣѵܽӵɽɡ
ǵţһ·ۣԼʱĹ⾰Źرٶȳǵĸǰҹɫ֮У䲻
۱׷ӣҶձ㳶źŹصǽͷǳԮҪȥǰ֧Ԯٴ򿪹ţǷУʱ䣬˭Ҳﲻ𡣡
ŹϵʿһǿǽһȻΪȴǸӣӣҲҵֻ֧׷Ҷ˶ȴǼˣһ·׷ָŹܹҶһ裬Ǻþʹ˼л뵽ҶվȻթš
Ϊ׵ʱɿţǷˡ
Ҷ̽źûУ׷ˣǿ쿪ţĪҪ顣
ŹǽͷʿҲǱһһէĺԻֻȴҲҽǳŴˡ
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ͺһҶյеĺɫʢ漴ɫĻҶԾǺɫĻ֮УһȦĸƮڻ֮УҶո߸
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ˡҶպȵٲţյʬ޴棡
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ˣȼյŹأҶͻȻԾ˻ȵ鷳ǻȥʫϣСүɵģϣҹ˯Ҫ˯ʵһЩ
ҶսÿһֶԶԶ˳ȥ漴һ֣ߡ

ƽԭҹɫɽɫɡ
ʫϴ˸ϵʱվˣֻʣձ˻ŹأҶǻȻҲʫϵĶУ޵˵׻С˶ԷȻҶո״뿪ʯǡ
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ͷ˵ЩᣬҲزȥˣ԰ɣ
⻰˵ԶԣǱϾһ飬ûΪ飬һֱ磬ʯǣСԺļңȴҶˡ
Ҳô˵ǿԻȥģֻҪʱˡҶЦŵֱʯгΪϵһ졣
ֻҶ⻰ڰοʯжǲԽĴڣֻҶ֪ԼĻǶôȻ
Ϊؽôһ졣
ﲻųɽаңȻҲûʲô˵ģҶջָҾľȥأȻҪկȥġ
һ߱һ·̣ҿ뿪ʱľɽĵͼǣȻҪҵկӵ·治ס
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ļ̌ͷҶһۣҶ˾ľһЦǰŮ˵ĴԴҲ֪ߵĻŵġ



109 Ӥ
Ҷھµկס졣
ϵأȴһʱ߲ɣΪ»δ
²ǳɽǽس飬ɽڴ˽ɽǣǻˮµ󷨣˵󷨣˵±йأǶھµԣȥŹظʯǻˮµĴԿҶҲֻܵˡ
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ǣ۷ףԽƴ˾ȴѡ
Ӥ֮ȴܹ֮⣬ҪıӤꡣ
ƴ˾Ӥ̤꣬ĵгһܹӤ޳ɣƾ黪ڸǣٷǹ֮꣬顣
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Ҷպǰһֻ̤Ӥ֮ڳ֮УҶɽ۵ĸܣԽ֮ף۷֮ǰܣǣƫƫҶոܹˣҲǳѪɽΪȻδܴﵽ۷壬ҶյľӤ֮ŹʱǰӰȭߵŹأ廯δﵽ۷֮ʱȻȻĽ˾ԽӤ֮żȫȻûа裬˲졣
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Ҷڷƺ֮ϣҧţڴ˵Ȼ죬ȴٳٲһֱڵȴԼľǵȴһһξۻӤ꣬ȻֻˣһҪȻȻӤ֮ȴˡ

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ҶոӦţǣţͼץסؼʵҪ飬ȱҪõϿɣϿǵͬ顣
ģҶڸܵԼƺץסʲôŵҶΪĻ۹һһҶյڣһ˲䣬ҶոоԼ·Ȫ֮ǰ㣬ȫҶոоޱȵڡ
ЩҶյʶҲǽĻ۵֮ɰɵţ漴ͻȻ¶һСһһЦȴǸҶպƣǣЦģǴ˿а
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Ӥꡭѳɡ
Ҷ͵۾ܵ·ܵӦһ㣬ͻȻ裬Ҷ½ڷзһͷڷЩҡ
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ҶյͷľԼ䵽ҶոõĽ£εɫˮƱ㸡ֳţŹֵķƣһˮĻӿе˳׵



110 
Ҷմδܹƽ棬ȴ󷨣
˵ƽ棬ΪҶմʼնδо˿ı仯˵ȴΪˮĻ֮ʱܵľɫȻˡ
ǰһƬεĺҶյıȴɽɽڷҡҷţճ׵ɢ١
ԭˡҶտŽɢɽǾµô
õ㿴Щʲô
ҶյҲµûµƺ¥Ҳ֪¥ǼٵģǣʵϺ¥ֲǼٵģֻ¥չֵĶʵڵģȴֲǾǰңң֮⣬µˣú¥ǰĻӰǴĽء
õսʱô
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õͷǵѶԸҲϵֻǴ˿Ѿڽ֮ôطҲûʲôŹ֣Ϊλᱻ˳أôҲǰֲĵط
ҶյҵľһЩ֮ԽأǷΣղ޹ϵﱾһء
ֹ˼壬ǽֹڵĵطֹ߽ڵĵطƬأݴδʧ껹ֻܹصʱ򣬽ת֮أͬʱҲת־̨֮ء
ҶյתѦƹκţר˾⵽ֱ꣬ƶ漴Ͷת־̨ܹǰıԣʮ֮УתΪҪ˵ҲΪأͶ겻룬ʧʮҲ֪ȥתҲʹʧٺѰת־̨أγĽأ⡭
ҶջͷͻȻס˼Ƭ̺󣬲żݾľԣرǵ֮һγֵĵطԣҲ˲˲ŽΪء
ľ˵治١õأ
ҶյǱ㲻֪ˣľҲֻǴӾصһЩ飬ȻָҰˣ¼Ȼǽسȥ飬Ӧ֪µģܲȥǸŮ˲ǣΣҵ̵ĵطɡ
һ˵ţһ뿪Ǵһ·жȥԼʱ򣬱㿴һӡ
ҶЦ
õͷҵŵĵطȻǲģңҪ̽ϢȻ̡

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Сһ㣬漴ЦλҪȥӦƸȴǲ鷳ˣȥͷȿɡ
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Ƭ̣ʱУݺݵصҶˡ
ҶȴǲǣǿǹµֻӦÿ˰ɡ
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ǱֻͭаưĴСŵ֮ӭ㳤ֻɲǵĹ򣬱㳤ĸѰһСǹ·Ըϳĳ˱㷢⳵ҲǱж죬ֻ˵˶ʮҲӵǳڵĿռȴҪǳ֮ࡣ
ǹͭԦԼٶȴǼ죬ģͭţ㽥𣬾Ȼſжȥųֱӷɶա



111 
ǻͭٶȼ죬νһǧֻʱҶձ˵е¡
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գҶջ֮У㴫߳Ӻȴǻ˸ȣЩɷմ¿˵
Щ˶ҼǺˣÿʱǸɻʱԺ󶼸Լÿ춼ҪȡǹŲһͨ漴չˣյĻƱȥ綴ɼ׾ȥ޵ǿԼѡ
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ǹǰͷһǳէûǺúøɻĪҪѧ˵ĺãȻҿɲ֤к³
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ҶղмؿЩһۣ漴ǰһԼϵϣָָǶѨõǹ¿϶󣬱㰫˽ȥ
磬ҷ磬֮磡
ҶոǶУо쫷ͬһԼϣͷһҶոľԼϾȻıиһ㣬һЩϸ΢˿ڡ
ʲôĵطʲôķ磡



112 ̽綴
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˵ҶտЦһӸϣ᲻ᱻߡ
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Ҷֽһҡΰڶ˱صҵ֮ϡ
ʵǵҶŽΪһҶôһȺ֮Ҵң˵ûǻᣬϵ׾ҽȻͱҶˡ
ЩͷһλѾҶոǽʣ¼ȴԵĺûԥŻֱҶյȵЩͷڤЩ˶ʱɫ֣׷׵Ĵӻó׾ȴһһöĵݵҶոǰ۸ҶģȴҲֻ壬˿Ρ
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ҶЩ׾Ҳûм콣㽫Щ˸ˣٵͷһ׾ԼŵһöȴöյȻҲˣԲٵڷ綴֮Уȥ
뿪Ƿ綴йȡ׾ҶȻҲɵȫȥֻöԼһö
ǹµͷ˵ˣô콫꣬ҲʵѵãȥֻǼǵҲҪ㱾£ĪҪʧźãգϱôͨˣջᡣ
ǹһ߹һôҶյһ˳ӣֻûȥȴֻԼ֪ˡ
ǹ£ҶձصԼһ㣬ȴ˻ֻһ˶ѣǶæҶĥ׾
䵽׾֮ڣҶտԸܵоƣܹֵҲܸڣκ˶ԣǼôģ׾ЩŹ֣Ȼܸܵȴ޷ڣҶιУ޷õκεĻӦ
ˣȻˣǲǿ̺ʯͷôҶü޷һ񲻾ǷѣΪҪĶԼû͸÷
Ҷ㯣ȴǲβ͸׾кջػУ˼ڴ
ҪǿҪʱŬҶպԼýʱô



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ҹʱ֣ҶͻȻ춯۵ʱȴûˡ
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Ҷյ˵
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Ҷü˼ֻ޵ѣ
õͷǰǵҲʮ֮һӣ»ѵʱղˡ
ҶյǣҪʲôأ
֪õҪ֮⣬ʲô;
ҶյǾû;ǹˣҲɼ׾ҲЩΣգ΢ᱻߣɴ˿ɼÿ±ŵôȥʹӵ˵ĹȥˣΪɼ׾޽ΣգΣȻˣˣȻҪȥµ֣ĥһ׾ȴûʲôôֻ̺ѣȫ֪ɼʲôģ˵ô
ȫδšýӹһö׾ȴõҶһĽۣƴϸһµ̺ȴ΢ңܸڣȻҲ޷ⶫʲôôԣôЩ죿
죿ôҶյú롣
ԴȻ͵һĶͷ޵ĵط׾
Ҷյʲôõģ
õֻ֪Ǽţȴûùöȥ֪ˣǹʲô
Ҷһ㣬漴عζǰԼ˼Ϊʲô޵ʲôⲻӦôỨЩץôԼθɣ
õ˵ץˣǲΪ˴޵񣿡
ҶյǧɽץˣҪ˵֮ԸҲͰˣ˼ͨ˵ҲƭеԸ£ǰ鷳ɣ
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ҶյʵҲҪϼһδƭˣ˿϶ǱץˣΪʲôץģȴǲܣֻҪ˱Ѻлᣬ㽫˾ߡ
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㽻ϢҲԼָ
ҶȻҲǼ˼ȴһĥỨ˱׽ȥˣȻǰ޵⡣
壬Լһô
Ҷţ漴ĿʹԼ

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ҶոҲǻ˸߶ȥ綴Ѱ׾Ҷȴȥ¶޽
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ҶڵǰפãǹµȴвͣҶߴߴ٣ȴ˵һ㣬ؿͻȻһ͡
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Ҷ»ͷǰ޵񣬱˫ĿȴҲܲղǰŹֵĸоˡ

޷޵һ䣬Ҷսǹиʮ߰˱顣
˵ǸоЩŹ֣ǣһ˲䣬ҶԸойӿǹ³ԴԼֻҪٸԼһʱƬ̣ܹͻȻðָ׼ΪҲ˵׼˵ģӤ˶޳һǣﵽһһ֮Ҳδ֪ϧؼʱ̣Ҷձǹ¸ˣѹ֮ȥٿǵȴҲ޷ٻղǰĸо
ٿ˵ǽ¾ǽġҶ૵ԾйŹ֣Ȼоֻǲ֪½׺ãң˺δʲôףҲδоʲôѵĹϵΪԼҲǰ壬ԱΪʲôͻȻоأ
Ҷմ˿ʣŪǵ񵽵кιϣԶ׼ģֻҪŪкè壬ΪҲǼкô顣
˵ţҶǹһµĿ֮£˴Ӹӣ˿ʼ̣ڼҶҲ̽µʯδʲôֻ֮Ѱʯǣ˵ļƣֲǵʱ׾
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뵽ȥʲôŹ־ͺˡ
ҶհԸţ˿̸ĵЩ룬ǵʯĵطҲΧ׿Ҳ޷ϸ뵽ҲܹʲôҲ˵׼
ԷˣҪЩʲôԵģ
ҲҶ˼ǵʱ򣬱ͻȻһ



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ҶռŮƲ٣ʮҹӽҹķ飬ԪʮľţȴδһŮǰŮһ˸о·յ΢磬ŵȴǰƢͬҹ֮Уǲ֮ҡҷС׻
ҪЩʲôԵģкܶ
Ů˼ҶĬȻЦŽղŵĻظһ飬ҿĸͷ
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ҶǺСƣһȣ漴Ů˵ͷ⣬Ŀ·ʢһŮ뿪
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ǹ˵֮󣬱ӻһɳ©ڱϣȻҲȲԸµԵɱǴ˿̡
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ֶͨԽԽãҪѡԼͨڤѵõͨɵΪβҪԸҪƻԭǼ򵥣õǹǾʮ춷ǹҲѾ裬ȻǹѧڤԲ޴ãҶȴͬʱҶյͬһŰֽδѧʲôͨдѧ˴ڤҲ㲻ȴͬˣ˴ڤ¸Ȼ죬Ҷձ㲻ѡͨ˵ศɣҲܸڤ塣
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ڤӰ壬ѧˡ
廷СүڤɱжδѧȫĻйѧУҪ

Ҷ߹㣬һһţЩͨЩǽ¸ЩǴģȻܹһ㣬ˮ׼࣬ѰͨԱ⣬ֻǣ֮ҶҲδƼܹġ
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䣬Ҷһͨ伮ȴһŷ󷨣һʷȴܻһʮֱ仯Իֽ󷨣ǲҶշҳ;ͷΣ⻭鷳ֲ֣ͼͼķƣžͷۡ
ȴǽ츳ˣСүûⷽ츳
Ҷսǲһʷͨ伮ȥֳϵһ۾ǶȻһ
ս⡣Ҷշһҳ૵谢巽ͨǽô
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ҶһţһȲķ˼ҳͨ԰ºöΪ͸֧õǿҵս⣬ԶʱõΪɱնҵһս
΢һҶմҲ׷սǺͨ򵥵˵ܹǱԽսսⲻã֢ҲʵСսҪ͸֧ݽ֮ʱҲȣСľͻ飬ʱȻǻɢ֮֡
һҲζŷսʵǱ˫нǿԼĵҲն׼ȴвҲὫԼСȥ
Ҫϰս⣬һҪ壬ҪӤ֮
Ҷյ˵ǳȴ⣬ΨһϷսĵڶѡңҶոոӤ֮Ǹһ꣬ʱϰսʱһӤ꣬һս⣬Ӥɣ黪ڸ֮ʱҲǷս֮ʣзսҶǵٶȶܿϼ֡
ˣҶջ֮ɫϾŪþͻᶪСͨҲ˶ѧġ
֮Ҷ³૵ⶼңζԼ¶޷Խ̸һεˣʲôµģһˣ
ҧҧҶվ¶ģסǱսĵ伮һȥ伮ݸµǼᡣ



115 ʯ
ս⣿ǹ¿۵伮ɫǹŹ֣漴Ҷյϸݣ
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ս⹲֮ӦǣһΪ꣬Ϊػ꣬Ϊ꣬һ壬ۣΪΪ࣬ΪΪӢ޵Բ֮ʣǣɷӷսȫԵģʱҶȻҲӤƾ黪ڸǣҶոӤֻ֮һ꣬Ȼ轫սȫǼǰҳй뿪ղص֮أ˾
ݵʱѻˣȥ綴Ѱ׾ֻҪѰö뿪ʱȻҪ޽ٵĶ࣬Ҷջ㿪ڵջ񣿡
Щջ񣬲Ǿϵǰ޵˾Щ⣬ֻʲô⣬Ѱ̽ҶЦҵһźʺҵͨôҵԼϲô
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Ҷո˵Ҳֹȷһҹ˱Ըɻȥ˷綴Ѱ׾ҶȴǼ޵
פǰ޵֮ǰҶͼоźһǰоδֹˣʯĻƲ³䵱๤ȴҲδűӱǲ͵ǣҪǰ޵ȴǼѣΪ黪ڸǵĹʼնѲڰ޵֮ǰҶճҹ͵͵ܲܽҹʱ͵͵ȴ¾Ȼֱסڰ޵ʱһȻҲͶϾҶյͷҶպ޵ѹ
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ˣȴʳһ˴Ƕѯʹ֣ϧȴûʳطδʹŮֵģƾֻʣһˡ
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ԣԡ˵İɣֻҪܽʳ缸ĻΣ
ġҶպ˿ھƣӼʯ˼ǣȻ˵˼˵ҲǰʣңҶĵûȤ
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һķսЧһ㣬ҶձΪйأҪӷսȫҲҪӤ۷壬ǽԳɲܰ쵽ֻ꣬Ȼǿ⣬ȻҲֻڵ伮ϵԣǺãؼʱ̵Ҳһ֮⣬˷սҶյӤʵǵһѾ˼
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ȥգһóˡ
ҶţԼٶȻ⣬Լ츳׿֮˵ƾٶȼ죬һ㹻̿࣬Ӳʱ䣬ܹ֮ʳҶ츳дգ˵㼫죬ȴҲƲ㹻ҶտֵԳһԼ²ţȴҲôĶǱˡ
֮⣬Ҷÿﶼȥķս⣬Լ´޷ѰỨˣҲڴ˵ضԣÿȴϰһ֮⣬ҶҲǳŽ֮ĬĬзսĵᣬ漴صڳ¼ֱһķսⶼӡԺ֮С
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Ҵ̽һЩ顣ýڣСĽںúʯΡ
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ʯôҶ૵ȻηȻǹѺ˵ĵطˡ
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116 Ұ
ҶҪʯȥʵǲôѣܼ򵥵֣ŬҰȿɡ
뵽ҰҶձ뵽޵Լû취ӽ񣬵ǿԽ˻ǿһۣŵĹ¿ɲ̫öԸͬʱҶջһ飬Ǳǳ¼ս⣬ԼǱؽʯΣҲûٽĵ伮ˣҶտɲһŲȱͨԣڴ֮ǰ뽫սȫ
죬ҶձȫĵķڷսĬǸ¼֮ϣֱսⶼȻģҶյӤҲһ壬ﵽһһ֮
˵һҲжôܹΪľǷսҲܸЩϣܹһ
ҶȭͷΧ·ܵǣһ㣬ͻȻĻ۵ҶյܣγһСС漴Ҷѹ㶸ȻɢһȦɳ
δ֮ǰӤò󣬵ǣһǣĸӦǻᾫ֣ҶձּΪֲЧȻҲΪɫ
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˽ʮУǹ˵Ϊߣȴ㱻Ҷշ첲в֮䣬ǴڤĽָ⾫ֻܿҶմƽ֣ҧͷųȶȶ䣬ͼ֮Ҷѹƣĳ룬ҶյһҶϱҲǲ⽫סĽ˻ȥ
СŨĺֲ
ǹоȣֻӤ֮ۼΪԵĲ࣬ײ֮䣬ǹ¾ǸоѹסҶգԾ˵ֶαѹƣȴҶոǰȫЧŨ̶ȫѰӤ֮
ϼһҶյͺȵңҲˡ
ŶԷ֮ʣҶսһһӰӿգǹһȴֲӲڤϽӭȴһڤһײǿΪеȴһ飬ǽӰһƫ̽µļͷ
ǹ紭ϢҶȴǼһƼŰ޵ȥ
ͣ¡ǹºȵӽ񡣡
ҶЦԣ
ǹɫǺ죬ȻҶն·أҲ޹⣬ϾԽһΪ޷£ʵǶۡ
𣡡
˻һ
ǹ²СҶգȴҲƴϵ˿裬һӰɽȫëһɫһɫѪ
廯Σ
ǹȴа壬ȻǰѰ֮һǣа֮幫ΪԵԶ֮أ޵ޣ˫
ѪǶ޵廯֮󣬱Ǵܵһµˮ˻֮£ǵŹա

µ۾ҶյͺѪǶޱǾë׵ȭͷҶձǾӸµһ䡣
ǵÿûⱾ¡Ҷ˸ȵһͷҲҸҲ񣡡
ҶղܲҲ޴ӱ廯ͨΪ޴ѪǶ޵߰׿⣬һȭ±֮࣬׶㿪ԣҶҪǼ򵥡
ӭȭͷ
䣡
˫ȭһײһȦײȭͷ䵴ƳȥǶѻʯգۼͱѹɷĩ
ǹϵľ֮ɫŨ
סˣȻסˣ
δ廯ΣСӾȻƾԼȭͷ͵סѪǶ޵һȭ
ǸСðôǿᡣ
µһ䣬漴ϵϹ䵽廯εĶӰ֮УȭٶҶսµĵ͵һһѿһƬѡ
СӣǹºȵҳЩʹƾ֮භΪԼ˭һأȫʩΪɡ
ҶպЦһ㻹䣡
Ҷ˵⻰ʱѾȭΪƣסͷѪǶ޵ȭͷС΢ȻҲ˼ţҶϵȻ
ɫɫ
˫ɫͬҶ߾ƣӲıסѪ޵ȫͷѵĵٶȴ죬һһ´ݣǣҶձѹȴһһֱ
ھ֮ɫһǹôܸεңǿаɶޣ˫аɶޣ
˵ţ»δӾлعҶͻȻһѪǶ޵ȭͷȻıҶո˻
ݵ˻һǾ޴Ӱȥ¡һѪǶޱ㱻ҶոƷڵأһƬɳ



117 꼧
㲻аҶǵΪǰſô
˳ƣɫߺ죬ȻҲǷŭ˼㣬һѪǵĶӰٶȴض𣬾ȭҶ䣬ǵ棬Ǿɳʯм
ֻҶȴĸԷƲһֶΣѾ׵ɥʧ侲
ƾ廯εĶ޾ȭҰԵǹ±ҶһȴδͨҪΪѹҶգȴԽˣǶޱԽѻҶգҶɶܣȴҲδע⵽λȴԽԽѾǵ·£ȻҶյĿڡ
ڽӽˡ
Ҷһ䣬һܿͷѪǶ޵ȭͷµʱȻ쵽ǰ޵ĸǰǵ·ȴһ̳ͷ¯һ̣ϵĶʱҶձ͵üëһ
һƬҶ
ɫҶ
ҶһҶ׵·гɫֻҶ֮ϵ̨ȴǲˣܹ۶ϵļ
̨Լһô
Ҷޱȵľȣ⣬ҶԼǶ°أ˵֪ǲеģҶһֱδ⣬˿ͻȻʣ°سǰҶҲζӳɣеĸܡ
ҶְֺҾϲԼΪõĪĹϵֻǶʼոҶһض͸ĸоҶջϲͬʱһ˿η
ǣΣ
ҶպܹԼʵһѾ㹻ˡ
һҪõƬɫҶ
ɲǼ䣬Ҷб¾ֻǰ޵һǴ˿ҶȴһҪǹ̳֮ϵҶߡ
ǱԼĶ
ҶзݣͻȻ˦׷ѪǶޣ㳯ż̳˹ȥֱҪƬҶ
׼¼ŭĺţҶոǰϵĶ˭Ҳɴ
Ҷպ·
Ҷմ˿̬ѱ䣬ҪõƬҶɱȻۿ䣬˵ֱ̧һֱ̡
֮
ԽʱĽ
޷˿һ
ҶǰȻƿҲܵܵı仯һѸݣҪܹǣܸܵ·ҲױܿģΪһ׾Թ϶
ۣ
żͷ˺ȻǼޣܵڤʧܵ˰׾Թ϶ѸݣܵƿķȴʼջδܱܿһֻǶ㿪ҪԼ屻һ飬ˣȻµڶر׾Թ϶УһؿڣڶǼѣ廹ܴء
ƿ·Ĺ֮ҶҲ˿δԥԾǼ̳ʯףƬɫҶ
õˣ
Ҷ¶ϲ֮ɫָȻҪƬɫҶܵо˿ܹظܵˡ
ǣҶҪƬɫҶɲǡ
Ҷϵϲ֮ɫȻסȥҲʹڰգɫҶ֮࣬ȴʼ޷
ΪҶձס
̧ͷȥĿ֮һͷĺɫŻɫŮȹĵֻϧȴǿòΪŮ˵ϴһźߣ˴ֻ¶һ˫Ӹ촽
꼧ǹ¶㵣漴ֵ̿صǸǸ̾ͽСץ̡
Ǳ꼧Ůɨǹһ۵㲻Ҫﶪۣ֪ԼСʲô𣿡
ǹ½ҧ촽ȻǼģȴǲҷ󣬱ȴ
꼧ɿҶյСӣⲻԴĶҹȥ
Ҷտ˿Լ󣬾Ȼһ˿ӰԼ屻ԷһֳҵĲȣǵ˵һҪߣȴָأ
꼧΢΢һ׼
ҶյĿԴ
ͻȻģڻµһ˲Ҷű߶Ȼƿ꼧ֱץȥȴһ˲䡭
ȣ
꼧ͻȻıɫ쿪ҶձԼײһǽһ¼ʵ޼᲻ݵǽĽ䡣
Сӣϲ꼧Ҷյῴı
һ˲䣬ҶոоǰǶɵǽ̮صĺԼؿڣ·һ޴ĺҶ˱㱻ɳȥгףڵϺۣڤ棬ſΡ
Ҷҧô
꼧Ʋ֪ã޷Խĳƺš
ǿɲһҶյô֪
ɲǣҶձ㶸Ȼ
ܵϸ׷ףɫĽӰҶոǰһţƲ׹⣬ֻǶ̶̵һ˲ۼ䣬ɢ٣·δֹȴʵʵڵľ
ǳʱһ
ҲҶյɱУΪ׾Թ϶ɱС
ǣڽɲǣ
꼧ɢȴ»ۣɵģԵޱȳض
ڤȻ䣬й꼧ô
򵥶ֱӣ꼧ֱӵİ취һȻܲǱ㲻ܺˣǽܹǳԼģֻҪ֪һ㣬Ǳ򵥵Ķֻ࣬ҪסԼȫ㹻ˡ
ֻǣ˭һ㣿˭˰Ե
Сӣ꼧ԵΣô
꼧ź߿飬ֻ΢΢ҶյСҶյĲ
۵Ļɫٶɢ򵥶ֱҶշصĺҶյϣֻһҶձܸоͬ˳ľ˱ߵķݣֱӱɳȥУ漴ݺݵˤڵϣѹ˶ѻʯһȦɳ
꼧̤ȥұľֱ׹ԨҲٳǰ
һһ̤
꼧ߵúȴֺܿ죬ÿһһ㣬ǣÿһ̤꼧ӱƽƳףգۼ㵽Ҷոǰȴһ˲䡭
꼧ɫͻȻһ䣬漴Ӱһ͵Ųףصԭλϡ
صɱ⣡
꼧Ҷյĵط˵ǿ飬ǹȴѾ꼧һ˲ֵɱ⣬ù꼧е¡
һ˲ĸо꼧ŵ૵һģһ
ͬʱ
ҶվϵĬȻؿŹ꼧·Ҫ꼧ʳһ㡣
ս⡭ҶյţɲǼ䣬ϵͻȻ裬Ȼ꼧ղͷų£ȴҲֻһ˲ѸٵҶյڣ̧ͷҶ¶һεıˡ



118 
Ϸˣô
꼧һ㣬漴¶ŭɫƼͻȻصĳҶվȥײҶյؿڣ㽫ָѹȥ
ҶձѹŹ꼧ƳצԼץȴǲֱܲͦͦӭȥӲһۼץۣɢӿһ˿һ˿
꼧ҶյΪʲô㣡
Ҷյ˵ˣѾˡ
꼧ɲǷģ
ǰСүҪ֪д˿ֻ»úܺãĻ硣Ҷиһ䣬ȴǲɫŹ꼧ԭҰɣҲûе֣ұ֤Լٿˡ
꼧һҶգ˵䡰ԭҰɡ뵱ʲô¶ûзǺ޷Сӡ
ཫȥ꼧һֵؽʯΣ϶ᡣ
ܹսѾõĹ¶ʱһӵϣҶոסֻҶյҲûֿ˼˿û뵽꼧Ҳ˳꼧ҪŭɱԼηԸǴﲻˣңҪȻҲֻڣ꼧ϻһеͶļһ֣ǰŮ˻ģҶҲԸԳ
СӣʲôǺ棬Ҳɻ
ǸҶĹ·߷ߵ˵ţҶշ漴ѹȥ
һأҶȻܲЪϢĺˣǱֱӴ²㣬µľ֮ϱһһʯҰ䣬ֱ۰ϸդһһʯΡ
ߡǹѺҶյܵˣԼɵ¶ûˣҲҡ
Ҷյʯλбô
аǹµȫ㲻ʶʱļһ
Ҷյûдץô
ǹɫһСӣôʲôߡ
ҶµҸȥΣҲҪ棬ô˵ҲǸ꼧ǽֵˣ̷Ĵɡ
ǹСӣ㷸ǰɣ
ҶյҰҹȥ棬ҪҸ׷һҲɡ
ٸҷϻǹһҶյΪԼ˭ﻹǵҪ󣬸ҹȥ
ҶҧҧͻȻ֣һµ°ϣ漴ԴһıǸͷǹҵκ漴̧Ž˸ߵڵأһͨͲȡ
Ź¡ҶյͺȵҲɣܰҹصȥˣ

ฺѺĹǻعϽŽҶոѹڵأοס˫֡
ǱҶպһͨĹŴӵ̧־ǳҶСһȭҶոһ䣬ŭСӣôϲ鷳ǰɣȻͷϵĲþÿģʱ㲻ɣҰʯȥ
ºҶվŵһֱӽ˸ˤʯ漴դ˨ϸդס󣬻޷޵ĵҶһۣŵ뿪
ĿЩ뿪Ҷտ˿ܣһֻҪһ۾ʯֱӴµľģդ쳣ļ̣֣ȻǸ˵ˣɨۣܷ滹ϸСķƣȻģЩƵĴڣʹҲѳ˵ͽˡ
֮⣬ЩʯζֱӴӾģλ֮ϣܶǻɵܹ򿪣Ҫ뿪ҲǼѣǹܹ֮أȻĻĿܱ׹֮䣬ˤһ࣬漴ΪеЩտ
ңҶЩ޷޵һդ૵֪ˣʯʲô˼Ҳˡ
Ҷ̽ͷ˿׵漴ĥסСү룡
ҶյǲդסԼȥȴҲû뿪յʵڲԼжҲҪȵҹʱ֣ʯȦҶڵϣץʱһȻΣսĵڶؾҲϰ˿Ȼѧһһ㣬ܹԼʵҲǺõġ

ʱʯ˿ҲǽͣЪȴԽӻ谵ȴȻҹ
ͻȻģҶ۾
³Ʈ֮С
ʱжˡҶߵʯαߣ˿мסңҲ̫Ʋˣ
һ̯ҶյƼ۳ɫţһһ
ǵڱɽҶҪ͵ϮԼļһʱҶԼʼվýҲûʲôôƽҲʹãֻһȴҶΨһ취
ϸӿ֮У׸һһţǡһӦ򿪣㵱һڵϡ
ôܹ鶼Щôģһÿʵǲ
Ҷţһ߿դ̽ͷһȴ֪ܵƣµףХţҶոǰӹһͷڷ
ҧҧդ˵ѲҶգ²鷳֮뿪£ѰǾʯΣҶնԶֻһְ취Ǿ
££ǸĹ꼧Ҳ֪ǲǳˣҶնݺݵСүҪŪǣ
һзݣһ߸źХĿ磬Ҷձץס͹ʯʼ
ʯξһƬϵģ֮䵹ǰĲԶҶһЩ㿴˵ڶʯΣϧֻʣһߺǣһͷޣֻѾ֪ѺˣʣµĹͷҲʱ绯һ㡣
ʯοɲǹˣʲôء
ҶƲƲ죬漴СļŲ壬бǰһ㿴һʯΡ
ͬһ˼䣬ռزǽڿӿݣֻҪãηԣȻʲôʵʯйѺˣҶնپЩ죬࿴ۺ漴ǻȻһﲻԼһȥ綴Ѱ׾ʱҪ뿪ļһôһ٣Ƿ綴޽ҶձҲûһˣԭҲʯη˼
ҶղһԼĿ꣬ץʯ׼ȴҲʱ򣬶ʯмײɽڷһ˿죬еǼһЩԺ۾漴㿴ҶգвƵɢԡ
ȾңȾҡ˷ɱդ֮ǰҶմĺʲôԸ㽫Ҵɣˣ



119 
ҹ
þͬһͷݵèȻҹɫ֮´ж
µҹԵĺܰ˵ҹǰ˵ҹٵʱǻѡ徲ĻڼоȻǺаԣ˭Ҳûע⵽ȻĲҹɫӹ
ֱµıԵذڷڱϴŹǷΪȻǲоֻ˿ҹֲҸȻúġ
Щʲôÿصġһ²ޱԹʱֲµģ﴿ˡ
Թˣÿ϶ǴģֲԿһµЩɻļһҲˣһǼλҪõȴˣɾǴ鷳ˣܲȥʯνհɡ
ǰ¶ʱͷȴǲ˵⻰⣬ȴҲʱ򡭡
Ӱһӡ
˭
͵ıվȴҲɲǣһǹͻȻĴ̳ؿڣһ顣
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һ¶ʱҪȣֻǻδǸ޽ǵǹͻȻǰһͣǳŶԷ̶ֱȥһ޽ǵǹײȥ˫ıһһģȴǸ˿ֻǸ޽ǵǹɲǣֶһɫǹ̶ֱ
ԣ
õͺһһǸ޽ǵǹƼǹ֮ϵɲǼ仯һŶԷӭȥʱ޽ǵǹǹͻȻĴ˳
ॡ
¾б㿳޽ǵǹһײȴǻδǹ⣬б㱻ʵķ飬ţǰŻ󿪣ܷŹĺʱ޽ǵǹǰһͣһ˶Էʺ
ǹҲźأҲΪȷס
£Ҳ̿ף漴˳
Ҳ֪Ǽһôˣǧʯ֮С
һ䣬漴·ȥ

ʮҹӽҹţס°͡
˳դķ϶⿴ȥҲǰ¹ĹϵҹԵĸγԼģƺܿǹ⡣
ǼΪټ澰ǻɵģܹ̫ǡ
Ҳ֪СĶҲ֪ûԪӳҲ֪˿Ƿ񰲺á
ͻȻģʮҹӽҹԺиֳһӣҲ㲻ö˧маʱ޿̶ǰXXXXӡֻ̣ǣԼôỨ飬˿Ѿ츳ӦȥﶼûĺܺãҲгһջķֻǣ֪Լܲܿһˡ
ԣԣջ˵ôˣôøأСǷһԼ¡
ʮҹӽҹţǽϣ΢һƣԼܹЩ͸դ޵ǹ⡣
ȴҲʱդͻȻĶһֻʮҹӽҹŵһţҶյԴ̽˳Գץդſұϣá
Сʮҹӽҹʧ漴ɫЩ糺죬ҡͷԼǷˣͻȻ뵽ҲˣȻֻþˡ
ǻþŶҶմǰֻǽСӣȴǱСĪˣû㣬Ҳûɡ
ҶյʮҹӽҹĶУЩţ̽ȥҶյӣȻ󣬲֪ôģʮҹӽҹָ
ۣ𡣡Ҷն㿪ʮҹӽҹƵŮˣ۵ġ
㣿ʮҹӽҹ¶ϲ֮ɫôģ
Ȼ㡣Ҷץդ۵ȻΪɽģ
㾹Ȼ׷¡ʮҹӽҹ죬ͷ鲻Խӿů⣬޵ĸоȴ˸ˣҶãʮҹӽҹ֪֪̾жΣգ㲻ġ
ˣڻ˵ЩʲôҶͷų֮ڵȽų
ҶյĸǰԵĺãһ㱻ɵĴ򿪣Ҷձ˳դ
ʮҹӽҹǰˣٴ˫֣ؽҶյǰĽߣʮҹӽҹǾԼΣǣʵҶձվĸǰˡ
ɵô
ʮҹӽҹš
͵¡Ҷʼ̯֣漴ΪҪԸỨ˵ǿǲǵˡ
ʮҹӽҹ̾Ҳ˵ǸӣȻǷӣɱҪɣڣҲ֪ΪλɽΪλӪأΪλɱ䡭
ʮҹӽҹ˵ʱͻȻĿЦһһ˿Σһ˿ηһ˿־˵Ϊ̫ˡ
ΪľɱôˣҶһ㣬ܾǸЦȻΪʲôҪץǣ
ʮҹӽҹͻȻɫһ䣬Ҷյߣ뿪ɽȥƲҪ¡
ҶƵе찡
ʮҹӽҹһ㣬漴ЦͻȻҶոûмỨãԣԣҶոûмỨӪҲʶˣΨһʶĿֻԼѣ˵ΪԼôʮҹӽҹͻȻЩȻĶ
ŶˡҶͻȻһƵỨųҾ˵ôϤţڵǰǣǲǺܼôڽǾȳȥȻͲˡ
ʮҹӽҹЦΪ߾ߵôܾȳˣңֻҪǾǰȫģץǻԵɣǣҪ
Ҷɻźߣ
ʮҹӽҹ͵ỨɽƲǸҲƲʵǿӹģԣЩСǣȴ˸СỨһԵҲòµˣȻΪн㴨ڶԵɱΪž˵츳ʵҪ˾µǱָܻԣһκ󣬷ǲƻʱǰǣȴ˾µֻҪԶָܻȪĶָǰͣƾȪΪкξεȥ޲壬ﵽӤ꾳۷壬飬Ҳ޷Ƕָָɣκ˶ԶּΪֲ
ҶյԣҪҪ򡣡
ǣȻֻҵĲ²⣬ץǶɱǰʮҹӽҹԥһµȻܶ˶õԽ¶ԣҲֻеģʶһҲ˵׼
ôҶƲƲǻǸֲļһ
֮Ϊʲô㲻ܴʮҹӽҹе߰ɣûбǰߣҲܶ˸ߵģܾȵ˶ˣΪǽԼȥпܣһҪ취ҵ򣬸¡
ǡҶεָָդѾºö˰



120 һƬҶ
ʮҹӽҹ̽դһо㵲ֹ
ǾźöˣһƬͷĿ׳ĹޣεץʯڿС
ʮҹӽҹȵôˣǶԸðգ
ǶΪԼðաҶյЩǱѺʯˣֻ˳ֽǷųѣҪ뿪ֻҪĵط
ʮҹӽҹǵô
֪Ҳ֪ģỨʶ˲ࡣҶոЦֵ̯̯Ҵ㽫˶ųȥȻ£ҸܲӳȥǱǸƾˣֻϧıϾ̫ˣеˡ
ҪĻҿвŶ
ʱõͻȻ𣬽ţդͷһӰķĵͷñͻȻ̽Դ
ұȥ㣬¿ǶһˡЦָָͷصĹ±Ҹɵˣһĵá
ҶձʱĴָǴ˵еļʱꡣ
ȰҴһȥ˳㶢ŵˣ׼˭͸ɵҶն䣬漴ʮҹӽҹãæģһߣȥʯﻹûỨˣ˶ȳȻֱõȥµס
õͷʾף޽ǵǹһƣĵ߰ϵ˶ʱˣĲ£˲һеıҪŵȴҲʱһнǹɽһһ֮󣬱ڴ鶴
ҶղդСүûǣҪӳȥЭȻ˭ߣиµģǸΪУǶ֪ôˣ
Ҷջ䣬ļһ̱ΧȺΧգ۵Ĺ򣬱㱻͵Ʒģ˾ֱӽҽųµ׹䡣
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Ҷռ˲ӦͷҲصķȥ
ڽļһа취ԶԶģôתܣ첻Ǳһʱȭ
һʵҶʵҪЩֵֻ˲䣬߲ܵʹʵϣȫۣҪѿһ㣬ΪսĹϵĴȻҲû޲壬˿̵Ҷվͬһƾɵ·ڷƮһ㣬ʱܻᱻߣֱ߱˺ѡ
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˿̣ҶʵЩڡ
ԼѰҵĻᣬƺþһûᡣ
Ȼý޷ʹ׳ɴ޾ͨԼƺҲսȦ֮ˣڤһ֮󣬴ڤǷˣʹͨһҪڤ޽ĻȴҲ޷óģҶջδڤǷ켫ȻҲͨ˿ò˴ڤȴûжֶΣӤ֮Ȼߣڴ˿ȴǲΪϵҲͽֳ
飡
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˿ݽ֮ˣǰ·裬ҶʼҲδ¸ȥΪһ̣Աڽ׷Լһ̣
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˽ľ룬µ飬Ǻ˲䱬
ǿտ֮أҶո棬ûȺڽսĻ쵰
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ȻҶǰʮף춯˫֮£ܹܵ΢ţǱһĴ죬Ѫɫȴܵı˲飬ԶЩ콫ޣΪѪɫ쫷磬׵ĴҶ˫ֻǰбţǿסϮ
Ƭ̺Ҷշ˫ۣܵı˪ȥȻǱѪɫ׵ĳɢ
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Ҷҧҧƺвӵľһ㣬ʹŵ֮¶УȻǵؾ䡣
ֻǣô
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Ƭ̺ɳб䵶ǹù˼䵽ϣ쳹죬˿ߣޡ
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һ˵ţһҶյĵﴦһţҶձܸоԼոձ˲ήȥ
սͨʵǼ򵥣Ǵ̼Ӥǣ˱Ϊֲ˵ټЩǽ˱ȳǱȻ˱Ƚ¸˽սˣΪͨġ
һģǸոձ㱻¸ѹӤ֮УǷսȴǻûó㱻¸ƽˣڷսзţʵָƣ
ҶҧҧɲǼУֻһգҶձˡ
Ҷռǰȥ
Ҫô¿ЦŶܶٴζûõġ
˵ţ漴ǰ׷ȥ
Ҷմ˿΢Щ;¸ϣǣ֮ͨȡٵһ߷ɱһ߽ŻԼƵǱ޲Ҫǰʹ
Ҳʱ򣬽һֳҶյı󣬽ı
ֻҶմ˿ҲѾسɴ޾ͨ˲ٵ˽⣬ɲǣҶձϵıɱȽӰֵʱҶձѾһˡ
ȻҶҲǴ⣬ԼԱ׷ϣȴԲܱץⳡ׷ϷעǻҪȥˡ



129 
Ҷ̤ɿݵľľһƬĵأΧʯ졣

ͻȻģЦ룬ҶձǾ͵һȻմȾĻҳתֳһɱҶܿʱ򣬽ԳΣҶողŹĵط
ƺҲԵĺƣۣﶼ˵ˣֻʣľЦݣ͸ŸΣգһԲļҶ׷ȥ
죬죡
˲ϵ׷ţʱ䣬ҹģ˶δϹ۾ҶԺеΨһͷǱܣΨһҲֻʣ׷ϡ
ʵҶմ˿Ѿ˦ˣسɴ޾ͨʵڹڿֱֲӰΰ˦۾ΪҶֱȹ£ȻܱȽ¸ӯΨһֵҵҶֻҪȿ񱼱㹻ˣÿʹسɴ޾ͨҪҲҶܹҹΨһɣ
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ͬǿʱ䣬ϵʹͬҲоƣǰˣˣȴڲϵܣϵܣʼղͣ¡
µľǿʼԼĹ°Լ޷ץҶգǼֱǼŵ顣

ĪģҶյıӰЦȻǸȤء
䣬ǰ漴ͻȻĳҶֻɱҶȼ֮Ĳܶ
ҶմڴڵشϢʱ䣬ǽ¸оƣҶյ־ҲбףҶյԺﶼıĳͷŻ˰ɣʹ˷ˣվܲµģᱻ׷ϣαҪأǣҶֲϵиԼֻҪټƬ̾ͺã˵Ҳǹۣиоʹ࣬ԼҲлᡣ
ǣ˱˵ļ׷š
ǿ֮˵ıƴ˭ҲԸ䣬˭м͵־
һֱ졣
Ҷո׷ȴǱˡ
ҶųصӣѾܲˣֻҡǰѣĳأֻƾ־ǿǰǣԶԶظҶյıҲ˿ݽߵıԵǿҶѾǿ֮ĩԸǵȴҶյı
ײײģ˼Ƭ洦ɼʬĻҰս߹
ͻȻģҶտһˮݣһ˲ӿٵǰ񱼣ˮݺݵĹ˼ڡ
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ҲʱҶͻȻļ㹻񱼣ϣ˸µľԶЩֻδ뵽ǰǽһģҶձǱһˤڵء
һҶյĸǰڵϣҶյߣҶյ
ô૵Ѿˡ
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ҶվǿĴӵ𣬻δվȾǰţײײˤڵء
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ҶմϢţµðɣӮˣܲˣվûܽ˦ǡ
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㲻ɱôɣɣҶմ˻ϧս޷Ըʹ˻ɢҲֻԼɱҵֻԼҲУ
Ҷ֮ʣ㽫ƺݺ䣬Լȥ׼һԼӤꡣ
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ҶͻȻʶʲôҪȴԼѾ;ƿһ㣬ʹþȫӵԵĸѡ
Ҳʱ򣬽½ҶձסţҶոܵһ˿ţƵĻȡ
ŮˣҶյͺ֪֪Լʲô
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ҶܹܵԼڽµڣ˵ĳ֮ɫڽµϣŷ֮ǰĹǣҶղظܵ嶯ڣؿȼһĻȡ
һ˲䣬ȴĽϣҶջоԼ곹׵׵ĸһ
Ҷոܵ
µǺڶԿ˿ǣҶܹоõ
ս⣬ɱ¾־壬£
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¼ţ
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Ҷֶܹܵһ˵Ĺ¼ţΪҲһˣ磬Լսǫ̃̄ϵһ˲䣬ʧȥҪˣӴ̤Ϲµһ˵ĵ·ǣƺѾ˹һУʱһУŬԼĸǿҲֻԼܹĸãĸһȰˣƺֻҶԼһֱƫִΪԼվͨŬ뿪磬Լ޷ˡ
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ֻǣҶպ˽˵Щ
ͬ࣡



130 
ƾȥҵɢء
°ſҶյؿڣ˭ţ˿̵Ľ¹ɵľͬһֻСèģָҶյؿڡ
´һ㣬ȴ쳣Źֵģ˶ûп˵ЩĬž̸컡
Ƭ̺󣬽µָͻȻһ˿ɫϸߣҶտʱȻҶյؿڣ˳뵽
漴ӣģµ峹չ¶Ҷǰ˿ûбܻȻùϵıϣĸҶյӡ
ʥɡĿֻǣסĪˡ
˵֮󣬱ʹһѪɫͬһ񵶣ֱӽǰնѣ¶ɫѷ죬ţ±С
ˣһġ
ǵૣµӰʧѷһˡ
ҶڵϣŻɵգЩͳЩʧ䣬൱ζӳɵĸܣҶԼҲ֪ݣֻҪȴԼɶãҹıܣĿݽߣܴδҶǿֻܶ첲ܳҪȫۣһøվ紵Сһ㡣
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ײײǰһֱѷıϣҶջһۡ
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գҶձ㼷ѷ졣
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Ҷڵ죬Ѿ˱ıԵ˿ܵػȻʹ࣬ڴϢţðβŻ
תͷܣڵҹɫƺǸ¹꣬ΧŷݣԼƺһСˮݣѵķǽڣҶĴӵɢأѾ͸
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Ҷһ䣬漴ǽǰУȴǸ±㲻֪ȵʲôҶһĵıˤڵء
ģҶҧȭ˴ŭԼʲôʱûˣ
ҶղģԼûãǣˣҲ޷ֹԽԽʶɢ
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ҶԼĶԻʶĸΪģǿĵù˵Լô
΢۾ҶܹоǰһԽԽֱ׵ĳ֮ɫ

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ҶѪ֮УƯںһ沨
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ش壬ǾϵƣȫҶոоۡ
Ҷȴ˿ԼƬսԶʬɽ֮ˣǶʢɰŵɫʣҶնǸϢԼʶƬսҲʹԼʶδɢȻˣҲζԼûлɢ
ֻǣԼֶܼأ
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Ҷղı۾ĺۣ
ҶҲԼ˯ãʱ򣬿ԸܵԴ΢ʹƺ˯˺ܾãȲĿһԼ壬Ȼ廹ԵúȴҲѾָˣǰ͸ģٿܣԼƺѾ뿪սˣǽм򵥵İ裬߾ȻŸµŮˣŰɫɴһɾʪϷͭ衣
Ҷƺʶʲôͷһ㷢ԼŰϽ߷ŵޱϵ˼˼
ɴŮЩЦֻǲѣҶջԵЩӣƶģҪΪĻҶվ͸ˣڣЩҶǲ֪ġ
Ůǲ˵ֱʻҶȫƣ𴲱ߵͭ˳ȥ
Ҷ˿ܸоԼǱǿһ㣬漴ֲɵİֽǸŮˣԼӰˡ
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Ǿ㹻ǾһˡҶ΢Ц漴ô
˵ѵڳ˵ô³ǡ
³ǣʲôطҶһƵܲʣɽжԶ
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Ҷյôأ
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ҡҡͷ
ɣŮ֮ᵽʲôطѵԼ֪ôҶ︹ţ漴ôأܲضûɣ
Ŷǵ֪˵ĻҶɿֻ仰ǺݺݵظҶһӣǴӽôǿǲףǷǳԶˣÿѮﶼ˸سݡ
ǡǳԶֹҶյǣûĻֻǼжԶ
ѵԼ֪ôô˹ŹֵؿҶһۣȻһµʵҲ֪ĶҶ˵ģ³ѩĺɽһɽɽ֮⻹һƬҰһ룬Ұ⻹ʲôģûȥ
ǰ˵ǺģܵİҶսţ㲻ǲԴǣֻǣҶҲ㿴ˣ˿飬û뿪ܶ鶼ģҲԵĺģܳ



131 ³
ǰʴੲòŽԼ֪˵
³ǣһƫԶ֮صɽǣ滷ɽͬʱҲһҩǣνɽرǻ³ǵѩĺɽУϡҩģܹ裬ҲֱܹӷãżһЩܹΪϡҲ֡
ͬʱ³ǻһ֮ǡ
νĳǣͨ˵ģֵ岢ֻǹѣҪһһģ񷮳ǵԪͨԪԣʯǵʯɽǵľ£ǶԼһӡϡ
³ȴģ˵йˣȴûˡ
Լǰ³ǻһ֪ɽСʱһ¿ͣŶңŰۣδ˼ĿٸƶѵˣӰ޴ڣ˶ĻмȴҲ׼ŭ˵ʱͳɽǵĳ˾սۣ¿һʱССɽǱ㿪ʼ³ǡ
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ʱ򣬽صĸֻǰԽΪ׵ļλǿ齨ظݣʱ򣬽Ҳǲ֪Ķ֪ǷѾ磬ʱ򣬽Ⱥ۸ݣ˷ӿأϣҵ˵еתҪ֪ʮ֮Уתƹܵģת־̨κţѪӳظʯÿһ˴Σ۷ı
¿ͶԼʵŲɣźǣǰ֮󣬱Ҳûл
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ҶյͷɽȥԸʮҹӽҹҲýͣߵĲҲ
˵ǲ絽ʱ̶һߺˣѾˣҿȥЩ̶ӣңƺҪ
Ҷ룬⵹ʧΪһ⣬ĵط̫ԶҪҶջѹʶ·ܹ·ǶҶ˵Ȼˡ
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Ҷյͷƹ񣬲벻ɣлˡ
ˡƹЦϢɣӸոջָЩǲ׶දŰɡ
ҶЦٴαʾл漴ĿͺƹɴŮ뿪
յķֻʣҶһˣڴϣҶձ΢۾Լ塣
һеĸĻָҲģʣҶҲǽü˿̵״ǳ⣬شȻлָļȴǳ΢˿̵ҶվһֻϾɵˮףȻûƣȴ꣬˵ѣдʵ٣ҪﵽȫʢʱڣҪܾõʱȥˡ
ģûѶõʱ䣿ѵҪڴһԵô
Ҷղɷ޷޵һ䣬ȴ¶֮ɫ
ʹӤʱҶǺܾϲķ֣ԼȻشҲݽ߼ףӤȴģѡ
ڶۣ
еĵڶǣȻѾӤ֮۳ˣҪ֪Ҷµʱ򣬲ոһѣ¶иµ׷ٽűԣڼ䲢ûĻᣬοǱҲ̶̰֮ܶͽڶǸ
ѵǾô
Ҷ죬¶ЦݣµĽ浱ȻϾòϣܼǱ
һ̯ҶԼ꣬ɸԼһģһģɲ


һǰˣܹüŪˣ񵱳ɽʱȪӤڲƭҶʱǰ㣬ҶҲӤˣֻҲ˶ѣҶҲǰֻһǵӤ꣬ޱȴһ˵Ҷյ廹øܴǲŽɻ͵ͬǹȪǵù
ҲϢڶۺҶձսˣ˷սศָٶȻܴ࣬ﵽʲô̶ȣҶҲֻ̫ȥ˵ˡ
뵽˴ҶҲͲ飬Ѹٵϴ壬ͬʱ˳ŷս켣ʼӤꡣ
һһһҹ
ԭܼ򵥣Ҷٴ۾ʱ򣬷Ƿ䣬ֻԶϷ̣ѾȴķˣȻƹѾˣҶʳֻҶһֱ֮УҲûдš
о㲻Ҷ˸૵ȥתתɡ
߳䣬ҶղŷǸԺмСݣߵǰ¥֮У㿴Ρ
ԭǺƹǾ¥ƹ񡣡ҶտܣƺֻͨǽϹſ조ƣֻǣܾЩŹ֣Ƭ̺ҶղŻȻľ¥
Ҷݶˣ¥̺˶ûУǲԼʱ䣬ȻҹԵʣ̽ͷһȴɫãȻ֪ǷǷ㣬Ҳһ˶ûвǡ
ף˰Ҳʱ򣬵С˦ë߽ǰãҶձһ㣬漴ЦҸ͹سԵģȴֶδѣΪ춼ء
΢רעЩʱʱ䡣ҶЦǵллͳԵġ
ǵС˵ǺñִһඣԷɡ
ǵСɫʱһ˲ͱĺǹŹ֡



132 һ
ܲ˵Ƿǳֻǳ۾ˣһۿ
ҲΪ⼫ĹϵĴ¥ﾹȻֻˣһλȻǾ¥ĺƹȻǸղǸõСңһλֵʦƹţֻͿʵЩϹͷˣһݶʣһţҶռɴŮˣԼ游Ϊٳ
ȫ֣һӹģʵСľ¥ֻô˶ѡ
ôоЩôƹƺǸûмӵƹԴӳ˶˳ŵϣҶЦʵڷģһ˽˶˹ȥġ
ô˼ҶЦҲûôֻ߼·ѣûʲôġ
ƹЦǱ԰ɣվˡ
嵭ѹû⣬ԣһƴճɴܹ¡
ҶµʱǽңĵСȴ˫ȭੲݣҶձȽƣ뿪ѯʣǴʦѾ̲˷ŵϡ
ƹſӵ԰ɣ⡣
Ҷļ˿ӲˣǾϻ鶼Ҫʳά˭ʳĴڣֻЩʿŻɽﲻԲȣҰζ鶼ĸɣοǾ¥ЩܲԲ
ֻҶӣһȺ˱ˢˢؿԼŪҶպòڣһ죬ԿڷѣԼš
԰԰ƹڱϵ˾Ͳóˡ
һϣģҶЩëȻȴǽͽ
һͣҶղ޳ĵʲôԼڳԲˣǳΰ̫ͣѳˡ
Ҫǲ˸³ϵĵСϽҶյһ㣬㣬ҭˡ
ҶպȻĿǶһۣҧҧĽʵʵ̽ɫͨ졣
ҶտڣǵС̸ҶնߵＸ䡣
Ҷ˵ǶϵĲɫηЫȴҲ֪ô¡
ⲻ
һ㣬ҶʵҲܿⲻҲܽ㣬ЩʵҲܿǰĶȴǿһ½¥Ȼⲻ˿ʼô⾺Ҳûʲôƹ³ǾӪ¥ڱ½¥δؾǶ֣һԣⲻ˶ʧЩˣҲ޷Ӫ
˵ǵСߣ½¥ֶαӣӦƸĻƵףֽţȺƦåʦ鷳֮£ЩʦһһѾ˸ƹ񻨷˴Žʦ˹
ʦ³飬нľ꣬ǰǸʦһǴʦ̫ˣŵʱҲ͸ɲ˳ʦеˣζѾУ˵˵ַɣȴѾסζһѳ׵׵񾭵żĲȺζʱĶԣ˾ˣҪ͸ûŵһ㡣
ƹǸˣĵز˳ֽҶվ¾ܿһԣһƹûطȥҳʦˣƹҲ̴ʦϾѵʱֻʦԸǰ˵æǲֻҪһΣ׼ûԸڶأҪ֪ԶΪڸ֮òóԱҪġ
Ҷյͷв˿ЦĺƹͻȻƹ㿴ﵱʦô
⻰һڣ˽㣬ǵСǼˣ޲ҶգԼһ˵ϣҶ֪Եɣһ̣Īʦ˵Щɫѳԣĳ룬Ҷյĸֱ˼ҵķ룬ͷƹ񲻸ˣԼѽ
ҶЦᣬô˼޴ȥֻܼľںƹ׳԰סܹǲ̫ãʦǰǴʦΪЩСãҵЩѰСȿɣп˵ЩĲȣʦ֣֣ҲɻˣҲЩûаĶݡ
ƹҲѧô
ҶյѧûѧѰļҳСˣҲѲңһЩ򵥵Ҳڻ¡
Ҷյ˵ʵĳջպϣŵʱĪСΪһүǶĲֱֻ֣Ƿѳѣյֲã䵽ҶյͷϣȻ㲻жʣͬҶԼԣѰļҳС˵ҲѲ
ƹЩԥǸˣǣ˲ǱҶյ֮⣬˼Ĳ˶Ҷ˵ľʦǣҶտţʦҲὫεǷˣҪҲʦѿ
Ƭ̺󣬺ƹҪˣĳʦôõġ
ҶЦԣңʦѧѧҲǺõġ
ƨĵүӺ泩̾׿ҶյĽ飬ƹҶռ֣ңҲ֪ľģҲͲٶ˵ʲôͷǴӦ

ȥӣҶձĳ
ҶȻԼ뷨ƹľ֮ҲûΣ˵ʵ̫ǣǿЩûʲô⣬ڳҲ¿ȻˣڷڳʵûвҪԼٳЩʵķˡ
˵ţҶսõһ뿪漴ŵƬĿȴЩ룬һʱһ
ڶףͬ˼ǰ㣬Ҫ֮ӤǳΪ꣬ҶջŵʱȻȫģҲۣŵʱҲδܹоõǣȴܹ׸оģҶǸϵµı
ԣصǷսؾУڵڶ۵Ҷշǰ⣬Ҳ黹пܱһǵѵǣԣһǵǺѶȵģܹԲ޳ǡ
գաҲʱǵСƿĴţ̽Դƹ㣬ܲЩˬڵĲˡ
СҶպǿӦ֤ҶյĳջһֵģȻ̸϶óԣǣڲóʦҪˣҶȻҲĻм
ˬڣ򵥣Ҷյأ
СܲƤ峴˿Ǵ׻ƹʲôģЩСģǾ͸ˡ
ҶյҪݣ
СԽԽã
Ҷһ㣬ѵô漴ȻЦƹЩԳ֮Ļɣ
Сʱһȵô֪ģ



133 
ƹԶ׼
鷳ҪǳʦҶԸκ͵ԽˣȻҶյĳվ㲻úãֻǻ˶ѣҲѾ㹻ˣǼʮϵ꣬Դ⣬ʦŪĶ̫ʣкܶԸģϾ˭ҲԼͷȥ
ԣƹҪܼ򵥣ˣ³ʦˣǲģΪ飬Թ֪ԳԱǸð취
Ҷһ綼ڳæЩܼ򵥣ҪЩ࣬ҶղòһЩʱˣ֮󣬽ȥ͸޹ˣȻǵСæƹԴҲûòףҶջҪܹæѾֵøмˡ
æЩ˺Ҷձ㿪ʼ
µĽ֮ҶԼǺ
ʱҶտȪǰӤ꾳۷ļһѾɳƸ֣󽭻ҲָԴԪǰȻһǿԼֻҪΪĿŬȻԽ㹻ˣǣǿЦҲɽպգɷ磬ʲôǾͬϣôǷ˱Ƚ¸ǿأ
˵ĵǳ׶ҶҲΪԼӤ֮ʸ˳Ϊֶմմϲǣ¿ԼҪߵ·ܳ
ĿǰҶҪľǷսؾԲڵڶۣѶȲ󣬷ǵǲΪҪһؿ
ʱҶձѣ߳ȴǺƹˣŵСѾˣȻЩ˶Ѿ˳ȥһϲüҵģȻ֪
հƹҶյļ֪㻹̫飬ϳǷ׷ЩˣȴǼõģԣȥһˡ
סҶЦϣһὫõġ
ǾͿͷˣҳԶٺõġƹ˵󣬱¶֮ɫҶմֵ鷳

ȥӣҶչĵϲޱͦƽÿ޷ڳˣȻ嵹Ļָﵽȫʢ֮ڵ߳ɣҶյӯҪԶʤͬˣ߳Ǹ鵽ϣҲȫʢʱˣսĵؾЩǵڶ۵ѾԲֻһţˡ
Ҳ
̸жæÿϡϡһЩˣȻѵãϵ꣬һֱĿڱǲģȻѳԣҲƹ
Ϣһɡƹ̣ЦųҶյ⼸Ҳæˡ
ҶЦÿҲͶʮĲˣûʲôæġ
ƹ²ѾˣʵֲóԶԸ¥ģЩǮļһÿжʮ㲻ˡ
Ҷ΢Цƹ˵ǲ滰ֻҪ¥֪ˣ˸䣬ʮӣÿ㶼һˣҲ⣬ǣһֻһˣǾͺΪʲôҪ¥ǰˣƹ֪㣬ҶҲûʲô˵ġ
ˡƹŷȻǽسģôӦɣ
ҶյͷЩ㲻Ƕô
ƹֻȷһ£ΪΣ
ҶյͲ̫˵ˣÿô綨
ƹܹȥأΪӦҲǺܲˣţģЩϵҵһ̶֧ӣǵ˼ı»䵱ԸһͬУһʷΪͬ⣬ҰǼ棬Ҫ¶һ֣ҲöԼƸĻˡ
ҶյЩʲôΪ
ƹȴǲ̫ң»磬ͷʵڲɵĻٰ·ӡ
ҶЦҾлˣԺСʦˣջǺģֻζôˣʱʱֻ̣ҪŵʱעЩûʲô⣬Ǵˮ׼
׵ġƹͷͷˣұȥ̶ӵˡ
Ҷٴεͷл漴ʰһ£׼¥Сȥ
ȴҲҶŶɲǡ
âէ֣
ҶĿһݣƫƫԴһذױ˹ȥ
£ܿȥӵӰ֮б߳Ϊ׵һذףһࡣ
Сӡ˵ҲԼһδ֣ذָҶյȰ֮ǰ뿪¥
ҶǰЩ˿¾ǵС˵ģ½¥ĵƦˣЩȻ㲻úãȴҲЩɫ½¥һĻסˣõİ취Ȼͬǰ㣬вʦ뿪ûгʦȻȥ¥ġ
ΪʲôҶղмɨЩһ۵ҾԼµĹͦã԰סʵ᲻뿪
ߡһҶյСӣûȰҪ㲻⣬ֻð뿪þ¥ˡ
ҶЦҵǺܺ棬Ǹôҡ
ǻݺݵص㣬ȥҽݣǾͰ뿪ˡ
Ҷҡͷܲá
Ϊ׵ĻֻҶˣЦŵǾԼжԶ͹Զ￴㡣
ҵ˼ˡҶյ˵ȥҽݻҪǰҳҽΣܲá
СӣˣƤӵıµС
Ϊ׵ĻٶȵҶһۣùв𲻵ʲôãϾͷһЩӲͷǣͷǲĹӲǾ͵ôһº֪ˡ
һ˲䣬ǻԼذף㳯Ҷմȥš

ҽԵĸ
ֻǲ˺ȴǻ죬ذɲǼķѵĻƬȴǹŤţȻѾˣҶȴվţûж
۷ΪոСҶտǻӦø֪ҵΪɣȻҶ֣
ǻҧʹȴпԣҶֵԭҶûΪѹûȻûΪȻ͸ֻ֪ǣ֪ΪȴһԵʣǾǶ̫ǿΪȻ߳Լࡣ
ǻֻҪǱ˿Ȼܹµǰ߻Ǻߣ
һ˲䣬Щܹ뵽Ψһ취ܣЩ˶ֻΪﲻ۷壬ʵϣΪףҲ켣ͷŻЩˡ
ֻɲǣҶյϱ㱬ͬһֻ֣䣬ţЩͬǦһվԭأѹǵɪɪ
ÿ˶ҪоΪԼÿһ鶼Ҫи۵׼ҶĮȻ˵ֻСҲ⣬ǵҾͲˡ
ɲǼ䣬Ǻڰɫ֮趯ţ쳣



134 ҩ
³ǣ½¥
Ž۵ڷⲽţԵĽǶֲϵĲյһڣ漴صˤϣˮ
¶ǻ쵰ŭôڻѵС¶첻ô
˻ЩѲ
ͻȻģĽ䴫ʵһƮӰ֮¾ȻŸˣ˼Ǿûб˲ֻǽȴΪ⣬ƺ֪ԷܹԼƵġ
Ѳ˲мغߵʲôѲģһʦߣ
ȥǳʦ³ǵˣһͣƺǱȲڵﵱʦΪǼƾѧ˵ڴ˻ķܹҪǿһЩ
üˣ¶Ҳûһ㱨һ
ֻһ˻᳹׵Ĵʧ
üܹµһˣ˲Ὺ˵ǰ㣬ɢļһȻʧ
ʵҺܲסӰе͸˿α鷳ȴȫΪֻҪɱˣȻǾ¥ߣܽҪĶҳ
ûǰ򵥡˵³ﻹǺģ游ֻǸ·ƤС˵ʱ³ǵĳ£ķǳң¿ͳֽ˸ģ¿ͽ³ǣʰ껵游Ǽ¿ͳʵǲϵһֱܲһοʱȥҲϵ꣬³ٹ̣ҪĽɱˣܴľ¥ѳ¿µĶȻòǴ󹦸ɣֱ뿪³ǱˣѲǿɾ鷳ˡ
ߣӰеߵҳ֣ްۼ˻Ҳ֤ݡ
˵ôɱ˺Ҳܽ⣬¿Ͱ̫࣬п¿ʮˣѵǶɱ⣿¸Ƿ꣬ǽȥǴ粽УҪҵֻ¸ѣ
ӰеΣ¿Ҫˣ뽫˼ҼƲ¾¥ļƻûӼȥ
˵¶֮ɫǲɱģǣǳʦУǸͣͻȻˣͻȻˣûʲô׵ģ԰ɣ
ӰеҪҳô
ҿ˰ɡ˵һԸȥʦļһЩΪҲ߲ȥһЩ˴ġ

Ҷղ֪Լֽ˼죬ȴԼˣ˿𣬸ںƹ߹ֵĴ֡
֪³ǵıʲô⽥ɫƹҲǺ˲٣ЦٺٵĵҩǣȴΪ˽ֵ¿ͣ³ıҩѩĺɽһɽ񲻵ĺöﾭܹһЩ鱦ͬʱ³ǵĲҩҲǺܶصģطɿ
ҶָָԼŵô
ƹЦڵӿͦģĲҩͿûô򵥣ҪΪǻþͨɽһУѩĺɽǶԾԼҵĺ԰
ҶʼҲû뵱һҩֻͣǺܺ棬ǲǿ¥ôΪʲôҪμҩ
ҩ³ǵɫÿһΣһ㶼ʱ־Уʱǲҩջʱ򣬶ңº̶ӾͻὫЩҩؽףЩҩЩǲҪģЩǶģЩ̫ϡжˮģ֮ΪָԭܻһЩҩʣЩҩ򶼻ᱻٰҩ
ҩŰƹЦҩǣҩŵȻܻӭ
ҶüǸ治
ûϵʦҩҲһѺ֡ƹֻҪҷŵϣǾ;û⣬ңȻҪ뿪³ǵģɼȻˣΪʲôʶһֵʢأ
ҶվɲɣƺƹϺˣϣΪ˿ǣνҩţ΢˶֪ҩʵò̫رҩģҩҩŸ˷е˷ѣѰҩòμҩʱضҽݻҩš
˵䣬˴ֵѾߵ³ǵ롣
һƬ޴Ŀտ㳡˿ѾһһĶһһҩıƵ̯ͬλϣȴһմõľ̨Ȼ㲻úȴҲ׸ߣƲ
Ҷպʲôģ
ƹչʾ̨ģҩҪ£ÿ춼ϡеĻƷ༫õĽҪûǴȥĿһƿ̰˫ɫĻĴ䶬ѩ˵黪ڸܹǿԽһΪҲ֪Щʲô
Ҷû˵˫ɫǿԽһΪЧ൱ֻҪɵӾ֪мֵ
һţһҲЩѾڿ̯λȥ
ƹǸˣӪҲǾ¥ǣô˵Ҳ³飬ҩгȻҩȫ˽⣬ܿؾЩ̯λһЩƷʲҩģּۻۺ󶪽Ҷձ
ʵŵһ죬ֵģ̯ܶλûڳƹЦŵҪԤȣҲնѣͷѮǲֵʱÿҩͨҲһ󱻷ųģʱٴʢᣬǵĽ׸
ƹһ˵ţһץһϲ׼̸̯ۣȴʱһֻɿݵͻȻץס˺ƹ
̯ˣЩֻ꣬ʣһ룬ԴͺͺģĻнľ꣬ͣҲʵжͷûģ
סƹ̴̯λĺ˳Ӳϵںƹţȴҡҡͷ
㣬ζǴϴġ
ҡҡͷ漴ɿƹ񣬽ĿҶϣţҶձȥ
ιϼһҶŭҪǲǾͱ㡣
ƹϽסҶյ𣬱λشõϯʦ³ǣشҲǺպҽݣ³ǵһ𣬱˻شã³ǵҽˡ
ڡϡۣ˵ʷƾãҲ˵ǲ³֮ã˵˼ҵǷϵ㲩򵥵һЩشþιǣǲǾ͵شһأ
ƹһ߽ҶȰοһ߳ЦϣǵôС£ҵѾһȾƵģشõĹҲǵģôϸ̯λء
ԼҪģҽţҲţû¸ɡ
ֲͷĴϺƹȴǽעҶյϣͻȻģҶǰ½󣬴һɺŵĺң۾˷֮ɫ



135 Ĺ
ģקǺңҶյ½󼱵ǲģ
ϻҶһѽǺҹϣ˵˭ģ
ңƨ֪ʲôǺңҿԴǺңǵصصĹ
ҶԴ·ڸоԼԴǲǺһ㣬ؿڹŵһöңδعŻȻⲻԼڷǴȺ˵ǿźôҲһֱûʲôãֻǿźҵܲƺܾãѾɫźƯҶҲ͹ǰˡ
ǲĹҶǿšҡλεⶼҵġ
ҧҧСӣۣĹҡ
ƹϣҲ³ǳģҩҲԶǴδĹң⿴ң֪˵Ĺʲô֮
ߣҪĹ⻹ֵǮôƢʵôǰѺƹһҭȻ˵Ĺ֮ǰǣô
ҶոƹЩ̫ûشûģ𰸵ȻУǣͲ̫˵ˣԣûĵģ飬ҲֻӵӤ꣬ʱǰ㣬壬Ȼ٣йȻҲͻģһǶȶԣʵҲһ־򵥵һ֣Ҷվ;úƹһġ
ƺûеǵ˼Ǽ굱ȻûĵģĵľˣĹΨһ;鳤һһġ
𰸺˾ȣ꾹ȻܳǻôɲҶ־ںôһ꣬ľص˼临̾Ͱȥ
Сӣ֪ʲôҶյŵʱ֪ԼˣҲηȴţǣ͸֪飬Ĵڣ˵еĹҲǾǴ˵ʵˣĵʲôأҿԺܸĸ㣬ǽһ壬ͨȻһԺ󣬱㲻飬Ҳǹ죬顣
Ҷյʲô
˺Ĵ𰸵Ҳ֪
ĹϡСܹҶϿмҲֻŹѣҲΪŹȴδмԣҲҪĹϣܹھ鱦ܣСӣʮʯ龧ʯÿ鶼أ㽫ǿĹңΣ
Ҷչϵؽö·һ
ʱ۵˼˷ѣĹֲ˾ͿԵģýй㶮ô
Ҷνܲòص㣬ϡУǼѵõı㹻ˡ
ҧʮʯ
Ҷҡͷûҵ˼˵ǻҶûãǸٿʯõĶȻ޷ҡ
üСӣĪҪ̫̰ˣѾˣȻ˶֪Ĺѵõ鱦쳣ϡУ˭׳ԣңĹʯҪİ취ʿ֪ⷽȴ֮٣ۣѵ˼һò˵ķȥô
ǰͷӿҶȻ˵Ǽٻ̵ĺôֶȻ㲻ϡУȴΪ˻ͷѪԭʲôΪʲôΪȫõҲԭ򣬻Ҳ˽ƷѡΨһӲֻͨλүȴǲ֪Ҷ˵Ķʵֻճ裬Щ龧ûᴿĻ㹻ˣҲ˵ҶãҶܹǿ˵ЧȫһģɫԣҶնڻãûҲνҪöȥԼ
ҡҡͷҶǲ˵ʲôǰȥ׼뿪شõ̯λƹЩΣ˵ʲôܲܰүǿǿɣ˸׷Ҷնȥ
ƹǸĺˣҲܻˣ˲ǰȥղŵ飬ֻǼҶսҩȻѡһЩ򵥵ҩġ
һȦʱ䲢̫Ϊк̯ܶλڴ֮У̨ϵǿʼˣƷõһĲݣǺܳĲҩܹᴿôϡǣǿĲһ˶ߣͺϡˣܳϡⲢûʵãȴõһҩԲĻˡ
߰ɡƹЦҶյļʦЩҩţϣܿЩá
Ҷʼ粻ÿɷ񣬶׼뿪ʱڹ㳡Ȧȴλүӡ
ҶüʵǿĹֻǲ뻻ѣ˾ǻоˬ
뽫ͷϿԼɲϰ׵ĹԺӣүȴƹıϡ
С°ڵҸ㸸׵Ľ黹㲻ϧûкˣⱲϣϵҲ͵ˣȻѵˣûȤϼһȥ
ƹЦҶȴǹǣϼһﻹΧκţƻͷ͸öԺƹòˡ
ƹȥɡƹǲ̫þܾϾǳҶձԼҩûؾ¥ȥˡ
ƹͷȥɣؾ¥첻ˣȥЪϢɡ
ҶȻû飬ºƹͷĵҲãλүóҶտ۵ĶĹ⡣
˵ţҶձ㱳ȥȴڹչֽǵʱͻȻפͣ
һͨӣڼ̵ĺ󷽣ȥܹĻص߹ܶΣÿܹܵеƧǣ˿ȴЩԣûˣԵȴоǰЩͬ˱ǰİ
ҶղתһӣȻ˴ϵ𣬱ǰȥ
Ҳɲǡ
ҶյıͻȻֳһƺɫڿľۣգ֮䣬ǻΣһ˳߶У˶䵶͵Ҷյıȥ
ʯ
ͻȻģէֹ
ǵҶյֻһ磬ȴҲֻһ磬·޷ԽĹ֡
ΪҶͻȻס˶ԷĲӣ䲻֡
Ҷչǵɱ̫ˡ
ȫź£źɫһ̿ʹ磬ҶסӺ󣬱£ȴ˿ԼܵҶյѹ̸оѸٵĻɫҶյѳ漴ָŵ䴵˿ڣݶϣĴܳӰ



136 ɱ
ҶյɨЩˡ
һˣһɫڴ磬±˲֪Ǵ̿һ㣬ȴǸ˾֪Ĵ磬ƺҲǱѵģվλǳĳɫһǰһסӵͷ˳ηסݶĸ򣬺ȻվλǳȷҺܹЧҶܡ
Ҷô
ҶЦˣ
˭ҶЦŵҿɲն֮
̿ȴǸҶգҶ֮ʣһͷβ̿ͱͬʱ
򵥣ֱӣЧ
ͨνĴ̿Ͷ׷ĹȻǰλҲˡ
棬Ҷƺֻѡһôһܹǻֵġ
ֻʵԶҪпЩ
ॣ
죬̵Ҷ֮ǰ㱻Ҷȴδ˸򵥶ֱӵİ취ڰɫͬʱȶҶյǰͬʱǽԵĽ̵
һеڽ£˵Ҷֻǽµжùˣһеʵܼ򵥣ȴҪԶʤڶԷܰ쵽ҶյΪǰȻԶˣǰ⼸һȣȻѾֱͣ۸Էˡ
ͬʱ
ݶŻ̿ͼͬ鱻ƣһԾͬʱӱóһ֮ϻβָϸץҡΣǶڿзţȦ漴Ҷ¡
ߣС
Ҷյǰ㣬㿪Ķ漴ȥ㿪ǰĶȴǽ˵Ĺ϶ǡôĴ뽫Ӽ˹ȥ漴һ֣ץסŶ
ҹɣ
ۼҶȻʹһקǽ̿ʹݶק䣬̿ͱݺе档
Ҷ̧̧ͷ㿴վݶԵĴ̿ͣĿɨ˲䣬öԷһݣȴҲöԷܵ裬ΪҶյĿ͸ԵĲм
ͬʱģ̿ʹݶԾ䣬ӱĲȡԼı
λõȴǹ𹳣
һֺصıȻʮ˰֮УȴӦűãúȴνǱ仯ˣ𹳣
ҶոǰµĴ̿ͣٹҶտ䣬ȴҶջֻܿǣҶԼδע⵽һͻȻĴӼ˳ҪסĲӡ
ˣҲΪҶվг
ϧֻǡ
ǵڶȻȥҪҶ׷롣
ȴҲʱǳֹĴ̿ͻȻüëţ˿һ㣬˿޷֣ΪǹҪҶյͷ֮ʣڰɫͻȻĻҶվ䡣
ҶջͷЦѵô㱾¶ѣ
Ǵ̿˵ҲǴ̿κζҶȻȭȭ䣬Хľ硣
飡
һȭؿڣǴ̿ƺһ󵹷ɳصˤڵϡ
һֱڷصҶգ˿̼ȻȭȻ֮ƣһȭһԾ𣬱ǰȺɨȼĺɫڿдһԵĻߣ漴һ̿͵ԴǴ̿һб㳯ǽײȥ¡һԴĽǽڸײһƬѣԴǶ˽ȥ
ڸǸᡣҶյͺȵ˵˭ģҾʹЩ
شҶյ̵һ
ǰл̿ͬʱٵֱҶյĺؿڣȴҶͻȻ³סʣŶĴ̿ͣٱҶյԴȴڴ֮ǰҶ̧žһߣֱͦͦڶԷؿڣǴ̿;ԾգͻȻײһǽƵģصˤ
˿̵Ҷգȭż˵ĸоֻݣǱǲб
һһʽް㻨ΣֱֱȥȴͬһشҰĺ
һŽǴ̿߷ɺҶҲûǰ׼л̿ͣ˫ǯһǵ󣬽ţҶձȻ߶ڵǿ̻ŵͼƵӱȻ漴ȵĵҶյƼ

̿ѵأʼնδڣ±¶Լ˿̱Ҳѵʹ̲ס˻һ漴ҧסأȴɵš
Ҷյ˵ɣ˭ģΪʲôҪɱң
궼Ҫ꣬ԣҶ˿ĵ˸ճɻҽҪĥˣǹԹԿڡ
ĥЧΪõ֮٣Թһε˶ҪԵڶΣرӵյʹΪҶԹһΣ־ɫҲͬٳܵڶΣôǰ̿أ
Զ׼ġ
̿ͺӲȴһкҧס촽ǣҶƼʳĵԽԽ࣬ǵʧ֣˺ѷεĴȵĸоΪԼҪڻһ㡣
ͬʹ࣬Щò̿ĹҶգק㳯Ҷкȥ
ߣҶЦ
Ҷ̧֣Щ̿ͳԼɲǣ㽫̿͵ƣֱӵ˦˳ȥݺݵЩˣգۼ䣬ϱ˲ĵˡ
ò״ӵΪ׵Ĵ̿Ͷ˵ϻֵ
ߣҶյΪԼߵô
Ҷһ˵ţһ־һ̿ץȥǴ̿ͻͷŶ̵Ҷ䣬ȴȻӭһֻƣҶվȻӲסƺ󣬽Ǳ̵ץ
Ǵ̿Ŭ˼£ȴ˿޷ٿҶճԼ¶ЦʱһͻȻͱƮƮģ˲仯һǶ̵ҪˣҶѳҪȥ
ͬʱ̿Ҳ«廯ıƺ޹أһŹŹֵͨȻô̿˽Իᡣ
һЩ鷳ЩץץסôһɢҲǸ鷳óȺ̿ͻͦȼ֮һɱˣˣͨˣ
ֻҶã
ڱɱˡ
ҶۿҪӴܵͻȻֳɱ⡣
ɫɫ
˫ɫȻӵӹѸٵĽӶţ֮Уĵ֮ӿͬһһĴڿ趯ţ漴ᵽʲôζһ㣬ľͳȥ
ûвҽУûк
̿»ζ첻˲䱻֮ס̰ģ֮ؿʼȡЩҶոо泩ȻӯĸоΪ
ҶյƻδȬõ֮޼ɵȥӶ˵ǣȻģȻͲЦˣ



137 
Ƭ̺Щ˿̷·δֹһ㣬ôɢ
ҶЩҩļ漴ȥ
淨ǿʳûȤĴ̿ͣҶռȲҲΣҪɱ֮ǰȻҪñɱľԼѡ·ȻҪԼе
ҶյǺܺ˭ҪɱҪ˵ɽĻĳ˿治٣󽭻Ūˣ¾ŸԴ֪Ҳ׷ɱĺǣԪȻԶڷǣ֪ҶջţҲɱɽȥ
һ룬ҶͻȻԼͦӣʵͦ١
ǣҶ³ǹԱÿ첻ڳòҲûʲôˣϡòơʻԵʣΪϸĻҶշԼе˵ġ
һȻ½¥ƹԼĳʦȻ˵ִˣʵλ½¥ƹὫݵЩ鷳Ļǰ֮ҪҶ־ò̫ܣϾֻ¥֮ľˣЩСֶʲôģҶȫ⣬Ӷ̿ƺԵĹһЩңҪɱĻֱӴɱƹ񲻾ˣοҶյ鷳ֻǣǵƹ챾Ǹһģ⣬ҲøһȥôЩ̿͵Ŀ굽˭Ҳ˵ҲʹҲп½¥ģֻЩ̿ͱɱƹȴû뵽ֻҶգ˳ָɵ˵
ڶȻλشõʦͼҲԶ׼Ʋ¶׵ĵҶźҶȻ¶ˣɱ֮ĿҲûУңϼһǹ֧ƹĻʮа˾ž͸ˣȻ󹺲ɣɱ˶ᱦ
ߣ¶û꣡
Ҷû֤ݣЩֶ̿ˣ߶ɣҶǺ۸ӣȻҪĥŸġ
صСҶӹʦҩģ˵СзˣҩŸǳϱûԹɣ֤ǳԵĵͷ
ҶոСЦͷǿ϶ģֻѳԵͷ
ϽλүӣСƹѾˣںԺأƺ㡣
ŶҶյƹˣ
ΪЩ̿͵ԵʣƹǱҶջĸ磬ҶܵԺƹѾźǾˣҶչҲôıԼֻҶʯǰ£žƺҶҲһ
հƹЦŵסĻϰô
ҶʧЦϺЦĺǣǿƾЦݣ˲µôˡ
ƹ񡣡Ҷ΢Цһΰ˵˵ô
ƹ񲻺˼Դ漴ðɣģϾҵĳǰҸ׻ЩĽ飬Ȼ˿ڣʵǺѾܾ
ҶյλүЩʲô
ƹʵҲûʲôһҴ̽һ뷨϶ĹǲģִⲻϣȰȰ㡣
Ҷ°͵һϣͷӻ᲻Щݵģ˵
ƹɫ΢䣬漴ҡͷҲ֪һЩ飬ⵣʵûҪϵĵλȷһȺҩΪ˼ǻشõʦɱԽ飬ңܹҪЩģҪ治ҲԲµġ
ҶЦǲ£ѾˣֻԼˡ
˵ʵҶջǾϼһ̿͵ĿܴЩ֧ƹʱ̫ɺˣ½¥бҪôô´ӺƹĿϼһֵµȷЩֵģԸЩ
˼תƬ̣ҶռûʲôҲʣҲúƹΪѣԸĹԳã˵ǰ㣬ⶫûãҲǴ۶ǣҲҪԭҲ˵ҶûãҲҵЩʱջָˣҪЩܿ۵ıɡ
ƹ˿ϲɫƺãҶգҲүｻȥҶտɿڣȻٺò
Ҷյļ򣬺ƹܳɣҲĪĺôǵҸ˵̶ӵôشÿҲǲ̶ǰأ̶ӵĹģɱҵҪˣңֻҪү˵仰ҪʲôǸ̶߾ͳˣʳӶ㵣ģǺһ
Ҷ΢ЦǿϣҶյصɽɱĹҪȿЩ̿͵ǲϼһġ
˵ŻСͻȻҴҵܽơƹġˡ
ƹü˵ЪϢһôսҩѾˣ㲻ˣȥؾɡ
ǿˣԣҲ˵ǿˡСͷˣ˵ҪԷ
ƹɫʱüëҲһ
ҶСС˭
СҲǼҵƹ񣡡
ҶջȻѹֺƹɫҪ䣬Ķ汾Ǽ̣ǺܾǰˣǼӵֽ½¥
üһȴ߳ˡ
ߣƹǳȥһ
ƹǸϺˣԼȻûкɫңһЩֶʵ˲ܣƹ񶼲м«Ļɿž¥⽥ȴвĸߺ޶Է
뿪Ժ˾¥ã㿴¥ſһ˸ֶ󻹸ӣǹЦ⣬ȴ͸ư
ƹѿ֣һԼˣȻкɫ
Ҷȴڴ˵ƣ˵Щ񣬶ҲȻ΢ϸĻͻ֣ᷢ룬Ѿ񵽼޷ȭĳ̶ȣⲻɵҶüһ
綼ǰģֵģ޲ԣ˿ܹ£̺۶һ˿ȻҲֶ˵ǰǸӣ
ϣⲻǺƹôԽӴǲ˼ƹϵЦ̱ĸΪãֻȴǿ̱ҲǲģҲﶼû⣬Ҳš
ƺƹϺˣϲɫȻкǲˬٱ˵һʱһʲô
ЦĵƹѽĲˣǾ¥˳Էܸʲô
ƹƤЦⲻЦƹҴҵģԼҳЩˣοС
⣬þƺòˣʵǳˣżЩζôµȲ˻ζҲ
㡭
⻰ʱƹ˵ĴŭԺƹӵͣǣ游Ѫ׵ѪѪȫϣΨ¥ںƹǲܱġ
ҪŭͻȻģһִֻϺƹļ



138 鷳
ƹͷ㿴ҶգҪ˵ʲôȴҶļҡͷʾ˵
ƹǰɣҶǰЩµȲ˻ζ
ǰǰҶյλĴˣ
ȴǲҵҶЦֻµȲ˶ѣȻ⣬ƹ볢ȻûоܾɣȻƹͷ˵ǵͲˣо仰ȴʵڲ²졣
Ц֪Сֵ˵ʲô
Ҷյôôأ
ɫ΢䣬Ҷȴһνļ˵Ŵþƺò˲ԣҪµȲˣ⻹һļҾѾǼû߶ˣʲôõҪˣαأ
˵ʲô˵һΡۡ
ǻδŭȴ̲סˣָҶձҪƿڴȴҲ˲䣬ҶͻȻסָһǸָӦϣֱŤֱϣ˰󣬱ܵĵʹɤӾͿ޺
üëһ΢ɫ˼֣־Ҷյĸ첲ȥȴҪҶյʱҶͻȻķ
ͬҶղ²ǰ㣬ǰǸӣҶտס֮ȴӲһһͣĴҶƼ佫첲˳漴һȭֱȡҶؿڣֻȭͷӭ֮ʱҶҲȻ̧š
飬飡
죬Ҷոͬʱ˰벽
˽ľ룬ҶǱܲһȭͬЩǻĽ֮ϣȻһĽӡ
ŭ𣬵ͺһҶջԾ
һԾȴҲǽ߲ͣʡ֮ǰ㱻͵ϮͬʱһֱȡҶյԴһȴʼջǰǵǰǸӣȻһһظʽ޹أȴԳϵ
ҶҪأֲסԾƣײȻԿҶҪδƣܹ£ҶտҪӲһȭ
һȭţҶմ˿̱ȷˣ·硣
ֻ˿ȴ̨֮ϣûǰĹء
żͻȻһҶȴǽԵһŵӹգ漴ץȣ̧־ͳ˹ȥ
ʱһϽ˫ֻסԴš

ǵϣķѳһľͷڶҲǱҵȴǻվȣҶձ˻˿ȷ˵ȴǱҶա
ҶյĹٴơ
ΪҶա
ҶյĹһǰģǰϵǣҶȴⲻм
ҪսǱսηηβ
ƣܵˣ¥ڵҲܵˡ
֪Ҷ˲һеĹȻǣȴҹȥΪ£°Ҷһȭ
˻ǺԲѡݱܷâһҶһѵ뵽İ취Ҳܼ򵥣ҶողôԸԼģ˿̱ôԸҶա
۾ضסҶգͬʱ۽һƲҵһŵӣȥץֻôһ֣һȻ־Ȼˡ
ͷһĵСﱧŰѵӣ¶һڰ޺ĳԼЦš
Ҹɡ
ֻüҶյȭͷѾˣһһ죬ؿڡ
һȭʵĹǺӸϽǰסǷסˣȴǳײ˲ˤڵϣȴǸӶˣҲÿҶպĬֻƴȭţȴûҪȻȫΪֻܻܲ¶Ǹ⡣
Ҷ֮˫һҪȥ
һȣֺȵƹĴ֮Ź˿ô
Ҷ˳ȥͻȻͣ£վֱ֮һȭŻǲģϧͷ̫
ƹ⻰ͲˡҶЦֻд裬㿴㻹Ǿ¥һŵӡ
үǵġһ䣬漴ߵԷģ˵Ҫдˡ
ԭôˣ֪ܲҲ³ǵˣͣСطָ˾Ǿ룬ԣ´ǧָңҲһȻٷͲˡҶЦģ·ɷһ㣬Ȼ˵ߵһӵȻд裬Էģǲƹȥ׼˿ɺã
˼ת˿ȻǳԿˣɾʹвʣҧҧȴǰ
Ҷڱϵ֪ƹЩʲô
㣬ҲóĲɫ
УǾĲɫҶյԺ󡣡
ţҶձ˳ƹСҲβŸ˽ȥ
Ҷ硣С̲סҪ˸ǻ쵰԰
ѵԲôҶշʵͷĴ£˵ǵ߹˿ͣǸô죿
ƹüģ˶֪ôµģ鷳ġ
ҶЦǲһҾһ鷳ģ鷳
һ˵ţһ߼ӣҶյﵹˮ֮󣬱˸һ顣
ˡҶյ˵һߣһһȥ
СȻͺˣ
ǰҶջЦˣһέɽ
СҲǱҶմʲôˣޱȲõЦǡһέɽ̣ţֻβֵֻּзѵķѳҶջŪһǴ㣬û͵ϣֻҶյǴīյġ
˶˵ϣʱץĸоǲţһέɽǰ׿ˮչ˷ŸУּļѣǣһںͳ׷Ҳˣ̵ľ͸ΰͿƵģνǴ㣬Ҷ࿴һۣ̫Ҳ̶ˣû˵ī㻹Ǵ׵ģٿ跬ѳŭˡ
ȱǶҲˣǷѳôӵһ㷬ѳ͹ҳԷѣ
Ҷʾٰ꣬漴ÿӲѣͷ˿Ƶһ˿ѳĵлл
鷳ģҶյĲɫյĶã΢ʣֻҶڳôЩҲǾñȥҶյ鷳ȾԼҶոˣһأȻָӵһĲˣ
԰ҶյͷûһĲˣƹˣ˵ûĲˣЩģҪǰɣ
ҭоԼڸԼ漴ҧĲҲǲˣһǲˣ
Ҷֵ̯ҾûⰡ
ǴǰһŵˣҪ̶ܰˣҾͳЩǲˡ
û⡣
Ҷնӣӣƺ뽫ʵԵȴͻȻһӱͻȻ˳ȥֱӿԴϣɫǴױ˳Ķͷ»䡣
ѽѽҶһ˼ģùëŵƹ񣬲˼ѽˣȫͣԻһ£ҪȥһԸ㿴



139 
쵰ҪһҪ뿪ʱֵģֽϵۼŭ¥ǰʲôҸôıҪɱ˵ģǻ쵰ȴúõվţң
ԥһ£ӲͷƤƹģΪ¥Ĵ̿ûлСȴˣ̽ġ
һ㣬漴ǸŭһŽ˸ģĵԼҲǼģ¥Ĵ̿δϢ׶༪٣Լοһ⣬˰װϷˣǱ̽Ҷյʵʲôû̽
СֲŵʱҲҰ·ӣҾḻǸ޵ģϧֻ֪Сֲȴǲ֪ΪΣҲδж塣ţ漴ü˺ģһӵȥҽ˵ĳʦǸ鷳֡
ӴӦһ㳯෴ķȥ
ص½¥ϲ裬漴һӵôˣ
ƹġӵϳǵѾüĿˣҪĶƲǮǮǸĹ˼ҵˣҷЩƱûƹҪĶ
Ȼ̧ͷĿܻ
Ҳȥɣҽ¶£ĺ˱㲻ǵġ

ŭŵʱϲ
뿪ģʵǽƹϺ˶Цĺϲ£죬Ҷȥʦȥ˼˰ٵĲɫ󣬺ƹʹó̳ѾѲʮĻƾơ͡ҶգǾҶֱ۾ȻǺþš
һȺЦЦ֣ҶֱȫſˣűǾ̳Լķ䣬˹ˣҶյûԼǱ
һǣҶյӤ֮ҲԽ֮һżˣ̿Ͷѳɣ֮壬꣬ǵõɲǼƦܹϵģЩ֮󣬶ҶնҲСҶҪıǽЩ׵ĽڣȫȫԼĶ
Ҷ΢˫ĿЩȫΪ֮ӤҲýǸˡ
νġȴǺѽ͵Ĵڣ񵱳Ҷڱɽһ㣬ӪصʦҲ޷ҶգʲôֻܽŵĸоҶգʣµıҪҶԼˣ͸ֻ˵츳ӣ͸ˣȻ츳׿
ҲĶ֮ͬҪһ£ܾ˵еǰ㣬ͳӲƻڼ٣ȫǿҲŵģȴƫƫʵʵڵظܵôҽģҲõν
֮УǻǷǳҪΪһǵ־ͽ
ҶҲ̫ʲôĽҲ޷ֱͨ۾ǴܵǣܹӤӵһսĵһңǰһǣʵҶնԲδʲôʵʵĺôֻӤ֮ıҪ̰ˣǡ޳ɺҶյΪöĸΪ
ԣӤ֮УһżҪҪͬΪֿһ¶ֻӤ֮Ȼ̤Ƴˡ
ڴϣָ졣
ҶԷսӤ꣬ѰЩͬҪıи죬ЧҲԣͬʱ÷սӤͬɣսҲؾԲ
֮ʱһҹҶȻ۾ڰɫȻڵİ豻ֱ
գɲǼתţһ޴Уֻ˿ߣܵҶյĸӦŽڡ
ţҶյȫһһ󱬶졣
ȻҲǣ˿Ҷȴ̵ܹĸоʲôԼڷʶϴԼ壬·һƵģҶֻ޾
ȣ
Ҷƾǰһȭȭƣ𵴶ľǰȥԶڷŵĻƿʱӦ顣
ѳɡ
³ϵɢȥָܵҶҲ¶ϲɫૣо
ӤľȻΪϲģӤҲǰˣҶտĵƼѾȫָˣ֮ϲˣȻ޲ѸݣӦͻƵǺνϴһ飬˳ҲƸָҶնҲĺϢš
˸ҶմӴ䣬Ӵ̽ԴɫȴѾ磬Ͻ׼ȥɻڵǽ˳ʦĽɫÿ֮ꡣ
·¥õʱҶȴǿ˶ΧڹǰҶճƹϽֵգ
Ҷմչһŷǹ̨ϰһУһöƲӲӵķ֣滹һʻʶ
ƹҰ˼˵ˣո͹ģҪĹ
ҶǷֿ˿ʲô
Ҷ磬ô֪СƲƲտ֡
ҶյȻأ
СЦͷȻҲܽг֣Ͼ³ǳȻʶҩȴֲǲҩͣҲֻ֪ҩˣкЧƣСҲͲ֪ˡ
ƹɫһտֵЧֻһǾ޲Ӥֻ꣬ҪӤ겻ɢص˶ܾȻǼΪıҩ
ҶյĹأ
ƹϧ̶޷Ĺֵй֮ʵ֮ȴԶʤĹϾտܾⶫ˭һöߣңտܹҩ;൱֮㣬Ĺϧɶ˲Ϥ֪ʹá
ҶղҩԺƹƷУȴǲƭԼģңƹҲû˵òûֻǺпϵĸԼۣȥҪҶԼжϣֻƾһ㣬Ҷոоֵš
˻ȥɡҶ
ƹԥ뻹˵ڵʵҾտѾˣرҪȥأ˵ǴرҸ˽˶˵Σգܹصˣտߣô˵ΣʱҲܾ
֪Ҷ΢Цû˵ⶫãֻǻãλүӵһĶô˷ԣҺܺڶλʲôһڴһδʲô
ƹ񼴱ǸϺˣȴҲǸˣȻҶҪųߵİϷҲûʲôףֻСļиүͻȥ
Уүӵ飬̶ǱҲлӦˡƹȻҪүϳûشõ̶Ӵȥòǣ±ϾδһƲǼĽ׳벻ɻ֮ǰҾӦ׼ȥҵ̶ӿɡ
ҶնԴȻȫ飬οЩ̿ҲۣԼҪͷһʣ˼һͷϲϰæһء



140 
ƹҶ˵߾ߣҲǸģ˵ǲ̺ˣÿȴҲôЩˣʦСڣפɴŮҲܰæȫæĹһ½¥ϻǷЩ˼ģĲȵȷΪɿЩ˵ҲʦǰǰԵķ˽˸ˣˣҪʰȷضԶ
ƹҶߡ
Щ̶ӵĳԱǲҩͣƽѩĺɽвҩÿ¸³ҩûҽݺҡһҲͳ̶ӣҩͲ˼ҵıУԣǶѩĺɽｨԼկӻǴӡ
Ҷ³Ǻ󣬻ǵһ뿪
һɽǣλѩĺɽУѩĺɽҲΪŹֱ֣ѩصĴѩɽɽֻ֣ͬŰѩǣ֮һɽͷĶܲԴΣȴѩǣһɽͷıѩ翣ȴɽʯᾣѩĺɽƮѩͻȻȴͻȻȥͬʱֻḲһֵطܹӿиᷢѩĺɽİɫǰ߲һƬġ
Ϊλ澰˭Ҳѩĺɽ
ƹҵ֧ҩ͵̶ӹģ㲻ôȴҲСȻʼ׼µĳУ³ǲԶʱկӣҶո˲ʱ㵽˵ط
̶ӵͷǸˣҪôΪĪ⣬Ҳ黪ڸǣҪôѹûΪΪҶո֪
̶ӵĻͷĿǸֵӣн׸ߣһǺųģִ̣ͬЩȴҲЩֲΪҲҶվԼҪûŪĻӦӤ꾳ӽ۷Ϊ
ҶձĥԼΪ˼ҿۣϾƹԼȫΪҶЩѰĲҩǺξΪƹҲֻץϹֻǺƹУЩҩͶǺȻŪҶҲǽ⣬һͷͷҲӤ۷壬ҪҶչŶһܴĹԼ
ȻҲҶռĸ̫ˣ黪ڸǶ˺üӤ֮ȷЩľʵ˵궼֪Ӥ֮ΪͨӹľͲˣԸļ£黪ڸǶҪĸ֣һҲҲԪͨҲ黪ڸ۷壬ǳȴԪͨ⣬ҲֻԪԶѡ
ƹǰܵλүӣһƬĲҩͶˣһλ룬үӵӡ
үӺܾݣȴշһϲЦŵȷЩУҶմȤȴû뵽ƹľǸ֡
ү⻰ȻǰҶһѣ֪ҶҲӤ֮λүӿüЦҪйϵ̶ͬУΪҲǲôŶԣҶӤ֮˵ȥ̶֧Ӷһϯ֮أᱻ֮⣬Ҫʲôϵ
ҶЦǻ¶һô
үӻδ˵ϵĵԸĻǾòˡ
Ϲ˵ʲôү̵һۣ漴ЦСӴСɽҰˣƽϲܶݣġ
ûʲôҶӵΪʲôȻү뿴汾£Ҳνġ
ȻүԣǸ͵ĺսӣ˫ĿŹ˵Ķԣܲ
ҶҲ˵˸ơ
Ȼǵ㵽Ϊֹд裬ҶյսҲǺŨңȴڴţ޳֮ҶӤʵҲǾܹ࣬ﵽʲô̶ȣȴδ֪õİ취Ȼʹսһ
ȻҲ˿׵öûУҶʾȳ֣ԥһȭҶպ
ȭͷʵᣬƿպХէȴҲֻ̽Ϊȭ䲢δ
ҶԾҪ³ˣҲǺԥһȭѡԺ䣬˵ȭͷڿײǡ顱һ죬ţӱһΣҶǸЩΡ
ɬȭͷҶҲкȻһǺô
ãͬҲ¶˷ܣҶܹӲԼһȭԵ൱ˣеٽһȭԣ
֮ʱϱ㱬ɫֺʵصĸо뿴һСɽĳȡ
ȣ
ǰ̤һµĵѣӲ磬ͬʱһȭҶպ
ȻԷʹҶȻҲɵļƾӲӣͻȻĸֳһƬɳмţڰ˫ɫҶս»ѸٵҶǰţһܡ
飡
˵֮࣬ȴײһ顣
һʯӣصĺǺڰɫ֮ϣţȭͷһһƿҶյСײһ
ûû٣ûη塣
˽ҪֱӣҰķʽԷˣܹ㡣
ȴҲ˲䡭
ȻصȭͷҶ̧ͷϧǲЩ
ɲǼ䣬糱
ҶյͬӿȪɲǼ䱼ڶǷֻһһľڿ衣
һȵ˿ԼԣȴҪԼΪŨǣԷΪǲԼô
Դ㵣ȭͷͱҶյ˻漴ϱ¶˷֮ɫ
벻ҶԼΪôܱԼŨǣ˷ţţȸԾţ
սҪսʹ죡
ž
ײڲظͬˮشһͻȻѣҶͬʱסΡ
ģһ֡˦˦ɬȭͷͺȵһģѱ֣
ɣ
үڱϿһ漴غ
ѱֵȻ򵥣ͷȴһ㶼򵥣Ϊλ¿¿ͽµλǰγͨλ֮󣬳ۡıҲбмͨ伮үӻ˲Žⲿѱֵͨ伮Ū֣˵Ƿ켫ȴǿɽѱԲڻ£Ȼδǰľ磬ȴҲϰʮ֪꣬
үӲд裬ȴŪԹ޳飬ʵȥ
ֻүӺʱʵѾˡ
߸Ծ𣬾죬Χ˲۵УۣڣΧϵʯϵĹ⣬֦ĲҡΡ
ҶɫȻһֿɲд跶ˣǰʵˣǿҪģ
ض룬ɲǼ䣬ҶɱȻ
ս⣡
¡
µɲǣҶϵͻȻƮԵצֱȥȻҲӭµ룡
飡
µƸҶϱײһֻɲǵʱ䣬Ƽͱ飬ѱȴǻûó㱻Ҷյ׵ɢ
һȻȻҲû뵽ԼΪͨᱻƵعǺڰɫѾײؿڡ



141 ɱ
Ҷ飡
үӱǵ˵ɱҶգ˿ȴǽȻ෴Ҷʧɱ룬˵糱жֲλүȫΪǲģǣҶϵɱȴУ
ҶүһۣͻȻһգǾͻȻһȴҪײɲǣͬƥһ㣬ֱӾסӣ漴Žŵϡ
ʣ˺¶ݻ֪ЩʲôдҪ㵽Ϊֹô˭ѱֵġүӵǻˣǰǽͷԵһٽѵ漴תҶЦлҶˡ
ڱһĵĲΪҪҵͣôһҪǿôࡣ
үӶʱͷֵһۣƺηүӣƲƲ쵹ǲ˵ˡ
ҶɨһۣЩ񾭽Դﱻɱ󣬱㾯࣬ѱȻǱˣǣһ˲ƻ൱İʵҲش뵹ûûģΪ֮ǹؼ֮ˣģ濴ҪɱҶա
һͨˣֻΪɲҲûЩֶβųɰɡƬ̺Ҷ¶΢Цݲݽһ£漴үӵүҲĪ̫ˣдʧְˣ㲻ʲô÷ϡ
үȻƺã˵Ǵ˻ӽȴǽԴϲҶյʵϣүҲϣôһλ뵽Լ̶ǰأϾ³ǰأ·̿ɲ⾰飬·ϻʲô飬˭Ҳһֻһ
ҶǷʸ̶ӶȻû۵ıҪүʢ˳ԷȴǱƹҶһƾܣǻøϻȥȥ·ʱץЩҪˡ
ұ㲻ԶˡүЦҪ׽ǻͷеǻᡣ
ҩκһҩͶԶǲģүӵȻҲ⣬ȴԻģҲԼʵĺûᣬ˭ҩ࣬ȻʵǿԣүҲвμҩȻѾ׼µĳУҲҪҩȻٿӶڴ֮ǰҶտֱסүӵկֻ뵽Щ̿пǳźƹȥģҶձʹ˾ܾүӵҲ⣬ֻ˵ǰȥ֪Ҷա
˳ɽ뿪ƹǿģȴΪԼΪҶգͬʱҲܾȣȴһֱûҶյΪ˲ס
֪ҩһһģһĲҩȴߣܹϵֻ˶ѡƹҶյļ澹Ȼܲ·磬ʵ˲𡣡
ҶնĿ佱ʵ֪˵ЩʲôȲýҲϲоЩֵֹģΪһֱԼ׷ĵ·ϣҶջǺܼʣΪҲϵظԼ±ˣµıȻǽ¡
Ҳ֪Ů˴˿Щʲôûص¡
Ҷ뵽㲻ɵЩʧǲһҹļ顣
Ҳʱ򡭡
ҶͻȻֺںƹĸǰƹ
ƹɻؿҶգҶȴҡҡͷֻ۾ضɽ䡣
Ƭ̺ɽԼĴţһͷ¿ƵĴɽ²һƬ̣ҡϷ죬¿֮ȴûˣ
ƹô¿
ﵱȻ¿οһͷû¿
ǣͷ¿ҡ壬ŪŶ䳯ǶһһΣ˶ֱҶղ׵ɲǡ
Ǻ¿ͻȻڷĺۣǺ֮У¶ģѪ۾һ˫צһ׳ָףҶձӭ
ÿ
ҶոϽһƿƹǽ˸ģȴñܿǹצͬʱҶѸٵĺԾǹצҶյؿӹڵһץ֮צۣǵѿ
Ҳڴ˿̣Ҷ£Ƽǰһ˦ǽǹꪷ˳ȥǽƬейצ֮󣬱㽫ǹצ𿪣漴ǹꪱһ̶ֱӶǺ̶ؿڡ
ԵĳХǴ̶˶ĤţǶ㻯ɺ̽ɢ
ɽ䣬ָֻƽ
ҶմܣɣȻˣαڲزڵģɱңɣСŪҡ
Ҷջ£ɽϱЦ֮Цɽһˡ
˾ǹȣһ޴ĺۣһض˵ϣ˶УЩXX¶˫ִźɫףͷźɴͷ֣סˣ죬ӣ۾˵һǲ΢Щͻˤ
ҶտԼһоƮ
˾һһ̣һӰվԼһһĶȴ˾Ʈ絴һ㡣
СӣǴЩղž͸ɥ£Щĥ˵õķ䣬Ҫÿ˵һ֣Ǻ᲻ϵ©磬Ƶĵҿʩһᣬ˿Բãʹ
ҶƲƲҲȰһ䣬ҿ㻹ȴΪСү鲻Ķɱˣв۵ķҪѰСүҲ󷢴ȱ·

ЦЦǰǣЦУͻȻʧ٣ôƾյģЦͻȻˣҶȷԼδգ۾»ΪԼۻˡ
ɵüͷҶվĴܣɲ˻ǰʵԼ˵һˣǣ֮ҶȴûҵӰӡ
ͻȻģƹں棡
ҶյķӦ죬ǽźƹ񺰳ɲǣȻƺûԥһȭӳɫڿдƯĻߣȻ󡭡
ҶյȭͷȻֹ˵ԴǰĵطͻȻͣ¹
ͷڴֱִ̣ӵҶյĺ䡣
ഥһ˲䣬˼ĬͬʱԾ˶֪Լ֣ܵҶһȭڶԷԴϣǸִɻ̴ԼĺǸִҪǰ֣ҶҲԥľȭ䡣
˶ԸܾˣȻֻȴ
ֻ˿ɲǣҶյĽżأסΣ㽫幪ͬ׼Եʨǰ͵ķ˶ȥ
ȻҶ˿ϢĻᶼԷ

ͺţҶ̧һȭ䣬Сۼ以ƵĺڰͬСߣ¶Լ
ǣҶȭµɲǣ
ȫںеٶʧ٣ôĪͻȻʧ١



142 ɽ
棡
Ҷռһ˲˸ղźƹѣ̧һǺɨ
һ룬ҶȻ
߿ˣ
˾ȻҶյı
ǾҶյı
ҶһɨպµӰͻȻͬһ㣬ֳһһݣཹཱུģţͻȻľʹҶյӰ˳¶ĸִ̱ǰֱ̣һᴩҶյļͷ
Ҷնʱƺһ漴ҧ̧ǰȥȴ˸գûаԥһˣִ̹ᴩҶռͷɲǣӱ̳Ӱ֮УܿҶһţٶȳֵʱѾ׿⣬ȻѾҶյȭŹΧ֮ˡ
˿ڿһۣǸִȻᴩ壬Ṉִ̀ƺʲô˲õıɵĴ˲أԶûдﵽĳ̶ȣңҶҲԼĽ¡
Ӱӣ
Ҷ΢üͷΪԷٶȹ죬ӵǰسɴ޾ͨȴû뵽ǽӰӴ⵹԰ģҶԼٶȸҲΪԷǰѸݣܴٶ쵽ǰزҲȷѴ򣬲İֻһ˲Ϊʧˡ
ǰ֮ҶȻ̻ȴû̳֣Է˻ļ϶ǣȴʼûдԼӰ
ţҶձñͻȻһۡ
ȴͻȻĴҶյĲ˳Ǹִ̺ݺݵҶյĺ漴ҲֳӰӣҶ룬䵽׿ĵط
ģӰӣǶݵô
Ҷտˣݺݵһ䣬ͬʱüͷĸ
ֻǽӰȻ鷳ҲڵֲסֻҪСԼıͬʱϸıܿΧӰ㹻ˣֻҪӵ㹻Ŀռ䣬Ͳ˵͵ϮҶԼֻ֣Ҫһ˲Ҳ㹻ˡ
ǣݵؾ鷳ˣ֪Էʲôط֣Ǳ󣬿ܴ࣬ӲͻȻðֲ
Ҷ˼ǶԲߵʱٶʧ١
Ҷҧ漴ѸٵԭŲŲȦϵĿԼܣϵػŷƺһ߻ᣬ˲䱻Լ׽ܹ軹ġ
ֻҶŵʱȴǽͻȻһۡ
˸û棬ֱӽǸֱִӴӵص״˳ֱӴ̴ҶյĽű漴̻գԶԳΡ
ҸᣬҲ߹㣬㲻ԸԲãܸĥ˴ӺɫɴͷỴִ̈䣬ĹЦ˶˵ҵ츳ãҵ츳Ҳȷã۷֮ζ޷ͻӤ֮ǣ˵ǷЩȴˣҸɱˣЩΪԶҸߵļһǿңֻǸΪ΢ļһҲˣҸɱˣ֪ô𣿾һһ¸ģץסңֻܱˣܾĥ㽫һ
ҶЦϧһδ
˼ЦҶ磬·ѾҶոˣȻٶʧ١
ҶٶղǰתȦֻҲ˽£ǣո̤ýϴĵʹԼĽűѾԷø̴ָˣҶΪϴʹɲǣȴִҶյıͻȻ˳Ỵִ̈صĴҶյıϡ
ûѪɽȴظܵ塣
Ҷǰȥ˳Ƹ룬ֻҶԼҲô岢ܶݵأԼܶԶǷʤҲɵҶôôͨ
ƹԲһⶶܹͣסҶա
ģĹЦҲ̫żôŹ
ƹʱµĸλϺ³ǻôãδй˭ǹ˭ɼ飬ֻǴδ
ȥҸæҶĺƹļһ֦
ƹ񼱵ⶼʲôʱˣҪ֦ʲô
ҶһѵϽȥҪ̡̫
ƹֻòܵȥ֦ƺҲܺҶҪ֦ЩʲôҲźƹĿ֦æ͵Ҷյ
ҶϸĵĽ֦ϵѿҶȫժһأ֦ͬѰĽǰ㳤̡
˹Цֻôø֦
Цһ룬ЦȻֹ
⣬Ľ⡣
ͻȻıҶϸܵ˽⣬ɱ΢
пҶȻý
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Ҷȴûʲô𡣡Ҷյ㲻ŵĻԹԣ
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˲ŵĿԼؿڣǺɫӱԼϸСѡ
ÿ죡
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ŨҵĽδɢȴǱĸΪУڤϳ˵̺ͨĽȻҲޱӴѹ˴
ƺҲ˵Ҷյɱˡ
˱ҶյѹҶճԼƽ̳źԾȥӻһöϽҡƮ̣ѸٻɹģצҶ
ҶЦһϵǰǹɲǣеĺɫ۳һȦգţĺɫ£ڹϣԵĲҽУճɻҽ
̧ͷҶտɽȴѾˡ

Ҷ³ǽǼһˡ
Ƽ֦΢ҡҡ֦㻯ɻңֱɢ
ƴڤͨôø֦ʹģȻȴаҲͲұڤͨˣԼһ޷Ǿһܾܲ߶Է֦ѾɻңҲҶǿάסԭˡ
˲ˣҶմ˿̾ץϹˣ˾ԲҶٶһ֦Ļᡣ
ƹϽǰҶյô˰ɣĳô
ˣǵ㱾»治䵱ҵĳˣҶտźƹ˿ܸйϵ



143 һ
ʲôƹȵѾɱһˣ
ҶյͷǴҩϻʱ˴ɱ㲻ûǰĳңҿԴǾԲ³ǣҲ˵Щɱҵˣֻ³ˣͷ
ܡƹϵհ֪ĵģشҪɱ飬ǵȷһҩͿɹǣشȡᣬô³֮ãүӵƢȻãҶ֪ʵǸˣҽʱ򻹻ҩǣʵ޷顣
⣬ֻǲ²ѡҶյڿӦġ
ƹȵɣұƵزȴǻҪҵ
Ҷյɽ˵ĻǵôɱңҲ׼ɱ㣬벻⣬˭ͬʱҪ˵
ƹü᲻ɱڶѣ
Ҷյ㿴ô
ƹҡҡͷ
ҶյԣҲͲҪڣȻˣЩɱԵļһԣɱһҲûʲô˵ģֻǴ˳ֽɱҲпܣɷϵ󡣡
ƹԵЩǣһͷһ֣Ҷյڸô죿
Ҷյ˭ߣҽĹȥүӣһĹֻ

Ҷոƹ˵ŻʱѾص᷿ȴǺƹġ
Ȼ㲻أȴҲ޶õĵزԷԷٴγ֣ҶսĹƹĿ뿪ת޲ܴ塣
ȴƣҶ鷳ûгֵսȻҲȴӭ֮ҪóڤҪнȻͨ
ԣҶҪıһǲڤֻҪȥãܹõķȻүˣϼһƹ˵ǰôͷûıΪĹҲѾ˼·ԼŪһĹ
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ƹһ߽ǲһߵ游ģҸףҸָҡ
˵䣬ǲұ⿪¶ֻǿһۺҶվѪĳ嶯
ҲǽҶսľͷģ
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ƹδ˵꣬Ҷվ;ٽ߿һۡһֱľûһ㡣
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ƹ׼Ŀȴ۾ϡ
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Ҷոƹ񶼲һ۾͸ŷ϶˿ԿǱľ֮ͻȻľɢŨҵķ۰ɫʣˮ̣ת˲֮ӡ

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һ䣬˫ҶḧǱľһڤ˲õɱ֮أ



144 
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Сں֪ĸеԺȻ̮¥᷿̮һƬҲǽŵĿȭͷ
ףģҶýͣ㳶˾ѣСļŶȻġ
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ƹһ˼ֻҪϽ̸ңǮԺȻģҲʾһԼĳ⣬ϴҸ˵ļǮټô㹻ԺȲİˡ
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145 һ
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ƹǱҶ˵Щ⶯ȴ¶̾һУǲУͬ⣬ǣ˵طôҲ𣬿У㲻ǹȥˡ
׼ӦҶյǱҸ³ģΪ¿͵Ĺϵ崾ûŵ³ϵ㲻ӲģȻƱػ鷳ǣ¾ͬԣе±ռסֵҲʦֵҲ⳥㣬ǣĻһûˡ
СҲ֪ŵǼ١
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ҶճĬƹѡ˿޷ģ˵ǹִظ֪ͨǣÿеļ֣ÿеÿеִֻԼŶҲ⣬ҲǷģȴΪɶҡġ
ҷģԻȥһóѡҶյң㲻Ҫƣս̸һһ



146 
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СԸǩЭ̳˵ÿ˶ޱᣬǣ˿̿СȴޱȵĻϲ˱̸ֻǸһֵʮľ롣
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ǶԼҪʲôĶûиֻѸٵĴӻֽֽϻֵ·漴ھϲ֮ɫֽϻŵĹŹͼƸһֳͼȫһģһȻҪҵĶ
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һƬľԣ·ߣӲȥȻǱˣ˵϶ҲƤˣԴвģܲϣԼһ˿ڵġ
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һǽڵɲǣӵĵذƵ죬ķʯƵ򿪣·һʯס
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˵֮㲻Ǻˣǽ֮ˣֻһŽԷߵӵĽ䣬һĴЦڻص漴㸺ǹ˳ǽŵص׶ȥ
ڽ䴭Ŵһɢһ޲壬ֻԼҲԼǾԲģ³޷δ޲ɣȴѾľ׵Ļɢ
̾Ҷսҿݶéݣ䣬ڡ



148 һ
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ҶӤ֮ӯֻҪҶԸ֣޲壬Ǻ˾ܻȥ
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ҶͻȻִǽڵķ϶аγһϵն䣬Ǻ죬ؿڱٴα̴ֻҶһȴ˴ڤͨȴǱǹһ˺˵壬뿪硣
뼴Ҳڰ㣬ֻҪ㣬ﶼǶˣҲûָĴм
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ȵϵĴҶϳӿͬһһľڿ裬ţһͻȻȪһ㣬ֱ



150 ҹͽ뻧˷ȥ
һĲţԸһжǻþ
ÿһΪӵвͬҪֱ۵ķʽȥʶȻɣǿ̶ܴϱΪ
ԣӤ֮ȵŶԣ޷ŵ飬ȴеĳǰ
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ǻΪķΣһȦԼߵʮ֮һ·ǰȥҶٿʮȦĻУ˵˵ǵ֮ӣҶոоͷƤ飬һ֮ž˸о־ˣο֮
ߵͷ֮ҶտһľݣΧʣмһľ׮棬˨ֻһͷѾˣǹǴطӳȥġ
ŽľݣҾ߾ȫֻǼӣǹӣȫյģȻȥ֮ʱˣҶҲκڴͷҵһңװСԼ㶹ĴСϺɫ氼͹£һͷ
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ص֮ŵһƬĵ֮ҶҲԥֱӷųȥǸȻ˸ɾ

뿪ԴС壬Ҷջصʱҹ˾
ƹſڿջ˯˵ȴҲֲƣϾûΪ
Ҷսϣùѹϣ漴һҲںƹߣ˵ǽȥˣǺܲɵûϣǲһԸ˵ģǺ˱ˣڶǹʱڣҶҲʵ˼ûǰϲһɱȻѾ˷սͨǰļһĻֵҶճ
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˵ǽûˣҲѾˣԼɱ˷ںƹ̫ܲãο³Ũ񣬻᲻Щ鷳Ҳδ֪ԣʱ뿪ˡ
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츳һ㣬ܲ׾ҶЦЦ漴үӣ㽻׶ɣȫȻƲΪֲΪҲɲӣҪ˵ȫΪ־òԣô֪תġ
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ӵеһ壬ڶۣ֮ҶҲԿʼеڶꡪػ꣡
ػһ֮꣬ҪҪƣӤ֮ԳɣػҪвͣӤ֮ôԸ޷Ƶػ꣬޷Ƶػ꣬޷ǣΪҲ޷ˡ
Ҷվ̹үӣõĴȴûжôүӵͻƵػʮ꣬ջҩǿгƵģķҲӲܳɹҲζӣԽҲһӰ죬үӵĻ˵ܲ취ñãⱲӿ¶ֻͣӤ֮޷黪ڸǣԭǵػһؿҩȱɹҲֻ
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ʲôʲô׹ڵϣߵѾҶոһȭ飬׹ֻ°Ϳ㲻ƵҵĻôƵҵĻ޿ܣ
ҶȻһЦȴǲ׹Ъ˹ǽžžùصȥˣ
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ۿҶձƽ׹ͻȻĴӻһɫ㳯ŵȥţܱǻɳ



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ҶյҲĿȻ׹ѾˣͬʱҪǻɳۣ֪׹ǴܵģȻҲ޴׷ֻܾʹգ˳ܳȥķҶձȥүһ˸׷ͬʱǼһǺЩȴǧʵ۵ܵû߶Ҫһɾ͵÷Ѻôˡ
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ǲһһҶ߱ǻһ䣬Ҷÿǰ̤һһ׷һ㣬գۼ䣬Ҷ֮һ죡



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ˣֻʣһ취ˣ

ɵ׹׵Ѹݵİ취˿ҶֻԼ໰ղǰľ룬Լǲ׹ֱһ׾Թ϶׹ҲЩųҶ֪׹ĺУ׹֣Ҳʧ˽ɱʱ
˼ת֮䣬ҶյֽҲǲЩͬʱٽնɱЩүǱ߿£ȥ
Ҷչү̹еˣ
Ҷյ׹ֻлκβңҲ鷳
үӵͷ֪Ҷδ˵ѣ׹֮ǻҿó׹Ҷشδָһֱ۰žٲʱϵˣҲвֻ֮Ǵ˿ȴǸ׹ƴƴ
ʱ򣬺˺үӣڵĽô޼£ƣ׹ҲĽǶǻطɱһ£Ҳбܹ֮ǳȥ
ʲôһ漴ĵҲ׹ҲͰˣȻײˣȻҪΪ屨𣡡
֣үӺǳ㲻˶ٵ֣Ϊ˱Ҫȫ˵ôοǶսҲɱ׹
ǲȥȥȥɱǹ
˵űҪԾݶ׹ȥȴҶһѴӺ汧ס
嶯ҶյֻҪܳ׹شʲôܽɱ
ѧѧ˼ңʲô¶ΪôĽ̵ֵܵүЩɸֵ˵һ䣬漴ִȵҿ£һɱȥ



162 
Ҷվٽһǰвһǰһһ䡣
һݲ
ɲ֮䣬ҶǰһƬĶͱնķ顣
˵ⲽһҶҲЩʱգҶõҲԽԽ죬вڤϣֻǣĸϣرҶնòʵϡг̶Ҳ̫ӽʹԣȴˣڤ˫һľûзУһһ䣬Щһ˿ѷɫڤܹǼķΧһνǧ˵ʤҶվòһȴಫʱڤǰԵܵĶԻʤڤһЩģںƹܽ˽룬Ƿǳм
һնЩͬӿɱһƬһʱҲ޷׾ۼүӼ˻ᣬзŹĵ̸ߺһβҶǰ
ĿݽߣҶȫȺ߽߳ɱʬɽҰϧҶյӯзսΪ֣Ҳֹģ˭޷Խļ˿ֻܸʱܡ
׹ڿпţһңûл̣׹֪֮ҶյĶ֣ЩԼڿв׹㹻ţҶһȺ˾ӲȥĽܳȥҲ̫ˣ׽ס
ԣ׹ֵöڿգúõؿŵԽԽΣԽĸԽ࣬׹ԱԽζʳ׹Щˮֹ
׹Ȼ˵ʱҶҲ͵͵׹ΡȻб㿩һ£֪²ô׾ȥȻ׹̩ɽܹҪһµġ
̶бӤ꾳֣ɽȻʣĬĻסү࣬Ҷո˿ȷ档
Ҷ̤һأͬʱҲ¶ƮݵģȻߡ
ȴΪԵЩѱүӶҪã̫˻£һػͷõ޼ɵǰһ䣬ɾ޴ӡ֮ƣһ󣬱㽫ǰĶĵķɻʣ˿
˵Ĵͷɱβδ¶ݽ֮ǰҲһǰֻƾЩȴ޷£ǣÿǰһ֣˵ľ³һ֣ʱ˻ܹƣǽЩǿǿɽԡ˼ƾôǽ϶ֻһƬȻ󣬱ûȻˣЩڽϾûЧһ㣬Ҷն̲ס̳׾Թ϶ɳ˽ϵһЩ֮⣬ǽ˿޷ƿ
ǸĴһġүӳศɵĽƣǰƵƣҲƣƣҲ͵ͬ򡣡
Ҷմ˿̺һ⻰û˵һƵĻҪƣͻƽƣȻҲùˡ
̧ͷһۿе׹ƺֻصԭ㣬ƲȥǶ½ϵĳҲˣΨһİ취Ǹɵ׹ˡ
ҶһնɱŶͬʱ߽Ϲƣȴ뱳߹ȻĵＸ䣬漴뱳߳
ͻȻġ
Ҷ̧֣˵ڹźХ磬ǶȻƿա
ڹĵǹꪸùٶȼ죬գۼ㵽׹ĸǰͻĹҲȷ׹ֲ뵽һҶջŬƣһתǹͷԼŹצķڹ⣬ʣµȴǶϤ׹ϣ׹ĲҺһɶ۳ɵڹϵ
֣
Ҷմһ͵ԭ
ڲ֮ʾҶյ̼ϣסҶյӣһѱֵľҶճſж˳ȥ
һɳ죡
ҶյƲ񷣬ֱ׹ĸǰԥıһݳ
ɲǼ䣬һ졣
һ֮УһĽһӰţǳʧ١
׹̧Ĺצƺֵһǣսָ̧㷢ǽȻţһҺ
׾Թ϶
׹˺һȴֱӽ׹նϡ
ң
ҶղһƲ죬漴صϣ׹ŭӣڿлǲ̫ðΣһˣңͻϮʱ׹Źһεֻ²ٸĻˡ
׹۱ϣҲҶϣȻǸΪŭȫȫʹеĴǶҲͱĸΪĳӿţԽԽ࣬ʹٶ뱻Χľ
ЩҩҲʿ䣬˵ʤȴҲܹϣս⣬˿̶еĲҩԼĪѾһ㣬ȴް취Ҳ޷ƵǽƣνϣȻս
ȴҲʱһͷͻȻƹ˵ķߣ͵ı㳯үӵıȥ
Σգ
үȺеĺعʱ㿴Ķ漴ԭء
ҲүҲ߳ƵǣϾֻүֻǸûΪͷӰˣĶү֪Լö㣬Լζ㣬ⶼݺἸʮµսܣϧүԺжһкȴûаֻĿǶԼ
˫ۣүӰ̾һǲԼǣԼˣô죬Щָô죡
飡
ͻȻģһ죡
ү۾㿴Ҷմһܳǰһ㣬ݺײͷϣһţˤ˳ȥֱˤϵ
үӴȵ
һӤ꾳ĸԳ֣ǰĶȴҲڴ˿̣ݶȴǺ󷽵ĶҲԴԴϵķݶϵˣͿ֧ŵˣɲǼǷƮҡ
ҶˤҲǰ̾ùÿһӶͷŶĵطζűΧܵĶֱﻯΣͬʱֱΧҶգ˺ҧţþһа취ҪҶոڴ˵ء
Ҷվٽǣոնɱͷ㱻һͷͻȻĵסҲôһ˲Ŀ϶ܵĶ˶ϣҶոѹڵϣ֮£ҶҲֻٴЩȴҲʱҶͻȻüһͻȻظܵԼЩ𿪺󣬾Ȼصȥ
ѵǿյģ
Ҷһ䣬漴ӽȦһнЩʱ⣬ţҶձ㵥һУ߶ǿ̻ŵ֮ͼƵӱǺڰɫɵ֮Ҷս͵һģѸٵŵص׵ȥһֱ²ϵ졣
Ҷյ۾ԽԽĵص׹Ȼǿյģǵ֮һ·£νǳͨ裡
ҵˣ
ʮ׺ҶյڹЦݡ



163 ׹
·һѪѪ߹նɣ׹ɭɭۣÿһ֮϶һл꣡
Ŀ
Ҷһ䣬ǿ͸󷨵ԸܵԴԴϵĶǴõģЩϵĲл¶ʹ֮⣬ţЩɱľˡ
ȥҶնԵǼˣȻǴʹĸǱ㽫˵ػ˾ǣ
ǵ֮ѸٵײȥȴײʱǴ͵ĵһƬȻͬнơ
Ҷնʱüƿɲһͷۣ׾Թ϶޷飬ƾĵ֮ȻҲԶԶҶպֿܿЩл꣬ȻҪл߻Ҫõ֮ЩлʳֻΣ
Ҷղ֪𰸣뵽ӣ̴߶ŵ֮Щлһ̰ʳЩл̺꣬ǲ׵̲ƷҶնԣͬҲӶĺʱ
ˣʹ࣬Ҳǰǽˡ
һĸΪ

׹֮ϣɫĿ·ʱ̽Ⱥǡ
ֻҪЩһɱˣܽͷ֮ޣҪôл꣬Ҳܳ׵ļɣҲջʱ׹δߵԵʣ˿̵ȻֲȴδԲ
Ҳˡ׹һЦ漴ȵɱɱǣ
ЩԵԽͣϳˣȴҲɲǡ
еĶȻͣסΣ·ǩԼһĬ
סҿ϶ǲ׹ĻЩ˿ҲЩ塣
ֻȴǲ֪׹ƺǸΪȣԼŸոպЩ˺ˣôЩǲˣ̴߶ĳ룬ⲻ߶ãմ߶򣬱ؿһƣֱһںѪ
˭˭׹˭ҵľۻ󣡡
׹Ļ£ͻȻķɳһ磬ŷҶݶ
ָôҶչЦҿ㻹ʲôУ
ҶŵһСǣֻаƴСǣϸͻ֣ᷢСǺȻľģ
ڵص׵ĲлѾɱˣҿôٻҶһ˵ţһ߳·ɱЩûвл꣬㲻ĵĶˡ
һĴĲҩͽŽɣһһͷȻûٳµĶΧ˶ʱϲ
׹ҧгݣܽ򳹵׼ɣǾۻͻʧǾǳǣ㲻ᱻҶ׵ƣֻǣ˿˵кã׹쳣ͻȻתƱҪߡ
ʱҪܣֻ̫ˣ
ҶմһǶȻǲһһ裬ݺݵı׹ı׹Һһϵ䡣
룡Ҷճ·˵
Ҷսһûоʹ˽׹ɱˣǽ׹ķȥһĻпһȫųһѱִ㻯ɽɫĴӡյıҪ׹䣬׹Ǿֲѣǰ׻Ҫþӡȴû뵽ҲɲǣһӰӹԼĶǰͻȻһۣһѪ׻Ӷǰ£ƫеҶյ֮С
Ҷճ׹Цĵȥɣ
׹ڣѱʱ䣬ֻһ׹ҵѪģ
׹еƱ㽥ɢȥһƵӿ䣬棬һ˿˿ů⣬·һеɨա
һ룬룬롭
ͻȻģȺзһţ췢йᡣ
˼˷ܣ˿ģ棬Цֹ
˶ӵһףŽٺĻ䣬ҲǰԼʹɢ硣
벻ߵҶߵлл
Ҷ΢ЦܲĽл⣬лʲôȴҶվ˴ңллҶսĳֻøֻܹ׹
үӿҶյͷܲ
˵仰үЩֹʲô֮һ㣬ҶյǴϻֱۣү˵⣿
үЦԼͷӻҪһ䣬֪Ǻıǣ̫Ҫ˵˱η壬Ͼ˺µ¶ˣʲôҪЩ£ңⶫ̫֣ЩħΪЩΪУﲻǺö
Ҷյ׵ġ
Ҷ˵⻰ʱ򣬱һ㱻ķ顣
һ£үӵЩˣԼ˵ЩҶնǶģǣ鶮ڸǰıʲô˶ܹԷģ˽ֶܶʱ򶼱ǸͻԲǰΣգһܿ˽ǵˣǲǿµġ
ͷôȣҲǰСҶЦⶫĲл궼ɱˣãҪ¼ҲɱˣֻҼɱٶˣ֪Ҳãһò˵˵Ŀ׷ɱǺܲ㣿Ҳɵ
үЦЦ˵ÿɷҶôĲҪҪˡ
򱻻٣˼һҲɢ׹Ǹһ䣬ֻǿűҶ׻飬֤ͷԵĶǰֹ
ͬʱΪѾΪӰطȻҲûʲôôˡ
ү˵ڰվھĴڼ˴սĲҩͣЩ׹޹飬ʹ뿪·طڲ˶ԣѾΪ֮ء
Ƕ˱׹ߣȥӵ޾գֱǰĵӣֻ׹ǰ֮û˸ˣ׹ǰѲļһȻ̼ˣҲˣĺʲôأ
ҶǱĵȻЩʱүӣԸ̿࣬Ҳڷˡ
׹һսҶպ֪ԼĲ㡣
Ϊһ棬Ӥ֮ҲˣʲôطܻòǣҶնԻԶԶҪĸԶҪվĸߣԼΪ㹻ѹһУ׹˫ھԵʵǰҲô
ΣҶնԼĲ֮һʶǱֶβ࣬ͨڤս⣬зսȻԵȴҲֻԽˣǶԵ֮ߣеı޷ǾһһȻһһҲΪ⣬ǣܶʱ򲢷һܽģǵǹꪸùһѾˣղ뻨ʮ˰ֻа˼ѣʵڲǿ⣬رǰΪҶԽԽǰ˵ڹýСѾ콫ӵˡ
ֻǣͨ˵ҪУҶҲ޿κΣվҲֻеֶΣҶյĿ⻹ڴڤ֮ϡ
бӰѾĲˣҲʱӰѾˡ



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164 ɳ
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ҶտԶˣ
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߱һλֱȥֱĲͬλá
뵹ҲֱѱһһƵ䣬һ䣬һǲļһС˿ڡ
ü뵹ǲСˣûþָܻǲ߱ǻýֻһģҿĺУ潣϶֮УӦӦòġ
ҶյʵǱһ潣һֱûн任λ
Ƶһˡ
Ҷյǰ潣ƳֵʱͲˣҿö÷ǰЩӲͻȻ򣬱Ӱص㲻ǻýǻý˿ͨλ޴ӷֱ档
òŵ⽣ѷҪн׾Թ϶Ŀ콣컹ӦŸսʮܱ彣ֶˣܿ߰˽ҲɣǣӰĻýܸ潣ͻȻλеЩãղ㲻֣ӲһòҲûʲô
бףǿЩҶ΢΢һЦλð׾Թ϶أ
һ㣬漴ɫ־òף
Ҷյϧ׾Թ϶սʹҲʹž벻̫Զý֮ҵøŽܣԹأɹʵЩö
˵ŻȴͻȻ֪ܽȴϢѾүѾ·ˡ
Ҷյǰܵɳ˰ɣ
뿴ɫص
⣿⵹ûУԴ׹֮Ҳʮˮתˣ̶ӭ˺ߵǺ˳Сûм·̶ƽƽǵĿĵɳȻǰˡ
ɳǵҶҶɣ飬ʢ̶꣬ȤҶָ׼Ҷյڡ
⵱ȻǾЦҪģҶնԿܻĻԵϾܳΪһ֮ĶǼΪңҶɵ֮ЩأΪ֪ҶɵҲ֪λɳ֮ûΪģҶɸû
⵹ˡҶճȻûΪôֻ꣬Ǳǹˣ嶼ûоܳΪһ֮Ǵ׷񲻶Ц
ԣ֮ȻҲΨһܹɾ͹ķֻҶЩѣ޵ǺȻ
ҶյȻ
ҶɺųʵϣŵʱǸһǿҲǴ棬׶飬츳ѣԸԪڵԪڣǰ;νȴɣף˹ҶȻʣѪͽ£ǣٹ໤³ȴҶɱؽһؾʮֱ꣬ʮɷ¶ţ˵ҶɵľɰʱʥּƽҶɹְȥǮصҶʮ꣬ϰδй©ͬʱ޵ǽܣˮϲ̰٣¶ԵգȻһǨȴܰհʱǮذռɡʮ׾׷ʱ澰ҶкȻ𣬳У˵ǰٹĪ֣Ϊȴܵǳ
Ҷո˵Ż̶Ȼ·үӷԸСľɳԽԽǲõģ׹ǰĲҾ粻֣ңȻɳѾˣôҲԶˣΧûĸֲѰطӤ֮طҲһ֣ǣɳȴʵ㲻ʲôΪǽڽصĸ֡
ʱ֣Ҷڿɳǡ
ɫŷ磡
Ҷյĵһͷ
ɳҲһ۳ǣȴûǰ֮У෴ģ˾Щ⡣
¥ǰŶӣȴŽ˰ǡ
үЦŸкÿ궼ҪһҩɳǣүӸҲѾˡ
Լ˰Ĺ⾰ү˽ǣҶյȥδģҩĽԼĪҪӣԼǰأǸһȥ
ҶһȥɣҲôЩˡ
ãүЦԼڳ棿⽻ȴȤĺܣ㲻ϲҲﲻ϶æһȥΣΣǿҲϤ
ҶյͷǾˡ
뱾ͶĵûȤȻӦĿͶȥŵȥʲô
ҶյȻɳˣҲǼʶһɫ
Ҷպܿͺ˵⻰ˣΪʱһۡź׵ɷдšҶ
òҶɵĸۡɣҶպʹ
Լ˵ҪģɳĵȻҶɡ
ðɣҵĴҶĶͷһļһʵûʲô˵ģֻεûʲô߷ĵط׻飬ȥܷ֣߻Щ
УбרЩǿȥ￴
ҶյǾ߰ɣȸʲôѵ㻹Ҷתת
˵Ż׼뿪ȴʱͻȻһ̧֣ͷޱ飬ҶȴȤ־ǾڲԶҶɵĸۡЩʲô
ߣȹȥЩʲô
ҶקѰȥʵܽǰһЩĵҶı棬Ҷձ̲ס̾һüһȫ
ҶԺǽһԼɰĽֵ˿ȫվˣҲ߰˰֮࣬ҶԺǽԺǽ¥һЩū͸Ѿߣƺ׼ʲô
ʲôҶղһ䣬漴һվ룬ֻգ˳һ˵ڵʲô
˻ͷҶһ۵ɳˣ
Ҷյͷոյͷ̡
˵ͷָָ¥֪Ϊʲô֣ٺ٣ΪҶСҪˣ
ҶС㣿ҶյҶɵŮ
ô˵ġ˶ʱҪɳ
С㲻Ҷɻʱô뵽ôɳǵģ˰
ҶֻЦǸ˵ҶСɳŮô
˵û˭ۣ쿴ˣ
ͻȻΧҲǷ׷壬¥ϣŮƳһɫĵСƳһʵϵŴУƯ



165 
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˵ʣ߻ˣüĿ续ɫ㡣
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˶ʱҭ漴ȻĸЦ
Ҷնʱ˵ѣ
ظôᣬȫǵ˶֪ҶСǵġ
Ҷ˵ţͻȻһָ쿴ҶСˡ
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һ̸֣ߺţλµҶСǰ򣬵һ£ĳ¥¶䡣
Ҳʱ򡭡
ǽֵϵȺͻȻЦžͳ߷ɱһӾͳɢֻ¥ǰյһΣΨҶոɵվ£ۿžҪڵϣҶռǱֳܵһ£ס
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Уǹ־ͳҶץץ͵øҽȥү
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飡
ȭײǹ¸Ҷնܸܵ漴ȭƽǹѾ⣬ֻҶյȭͷһǰȴǹ⣬Ҷһȭӭϣغڹµؿڣ˸ĵ˳ȥ
壡
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Ҿ˵ΪʲôһȺ˿֣ȫأҶսǹһ㣬Сүڱʵ޸ܣȥҲ
Ҷק뷢ɱԼûĪҸţοųĻʵڲô
ǹ۵ؿںȵס
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ǼߺһܵȺʱһ漴ԾһƬյأȴûãȻЩҶ˵ȥ·к֮ͽ׼ϱΪβҪ׸Ҷңĸݡ
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Ҷţһգ漴ץסⲻץǲҪһץʱд󺧣ԼƸǾлһԼϵѸٵľǾл֮У⾹Ȼ
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ҶҪԾݣǻͷͷзһУȴһ˽޺𴸣Ҷյͷ䣬Ҷֻεص棬Χսл뽫丿סҶֻü𿪣ͻȻ֣лߡ
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Ҷһ䣬漴ԼĺʱɲܷŹ



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ҶյȭͷܺݣܰԵԸйأºȭֱͨӶɴ࣬ǣҶյȭ·ȴӣȭƣţżצָ仯νӣǣ˵Ҳܹ죬Ҷյȭ·ӣƫƫֿʲôȭңлȻųȭȣȭҲע·ʽ仯ҲûһҶմ˿㣬ֻ˫ȭʹ˫ȵģȴɷҶյһһʽʵã˿ûˮ֮
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ԼĪһĹ⾰Ҷ³ŵʱȭȻϴˮ裬ǾܣҶձδѪζˣǣһͨȭ⣬ǸоǶ̹١
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ҶЦҲҶΪʲôôȢԼŮǲ̸⣬ǼӦøҹΪӦͣӤһѶȺСӦòձͻƣڷЩ£黪ڸǣǵż츳׿ꪶǣ黪ڶԲʲôѹأŬɡ
ȴֵҶüë
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ҶЦΪ黪ڸǣ̣
κ鶼ģҶյҾԼУôҾһֻͣӤ֮ǣҲ˵ŸԴվֻһֻˡ
ܺãľǼѵõ顣Ҷ΢Цͷ漴ҡͷǣһǲܸΪʲôΪãʱ򲢷֪ԽԽãǵɣĪҪǿ󣡡
ҶǾԼ˵㹻ˣת׼ȥȴűͻȻפ㡣
ȻȻ𣬲Ҫȴϲ󷨣ҲԷ֮Щĵõ伮ҲղأԺĲ鷿Уһͷ˾ͽĮ֪һǴԺȤȥ鷿һ£ӦЩġ
Ҷ˵󣬱ʹ̤Ժӡ
ҶЩƣԼҶϴ˿̲ż棬˸ҪԼ˵Ϊһ֮Ҷɸ˵ĸоţͣͬʱЩ壬˿ûΪһغ۵İҶҲ˼ǸúˣԼ츳ָһ
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СүڣҶҧΪҾͷ췹
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ҶɵĲ鷿󣬻˵һŶԺ鷿룬һ鰸ķıһЩֽҶֵĵطһߣȴܣ˵伮̫࣬ԸղضԣѾǿɹۡ
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羫Ҷճ˼Ƭ̺󣬻ݲ󷨸صĵ伮ȻҲֻʱлĻҪһġ
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徳ĵ伮ҶǲҪģӤ֮йصģԼҪȫһ£ΪǶõģҵһЩ黪ڸǵĵõ伮һλȨݵǰ׫дƽ־ȻĵãƪҶɵעдλȨȴľ֣仹ǳƳ磡
һжҶ˷֮飬оԼȫǽһ⣡



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ĬƬ̣漴գˣ
ҸŰǰȥ˳ɡү̾ҩɶǳģǰǸ˷½ǢδҶȥ׼ЩƷȥʱһ°ɡ

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ϧҶղ֪үӳ棬˿ûûεķŸֵ伮ضǡ
Щ黪ڸǵĵ伮Ҷյջ󣬵ǣ뵽Ҷɵĸ룬Щ伮ҶɼȻ˵˳ȻǲẦԼûҪΪľǿȥЩ鼮
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ȻҶһֱÿûסСʵϲƻ
׿Щ黪ڸһйصĵ伮ҶյĿȻӤ֮ϡ
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ЩҶնԶ޼֮ȻҶƺҶٶ̫죬ȻΪҲܿ̿࣬ȣÿһ᲻̣õǶԣҶո򣬴ǿ󣬽ƣķʽӲȥġ
ÿһҶնõģҲΪ
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ӣϷЩ伮ҶտĲʱŲ鷿⿴һۣɫȻҶֻǸոҹߵõʱȴϾȻʮ̣ŷˣȻѾ͸ʵҶվһЩķ˶Ҷģһ㣬ԼȻڲ鷿죿
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ҶպƣȴֱֲʳڣֻôɻصԼСԺ׼Ŷ룬ȴͻȻһ٣̧ŷŰ֮ϣͬʱ˱Ծ
Ժľűۡһ߿䲻ĵһֻľͰɫҺ塣
ҶǰţźŨҵζȻѪ鶼ûѪǴӹŪģȴСУľͰڵſϣžֱһֶҶʮʱͻˣҲСûã˭ҪôȻҪԼǾԼôԼѿ
Ҷ˼߽Ժӣ̧ſϲһţһ˿߱ȶϣʵľͰ˼˿ߺϸڣװ



169 Ҷ֪
Ҷ߽ԺӻһȦܿտƺҲûʲôףȻ߽ӣҶվ͹Цˡ
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һ󣬷ڶ˸ָ߰⣬ȫһЩСأȴҲ˿ëȻҪȫһ飬ƲҲѳƤҶպԼСʱƤȻԼ¾͵ڵֻʣķˡ
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һҶձ㲻ٻӣ͵شժ²һǻӽնһƬһŴ趯ţײͻȻĴӿ£ڵϡ
ҶյϵŰײȥװôһεˣѵ¹ɣ
һ˵ţһ̧ͷϵŰײѸٵγɰӰθһ㣬Ҫһ㣬ȻҪվڸ߳ôʲôطݶô
ȻҶոո̧ͷһӰʹܵıԵȻ뿪
ܣ
ҶһŴץסܺ󣬱㷭ݶǺӰ˵ץȥ
ۿžҪץסǺӰļͷԷϱ̸ֳһƬɫĹΣҶָһ󣬱㽫ҶյƸ𿪡
ΪҲԣûΪŪ޵Ѫˣ
Ҷһ䣬ͬʱҲͷų˫ƱٶŶԷץȥۿ޷ܹȴǻһȭҶնʱƱȭҲһغȥ
飡
˫ȭײǾļҶնռƣԷ΢ű㲻ɵ˰벽
ȴҲʱ򡭡
¡
Ҷʤ׷ȴͻȻһ죬ݶ֧Ųסļֱˡ
ͬʱݶѿƶˤ䣬̶ֳѲˣ࣬׾ܰأЩɢ
үʲôˡ
ʱͻȻ𺰽ȻΪݶ̮ˡ
ҶҪ˵ͻȻ䣬ͷһȴһĺӰ΢ЩȣǺӰȻǸŮǸƯŮݰףü΢̣һ˫۾رˣܴҲҶղҡͷԡ
Ҷ̾˿Ժ⺰û£û£ʱСŪЩԼȥҹ¾ͳɣѾͦˣǸЪϢЪϢȥɡ
ԥƬ̣Ӧһ漴ɢȥ
ЩɢȥҶ˵ҳ˵ɣ˭ΪʲôҷﶯֽţǼЩϷҪҵЩһ㹻ʰˡ
Ůһת漴ӵϱ˫ֲĵǸġ
Ҷյ˭󡣿
ŮȻ㣡
Ҷյ˭⣿
ŮȻҡС㡭
ۣҶ̲סЦҲΪǼС죡
Ůʲô˼
Ҷյҵ˼Լùǰ˱ӵѪùԼּСĽȢǼ޲ȥС㡣
Ůŭ˵
ҶյֵûһҽѵǼ޲ȥҲĺã̿ض˳ֽһ£ˣ۾Ϲ˲ȢСأô󣡡
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ŮܻıһȭҶգϧŮΪǲȭžʵЩһȭûаֵ壬Ҷɵһӱ˹ȥ漴һ֣סŮһۣɽ˸ס
ŮåͽӣϽſҡ
Ϊץ㰡ҶһƣŮƵϵñҶֶŵģ˵㺰һ͵Ҷȥ˵Ҳ򲻹ңΪӤأȭôá
Ůڴ󣬱Ҷ䣬ʱŭĿӣûٸҶ֣֪֪֮Ҷ˵ʵ飬۴ģ治ҶյĶ֡
ҶȡϵĲˮȴˮѾԼˣֻη²ǼСŮ
Ůǣ
Ҷ۾һǼСǲҲޣ̫òˣҪȥС˵˵ʵҲȢ˹ֵţҶ˵˵ߵˣȻǾˮˮ
˵һ飬ǼС㲻ǳ˹֣ûм
Ůҧгݵ˵ţȻһŤͷԸҶˡ
ôûмʱһôҶ̾˿ƺʲôεǼС㲻ԸޣȻͬ򣬿ˣⲻС⣬Ҷɵ⣬ǼСֱֹֹͺˣⷨӵȷвͨҾˣҶôԼŮ޲ȥôҪ͡
Ůаɫү˵ˣŮʮüˣ̷СѾʮˣȻ꣬ôϣŮչü˵ġ
ǰɣҶȻʲôƨɣȻ˵ҶʢˣⲻѾôô˹Ű˼룬˵ˣ飬Ǳʮ˼˸ʮ˼ôֲȥţС㲻Ҳûʲôͷ
ŮʱݺݵصҶһۡ
ҶȴȻδѵСϵĹϵʵܲãҶɲôϲԼŮ
˵ŮүСˣ
ҶյҾ͸벻ˣĸﲻϣԼŮԼˣ뵽ӣСô
Ůܣ
Ҷյﶼ󷨸ƣҲȻܳȥǣǼС϶ɣֻҪңȻӳȥʱԶ߸߷ɣСҲüˣȫ
⵹ǸӡŮ۾һھͶ
ڣҶҡͷڿɲɡ
ߣ֮ơŮЦҿ㻹ɡ
ҶյУǼСĵˣҶһȤûУǣҶԲ鷿ĵ伮ȤҶҲ׼ҽ鷿ģЩ伮ҵźҪıҲҲϣܹ£ԣҪʱ䣬ôʱ䣡
Ů˵滰
ҶյʲôֵñƭģҪȢС㣬Ҳû취Ҷɶͬˡ
Ůͷã͸ʱ䣡
ǴЭˣҶЦ֪ʲô
СաŮҽҶ֪ꡣ



170 
峿ţ
ҶСԺСǰֻȡ
ȻǾ͵ȡģҹݶľͷҶȥ͵ġ
Ҷ˿ƷǳĲʵ˻ͣɳǵķܺãҲǳܵӵǣо仰ˣҶɵȻҲˣҶɹ̰ܿ壬ҲܱأñݾظȻعƽȴ˿֪ͨҶɴĲ͵ԶˣôȻҲû𴲻ǳЩ嵭ΪǴˣԶɲΪ˹ǵĿڸ֮ˣԵ嵭Ҳˣÿ춼ˣǼֱ粻ԡ
ҶԼַʳСȻ˼ȥҶɣңҶվԼҲûãҶɵƢԣǶԼ˷ʳԼĺá
㣬㣡
ҲʱЦͻȻҶ֪̽ͷ̽ԵԺӣűӱ㷢ֻȣ־ҪץȥȴҶ̧Ƹظĵˡ
ûأû죬ҲûζҶóĨŵտã
Ҷ֪ʲôʱܺã
Ҷյ˾ͺˡ
Ҷ֪Сֻôһһֻá
ҶյֻһӲأ⻹ǳģ˵ϸǼСȵġ
Ҷ֪꿪ĵҾ͸óһֻˣҸǼСͬãľҵġ
ҶմȤҲˣҵǿԽܣС㿴˳ۣҳԿ԰Ҳˡ
åͽӡҶ֪ոΣŷ޷޵ĵҶһ۵ҪҲԣǵҪǼС㣬Ѳ⣬ȢҼСˣ
ҶհڰֲֵɫжңҲҳҪ뿪ġ
⻰ƺҶ֪ȤҶյ˵Ǵģܸܲ˵˵طʲôģҸ꣬ĸ飬ɳǳû뿪
ûʲôͬġҶǳأˣʵô£еȫУ¥УլЩ
ڷܡҶ֪겻ֲֻ֪Щ֪ôģô̼ôҸ˵ʵΣգҪȥʵܲס
Һѻش𡣡Ҷ룬漴ҡͷǷܣЩȥֻ֪Լ۾ȥ
ŵأҶ֪ƺĺʢŵʱô
Ǹģÿȭ׬Ǯޣȭ׬ǮٴޣζҶշŪȵЩûʲô˵ģһ㶼ȤҪų־ģҪһǽµˣûĹ£˵ģǿֵģ
Ҷ֪ҲŶҪֵġ
ãҾͿʼˡҶյܾúܾǰһɳΪһµɳСٻ˽㺣СٻȴǺɽݵŮרѰȡϼͣԳµһħؼ䣬˵ɳСٻº󣬾ٳԹˡ˸ɽսΪ˾ɳСٻˣͬʱɫֻҪյСٻͻɢɳõﲻϵѰľ壬Ҫ赲⣬ȴ޿κΣСٻһһʧԼǰֻʹᡭ᲻飬ɳԼҪСٻЩʲôҵСٻĹǻңԼңؼᡣ
ҶհٻŮĻ꽲꣬Ҷ֪ģŮ˵Ƕ࣬Ҷ֪СҲǺܸԡ
ʮƽ˪죬˿꣬ε໤ֻԧ첻ɣʫҶ֪һĨ⣬漴˵ָҶյƭңǿֵĹ£
Ҷժ¿ȵҾûѽţô
ԣҶ֪ȣһתٸҽ£ղǸ֣㣬ٸҽһҪ֡Ҫ˵ġ
û⡣ҶտȵǺܾúܾǰһļ壬޶Էɱáģһһλļ̳˽ŷһһλ嶼Ϊ֮۰СŮҶһ죬ڽŷΪҶò㵹ҶǰŹӢţܿ׹밮ӡ˵İڱ֪ҶıŭҪɱŷȴıŷɱĹϵΪӣҶڰʵԾѡŷ˽ǣΪ˶ܼ׷ѡŷ֪飬ϵĹѨѰҶȴһ߱ʬ壬ʹ޷ܼķԼˣذ״̴ԼѡҶӼŷȴһʬ壬֪Լŷѡѳ飬ŷذɱԼ΢Цڰ˵ߣĹѨʧȥȴʵҪǵõ˰顣
Ҷ֪ˣرҶѳɲǣҲֹסˮ漴ͻȻץҶվһҧ첲ϡ
ۣҶŤ£İ
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ղ˵ֵĹ£ȴҶ֪߷ߵ˵ţ漴ʶҶվǹģʱһţתܳԺӣֲģͷҶ˸ǻˣˡ
Ůˣź򣡡
Ҷ֪ԶȥıӰҶ̯̯֣漴Թȹͷһʬ𼣣ǰ¥
Ӥ֮ĵõ伮ҶѾˣһЩԼϿɵģҪļ䣬ͬʱҲʼĹ󷨸Ƶĵ伮
󷨵Էǳ㲩װԣĵŹ֮ѧԲ֮ҲԲ󣬶Ҫѧϰ󷨣ҪѧϰЩ޹صĶҶպͷۣɲֲѧŵˣοǸʱЩֺƫţ֪˱١
ֻܱ֮Ҷҷ£漴תơ
ƵĻǷ֣˼ͬ֡򵥵ġַܹ½ƣȿɸˣеĹؼ⣬Ҫдַнֵ⡣
ҶɾڷƣȻٵ˻ֽɰҶպױţЩ˸ֽֽ̧֣ȥŷֽɳף漴ȼСԺԲãҶջǺܿģûǰ򵥣ȻǷʦˣϾΪ΢ҲӰ컭һֱǺЧʵֶΣɴ˿ɼڷһ;ϣҶջЩ츳
ҶնͨĻֽдȻȤ󣬺ܿģ㽫ĿЩͨ伮ϡ



171 һֽ
κ鶼ѭ򽥽һȻҲˡ
ҶȻԻֽȤ󣬵ǣķƶڴݻģҶҪһ죬Щͨб㼫ܹѧģҶջҵһ
һֽ
伮ЩӣƤƣܹóϸĵıȴвٵطȱǶֽĳⱾ伮Զ
Ҷմһģ˽һһֽѰķЩͬһֽý⻭ֽɰ˵κεĵ߶ҪֻҪ⾫ȿɣΪ̳ɽʹˡ
һֽǱǾţڣɽһ֣оɽһΪɱ¾һƸ⣬նΣɱţΪƣ˫
ҶպܿģǳĿġ
һֽҲ̸ÿһͨ伮ǰ˵ԼľѧǷ޷˵˵ȥĶһ˼Ǿ˫£ִţʵϣֻù֪ҶҲڴˣֻҪ˾ͻ֪࣬һ˵ܱҶ˼䷿УдţҲܲȥ
Ҷϲ֮ͨƵľڡ֡⣬ҶⷽչֳһЩ츳ȴҲֻѭ򽥽ӻһһѧȻϰЩͨһֽͬȻҲ̺⣬ȴҪҪӳһֽҪ֮ڽ⣬ֻҪԽɱԽǿһֽԽǿ
ڤɱĽ磬Ҷϰڤѿ黯ǱӰδʵսȴҲѾˣֻһлһЦڤԲԴڤĽһֽȻ°빦
Ҷյŵ伮һֻһֱڿ黭ϸᷢһֱǾ֣Ҳһֽе֡
֣ıʣΪ򵥣Ҫֵ⣬صǸǣʻԽٵ֣Խѱֳе⣬ΪʻԽ٣ξͻԽɢֵصıཻ֮ȴһƲȫǺֱǣֻͬҪһ㣬ȻԽ߱ʹֽ
Ҷտ˺ܾãƺ붨һ㣬ֻửָ֤ţͻȻģҶϵĽⲪǰһ
飡
ԶһŰŵ˲ըķѣ
ҶǰŪЩѵľ飬һоſ飬΢ЩϧȴҲ㹻ˡ
дɹʮһʮҲʹһֽ֣ʮϧǵֻѳɾſ飬ǲȥˣʵҲڣҶľҵֻۣûܹľϾǵһʹãܹɹֽҶȻˡ
һֽҶ΢Ц˼
Ҷһֽƣڤȷףһֽõ̲Ʒ

ȥļգҶռǰ鷿Ĵ̰õĵԣһǱϰһֽĵһֽΪ
ڴϣҶʼջȻ䣬ЩȫӿĽҶڣţҶ˿ĶǴܱһѿ϶ڵӤ긡ֳһ㵭ɫٱĸΪ鶯
Ҷճ΢Цѳɣ
޳ɺӤ֮ȥ룬ʣһ꣬Ҷǳ飬ңÿһһջ
ιåͽӣˡ
ʱСԺҶտЦ֪˭ˡ
û갡ҶƿСźţʲô
Ҷ֪ҭ漴ߵҾҼС㿴Ѿˣʲôʱ
ҶյϾ͹ˣһȥ鷿һЩϵĵ伮һ¡
Ҷ֪ͻȻСʵסһЩҲԵġ
ҶƵ˵ʲô
ûʲôҶ֪ˣ
ƢСļ޲ȥ
Ҷպһ䣬Ҷ֪һ漴תԺӡ
߶߶
ҶһҲתԼҶ֪귴嶼ҲûʲôԣȻҪո޳ǣȻҪһ£³ˡ
գҶȥ˲鷿׼ֽʡ
ʵҶտ͵伮ЩҲЩ伮뿪ѶȣҶܵĶԻǲҶյǲ飬ң󲿷ҪѾˣֻһЩҪĵطûмģ׼׫
Ҫ¼Ķ࣬ԣŰǰҶվѾ㶨һУַһֱͨҹҶղŻصԼԺӡ
Ҷ֪ԼɫЩˣͣŪԼ½ǡ
ˡҶտһ۵Сأ
Ҷ֪ôҼС㰡
Ҷյⲻûųȥô
Ҷ֪ԥһ£ͻȻ⣬ҼСƯһƯĻ᲻ҪȢ
ᡣҶյƯȢҶ˵ˣҽǸᣬʱֵ˶ɢˣǡվ£Ȼľͽһ£ҸûȢС㣬ǲҶɵŮƯƯ
ΪʲôҶ֪ȢһƯӣǲôܳΪҶɵŮɳǾˡ
ûȤҶղм˵ҿҴδΪһ֮ɳ㲻ʲôⲻҵ׷󡣡
Ҷ֪׷ʲô
ҶյΨ
Ҷյ˵˻ᵱЦ˻òм˻еΪǺܶ˵׷ȴ˭ˣҶ֪ȴںģ
ԭ׷󡣡Ҷ֪Ҽүܳɾ͹Ϊĸŷġ
Ҷ֪Ҷǰй޹ҹȻ˵ת̨һоֻأֻΪ˵ĸ֣ҰĸִҶֻأȱ㲻ǾҲүһٻȨҶҪѡ˵ܳɶɣһػǳܲģ˵ҶɰһŮӣΪˣֻأ磬ɳǣҲ˽ֵȤš
ΪҶɶԣǸŮǱһжҪˡҶյ˵ȻҲбһжҪˡ
Ҷ֪˭
Ҷղ͵ôϻС㵽ô£ҰɣҿǴȢġ
ޣҼСĿ㡣Ҷ֪ظҴСϰĶҼСһģһЩ󷨸ѲҵģҼС㲻Ŀļһԣȥ㹻ˡ
ĿҶҶ֪ؿڲĻȰ㻹Ǳˣûʲôˣƽ͸ÿˡ
Ҷ֪һ㣬׹ҧгݵҶգ˶ҶϣͳҶռҧȥ
ιιİҶսһ漴ţҲ̫ûϡ
Ҷ֪С৵һºˣ̴Ҷ죬Ҷղò¾ЩåǵͽĴʶ
ˣ߶ˡҶյȻа취ҳȥǾͿ߰ɣ



172 
Ҷ֪ϵû˵ѣڸۡе󷨣ȴϤĺܡ
ͣ£Ҫ׹ȥ
ͻȻģҶ֪סҶգߵͥԺ䲦Ūʯ飬ƶλúʾҶտ߹ȥˡ
Ҳûʲô˲İҶյͼʯͷô
Ҷ֪Цʯͷ֪֪ǼʯͷŶޣаҿԽʯͷƻȥúóһ뿪ɾûôˡ
ˣҶոϽֵǻǿߡ
ҶȻ˵˵Ҫ˵ûԹ󷨣ǾǼٻȻΪԹ֪ȥŻ㰲ʵ
뿪ͥԺҶ֪·һֱǰ󷨵Ķ֣ƣʯӸľһЩӵĴţУҶ֪һжĪ󷨵֮Զȫ޷еľ衣
ԼһյĹҶ֪ڴҶΧǽ£ǵһѹأҲۡǿĽơ
ҶԼķʽҪƣϧʧˣƲǵܹġ
Ҷ֪ıҲԵ࣬ƲôȥʼͷԼɫҶ֪Ƣơ
˿֮УȻճԲεͼŹֵͼ޹ɣֻ˿߽һ𣬵ǣϸͻᷢһЩر֮ͼȻӶңȴȫԳƵģͼһص㣬ǾԶܹӦҶ֪üҲԽšԽȻҲǵ˹ؼ֮ʱʱų³
һѷڽ֮ϣΪǽ͸ģ޷ǣܹоõһǽһӡ
߰ɣ
Ҷ֪ǵѷ죬ҶȻǽ󣬽ȥͱޱȼ򵥣ǽǱֵ
Ҷ쳤Хһĳ嶯йᣬ˵Ҷɲе⣬ҶôһɲǣɹԼ᲻ᱻҶɸڸһӶ޷뿪
ллҶյһıҶ֪˵ǾллҲǷԷθ漴ЦţСҸҸӢǺˣףҵԼģԸⰮġ
Ҷ֪귭˸ۣ˼Ҫ뿪ˣҲĲôʶ
ӻ֣Ҷյߵĺͷ׼뿪̤ЩƣΪҶ֪껹
ιʲôҶյô᲻ҰɣѵĿˣ˽
ߣĵͦҶ֪Ʋ˭˽ˡ
ҶյʲôӦûϲصĻȥСڲü޸ˣҲûȢ
Ҷ֪Ҳ㣬а취ô
ǣûǣҶյһڳҵȥǡ
뻹ڳôܳɲΪٱץȥġҶ֪꼱֪֪Ҽүɳжͣڳ׾ҵ㣬ɳǵȫǵ˶ԸѰ㣬粽УǣҲ޷߳
Ҷü⵹Ǹ⣬Ҷ֪˵ĲǼٻһ˰ĳжǿԲģ³ǵжô¿;֪ˣǣѵôһԵ뿪ҲøүӴкɡ
Ҷ֪ҿǣһسǵʱŶѾͺˡ
Ҷ⵹ҲǿԣΪʲôҪæ
Ҷ֪һԴҳΪǣȥôſлصģֻҪ֣ҹ㲻ȥ
ҶֻٶεͷҲǾʵҶԳ֣ȻЩѰĻסԼǺѵģ˼ѹҪסԼֻҪʱȥҶɱž㹻ˡ
ǾҿʲôֶˡҶյϣҳǵĺð취
ߣҶ֪ˡ
˳Žֵһ·ǰɳǵΰʵܺã˶֪ҶϣҹȻû˸᷸ԣɳǵҹ֣ŷҹУֶС̯һЩģĶУѶϣ͸Ŷ࣬дһ˵Ӳ˵˼ٻ˾Լ⣬ҶȨ棬Ҳ棬ΪĹˣҶǸعˡ
Ҷ֪Եĺ˷ܣÿ̯λҪһܿϾ˺öС⣬Ǻ«гǷۣһЩСҼĳѾͷڳҲǱﻵˡ
ҶյҲߣһ·Уһֱ߳ҹʱǳŵĵƻѾԼɼ
ŵĵǲ࣬벻ݾ߾뿪ҲסҶյھͿôҳȥˣ㲻ὫҶɵʲô͵˰ɣ
ô鷳Ҷ֪ƺ˰ɡ
Ҷ֪ڳŸ˸Ƨν䣬漴ųԼ˿ߣϵصףָã˫ҵѸٷɡ
˳һŹ˴ضһУԯƵսȣ¹δݣżڷ̳¼ޣͼˮʷݳģݼŴӴʼ
Ҷ֪дǣ־ۻңҶպǾȣС椾ȻǱ߶߶ӻô¡
Ƭ̺Ҷ֪꽫ھ꣬ڵȼĻɺת࣬תתϣ󻯳Ļ˵ؿ֮ǰ漴Ҷ֪㳯ҶƲƲʾǰ
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ңҶ֪꿴ҶպҲŵܣ
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Ҷ֪ܴԼа˾ˣԶٵģΪҹˣֻСвסĲϹεԵʣǣÿһΪֻ۷壬Ӥ֮Ͼǰأûмֱ£Ǿȥ
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˼֮䣬ҶѾһֳɱŲһͳ䡣

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180 Ѫӡ
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ܴŮ˵ױݣҶ΢ĹػֻصȫŮ˺ܸж֮Ů˳ΪҶɵӡ
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ãҶԥ漴ͷֻˣҿԴӦ㣬Ͼô飬ҲЩʲô
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ҪȻȥɡү߳ԺӣҶյҵ飬ϾͱˣҩĵĽӶæˣǱ뿪ɳǰɡ
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λҶС㿴ҶֳԼʱһߵץͳҶնҶն㿪󣬱һ̵ܵҶ֪¶ԴүҲůѾߣҲµġ
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ҶüȻһԴҶ֪Ҷ֪ꣿҶɣ㲻Ů
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182 ڶѪӡ
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ǷͣЪĲƽʬصѷ֮УǾ޴Ĺƽ
ҶմڴڵشϢţڰɫɫμ
ǣҶ֪һлûнҪؿڣԼıģĵ·λںηȻ󡭡
ҶͻȻЦ
ɫɫ

ôѡôҶճͷƮ˻սսɱɱ߱ߣҪʲô˭ܹܵңҵĵ·ξҵĴǡҲѡ
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޴ĺ֮ٶеȻֱըը˿ʣ
ҶտԸܵԼ˲˥ȥգۼͳɢݽߵΣգȻҶյѡǺڰɫ
ݽߵ³ʲôȻֻһǾ׵Ļɢ
ҶմڴڵشϢԸܵź֪³Ҷջ᲻ǰѡ
ᣡ
Ϊĵ·
ȴҲʱͻȻ䣬ǿݽߵһ˿ʣ֮У·һȪˮǰ㣬ҶտظܵԼֻγˬǺڰɫȻͬĸоĸΪŨ
ͬʱǵΪɢӤ꣬Ҳ¾ۼɫ⻬Ƴ񣬰ʽ룬һһ׳ﵽǵʱû˿ͣЪļ
࣡
Ǿ
Ӣ
ɣ
һ˲䣬ǵеӤȻֻаƴСȴԼһģһԼ䣬ܹеľ磬֮λӤ֮лϸʡ
ƶ
ҶҲǾȣû뵽Լ֮پȻΪȻҶվȵǼɺӿȻûͣЪ

ɳǣۡ
ӰѸٵķԽΧǽȵҶյǼСԺȴǳǼ£һۺҪ˵ȴǲԶͻȻһ⣬ڿдһգ֮䣬ҲȵԺ䡣
ү
·׷׹ȴҶɻֹ̤ǰԺﲻӿֳ
֪黪ڸǵżסСӡҶüͷֻСϷʲôԽ֮죿



184 黪ڸ
黪ڸзǳҪľ硣
ӵ壬ӵӤ꣬Ⱦǣ֮Ӥ֮飬ΪḶ́ԣ̤Ӥ֮ʱͨ˵̤ĵ·ܹͻӤ֮ﵽ黪ڸǣ顣
黪ڸǶǣ
Ӥ֮ԸӦ黪ڸΪȻ飬ȫܹ֮УܹǣΪã̺Խܹ࣬ǣõҲԽࡣ
ҲүӸҶɶ׶ҶֻҪӤ֮޵Բ黪ڸǵԵɣҶΪܹ֮ʳĹϵ̫ӯˣӯ˲ţѰ黪ڸǳĸֻҶҲֻ·磬ǣַѧǣսļɿѧȴÿ˵ĸҶӵԽĸô޷ͻ黪ڸǣ
ֻҶɴ˿̿ݶӿͻȻЩ£òϣƺЩСҶˡ
ݶӿֳȻлҪӯʵ
һ¿ĸĵֱð亹ſˮ黪ڸ֮ʱڣڸǾ۶Ѱľ۶ڸǴԼ֮أ츳׿֮ɹڸʮǣүĹڸǡ
ʿˮʵǲ֪ݡ
ݶ֮ҫʵľ۶ڸѾڱȴڲϵ죬糱ˮһܷģҶɵĳۡΪģɳӶȥǹ˵ǻʱѾСɳǶҶյľ۶ڸǸˡ
ֹʮ֮Ǽʮﶼˣ
ΪֲҶվȻδڳǾ۶ڸڲϵ죬ʵȻ֮Уֱʱ֮ɢŽԵЩ˥ߣѾɳǶеľ۶ڸͣЪ
ӤƣڸǣҶɿͷʣҲǲסҡͷδţֱδš
ԲĹѾ΢ЦŹҲùϲүүǱصǰ;ޡ
ҶɿɬЦ
Ҷմ˿չֳһȻҲǾ޵ˣ̤黪ڸǺҪΪһҲ£޷ɽЩƫƧСطܹӵһ֮ذˣԼŮҪܸҶգҶҲָܷһûк֮ˣϧЩǿ󲻵õģҶӵʵҲԸշҶ֪꣬ҶҲ԰ˡ
¡
Ҳɲǣеľ۶ڸǺȻ쳹ĺ죬ţ㵹ѸݶγһУܵȻȫ
¡
ڶ֮Ժ֮£׵ıըɳľգҪ֮ʱҶһ䣬ЩҪ˵˲ɻң
Ҷڵϣ۾ȴ˿ɫʡ
ɫ
ҶܹоĴڣȴֻܿԼʵǺڰɫ׵ȥɫ
չһ½ǣȫĴ죬ҶܹоԼܵںһȴμֿȴΪ
黪ڸǣ
ҶȭǸоʵˡ
ϲҶǰһ΢ЦҺܺ棬ô֮һġ
Ҷҡҡͷʵôûش𣬻˵ǲ֪ôش𣬺ҶҲ׷⣬ÿĹжֻԼѹأͬҲԼСŸԼܣҶղԸ˵ҲûʲôԣҲΪС¶òס
ΧļҲǰҶյأ黪ڸ֮󣬱ˣǹ꣬ȷʵҲǼֵôϲ顣

ѹⲻ˵𳵳ٵ飬Ҷɵ֪ӡµĵڶöѪӡҲü
ҶյҵЩƲ⣬ֻǣ֪ò˵
Ҷɵ˵޷
ҶյǲûиԼ˼ǻɱġ
ҶһµǺס
ҶյԼ֮£ǣҪɱͲ̫һˣǷߺ㣬᲻ҪһУȻĿԼһʧȥĥȻɱ
Ҷɫһ˼ǳٹû¶ңɱˣȻɱң
²ѡҶյҺܲԸĲ²⣬²ǶԵģǾ˵ٵΪľһǰ㣬оԵܹɱ㣬ŸǣôЩ꣬ڽҲڽ֮Ĳпô
ҶɳĬһµ̫˵ҵĺȻֻܸ൱ЩҲǣɺȻûһ˵ԣһֱרĲ󷨸֮Ҳ֪ԼǷܵеĹ١
ҶյҿɣѾûѲ߼ڣҲԸôҲҪжңҲҵĲ²Ǵġ
ţúܺáҶɵͷ⣬ӦңĲ²ǶԵģϾɱҶţһҪ̴֪ߡ
ҶղÿɷȻϣԼˣǣʵ֤Ҷѻˡ

ҹҶնҶΪ׼黪ڸǹȻϲɺأҶȴû˿иһ;ȴݲðֱȻдˣԣ黪ڸǣҶҲ˾մմϲ
ȴҲʱһХ쳹ۡӴ̽ԴܹһöƵ̻żХɶա
ЩʾķҶͶ٣Уĵһʾڶӣȴ˸ڼȲɸƴҲҪ¡
ʾ̻ҶҲֱӷ˴ӿţһ·񱼣̻ķȥ
Ҷʾ֮ʵĽƬ̱ϵزȴһһӻѾϤɱ⣬ǽվµöѪӡңҶշûд򶷵ĺۼֻ˵ٵʵԶʤЩ֣࣬ҶҲУζΪЩɰ첻һ˲䱻ٸɱ⡣
˵ʲôϢǾλûбףǳٲ룬ûʱˣֻĺϢЩС
ʱҶɸҲ׷׸ϵ΢һЩҪͳһȴֻһʬ塣
Ҷɽ˫ȭɫ԰ףŭ
١Ƭ̺ҶɿȭͷȵҪҵңοۼˣҪҵһս
ҹɫ֮£ҶɵĺԵĸһȦһȦ⵴ֻǣǺ֮ȴ˴Ӧֻżҹ磬ͳĺХ
ͳ̲סҪҪǴȥѡ
ãҶȣҶֻܴ˾һһԺپ٣Ѳ߸ʡˡ
ͳԥǷζԷȥ硣
ҶյԱΪɱ˾УʱȻﲻסġ



185 ١һ
ĿЩʬ峹ɢҶ˾ٰڼЩȥĻϢ
ЩȻй£ҶձԼط
£Ҷյûм˼ǳٵľٶ⣬Ҳ͸¶һ˿ϢȳʵɣЩӤ꾳лһǡͳ죬Ӥ꾳۷壬ⶼ˲ϢɱɼٵʵףҶܷ쵽óĽǳֱϷսͨһܰ쵽ҲѰ黪ڸҲɱЩ˲Ϣ֣֮ΣٵʵӦûδﵽ飬ΪʲôҪôɱΪҲ£ĻۼһΧܶסȻĻֱ̤ƽһԴﵽĿģϳ״ݻҶɣҶɵ̬ʧˣһɤӾܹһ˲䣬Ҷʧȥ侲
һǶµսܹȾ٣ǳš
ܲҵǳѾʤһգµѪӡٴγ֡
ЩǰȻ£һ͸˵ҶշԸ˾һ𣬵͸ҹϰߣȴҲΪϰ߶˶֡
һգûµߣǣʱ֣һľ䱻͵֮⣬ӡѪӡװȴʮԴ
ҶڳлЩҵʮԴҶɳȥҩݵĹ¸ƣǰֻլ֮ۡУȴǽլˣҲͱ˿ӣҶɷߺ֮࣬Ҳֶ̽˻
գٵĴɼַʹӸŮĺԩͬʱҲСֻΪЩҶɵ˴Ȼٵɱ¾Ǹе־壬Ҫ⴦֮أҶȻΪǣ뿪ۡʱЩȫɱԴ͵⣬ͬȻҲٲѪӡ
ͬһ棬ζֻҪǸϵ˶ɱĿ꣬Լ뿪ҶɿȫҪǸ΢ȫЩ
ı仯ܿҲ¶ȥȻǷ꣬ͷβѾʼ̸ۡ
Ҷյǳٷųȥģ˵ĵطԶȱֶһֽڶֽԡ
ֻͷβЩ²⣬ҲȷҶͷ˼֣һֱܿҶ֪Ҳʼɡ
뽫֪ĸҡҶ֪Ҷյķ˵ҵʲôǲǳʲôˣΪʲôҶֵֹģֻҪ׷ʣҾ֧֧ᡣ
Ҷֵ̯ûаʲô£
Ҷ֪ƭңҲҵҪǲ˵ҾͲˡ
ðɣҶյȻ޸ңûôôҪ˯Һܻ̿֡
Ҷ֪ʱɫһ죬漴Ҷһѵͽӣ˵ʲôߣ˯˯ϡ
УϾ͵ϡҶ˵űϵЪϢ
Ҷ֪꽫ҶˣҲҴ
û¶ҶյðɣðɣҸ㣬ǧҪܣҲҪװɲ֪ʵ׼أҪһشľϲǣϲ˵ͲоϲˣôҶ㣬ˣ֪ˣʵ¥Ϣȥ˰ɣһء
Ҷһ˵ţһ߽Ҷ֪͡
գҶһƵȴڿҪſڵʱ͵תҶƿŭƭңҵҪ졣
ҶĶͷͱϹˣҴȥ棬ɲɣ
ߣ棬ҵСӺ塭Ҷ֪껰һͻȻֹ˿ҵôôڲ󷨣
Ҷһ˵ʲô
Ҷ֪Ҹоб仯ӦԺⲼԵʣҵô
ҶüëһĻܵҶ֪꣬һһ˴һԾ˳ȥԺȴˣԾ𣬷ݶѸһС
һ
Ļ£СԺţƮ㲻롣
ÿһƬ궼絶ҶɨԺ䣬ͲŶԷŲ
ͻȻ䣬ԺӰͻȻɱһӰԺȥ˫Ƽ裬ƿµһҪߣҶĻԥδȶ˸ǲһ㻯һǰȥ
Է˫һǲ彣⣬ӲǾŲһȥӲǶԺһǣһ𿪺󣬱Ժǽ˷Ҷڵݶ
ĺã
Ҷպһժ²һһֱ̡
˶һǰ֮ƣײϣҶⲻҪܶԷһƣҶҲһ̴Էؿڡ
·ʤ
Ҷղ˿ԥǣԷȴԥˣۿཻɲǣԷһ࣬ѡһȴδȫȻܿǱҶոֱۣ漴˱ݶߡ
Ҷڿ˶Էģ漴һ⳵پȻǸͷӣ
Դſۣһѽ䵶ĺ̸ܶϿ㣬ȴҲѿֻһ˫΢΢ۣԵĺ
ȹҶѸٻָ侲˼ҵͷӸԼʱֻҪԼϲ˵̫඼ɣֻСĽ䱸٣
ʶңɳҶɵʲôˣ
Ҷյйϵô
Ҳǣٵʲôϵ㶼
ͻȻ̧־ǸһƣǻҰɫģȴڰ;Ⱥ֮ɫ۳һӡҶյ
ҶͷֱӾͳѪӡײȥ
ߵһײȴһ죬ţҶճӿ㽫Ѫӡ
ɱңҶƲƲȴǲǰǰס
Ҷջδ£㶸ȻоؿһۣһĵƬſסͷһԼؿȻӡһѪɫӡ
ҶպǾȣ̧ͷһۣԼȻɫȴܹĸӦڣδ飬ѪӡôԼģ
ҶоȲѣȴûаֵ飬ȴ֮ƽҶջɱһ󣬱Ǹ߸ߵԾƼѪ֮ɫƾһɽҶյ䡣
ȴҲ˲䡭
Ȼģ
Ȼ
ҶղδΪٵ˿ȴ͵־𲽲һǰһ̳
Σ
ǽۿҪֱӭϳٵƣգ֮䣬ʧӰ١
Ϊһ׾Թ϶
˫һУԵֻһپ̷ҶգżƬһ㣬ڿһź󷽶ȥ
֮ʱǰһ죬ǰ½ȴǱһһӡ
˵ˡҶؿڵӡɱңûǰס
ٵɫΪɱҶյģΪЩѾͬͬҵᲢǰףҶȴɶСԺȻͳ˳ֵĿꡣ
ֻ˿̿ȴ˶ҶɶСԺΪη壡



186 ١
սɣ
Ҷյͺţͬһֱҹա
Ҷֱûʾõ̻ΪѹûٻֱԼǴӵλݣٶҶտƫƫٸûĿ꣬ΪҶպɱˣҶֻ󶯾ۡеЩҶֻҪӣս졣
ԾҶվٽ
һӹһ׷ɡ
Ҷ黪ڸǺĳսǸоʵˣ˿ܹظܵԼһԼһЩΪת
ǣˣҶ黪ڸǺҶɱ̸ҶյģΪٵŵᣬҶҲǽ¸ˣȴû뵽Ҷճս֮£Լѧˡ
أҶԴһһҶճŽһûһ˿ߣǣܵţЩһ̻۵һ𣬻һ߰ɸߵһУǰһն䡣
¡
ն䣬һݶǽӸһأڵնһ֡
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ҶԼҲǱһŵһû뵽ǣںϺһ˵
һܹɵô
Ȼܣ
ҶտɲΪһȴһУοǣĹҲİҲ黪ڸ֮
ѵ̳ҶվѲܣȴûܿٵӰȴҲɲǣҶպͷһ󾢷Ϯһ𣬳ٱԼͷ£һƺڵϣǵǴѡ
ţص˼ͬʱһתͻȻԷˡ
ϲŻɵȴʩչѪӡͨɻת죬ʹó˫ƱѪɫһĳӰ
ҶռвУٵѪƲҲĿ죬ֻҶͬҲһֿ콣ٵ˫ӰƬƬˮòҶȴģֲֳһãҲԵࡣ
˻ʮУͻȻһȴǶȻѪĳ֮󣬾ȻһѪѪ̽һֻ֮޵Ĺצ㳯Ҷյͷ
ͻѪɫצʵĲö㣬˵ٺҲԱܿҶյҲԥֱ̧־һ׾Թ϶
׾Թ϶֮ǿ죬ҲףҪԵ棬ǹצҶϵɲǣҶյĲһҲһгٵļΣ漴˱㡰⡱סΡ
ţ̧ͷһۣԼͬĵͺһŶԷˣ
ҶͣǳҲ͸˿˶һǰƣȴҲʱСԺΧͨɣԼţȴЩڸˡ
ٵĽŲһɲתӭҶյĲһһѪӡǰĳסһ󣬱ƮȻ뿪
ٿҶһ۵һҶɵǰͷ
ҶЦ㻹ȵԼܲ뿪ɣ
Ҷջ¾һɨ
һҶͷ˼Ƹ⣬ǰʮϣȴ̽Ϊɱˣ͵Ϯδȱָ֣ӦҶ黪ڸǵΪ֪ԼҪҲҪ๦ԶΪҶӣ˿Ҫ³٣ȻҪЩ
һȴЩȻܲ׾Թ϶ҶյĿ콣Щɵ˵ĮбȻԵɣҲ̽
ҶյĲһҪг٣ͻȻһƬɫ·ȦתŹֵͼơ
Ҷվȵ󷨣
䣬ǵ׶һߵĴҶա
ҶոϽŤת壬ܿǵ׶ȴոһŵش׶ӿҶոϽɨ׶ɨϣȴãȴǱӿ׶ƵҶֻȥ
гĩ֮󡣡Ҷ֪겻֪ʲôʱԺǣҶմǬλλǰƣΪˣйǬ֮λɳ󡣡
ҶվٽɨЩһҶΧһȦԼ룬׶һײ㽫׶ʵķ顣
˵˻Ҷ
Ҷ֪ߺƽһǰƽ岽ǰƽһƽһǰ󣡡
ٵü䶸Ȼһ֣ȻҶ֪꽫֮˵ˣ漴תϸУɫУ̳һɫϸߣѸٹճͼ׶ķ϶ӿһƬ棬Ҷոǰ߳һ룬㱻һǽȥ·Ҫȴһ׶ͻȻεضı󣬽Ҷոײڵء
֮仯Ҷ֪꼱Ȼǰ
ķϻ̫ˣ
Ҷ֪껰δ꣬ٶȻһԾ׶Żһ˫ѪƾҪҶ֪ȥ
Ҷնʱ󼱣Ļ˵󣬻ҪȥҶ֪꣬ȴҲʱ׶εض𣬽֮󣬲ƫеľͽҶո䡣
ĿųѾ˵Ҷ֪ĸǰѪƾҪҶ֪䣬Ҷ̼ǵĺ٣㲻ɱɱڵģȻŮ
ȻҶɵӣͬʱҲҶɸ˹еǸŮˡ
ҶռȻҶ֪˹£ȻҲ֪ǹеŮ˭
ڣҶڶģͬʱĲɣģҶ֪С͵꣬ҶնĵĻǺܴҶ֪ȻŮ٣ȴҲҶɵŮǣҶչⲻ˵Ҷɣ˵ȻȻ䣬ڶζɾͱˡ
ȻٵЩȻȥӲڰա
Ҷն˿
ĶˣֻһŮˣǸŮѾϣڳٿҲҶɵĴҶûгֹǾܹĺҸĲݡ
агޣ
Ҷ֪꣬ʶٸоᣬ·޳ĳ嶯
ǣ޲
û壬ûѪҲûᣡ
ѽ
Ҳɲǵļ϶Ҷɱͺһһųٵıȥ
ȻһֻѪĳײһǽ磬ţһҶյؿڣ˱ʹ˷ֿȥ
ҶҶ֪꣬Լ
̧ͷţϸСĶվҶձԵЩҶ֪꣬ٴλȻʱԼҲ㣬ǣվҲֻʱˡ
漴ٵиֳŨҵԹ˭һУ˭һбʱ
Ҷɣ
Ҷɱ
Ҳʱīҹ֮£һ׹̴ʣͬһĻƯĻߣ䵽Ժ䡣
â֮£Ҷɸֶ
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Ҷɿų٣ԵĲ



187 Ѫơһ
ּˣ
ٵӦš
ٵķӦҪҶеĵĮǰ㿴ҶɵӦţû˻ûŭûб飬ǣҶȴ֪˿̵ĳѾĸΣգԹȻΪһϰʱȻҪֵ̫ҡ
Ҷɽȭͷ෴ģ侲ڱ棬һ仰Ҷɵ㲻΢żӷŭҪҵңҲһֱڵαҪ˼޹
޹޹ٺЦһҾҪ
Ҷɫһݣ漴̾ǵĶԹýȻǱȴһаɣ
˵䣬ܵӿֳɫҶɻۣȻ磬һּΪĸо·Ǵ֮һϢΪãֻǡҶһ
ҶղɵǺȻ
ȻͻȻЦŭҶɵҶɣһСˣֻỨڲƭˣʲôʸӵкȻ֣ôŪأҪսұսֻҲɱģҪ۾ţһһһһУҪĸۡɱ׽ˣȻǣЩ羴˿ΰҶǸ
ͼȴҪҶĸ޴ҪҪҶΪĳǳأ׵ʧӰ
ɲǼ䣬Ѫ죡
ɵ⼤ͬһ㣬һȦһȦ⼤
ҶոϽҶ֪껤ֵɫ⵴ǻɵײţҶձѹ
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ҶԺıӯ˵ҶվҲãĸҲãҶյ֮ǿԽսԷǺڰƶ޳黪ڸǺ֮ǿǿֲˣҶҲоĪѹٵϳ֮£ҶտԸоԼڲϵȴȻǿԳųȴһ·磬Ҳܿǰ֣ѹδȫ
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˼޹Ϊ˽ҶɱҶͶĻʲôԥּ̧ĳһƣѪצҶץȥ

ҶڿеһǺ黭תڿйճµķţǽɫ飬ܱǽɱ֮Ȼ·ǧڶ¶Ȼն䣬㽫Ѫצĵķ飬ͬʱѪƸնһ顣
նѵѪͬˮһ㣬ֱŵ׹䣬ǻδĻȺУҶɶʱ󾪣⣬գۼ䵽ϣȻȻƬѵѪƸͬʱִǺʣѸٻзȼ潫ƬѪƸĸɾ
һУҶҲŲЩ鸡ɫȻҲǲ԰׼֣˵кȻȴҲҶܹȫһеĹͬʱ̻ҲҶƣ


189 Ȼ
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ңҶɶʱŭĿԲĵǶ޹ģˣԹ޾ͳ
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Ҷɽ˫ȭָⶼѾǶУųٵ֣ݿ죬ȻҲǷŭ˼ԳٶٻЩΣζԹ֮Уᣬʼٸ߱ϾҶԼǣ˿ҶȴԳŰ⣬һѳ֮ĳԹħͷΪ
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һߴųټ𳵳ٵŭһȫ߶ǿ̻ŵͼƵӱţҶձ㵥ǰһƣǰͷųȥ
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һȭνȫ޻Σֻͨͨһȭˣףǣȴ˿ҵҶյһֱٸѹţȻͬ黪ڸǣҶձϾ˾Ϸս֮ͨҶһ˲䱬ɲǼ㷴ƬڵѪƸѹס
ʩչѪӡͨΧѪƱ˲䳯ųٵǰӿͬʵǽڣڳٵĸǰ
ʱҶյȭͷҲڵˡ
飡
ҶյȭͷѪǽ֮ϣѪǽѿһ϶ţҶյֱ۱ֱӴǵѪǽصĺڳϡ
ûиܵʹ˾Ѿ˳ȥţصҽѪ֮С
Ƭ̺󣬳ŴѪͻȻžһǱҶȭͷеİձѿͬơ
һҶ鳵ٵ塣
һ֮ҶҲûи賵ٴϢĻᣬͬԱһĹųٱǷ˶ȥ
ΧѪƹѸٵΧ£ҪҶգȴǱȭͷһ顣
Ҷһǰ
κζﵽºǿֲģ˿̵ҶղҪεĽУҪ鶯Ҫκͨ
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Ҷյȭͷͬ˫ìһ̴Ѫƺٶһȭصĺڳؿڣؿڱ㶸ȻըһƬơ
黪ڸ֮Ϊܹƻָ죬ΪѸݣǣ޲ٿ죬˿ҲԵĺãΪ޲֮ǰپ͵ðҶյȭͷϵƻδϣٱѾش
ϢţҶץסٵ½ĽձԼҵĳٸ漴߸߾漴䡣
䣡
Ƶײ򣬳µѪƱһ飬ٵ岻𣬵ɴ˫ͫʾŶʹࡣ



191 ѪӶ
ȻɱҶɵͬʱȻҲҪԼɱ׼Ҷհڵأ𳵳ٵȭŷһԣÿ˶ӦΪԼѡһк
Ҷվȭ漴صº䣬һȭֱӽٵӸ׺ƬɢΣɢ
ҶմϢվȴʶԣ
Ѫδɢ
ټѪܲɢ
Ҷ͵ĻȴӭһĨѪɫӡٵͻȻѪ˳صһӡҶյؿڡ
ҶòΣ̲סһԣҧ⻯
⻯ӤţһӤȾǱǣԣ⻯ֻӤ꾳۷壬̤黪ڸǺܹģҶձҲܹ쵽ֻո̤黪ڸǣȻû⻯ң⻯ܶʱȻ㣬ȴúã⻯ˣҲǣ
ҲɫҰףʧһ⻯ĴҲǲСܴ˵Ӥ꣬ܺùҶȭ
Сӣ˰ɣٵû뵽»йϵսⶼܹѧԼĶܹ鲻ģҪҲԲɡ
ҶմϢһܳŶá
Ҷһ˵ţǾȭһųٶȥܵѪӿŵڳǰһ죬÷飬Ǳ˺ȴûˤ
һ٣ٶ˥ߣ
Ҷսڸղȭ֮䣬˿̳ȭҲȷС˲١
ٵһȭȰ˵ҶʲôϵֵΪƴô
ҶպЦȻΪҸйϵôأ
ΪսսٵҲǷӣ޶Ƿӡ
ипа̾ȴͻȻʮͷҶӱҶա
Ҷյǲļһｻ֣ȻҪʮ־Ȼûϵٽ˵͵ϮȴҲһֱδɾ裬ӽ³֣ҪҶյĶȴڵ֮ǰҶϱһЩ£÷顣
ͬʱ
ҲǶȻ𣬳Ҷյ֮ʣ˫һҶؿڹȥ
ҶȻ壬˵սȥѹСȴڳŲסԳٵѪƣҶֱ̧һȭĴȥȫʩΪҪϵһۣȴȭһʱҶձоؿһƣͻȻֶϲ㣬ţٱһӡҶո䣬Ҷոɾһķɳȥ
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ҶͷȻȣתʱؿڸСλöͣͲǰļҶ͵ֵ½󣬱㿴ؿڸСӡöʺѪӡ
ٲЦǷӵķսΣΪҵĴѪӡֻƬѪô㣬Ѫӡܹ֮ͬʱ˿ƣƾǿкã
һ˵ţһһѪצҶ䡣
ҶĿϸģվһȭȭƣ˲ӭѪצȭɲ˿δ⣬ǣȭײɲǣҶͻȻоԼһͣѪצصɨϣһצɨɡ
ҶѪצٶ䣬Ҷղа˿Ҳ֪˵ʵѪӡȷܹʹȻͣͣѪצҶҲӲӣֻǱľ͵һ㵽һԡ
ҶɲǣȴѾסλãҶյĸǰҶɲǣһȭҶյС漴סҶյĲӣ㽫ҶոڱѪϡ
СӣٸһλᡣٵֻҪҶɣҲɱͷұ㽫ؽأ¥¥ô
Ҷղм
ҲգĵСӣͷӲ㲻Ϊûбʹ飬ʵ㣬¼ֻܽѪӡҲɱ㣬ߣǣѪӡһΪǷˣѵͲ᲻ģеʹܹࣿȻȴֻܵˡ
ҶջЭ츳ȻҲ黪ڸ֮ǣڽһƬط츳˱ȱȽǣԳٵΪõõƾʶʵǳ¥¥ĵλȻԭǳдѪӡһֱ£ںܶ˶ԣΪǱҪʹ飬رӵй󣬱÷һһУܡ
һСӣһֱȻûʲôһҹܹҵͻȻҵǷܹǰӣҲܣȴҲѡѡ
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공ٵĻҶ¶˼ı飬ҪӦȴҲ˲䣬ҶͻȻĳȭ
ȭͷгٵıóٸоһʹȴûгܶ˺ȭֻƬ̱ΪвʧˣˣҲóٸоޱȵķŭ
СӣǾƲҪԷƣٺ޺޵ؽҶˤǰɣұ㽫ȫˣ
һ˵ţһ߾Ǿǰ䣬ѪӡҶȫĸλãȴ˳ת·߶ȥһҶյ㳹׶Ͽȫ޷һΪȴǰͷŲ
ţ̧ű㽫ҶߵڵأһŲҶյϡ
ôٶݺݵصǲǸе鵽ĸоˣҾ㣬㣬㣬ôھһ׵׵ķ
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Ҷ糱ĵһȦһȦѪƸܵ
ܣһĲţҶյѪӡӦ÷סˡ
סȻסˣ
ҶյȷǱѪӡסˣֻҶڳ֮ǰ߶õ֮Ѫӡʳˡ
ѪΪŹ޾ѪǴ֮ǲõģǣѪӡ˵˾ǽԼԷڣԷ·ߣȻôѪӡȻܱ֮ʳ
Ҷ̲ȴΪܵսѾ쵽ޣԣҪһᣬһԽһɵᡣ
ٵɻҶȻĵΪԼܻԶԼΪ
һһĽȭͷӳٵؿڸѳƬ壬Ҷտν飬̧Ʊصڳٵϣֱӽٸĵ׹ѪƣŵȻȥ



192 
Ҷһֱصֵţ޶ȵĻӻźȻƣǣҶ֪ԼˣˣһˣôɳǱˣƬϡ
ȴҲʱҶȻоѹһᣬ̧ۿȥ㿴һӰ׹صĵڵϣڳԺУѪͻȻĻѪ̣һһԳӰ
Ҷо㵣漴㳷˺Ȼӿ£ţ㿴ٵĲ״ؿѾ׵ˣһȭͷСĶܶǹѵ·ٵǾ紵ʱĻһ
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ͬʱҶմӿе䣬ӵݶϣ˳Ƭ䣬漴ˤϣ·Ȼδһ㣬˲
ҶɿųҲЩζӳɣҶյģҲǲʧЦ漴Ǳ
ۣҶմϢָ붯
Ҷ˵ǴʵȲ˵Ҳİ˵ǷսҲǰ׶õģ˿̾㲻;ƿ࣬Ҳǲ˶٣ֻǶСĴָҲûѸǲƵĵۣҪûйͷҶ滳ԼȫĹͷˡ
ǼһѾˡҶյҲ࣬ѾץˣԼŮҾͳɡ
ҶɲҶյĵ٩һµĿų١
ɱô룡
ɱô룡
ҶɶڳٵĸܸӣһҶ˵ԭ򣬲˵Σƾ˼޹޹͸ֱ˳٣ǣҶֲɱ٣˵²֣ԽңҶɾԽΣ᲻˼Լ֣ô䵽㡣
Ҷ̾Ҫ²֣ҿԴ͵ģھʣˣֻҪһԡ
ҵĶԹҶɵѾ˴æǣҪȴζԹվǵԼģ費֮֡
Ҷ΢˫Ŀ漴ƼȻۣҪٲϵĹĶڣ޷ŭ⣬ȴԴŲʣϧ˿ȴֶ²ǱҶһȭ壬˵Ŀɲһء
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ҶŵҲǼĶԹҼ˻Щôȴǲˣ֪ɷСͷһӣҽߣҿʮ֮ڣƲǰ
ޣ˭Ҷɻδ˵Ҷȴһ䣬ŭСүģ˵߾ʹߣ˰
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Ҷյǿ˭
ҶɵĮλ˼ңҸ˽˶ԹܷҪУ
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Ҷմ˿ȴȫʹҧӵŲһһ̳
׾Թ϶Σ
Ҷһ׹ȥȴҲɲǣŴ׹Գ̧һĳһײһҶֻһ飬㱻ֱӵ
ڵϣҶҲд󺧡
˵˿ֵ̰ס֮У׾Թ϶Ҳû˵ܿǣ⻹ǵһܹٶȵֵ׾Թ϶ŵĳٶȾȻѷɫ׾Թ϶Ǵʱհʧһ
ҶձһɣҶ̴߶ܵĺȻֻǣǺȻոӲ׹⣬㱻һƿһѷ죬ǲûҪ˼Ҷɵ˼һѷдڳٵıϣһ㽫ٸ£漴˫һţ׹ֱԶȥ
ҶСͷղŵĳŵЧʮ֮Ʋ鷳ǡ
ŵӿдʧ֮ʣ׹Ȼʧߡ
ÿٶȡ
æˡҶҧϲʲôͷ
˿±ȳٻ࣡Ҷɳʮ֮ôٲ
Ҷµȱܺˣʲô鵤ҩóãҸоԼ
Ҷյ۾ģһƬһ׾Թ϶ҲþдŵǵͰ͵վҲ޷֧ţ˥Դһᣬȥ

Ѫ룬ҶսɴͣźƮ
ǲԼ£Ҷɿ϶ģֻ޲Ҫã͵ûãֻʶƮ
ҶյҲţƮʱҲǲϻζŸٵսΪ黪ڸǵĳսһö֣Ҳûйǿ󣬽սĹܹ̻ҶպܶණҶҪıǽЩһ
սûճҲû䣬ûа죬Ҳûкҹֺոʼոڿա
ʱҶջʱ䣬ҲˣԼѪƮҲ֪˶ãҶյʶҲڽɢ


Ҷ͵۾漴վӶһƬˮһۣ˻ȥ
˿ȴһ˿ңȫһľͰľͰ˺ɫҺ壬Щζ
ôүӴתһҩľͰﶪȥˣ
ҶתɣǺ˰ɡ
үӵٺ٣ҶɿǰѿصһЩĶóˣ治ҿŮˡ
Ҷշ˸ۣ漴ôˣ
үӵôڴسΪҶ˵ıЩǰЩѾˣȻÿصİΪδ޸һأ㲻Ŷû
ЦҶշӣԼЩҲǲ鷳ŰҶɶԸٵôû뵽˻ǳ˲ӣҲǺͷҲ֪˵㲻㻰ûʲôˣҶԼģˣ̶ʲôʱߣ
үӵˣⲻôˡ
ҶյǾ͸Ͻ߰ɣܾطҰ壬˭˭ˣô鷳
үӵôҶɵɡ
ҶҲԼǿǹˣܹҪҶкһϾ˼ҲԼ
ҶһţһùľͰߵëһǣСȴҲûתһͰҩԡǺöܹ޲壬Ҳ壬ͬʱҲҶտɲ˷ѷֺ



193 ͤŵ
ҪôҶɸҶնʯǰҶ˿ڲûʵһϲġ
ҶʧЦ㻹ҵŮô˵Ҳǰæܲö𱨡
ŮôôηЫҶɲĵɵ۾漴ʵҲÿó֪Щϲ㣬ǰ⣬ûκǰʵǵ޲ȥǵŮˡ
ϲϲʵûϵҶճĬһµҿ϶Ҫ뿪ģһԼҪ飬Ҳڵҵˡ
ҶɻЦŮˣ
Ҷǰɡ
ҶɵˣȥѾҲ˵ʲôֻ˵һ·أҪмǿɳҡ
Ҷյͷһ
ҶûǿҶգҲǿҶգǲҶ˵׼ҲĬûἰٵ飬ֲĵ飬ȻΪҶûнΪҶյĽڣҶҲΪɶ¡
ҶһҶת뿪СԺߵĺû˿ҶҲֻܿЦΪҶ֪Ц
Ҷ뿪ʱүѾſڵȺΪҶҩҶˣүҲһֱľڸڣҶճЦҶɸô
ţҶյͷûȥҶ֪꣬ҾãǲΪ
үӵ٩
Ҷյϱվ˵ۣ߰ɡ
˳Žֵ뿪ܵһжİģҶɳǴ˺ܾãȴʱ䶼˳УҲɳǶԣҶվֻǹͣҴһƳȻա
صջ̶ǰ׼ΪҶյĹϵڳٳǰүӾ͸ô뿪ɳǰأܱܹⳡѣϾʰõģʱܹ
òЩҶһӵһоڲС
ҶյҲˣЦ̶ҾǸΪԼ˴ҵг̣Ƥⶫ㣬ԣǸҶձһӣÿջƹʮ̳ĻƾƵЩҩĵĿհ峵ϣȫԼЩҩͶʱڡ
үЦٺٵĿһУ⣬Щٶһ˵Ҷնˣһ˵Ҷ壬ҶΪȫ۸ڶû˻˵ʲôҲû˸˵ʲôܸҴһƬ˵ҶϧԵֵģԵ˺ѺˬҶյ顣
һ·гǣ뿪ɳǵʱҶջǲɻһۣȻɳǶԣҶֻһͣҶջ޷еļ䣬ǵҶɣҲǵиŮ˽Ҷա
Щ꣬ɳĵ·ԽԽ
ɽʱǵȴһƥڵеıһͤͤվһŮˡ
ƮƮɫ󲻹ܹԵۡ
үӻͣ½ŲȻҶյ٩ЦҪ˼ȴʹգծѻ
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үӺٺһЦɣͷӲ㣬Լ
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ƭңҶ֪һھҶոоۣǴԹ˵ġ
ѾȥˣҲȥˡҶ̾ǣҸˡ
Ҷ֪Ťİ½ǵܲܲߣ
ܣҶؿҶ֪ɳǲҵĹޣɳȴļңҵôģϣѾʶˣܿôҶԲ£ҹȥµļһҲпµļһҲһģ㻶죬ѣǣαҪȥֲĵ飿
Ҷ֪ϲϲҶգʵ˵кøǿ϶ģҶϲҶ֪ôҲ˵Ҷûܹⷽ鶼٣иŮ˶ԼкøУرһŮˣܶ˶ϲǣҶպҶ֪ϲԼǶԼкøУ˵ȴⷽ棬ΪҶ֪ϣҶܹ£ϣҶմߡ
ȥɣ͵ܳġҶֽҶ֪޽ǵ˿úõҶС㣬ջһ죬һϲģϲ˻ǰ
Ҷջ뿪ͤûлͷҲܻͷҪߵĵ·һ㡣
үӿҶղһ߸̾ãһߵ㻹ô˸Ůġ
Ҳ˵ŮôҶյСŮϲͲϲңҲͶЩøжѣͻǵġ
̶ӽԶУҶ֪ȴʼפ㳤ͤ
ĨʼԵĳֱۣ׵ʧ١

Ҷֻ֪һССĲʱвҩǲ෹ĴȤҶգҶһֱر⣬Ҳû£οصѾԽԽˡ
ҶպôҲȥصˣҶմү﷢֣ԼԽصʵƬ档
صҶ֪ģݴδʧ껹ֻܹصʱ򣬽ת֮أͬʱҲת־̨֮أתѦƹκţר˾⵽ֱ꣬ƶ漴Ͷת־̨ܹǰıջҲϡ棡
ⶼϻˣȻٸصԭ򣬵ǣתıȴδҵһ˿ֺԣһֱǰĸԭΪرһ鱦ء
׷˵ıܣ˵׷κıܣϲڲݶĵطϲĵطرȻͼΪﱾһ鱦ء
Ļأ׶ĹޣصıȻҲΣա
صǣȴһϣԼܹõתĴ֮⣬ͬʱҲеԴҲγһѭԽԽ˽أЩţЩ䣬ЩˣȻҲԼһڽأıҲͨؼЩ˵õҼ̳УЩɢأȻŸء
үӵ˻ΪʲôȨƣ޷ǾˣϲʲôܹѲ֮⣬һвƣȨҲվֻһԼһĶֵأ˭֪˭ؾͲͬˣܹڽĸ֣ǱĤݸ㽵ĶЩ˵֣Զ޷ӡ
Ҷܹүӵ˼ЩϲݵЩϲķĳԵȻΪȥܹ˻ĸãǣΪﵽһ̶ȣܹԼúܺʱȴֲ׷ѰһЩĶȨرЩ꣬ϾһεˣҲò˸׷Ѱ־ϵ׷



194 
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ΪҶյԵʣүӵ˼ǿЩ·̣˶ϾǰȫЩȴҶվܾˣֲڽҪɽȥҪᴩأүչ϶Ҳû취ͻȥģңүһ⣬⣬Ҫʲô飬Ҷ黪ڸǵΪסҲûܰæȻˣο鷳˼ҡ
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˵Ĵ죬үһȺ˴еĿҲǴˣȥ뿪ػ³ǣͷҪҩʱڣҩǻǺæµ
˵ʲô˸еĻүЦҶյļ³̫Զ̫ƫпУԻǲҲûʲôֻϣгһգ㿴ˣҲܹ֡
Ҷүӵ˼λԼֶһİϣԼܹڽлͷ㿴ˣֻҪܹԼ֣ȻҲ֤Լţһúܺá
ģһġҶЦһ죬ҵֻ쳹ķ㵽ƫƧĽ䣬ҲܹͬҵĴš
үٶҶյļ֮ȴǲԶ
ȴҲʱҲȥˡ
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֣үŭʲôģģҩ;ǵ
ƲƲ죬ҼϽֻͣǾǿҲȥġ
Ҷղ룬мү֪ûϸ˵ȻҪأҪڽҪᴩػɽ
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ģкܶطҪȥҶյҵѣҲҵĵˣ㲻õ¿óԸġ

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Ҷһ㣬漴Цŵǿȥһѡ
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Ҷ³ΰʧĵط˿û֮ģţΰЩɱʱҲаͬ飬ɱˣɱ㣬淨˵ļ򵥡
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УҶտ׳Ӫؽճɻҽ
⻹ֻǿʼҶһ䣬漴Ц̼ô
ͷʹ죡
ҶЦģʹģǻȥһطĿǻٵ󽭻Ӫկ

ɽԶɽ֮
ͬǴ󽭻ӪأǴ󽭻կõģȴҪһ
ΪǴ󽭻ĴӪҲǷԴ֮ء
ʱ֣¶ǰףӵãбӰӡϡ󽭡ɷĴ֡
˾ͽ߽ã輸ߵʮλѾʮţֻĩβɿţһűΰΪ
˼˾ͽ󣬱ҪʾԾ⣬ȴ˾ͽѹȥ漴ǰλ֮ϡ
ɽ˾ͽһҹկ٣ΰսսʲô
Ѿȥ̽˭ɵġ
˻δ˵꣬˾ͽڰ֣ϻͷ󽭻۾ɽ꣬ж٣Ҫж٣Ҫ󽭻Ḳж٣Ҳ˭ģֻ֪ǵĳҺܶ࣬󽭻δ¹ԣҲҪ֪˭ɵֻҪ֪Ǿøô
ɱ˸͵ȻǴ󽭻鷳Ȼֻ·һ
˾ͽЦ漴м£ǸˣǰΰͻӤ֮黪ڸǡ
˵һ˽Ӥ꾳۷ΪΨһ黪ڸǱ˾ͽ˾ͽҲһεĴ󽭻֮
üɽ黪ڸΪĸָ᲻ǾڤȪ
˸͵᲻ǸŮ˻ˣ
СĵҪҪ볤ϻǼλڳ֣
Ƕˣһأ˾ͽɨһۣ俴һĲ漴ȥҹɣȻҪ֪ģͬʱһὫ潣ᦴ£˭ĵģȡ
˾ͽһ˵ţһ߽һɫɽһīɫСϡ
Χ˶Щԥ黪ڸǵΪկİԵǣ
Ȼû˸ҽӣΣ
ʱſͻȻЦ׳˶˱һŴ󹭣ͻȻĿŶ롣
̫ǳկͳ˧Ļ飬ʲô飬ôҳȥ
̫Ц
⻰˵ĴŭȴҲʱ˾ͽֹˣ̫̫˵㣬Ȼ󽭻ʱղ࣬ȴеӤ꾳֣ڤȪв˶ֵ³ԹұҸһֻһֱ鲻ôô
̫ϷʵЦȻû˸ȥȻֻȥˡ
¶ŭ֮ɫȴǱ˾ͽɨһֻۣýŭָ˻ȥ
Ǿȥ˾ͽϵĳལСᦶ̫˽£Ͽɽ
̫ȻһЦҲ˵ʲô˶˾ͽȭת뿪ãֻһȺ¶Ľ֮ɫϿɽɶˮʺ֮أ̫ҪƹһأҪλˡ



202 
󽭻ŸζԸҶյʱҶȻ̤ǰ·ϡ
𽣬˵еἫӿ֮ʻһƬϼ崫𽽵˵岢ʲô壬ɽȺֻɽ߾ϵһС壬ǣȴĴȴΪǴ˵е𽣬ǽ㴨ĳ֮أ㴨֮磬ϣҲ
ҶԵֻһǾʮҹӽҹ
Ҷյܼ򵥣ͰһͻʩԶݣ㱨˼ҵĶݣүӣóԸҶѧһֽҶɶԸ٣
ʮҹӽҹҶҪмǸˣûʮҹӽҹҶҲܶãȻһɲǱڹˡ
ʮҹӽҹҪģҶҪġ
ǣڴ֮ǰҶյҵʮҹӽҹҵǸֵŮˡ
̤壬һССķƺĿܿȴûʮҹӽҹӰ
ɽ벻ǳѩĺɽĲҩͣڴɽʵϤ͸ˣܿı㲦һƬɽٵл⣬Ӧס
ɽɲ󣬽ܾ۵ףͬûпʮҹӽҹӰҶպܿ챻ǽ
ǽСּһЩͼ
еһƪʯһƪͨ伮ӡҶȴ֪ģǽ㴨ͨڶƪʯͬһƪ̫ͨ伫𾭣ҶȻûҲǽ㴨µģƪʯȴռǣ¼ŵ㴨ĵΣƪʯĵüأ㴨㶼ὫƪʯͼһһС˰һͷ޵ĸǰڶСͷ֦ڱϲϱȻţС˱ɽһȭɽûһƬǡ
ȴͼҶӦöǽ㴨µģ;ԵУܽ㴨̣̿˭˵ء
ӡܸͨȤʯĿתԵɵҲ⣬޵ѱ֣Ƽ֮ͨͬ
̫伫𾭣ͨ˿һ۱㶼ȤͨȾ壬Ȼ˲н
ȴҲʱһѵͻȻҶջͷȥ㿴ʮҹӽҹվԼ죬űߵһˤѾ档
֪Ȥ˳ɽʱˡ
ҶЦԴҪ˵Щʲôʮҹӽҹ۽ǱͻȻۣ̽Ҷոæҡ
ޣޣҶոϽǰʮҹӽҹ°ֽͣ޶˾Ͳÿˣιôޣ̣˺òãˣҾô˵Ҫô
ʮҹӽҹһƿҶգʵΪˣһѵûУ֪֪ΪˣʱѾ޹һˣٿһʲôϵ
ôҶǰץʮҹӽҹ˫֣Լؿڵö˶˵ģԲǻþһˡ
ʮҹӽҹֹס£ֱ˵ҶյؿڱǴؿҶһΣֻḧʮҹӽҹ˿űʾοãǿ޵ˣʮҹӽҹŽֹסỨ
ͻȻһƿҶգôģңһʧˡ
¾˵ˡҶְʮҹӽҹ۵ҪĻҿ㡣
Ҷʮҹӽҹڱϵľʯ£Լľһ飬Ȼ϶һףͷβʡԹ̣ʮҹӽҹţȴֽЩΣȫˣҶտȻѾ飬ο˵˼ҵģԼҲͦá
أҶյô»ģȻڹһЩ飬ȴ֪Ĳ
ʮҹӽҹ˵һʧˣʲôطͨܲǵϢ˵¿ܶˣţ´ңµӶѰµټĹǵ˳Լȴ˽أصɽؽỨӪأǣҶôԸ⣬˵̫Σˡ
Ҷյͷʾס
Ứ˵ɽǣҲ̾ɽãԼͬʱҲԼĳУҲ˵˵󽭻һֱҪռɽ౦壬ȴΪ㴨һ䡰ɽỨ֮ءʹô󽭻ֻźɽԶỨռݻأǽɽߵĻضøȴҲǴ󽭻ҪֻҪỨʧ󽭻ɨЩռɽȺĻҲָտɴ
ԸҲζỨؽ㲻ָܻٹ⣬ͬҲܵ󽭻Ĺ
Ҷյ󽭻Ų˶ˣǶỨһУһȫһ顣
ʮҹӽҹ
Ҷ΢Цֻͷųɫ߻ţĻ۵Ҷյͷγɾ۶ڸǵģ
黪ڸǣʮҹӽҹ㵵ͻӤ֮ˣ
ţҶЦš
ʮҹӽҹ黪ڸҲ󽭻᲻ôǵģͬ黪ڸǵĸѹ˵гϻᣬÿһ黪ڸǵϹ
ѾˡҶЦؽỨô
ʮҹӽҹĴҶպ⣬ؽỨʮҹӽҹû¶ϲ֮ɫҡͷܾ
ǣʲôôȴỨͷʣʲôʮҹӽҹ૵˹ܾãҲ֪Լ˭֪֪Լ꣬飬Ҷںڰֱһ죬˵Ứ¼ңʱұ㽫ỨɼңˣˣؽỨҲֻİףҶԣỨѾˡ
ҶճĬƬ̣漴һ˼ͺãֻΪ£ΪỨ
Ҷ˵飬Ứûʲô飬ȴڱɽѵỨֻʮҹӽҹ㴨ָ㣬֪ỨжˣЩֽʲô
ҶյͻȻֻ࣬侮ʯٵһеǴ󽭻ᣬȻһˣ󽭻Ҫڡ
ʱЩε߽ɽСվһֻȸӥЩ´ŵˡ
ɵӥȸӥժͲӦϢ
ȸӥӥǹɸģɲҶÿԼھ¥һԼ׽ƣԣҶ뿪ʱ򣬱ȸӥѶһǹҪҶգҶҪҹɣȸӥѶȿɡ



203 ᦡһ
ҶùͲֽһۣǲɵʧЦ
˻Ǻ˼˵ֻϺֽ꣬ϵϢͣ˵Ǵ󽭻Ѿ֣ĿǰѾỨЩˣ㽫ҶոƳỨЩ˺ܵ͵صɽҲûỨˣ󽭻ô֪ҶոỨйϵأϢȻǴӹϼһȻǽҶոˣȻָͷֺһ£Ҷյǲ⣬󽭻֪֪Լʲô𣿷󽭻᲻ҲһҪȥġ
߰ɡҶտʮҹӽҹһ߰ɣôҲסɽɡ
ʮҹӽҹԥһ£ǵͷӦЩŤܲ
Ҷһ㣬漴ӡ
ͷϹؾˡ
ҶֻýĿתʮҹӽҹϹô
ʮҹӽҹҲû˵ѧǲѧѧѧɡ
лл̹ʮҹӽҹʾл⣬漴֪λԸλִ񡣡
»ͷ˵ɡҶհڰֵ㽫ʯ̷̳壬һȥЩ飬Щͻȥ
ͷӦ漴ȲĶʯ̣նԣʵûʲôǱԼϲͨϲˡ
߰ɡҶʮҹӽҹ뿪ɽЩỨ˶ʲôط
ЩʲôʮҹӽҹɫһΪǣҲɼ
ģһ㲻
Ҷսɵֽݸʮҹӽҹ󽭻ὫЩ˿Ѻʱʮҹӽҹ϶ʱ¶֮ɫ
ҹȥΪ˾ǡҶЦȻҲ󽭻ʲôɫ

ỨЩѡפĵطܽ˵ʮҹӽҹҲйЩỨˣŴϣȻʮҹӽҹʵȥﶼܻúܺã뵽һ㣬ҶղɵЩ֣ǰӦʮҹӽҹΪǺΪΪͣǣȻ黪ڸǣȻҲӦʮҹӽҹΪѲʮҹӽҹΪֹ黪ڸǣȻֲ̫ܣΪҲ²Ŷԡ
Ҷպܺ棬ֲ뿪ʣÿ˶Լܣ̽Ǽò顣
뿪壬ʮҹӽҹ·У岻ԶһƬɽУЩỨפĵطڹȿ֮Ҷջδȣ㿴˱ŶڹУҶȻϵЩˣʮҹӽҹȴϵõģ˵ͷʾỨЩˡ
СЩʮҹӽҹ塣
Ҷյ㶼û˵ôȻУ⼸ӹɵ飬Ϊûд󽭻ˣˣЩ˶ɱˣҶջŴ󽭻йȥ˿˶ţһͲֻܳܲһٱ˰ɣԣǿ϶еġ
ֻı˼ҾͰ˶ȲȣҪȾ͵ǰǰͿ
𶯡Ҷסʮҹӽҹҽȥ̽̽ʵ
ʮҹӽҹû飬Щ꣬ҶѾǵǸҪԼŵҶˣ黪ڸ֮Ķһ֡
Ҷմһ漴ǰȥԼǷСģԷò廹ҪҪԼԵηηβ³ˣδȴʿһЩ
ιСүˡУҶմغȵô
ǰɽеһȦһȦĻȴӦҶֻܼǰȥȴڿҪпյصɲǣͻȻӿƬϺɫҶյΧƻۡ
ҶվٽǽնȴûʲôЧ׸ܣҶΧʱҶձ㷢ܵĿռ䳹ױˡ
Ϻɫƣ·һ޴Ĺ֮УµʯرķĻʯ㣬ΧҪĺϱľ޴ӣ̧ͷȥȴǿݶֻܿ
ҶСĲ٣ὣǰȥͬʱϵĻܣŲת壬һһǰȥ
е͵Ϯûг֣ǹ죬ʱŨʱŨʱֲָʱϡ̰ƽ
ͻȻģϡתŨҶձмǰȴȻоԼһۣײʲôֻŶͷȴҲɲǣӿһɫ㳯Ҷն
ҶոϽһһӣǶ㿪ǵ棬ţб߳һɸ߶
Ƕȫ죬ƮƻëϢһҶն
ҶǻȻ壬ֱ̧һƣ߶̻ŵ֮ͼƵתǽͷųȥԷĻһײȴǵʤһԷĻѹ˻ȥȴҲʱǳɫͻȻſѪڣ͵һȴǽǵȫֱͣӽ̽ӣ˻ûǴ˸ãһں̡
ҲУ
ҶһȻǳɫʳȴҲǱԽͣҶձͻȻ죬һڻ棬ֻǻҪǰΪȣҲΪҡ
ǻҶȴвһһ裬ǻһ䣬ɢĻϸСУǰӹǽǻնϸСƬ
ȴҲʯ֮䣬ɫȭͷͻȻӲĻдŻڣһȭҶյؿڡ
Ҷƺһǳɫȭͷǲأǿ񣬵ǣȭҶؿڣȼһ棬ֱҶյ壬Ҷյꡣ

Ҷһﲻʳ𣬾ȻҲ͵ȥˣֱܹӹꡣ
ŵķգҶҲʹѵκ˵ʱԹպ󶼲ٳԵڶΣҶոϽĴ߶ڵĵ֮̽У١
϶ǳɫȴԽսԽͣƽţҡͷԵ档
ԹһοҶղýնѻ棬ǻڱҰǳɫͨ죬ѴбԣҶչϵıѸ˺󣬸ǳɫ롣
ɫȭͷأٶƺҲ죬һ»棬һ߱׾Ҷ׷ȥȴǹڻɵľͱҶո롣
ԶϮҶϽⲪԽΪʣΪīҪһֽԸɫĳ룬ҶҪ֮ʣǳɫĲȻֹͻȻı׷Ҷգҡεתߣֱ߻ƬȻûϢ
ô£
ҶĲһڿУȴҲǣҲǣЩɶͷԣôúõĴһˣ
Ƭ̣Ҷȷǳɫû˶ŽĲһ£ȴҲʱ򡭡
Х



204 ᦡ
ʮҹӽҹվڹȿڣڽ֮ɫ
ŹпȥҶҲ֪ôģȴͻȻ轣ͺУ㽫ȻնڸʲôսƫƫҶոǰȴǿһǽ£ֻܵʯ飬ɽȵұڡ
ѵ˻
ʮҹӽҹȴֲ룬ԻһҲ˽⣬ͷҲо鷳ˣңµģҶʲôħϣǲŽΣա

Ҷȴǲ֪ԼʮҹӽҹڳŶϷֻԼ֪Էʲô֮У˿ӭվȴǳɫȴǻһʯ
ʯ˼ȫʯͷģǳɫһߣȴۣ䲻»棬ȴһȭ£ǿʯ֮ܣҵķѣֻ˵ҲˣʯȫΪʯļ̣ҶһȥֻһӡӣըһЩʯм
˵ǳ٣ǿ죡
Ҷ˼Ӧ֮ߣʯͻȻҶոϽȴǸŵĶܿһȭ൱ľʣֻǣʹȻˣʯȴۣһȭܹҶƣһȭȴζ㲻ȥǾ޴ȭͷӰҶֻܾٽ۵һҶձ˾ͱһȭɳȥ
ҧʹڿзȦҶӲ͵Ť£ŵж̧ͷ˿ԥ˳дһֽ
һֽԽǿܹҶǿƣνҶͨҶҲйעһ˼ܲһֽʯˣĳ룬һֽɳǾַȻըѣȴǴ˸գδʯ
ĿһʯȻ˻ȥˣʮ׺󣬱һƬŨ֮С
ܣ
Ҷ֣ǳɫߵҲˣԼǻ棬ǵԼҲɣֻҪԼЩʱ䣬³ɫûж⣬ǣʯɣЩѶԸȻҲռƣôأ
ҶͻȻĸоʯղͻȻϮХžͳԼ󣬱ǻһ飬ϽһԾǰ˳ȥֳŵǾ͵һ
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һʧֺۼ׶ҶմϢĻᣬͻȻľǰ˳
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ҶŽʹۼ׶ȴ˫ֱץԼβקȴͻȻĽ
ԣҶղ·˳βͽȻƴıԣ
Ƭ֮ۼ׶ȳסͻȻķҶ˺ǰ˳ٶȼĻӰ
ҶĲһٱǶβ׽ųҶҲ˿δԥֱ̧һ
ۼ׶ٶ죬ǣҶյĽ죡
ΪǴʱյһ
ǻʧһ
һ׾Թ϶
ۼ׶μһţһĳҶոǰȴҲɲǣۼ׶һĵɳȥȴؿڰһ׾Թ϶׵ıɳȥ
ǣҶȴ˲
һ׾Թ϶֮ۼ׶ӵؿڱ̳һˣȴûѪ£˿ھۿɼٶϣ˲
Ҷղ˶佣³һ֣ҲΪ衣
ֻҶս֮ʣۼ׶ȴǲҶյ鷳˦βͣȻһȥֱһƬ֮С
ۼ׶ȻҲˡ
Ҷüͷν²Ȼһ٣ٶ±͸Σɺ֮ԱΪɺϣΪžԵżȻԣԣͷһ붼ԼȥǾͿ϶ɺˡ
ѵǾ룿
ҶСĵ˳Ÿղ߹ĵطһ飬սʱһУͻȻľͷһ˿ߡ
һͷɫΪԼ룬ˣڶͷʯȴԼɣߣͷۼ׶ȴԼɣˡ
б͸һ˿ߣÿһͷ׷ҶգȫΪһҲ˵Щһأֻ̤أҶղŻܶս뿪ԷأЩͻƨƨߵ߻ԭء
Ҷʵϲһ£ҲֻƲ⣬ԣҶվһ¡
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Ȼˣ
Ҷյϲ֮ɫŨоԼѾҵ뿪ľˡ

ʮҹӽҹ½ǣϵĽ֮ɫŨ
˿Ҷͬ죬Լ轣ԼˤĪͷֱһǣҶǷôȻǣ
ԣʮҹӽҹͻȻ뵽һš
һᦵĴš
ɽһˣĴսĸ֣սǽ˳Ǳǲöֻ֪֪һСᦣСаĺܣβƮͬʱƺֻҪһΣԷĪķ񣬷ۣ裬ݽ߶𣬵ǻһʱΪǲ෹̸ʣǸСᦵֱᦣҲ֪ôأͻȻ𼣣Ҷ˵ǿĴսջǱ˸ɱˣҲû˼סֻ֣˼ǵɽôһ˰ˣᦣ˸μסˡ
ѾЩԶ˶ѾʮҹӽҹҲδֻǿҶնſȭߣͻȻ
ģһֱڴ󽭻У
ʮҹӽҹԥתܡ
ᦵĴУ֮ǰıȴΪ˼Ӳಫʩͨԣ˿νĿʵûʲô֮޷Ǿ֮˰ˣҲֻҪҳᦸʩ֮ˣܰҶҪʩչᦣ˵ʩչκαҪ䣬ԷҲҶ̫ԶȻɽȵĸпܹĵط
ʮҹӽҹ̧ͷɽȵұڣƺʺϵĵط



205 ᦡ
ҶմڴڵشϢ
ʵ֤ҶǶԵģЩֻҪһͲ׷ҶգǣʵҲ֤ĵطûԼǰ򵥡
СıܹǰͷҶմĻ˸ǰУƲУûжķǳڣҲƵ˾İڣǣҶ˵ͷ
ͷȫͬ࣬һԼܹڱǣϽЩһĶҶֻҪմȾһЩΪΣ̻ᱻʴҶȣ޷赲࣬䲻ҪǰͷȴԸѶԸڣҶȴѧˣȾܣܳһЩĶԼС
ɱ֮Ҷײ˵ͷ
ͷսɱŲƵףһ⼣߲Ļͷ󵶣ͷֻ֮ܿһ˫ѪĿֻǣ˼ҴʵڲôȴǺǻͷ趯һ·Ҷյ֣ɼԷֲҶȻҲûӲսˣ˸Ǽߡ
׶ˣͷַīǳ
ͷҶյʶڳֻҪȵһͷСһЩ
Ҷյ㽣ն˿ȻΪ壬ֻҶȴҲûս˼һһֽľַնͷһۣҶձѸٶߣܳأȴҲɲǡ
һŻͻȻҶյĸǰͷͨɫĶҡֳҶոǰ
ҶһȻϽӽնѻȥʮףͻȻһݵʯҶձ׺ݵľȭ䣬Ҷ֮ʣǵҵĴѡ
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׺ҶҲǷ޷޵˾漴˼ʼնҪһͷսǲҲʹţֻҪɱһͷܴͷפصķȥ
Ҷ˵ɾ͸ɵӣת׼֡
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ֳӰһֽնϵĶϱѾҶղ΢һüͷܸоЩԣֻǣѾӭҶҲ룬ֱӾٽ
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ҽУһɢȥϱѪ߲
ˣҶҲ˿û֮⣬Ϣ֮ʣԾУϵһڿһɨд¾ַȻѹ䡣
ַѹ䣬ڣһʮ⣬ţҽ쳹գǱַ飬һһĵڵϣһѵʬ顣
ҶȻ£ս³ԽǶʬ飬פصƬȥȴҪɲǣҶбٴӿǲĸоӲɲסŲҲʱ򡭡
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Ҷտȭͷ̾ٽǰһȭͷڲһĽ֮ϣҶҵ
ţǸߵ߳
ҶջһۣǶѱʬȻʧ٣

ʮҹӽҹٵرţȹľɽȱϵķ͡
˵ʮҹӽҹԷɽȵұ֮ϣǣұڻǺܿԣҪҵԷð취ǱȶԷվĸߡ
һɽ͵ĴʮҹӽҹͷɽɽȵұڣλÿԽƬɽȾ۵ס
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ʮҹӽҹ۾һ漴ִ䣬˳ɽͱ㻬ȥƼۣйͱ֮ϼٶȣʮҹӽҹɵն䡣
Ƭ̺ʮҹӽҹ䵽ɽȵұϣ漴񱼣Ĺʮҹӽҹ㿴һ֧ڵϵСᦣᦼƣΧһȦŹֵͼƸڵ档
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ҲɲǣʮҹӽҹԾ䵽˵ĸǰ
㣬Ȼһ衣
óɱѪȣǣʮҹӽҹȴԵ쳣ʮҹӽҹȻ·Ⱥһ㡣
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Ӥ֮ʮҹӽҹۻڹҶգҧҧ¶ʲôǰ㣬߾ȵҹ
ɲǼ䣬ʮҹӽҹīɫڿն𣬽ոȾɺɫһ㣬Ӥ֮ĸֻһ㣬㷢ֳ׵ڰ֮Уţһ˲Ϯͷ
־壬ŭ꣬
Ӥ꾳ĸƺ˲ܵĸԼ֮УɵıһҽС
Ƭ̺󣬺Ļɢ
Ӥ꾳ĸȻʧ٣ʮҹӽҹɫ԰׵̤ʹŶͷ
ʮҹӽҹһֱԼʧȥһμ䣬ֻǵԼɽỨ飬Լǵڴ֮ǰԼڸˣȴǵԼҪȥԼҲΪŹ֣ÿʹöоʹ࣬ԼֳһЩֵĻ棬ԣʮҹӽҹʹֻǣ˿ȴҲǹ˲ô࣬ɱӤ꾳ֺ󣬱첽ᦡ
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˿ڸۼ׶ս˵һԻɱЩͼɱһ·ô
ҪսҶղǲȡʤǣεشЩǵƶȬ׼һͬҶҲԹӲȴҲͬûЧɻ˵Ҷմֻصԭأһһ޽⣬Ҷ޷Ѱ𰸣ûд𰸣޷뿪
ȴҲʱһڹӿжȻ٣ͻȻĴ̴ۼ׶ҺһʹȴܵɢҶǰľֱɽ֮С
ʮҹӽҹվɽȵұ֮ϣҶմ󺰵Ǻڹ⣬ᦱ𡣡
Ҷ˵ǲʲôʮҹӽҹܹ鲻ģԾ𣬲һǰһ̣һӭǵӿжڹ⡣
ཻҶͻȻñۼһǵڹ⾹ûǰ׶Ը磬ٲǰҶصϣɢ⣬ԽΪдһֽڹȥַݺݵľײǵڹ⡣
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Ҷһƿʮҹӽҹ漴ͷǰһǡ
ǽ֮ȴһɫȼŻ棬ҶոоգǸŻ𶾣ڣҶնԸһ̴֣߶ͷųǳལĻڣ漴ڵĻ̻֮Уǻ𶾸
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̫̫Ҽ󽭻Ҳʱ䣬ȻҪ󽭻ᣬǲǸܣ
Ҷۿ̫һ۵ɽڼ㣬Ǹͦ˰ɡ
̫Ҹ󽭻û壬ҸǸһԻ˵͵ģԪҾͲͬ˲ڽͷԪ˸ԪԾȵңǾ֮ò˵ˣ󽭻кܶ˿Ҳ˳۵ģԽ࣬ǾԽڣ鷳뿪󽭻ˡ
Ҷյô󽭻Ӥ꾳ĸֶô
ΪӤ꾳Բ˿Ҳ˳ۣͻλλ˵Ҫ̫ܵͻȻЩ꣬̾ԪңԪͨȻ°ԵΪ˻ǺܹģҲʹ죬ڼҲĺã㹳Ķǵ顣
ҶЦҪҪң
̫ɨҶһۣ漴ҡͷȻϲڴ󽭻УȴҲ㣬ұ׷ɱʱ򣬱Ͼǿ󽭻Ŷһ٣ҲǶݣ䲻Ը󽭻ᣬȴҲԸ󽭻ᣬһ˵Ҫ㣬᲻ῴң
ҶЦⲢش𣬵ɽڣҶлɱ̫ȴ뿪Ϊ̫ƢԶԼθڣ̫ӦԼ᲻ῴҶղ֪Ϊ̫ûдӦûз飬Ȼ֪
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207 
ʮҹӽҹʵ̫˻ǲġ
Ҷյͷ֪
ʮҹӽҹ֪֪ȥ³϶ܲֻûɱ㵹Щᦻˣ϶Խ˳۵Щˣⲻÿ϶ҲҪ侮ʯ
ҶյҲ֪ԼҲ֪ô죿ܲܽ߰ɣҲˣһϿʮĻ棬ΰǻͦãٵùҲܱŪģңǺܿټģЩǱ߰ɡ
Ҷ˵󣬱ʮҹӽҹԼߵһԣԭỨЩ˵̬ЩĮҶܹµɣ֣֮ỨͷСط޷Ǿ뻻Ƿǣȴû뵽ΪҶնǻҶĻкɫЩǨŭʮҹӽҹҶղ⣬ҲΣȺѡӱܣһ·ˣҶܹǣȴзǵų
ʮҹӽҹЩν󣬺Ȱοţ˸м䵭һķȻֻǰҶյΪҷʮҹӽҹȴֻûпŬļ˽ֱȫ˶ɿ
߰ɡҶպǿӭңǸûȥˡ
ʮҹӽҹ̾Ҳûٶ˵ʲôǸҶ뿪ɽȣŲԺЩҲ뿪ɽѾˣ˭ûдֻҪߵ·ͬˡ

뿪ɽȣʱҶմʮҹӽҹص
ɽĵطô궼δܱѰţ˰ﲼ½⣬ƫƧѰǹͨҲ֪ط
Ԫʮ￴ʮҹӽҹǰŮ˱ƯҲз飬ҪʶʮҹӽҹҶձǸʮҹӽҹͬ·طǵģ֪ôģ뵽Щ֮ԪʮЩ⡣
ȥΪôԪʮԹƲҶһۣԼһ䣬漴ԼųЦݣӭʮҹӽҹּˡ
ʮҹӽҹҲҶôԪʮһģһҲˣԪɽڼ·ҶʧɢǵʱԪʮˣҲΪˣҶûصỨӪأܹӪеĽѡ
סɡҶתͷʮҹӽҹҲò̫ãһܿ˽󽭻ġ
ʮҹӽҹ󽭻飬Щ˵
Ԫʮ׼˷ˣ߳Ա˵
ҶոʮҹӽҹȻû
Ƭ̺Ԫʮ˶ˣܷʢȻԪʮڻĿƲǰ⣬ȱǮ뿪ǵʱʹ˲ٻʯɽչȻҲûвҵԼҵ׻ǺܷʢסڳҲ޷Ǿǲɹ鷳Щˡ
ʮҹӽҹļ˿ڲˣ¿ӵôԸ󽭻᣿
ҶյȻҪɽ׵𼣣ҽȥԱɽ֣Ȼɽֱɱɽܶ
ʮҹӽҹ̾ķ񣬲ûַʵûõġ
ҶƵʲô˼
ʮҹӽҹűٵģӪأɱЩ󽭻ĳԱô
ɱһЩͳ϶ҪģɱͳЩķģұ㶼ˡҶü˼ҸøϾɱôȲ˵黪ڸǣҪһɱôҲѣҾøϾɱǲ̫ЩǶ֪ɱˣǣȥҽôȻҪҳֽˣǸʵûʲô𡣡
ҲϾɱʮҹӽҹǣôϲ󽭻ĸɽ˵Ȼկӱˣڣ󽭻Щ˻סأܽЩոʧһЩֻ֣Ҫлڣǻˣɱɽܶɱʮٸѵɱǧ󽭻㳲Χô죿ң󽭻Ტû黪ڸǵĸ֣ϣ󽭻֮˾ͽ黪ڸǵĸ֣󽭻гϻᣬ˵Ǵ󽭻ĳϣʵǹݴˣ黪ڸǵΪ黪ڸǵĸֺ㣬мֵʤ㣿ԣҪ󽭻ᣬȶҪȶ˴󽭻Ļء
Ҷ°͵һˣ
ʮҹӽҹǾͲǶϴ󽭻ĸǶɽĸΪɽĹУЩֻҪǶ󽭻ἴʧƣҲ취ռݣǰЩظˣ㲻󽭻ʵɽʵӲܣҲ޷Ӳܵģ˵һĬϵĬ
Ҷյɽһ壬Ǵ֮µС壬С廥࿴˳ûϵڧҲûϵǰǲٻ档
ʮҹӽҹͷԣ㲻ܻ˻أȴֲ󽭻ᡣ
ҶյҾڤȪô
ʮҹӽҹ˻أڤȪͻᵹ󽭻ᣬڤȪ˻أͻᵹ󽭻ᣬ˵֣квģ಻ô죿֮Ҳۣԣõİ취Լռˡ
Ҷյ㲻ûؽỨô
ʮҹӽҹҡͷỨҪٵ󽭻ĸ׻ǾֻзչԼǵĻأ׽Ǽ磬ô󽭻Ȼܹش󽭻ᣬȴα겻αϵԽãԽ
ǣҪ齨ǰ׵İɡҶԥһµҲᰡ
һᰡԪʮ￴ҶոʮҹӽҹĵˣЩƲֵģ˿˲廰Ļᣬ̵ĹɶǷ嶥ģʽվǿȻһ֣ž񣬾֮ЩײĳԱͨԣЩײԱʵҪģһɽֻҪɳʯ㹻ʵܹһɽǣЩײĳԱļЩȴҪڵ㲻ȱٸ֡
Ԫʮòˮϻ˼򵥵Ĺϵͼɽܹﵽ黪ڸǵĸ֣ᳬʮ֮صҲܣһЩκģһ黪ڸǵĸֲᳬʮЩȫɽ䣬ڤȪ󽭻ˣԣＸԴһʶ˭黪ڸǵĸ֣˭ɽĴ
ҶնԴͬ뵱Ứ֪ˣ϶ԣʮˣνСеСضûаΪʲôỨɽźܸߵĵλٲȻ֮ĵΪʲô󽭻ʼҪỨԭܼ򵥣Ứн㴨
Ԫʮ֣ȱҲȱҿԽҵ˽㣬Ӥ֮еģֻܾǳҲУһȱֻЩײĳԱҪٵļҲܼ򵥣ùɷųϢϿɽĴ󽭻פضٵģҴ˿ѾռݣԸߣ̸һƿĳԱٴԸߣٸƿȻͷƶȣǲҪ󽭻Ὺսôɱ󽭻һߣûƿɱߣûʯһöսѡ񣬾ÿöʯٺΪЩˣƼߣЩƼÿҲƿٺ
ԪʮɽԼһƺϤҶڶҲǵͷޣֻԽԽùŹ֣ôоôš



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ҶȻԪʮһģʽ˴ֶΣǣܲסжá
ǱȻȫ⣬ֻҪǮʲô鶼ܰãοϢɢϢⱾǹó飬ⷽ湫żΪ㲩ԣֻҪԸ⣬κһϢڴɽûϢģǼٵģΪӹɵﴫϢٵҲģ
ԣҶյϢܿʹɽ
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ϼһϢųȴǾŷּٵģֻһģǣӦ˽㴨ԼǾ仰ųȥϢٵҲģ
⻹ҶΪŭģϢųȥ󣬺ܿͱģȻǿڿഫܲסк֮ͽϲףϢܿͱҶղǵ˴Уǽ㴨Ĺŵӣ⵹ҲûʲôǣҶպִܿӽ㴨Ĺŵӱ˽㴨˽ӣȻִӽ㴨˽ӱ˽㴨˾ͽŶµ˽ӣҶոʵʬ
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ôҶտЩ㲵ӡΣ
ͨѱ֮ͬȴö࣬ϸĲҲֵֻİҪ²ǳϦ飬ѾоԼʵ˾ˡ
Ҷյʯ̳׭á
֪ģͷ漴ҪʲôǵôңȻѧı£ҲĴУȻҪģǴ󽭻һݶ
ۣҶһڲˮӶǣ˭ҵ
ǰǶ˵ǽ㴨˽ôҶ֪ġ
ɣҸĸ
Ҷպԣݺݵıƿڴ붼֪⴫ˣɽ˭ǲ֪ô
û취ģң׿̸̲ҶҪĽﵽˣǴȻɣȥļˣڴ֮ǰҶյռһأ㹻Լļʱĳŵ
ϿɽȻһأȻǲɵġԪʮɽĵͼһկӱˣռ˻ػýפأɵϢ˵󽭻Ѿ˻ȥס˻أҽĻ˻ɽܣٴһҲû㹻Ļˡ
طѡˡҶյҪɽһأǱһ֧Сռţ󽭻ᵱɽӪأ֧СǴظǿռˣ׼ỨӪפأɽĻжӣҪ˻ɽ鷳ԣĿҲ϶㣬Ҫҵѵôô󽭻ռţȻҪطҪ
Ԫʮͷ漴Щĵ㻹һȥôҪЩȥɣҵˡԪʮͻȻЩŤ½ǵҵЩˣˣһġ
ҶרĿŵͼûԪʮﻰеֻҡͷң룬϶̾͹ˣˣҾˣǰôûշ̣һҲ̫˰ɣ֪Уڸ϶ϲߡ
ʮҹӽҹǡŶ룬⻰ЦûֻɽҪôһͷѹɽޣҶỊ̆ȻɳΧ˶̻ܰ쵽ģңȻǣҪ뿪ɽ̿ҲǲϵģҲ㲻շͬʱҶҪһͷΪɽ֮
Ҷյͷ漴ϵͼˡ
ԪʮְҶ½СЩ
ʮҹӽҹ΢ЦһоڲУԼСѾܹɽˡ

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ɽ겻ĺƺٹҲ˵ļ࣬ǿеķԶ֪ƣĴţϮܣѩͷ
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ԽţỨСӵӪأǻȻһˣ󽭻Χǽ˷ݣȻûɣȴҲѾռ˰Ƭ£нƬ¶פص˼
˵ʵɽطȻӣǸõطѹֻһܹͨУ˶˱εֻҶֻˣûʲô⡣
פ֮ǰҶշԸ̾ѾĦȭƣһȭפشźȥֻҪţɳԣκι޶ԣǶ̲ζĺö̾ɽôãûиҶռ쳢Ķࡣ
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ǴҲѰȴǼʮɵģ̿ɷѰɱȣѷһɫı
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Ҷյ΢ЦЦһ룬Ȼ
һҶոǰӹһƯ»Ǵ֮ǰһնϣΡ
ǣߵʮ󽭻ԱʱȴĴóһ˽ɫС죬ǰĵ档
С칲ʮ˸ˣԻʮ˷󣬺ɫƣǷѩ˿Ҳīɫʮ˵ͻȻıӵصӿҶյĸǰγɹ
ҶҪ밴סҶյļ򣬳
ҶЦսҲ뿴ӡΡ
ʮ˷ǼаŵıҪʮͷ޵ʬʬ֮Уȡڼַʬǰǿ֮ȥʬԶͬǰǰǿ󣬵ǣÿһͷʬʹŭȻû˿ǸӢηʬȫԣʮ˹ŵ֮ǿɱ
Ҳʱʮ˵Ŵ򿪣ʮͷʬ粽



209 СǶ
󽭻óʮ˹мĲʲôĹޣΪʬҲͲôǿ
ʮͷӹ߳ʬñȴΪǸݱ޵ĶʮĽ仯һױ󣬻Свֻ֮Ҷոûж˼˶ͨȻǱŵٺöǶҲ塣
ǰ̤һ붸Ȼơ
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ѹͲЩʬλֱ׼һͷʬһ䡣
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㴨һͨɽ˿ȴ֣Ȼֻƣڻѱ֮У㴨ľ᲻ͬһӡԵĸΪԵһ£ɽ겻ļһƺѣ¶δյĵ档
ͷʬһ֮󣬱㱻ĳһ̱࣬ǱȱһˣȻơ
ʮ󽭻ԱԵĺ侲Ϊݣһָʬǰȥһսˡ
뱾ºŶԷȴȻԽսԽ£˫䣬ӡǰʬϤ𿪣ǰͦʮףͻȻģµѩЩ˫űУɫҺѩ˳
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Щ󽭻˾ڻѩ·һȪȻ󽫱ѩ沼塣
벻üڶȪ룬һŲȽ󣬱㱻ѩС
СѡҶЦҲЩֶˡ
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Ҷյֱŵ䣬俪Ȫıѩ·ĶȪӿĽȴδüǵϣһͬεǽڣȪĶҺ
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Ҷǰ֣ǰϵĶҺ䵽ԷϣմȾ˶ҺĴ󽭻Ա̲ҺһʹĵڵϴǶҺʴ쳣ֲ
ʣµĴ󽭻ԱƵӪصķǰҶյҵҪǻʲôС
󽭻ĳԱ࿴漴һſ
ܵķѩɣЩ󽭻ĳԱžֻʣХķ
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߳ԼѮ˳Ŵ򿪵￴ȥܹŴ󴲣ϳŮŤǰϲս֮ǰڴϴսһԤȡ
ҶհȻĸֶ˽ãſڵ죿
󽭻黪ڸǵĸ֣˾ͽΪ󽭻֮Ȼ黪ڸǣ֮⣬󽭻νĳϻһ죬һǽܣŴ󽭻ߴٳ֣ҲӲͷ¶棬˾ͽĵƣ󽭻ĳԱҲֻ֪һϻͷˡ
Ҷܹ֪Ȼ˹ɣֻҪɽûܹڹǰصܣĳԣϼһȷֲܿ
ʱ֣ӣһ￴Ӷһ黪ڸǵĸ֡
СҴ󽭻鷳ıô콫ֲĴүҪֵطģΪ黪ڸǾܺߣ黪ڸǣʵҲвġ
ɲǣͻȻӿīɫڱɽĲãкۣӹ˪Ҷձǵص
ҶЦˡ
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㾹ȻҪԼƴҶҡҡͷ漴ſЦҾ͸ôд
һ˲䣬ҶյȻӿɫĻѩ忪зµѩ˲䵹ŷɻؿУ·ǷѩҲһ˲еһ㡣
ţ˵ڿײ
һɲǣɫļѿԼ˵ѹƣ϶̸ϣӦõֵݣҶյǰϯɲǣеīɫؽذˣգۼͱҶյɫǹֱӸ˻
ģǴ˵СӸո黪ڸô
ֱѹҶգȻΪЩţ쿴Ѿ黪ڸǶʮ꣬Ҳͨʮ꣬ڼͨôҲһ˾ҶղŶԣǣʵˣĺܲҡ
飡
ɫһײŵɳȥݺײŰ֮ϣˤţɳڴϵŮ˱㲻ɵؾһ
ʲôУȵ·һȥ
ҶպЦҿǰõŮϣû˰ɣȻˣֻҪԸȥҲǲһġ
СŭĪ̫ˣղŲǴˣҿүôѵ㣡
ӵϷ漴ٶͷųֻƺû˼ƴҶգֻǿֿǣ嵽ҶոǰɲǣǱһƬͻȻɢȻʮͬ趯ߣӸҶչ
Ҷ۾һ
黪ڸ
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˳ԾҶѡܡ
ܲУԼܹ׻īɫȴҲֻܵһѣ콫ֻʮ󣬿˵Ǵ˷ܱȫˣֻܱܡ
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һһ䣬ҶձƵĲԾѩвһƬѩ
ЦСղŵĲ񾢶ȥˣֻҪԸȥүһġ
콫ҶողϷʵĻ˻ȥҶȴ޶ԣֻרĵıܿǲϷֻͬʱµʹԵĸΪ⣬һֱȻһݵģȴҲ˶أԺȴҲʱ򡭡
Ҷղˣ
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Цݽס֪ҶʧˣԼˣµѩЩѩҰ
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ҶֻҪȡʲôҲһֻǺܿץŵĶȻǶ
ôˣһ㬵ĽǶǶһߣӺŮˣ˭ѶǶүģұЦǲǣ
֮󣬱ؿһȻǺɫģȴǸϴŮ˵СǶˣһʺɫޣ



210 һ
޺ܳɰ볤̯һͺޱɵչֱһһ㣡
Ҳƺ˲һ㣬ţʹޣҶ¡
ھϢܵıºʲôܹ֪ҶȻҲһ֪ԣҶѡ򵥶ֱӵķ
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Ҷ˸ڤĽǲһɶա
ڤڤڤǷɽͨȻҪڿд
һֱҶȴҪ޸һ̴ȴڽ޵ɲǣҶշֺûǰ򵥣ҲǼ׵ıһ޾ǴнǵûһᴩͻȻһ󣬱㽫һ
ҶüһʹŲһնȴôҲ޷жӳ漴Ҷձ߽䣬ǹ޵Ĳһײ棬ȴʱͻȻĹͿصɲǱ㽫жͬʱҲûиһѵĻᣬ͵սһȥ
ĴЦⱦΣ
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ҶղִڱĶȻ˲һȴҲû취˲һڿжȥҶ̧̧֣ţ߶ǿ̻ŵǹͼƵӷ漴ͽǹꪷųĵڹ⳯ȥ
вϣʹ䵽Լǰ
ʵǺܳ𲽲һҲֻõһСصĳȰˣʣµһչ㽫ĵڹƺҪǵǹҲסֻȴʵʧ㡣
޺Ĺסıлɵڹ⣬ȴҲһ˲䣬֮ͻȻһգȴǿտҲһжûܹס
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ǵǹùǱбֻǿȥӺ󣬱һ֣ҲҶһֻ֣Ҫ߶Σܹסȴôܹסܹɢȥ۵
飬飬顭
ĵڹգۼͷɵĸǰʵǲĺܣ¿ƵıܿһڹȱܣȴǱʣڹбֱͦͦľͷ˳ȥˤѩ֮У˽ȥ
ƾ㶼黪ڸǣҶղмֻ˸̾
⻰ֱǳĳҲǽ˵ĴŭǱĴӵ󣬱ŭĿҶա
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һ˵ţйŲһ޾ͶȻ¡
⵹Ҷճһܹ˱УǼʶˣֻƮƮĶô
ҶղаһȭϵɲȴԵ
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ҶüһܹޣȻԼ޸ˡ
Ҷմ˿Ҳ޵ܹ֮²һȴΪ㹻̣ܹʧȥ󣬲һķֵһᣬ˵ˣⲽһֻһľѣǵڤ֣ûҲܽնˡ
ҲܽȫȻĻԼȫ޷ʹһˡ
ˣֻҪ㹻ǿޱûа취˰ɣ
Ҷͫһϱ¶һ˿ȻţҶղ˷ײ˹ȥ
ʱϲֻҶԴͿˣĴвЦɵĵ̴ʹһ㽫Ҷո
޹ϵɲǣҶձоƵϵɢ޷ͨŬһ£޲ʵֱܽӰӣȴָ⣬Ҷȴȫûһطܶģֻͬʬһֱͦͦվ
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Ҷ޼ɵĽԼͷųȥͼ޵ļֻÿͷʮֵһ̣ͻŷ֣ҶյޱǿһҲԵ΢
ٴεЦʺˣÿһǿ壬ȴδ˳ɹСҳǿ˳ϣȴҲ˶ѣѵΪԼܹ⡭
˵һ룬Ҳ˵ȥ֮£һ˿һ˿ڲϵӿֳԭȻܼ򵥣ΪҶͷųԽԽӯҲԽԽǿᣡ
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Ҷճ˻ţǱ޵Ȼǣ漴һ죬Ǻɫ޶Ȼһõĺɫ鲼Ʈ
콫ŵԼȭͷ
ȣ־壬£
޷ϣԼ¼ˣҶմӵϼĲһԼǸоǹ޳Լƽ
裬ܷϯеķѩһͣЪ
ǵģֻҪɫӹĵطǷѩɲǼͣ£ǵģǷѩǰͣǱգҶյ߾ǸյĵشܵķѩɣΨܿһ˿ѩ
·Ƿѩھš
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Ҷ죬¶һڰԵЩҲôжô
ȣȣţүбûóءŬԼҪֲȴζûܹ漴ݺݵصţҽڷˣб¾͸ҵţһҪÿ
һ˵ţһ߶˾ţŮ𾪽ȻŮû뵽ֻˣֻȴûиڴսһ˼
Ҷհĵţ뿴컹ʲôֶΣǣȴĹ
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ʱ䣬ȴûܹܸϸŮ˼սȻòôá
ҶϵҲǽɢûмάַսͨĿݵʵ̫ĥ־սˣǰҶոЩվĴ󽭻Ա̧žͰΪײһζԵЩҡεŰһ߿
տҲ
Ů˾ȻʧˣһĴȴǴţзѩ롣
Ҷǰ˿Ȼˣ
ҶҧгݵһﻹǸ֣ȻǴŮһܵġ
⡭
죬˰Ҳ֪ʲôݣô˵黪ڸǵĸ֣ûս˵ľȴҲô޳ֶܵܲŶԣǣˣ޲޳ܸƷйأΪȴûаϵ
ǻʲôҶɨЩſڵĴ󽭻Աһ۵ȥȪһô
Щ󽭻ĳԱڻعˣҶϾɱôվʲôѵҪһβʹôЩ󽭻ĳԱ֪Ȥľȿ񱼣ȿֺȥ
ҶĿЩ뿪漴ٿפأɵפʧȥЩ˺󣬱㳹׵Ŀյ
ӽ쿪ʼҵˣֻǵһѡ



211 
˾ͽ֪Ȥȴûô֪Ȥ
ô˵ԭ˾ͽ׼ǱɽʮĴ󽭻Ա⣬һˣܱɽӪػڽ߰ʮ˲⣬ȻҶûرɽͼѲ²⣬˾ͽҲʧصĴ㣬ѾֳߣⲻҪ˾ͽ֪Ȥԭδʹ˷ɽˣֻϲѾ˷Ů˵ļһŴ󽭻ߵĴȴʵڲôɶ˱ɽ˾ͽҲ̽һҶʵ˼ɽפرϾղڴ󽭻ˡ
Ҷպ⣬󽭻ǰֳʡٹҲÿɷֻж̺ܲˣֻе꣬ǱӡùֻҶա⡱̶ֳ֮ʵ޷ˡ
£Ҷһڶ̵ƨϵҪôͣ´ξͲˡ
Ϊί漴ƵĵЩܵĴ󽭻Աһۣ뽫һ׵䣬ҲʹЩ󽭻ĳԱܵøˡ
̰סҶոһ»棬˾ͽ취һ֣ڱɽͱװ˻ָҶճǰһЩĻɳӯֻµĶûĻЩʯЯ㣬ȻͱգЩ棬Ѿļ֡
ϻسԪʮʮҹӽҹӹͬʱЩԪʮĺڼҶǽӥ˳ȥ֪ͨԼռ±ɽ飬ϼһųļֵϢ
ȥ飬㲻ҶչˣԪʮԼΪܰﵽҶʲôʮҹӽҹŲʵ㵱ԪңԪʮӵиԪͨͬ壬츳ҲϿɣǣôЩȥԪʮûܹͻӤ֮żֻǿţϣܹΪҶЩʲôԣԪʮ㽫¸
ļĹ鷳ǺܷҶմֱʵԸ⽫ɽĿȫļͣ˲ջ󣬵ǣɽӪɵޣҶ˸Ϲ޽פأҲᳬˣɽӵȻıϣȴҲͬƱɽפصʹԪʮϸĵɸѡδܴﵽ徳ĲҪ׶ҲҪЩ˺ܻܿǣ̫ǶҲУЩ˿ܳΪһʱ·ӱ֮⣬Ӥ꾳ĸ֣ȻʢڣЧ岢ǰѰˣҲҪصЩ˶ܹӵǱҪص
ԪʮæææϢʱ䶼ûУȴ쳣ʵ
ҶȴǺУУΪһÿںȲ裬ֻҲö໶ӭλÿ͵ĵðˡ
طʵɿ̾ôķѩľ»Ǻܲġ
ЦӯӯҶոǰ£ҶսݺõĲˮ룬Ŀ΢ֹһ˿Ľ
ΪפеæµҶ±ϰӭɣʵһ͵ĺõطܵķѩХܹһ˲佫񣬿Ҷյȴˬˬ޵ʼΧƮΧķѩ
ʵҲǹĽĵطڹɶԣŬʮҲӵʵΪʼ޷黪ڸǣǰҶǶôᣬã˶̵ʱӵΪȻǰ;ޣֻǣֵֵ֪ԼһֱͶʡ
˿̿룬ϼһΪʲô߶ɺ˿ڲ裬ЦŴӻȡŷ²ȴҵ飬飬ֻǳ䵱һѶ˰ˡ
Ҷùŷ⿴˿漴Ц䣬ڤȪȻд󽭻ġ
Ҷ˵ֱӽ˺鶪£ɶԴȫûκ⣬ΪɽɽʹڤȪʹ֮⣬󽭻ʹѾڶ̵Ķˡ
ܲҶղ̬ȣǣɾúܺãȻôܹɽһȷѡ
ˣǰһ̫һֱΪУǲͷ򡣡ɵǣڤȪ̬ҲĶôǵֻһ仰㴨˵Ǿ仰
ҶЦɽỨ֮أ
ɵͷԣҪɽɽܣɽģҶܲ죬ڤȪε̬ŵĹ͡
ҶյϧỨͲˣֻҪ󽭻ḶۣûؽỨ˼
ɵֻôΪû˾ֳô󶯾ֻΪ𣬳Ǹӡ
Ҳⱻ˵ӿҶЦ㲻ֻʹİɡ
ɵȻȻҲ׬һȷѣǣôСǮֵԹһˣڸÿܸҶĺôˣңҵϢǮȡ
ҶյҪʲô
ɽϿɽϪɽܣʯ壬ɽɽԶɿҶյɫùŹʱƵóƵĻЦȫҪǣԺֻҪĻأÿĲҶҪɡ
ҶЦǰһЦ
ɵҵҴӲ˸ڵĴۣðɣǿ˵ЩģΪʲôҪռ±ɽΪأҪ󽭻᳹״壬Ҫ˴󽭻ĸֻҪ󽭻ӵ㹻ĻأǾܳļļ֣Ҫ󽭻ʵҪӴ˴֣ռڴ󽭻Ļأһһʳ󽭻ƫƫƾһ֮»أȴܶסأԣҪռ±ɽļ֣Ȼ̴󽭻ͬʱ׳ԼĴ㣬˵Ķô
Ҷʼÿɷ
̾۹Ĳԣǣ۹ⲻҵ뷨ô
ҶյǮô
ϵҲٰɣЦǸûҲˣӵлزѣѵסԣʵǸ󽭻û黪ڸǵĸ֣᲻ô鷳ռ±ɽ׼󽭻һ־õսֱɱɽܣô󽭻˺ڵỨ֣
ҶüϹ˵Ķԣһ֧Ƿܹ׳ĸ˵Ǹǣʲôռ첢أʵʵڲܹӵһС
Ƭ̺Ҷչյ󽭻ҪҶˣ
Ķͷ̸ϢҴģðɣ󽭻ȷҪ㶯ˣɷϴ󽭻ѡֱҪ̶֮ܶļ֣齨һ֧һΪдѵĻڶΪ黪ڸǵΪһеĸԣֻҪˣһлӰǲ̸̸ղŵˣ
Ҷԥһ£ͷԣҲϣҺڣƨɣѿġ
Ӧҵɵ죬ҹɫ̻Ϊźţ󽭻ṥɽӪأ񾡳׼һõķӦϣЩļ֣Ѿ˴󽭻ˣһ㲻ȫҲ˾Ųʮˡ
ɴӻóһŶʮ˵ݵҶոǰ֣ԱΪһ뻹дʹñС
Ҷ΢һ£漴˻εȻǷݴ񣬵ǻϻóЩΪˣƤӾܺŪҡ
Ȼֻ̧ƵСɡ



212 
ŹɵĻƣͻȻֳһɫĹâ׵ڵϻӰȫһԽɫ·ͷϴɫڣһȥǸֻ꣬ҶòȡˣܶȴѾ˼ʮ꣬ãΪܺһ㣬Ҳޱȵľǰ꣬˲ͷųҶղ׽󣬱㲻ɶһ¡
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ɵ˫ҲԽСҿԽ㣬Ҳһ񣬽λɽۣ֮ĸѱηѩ֮УǡñɽҲһѩɽ
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ҶղϲԼ鷳Ϊͨұ˵鷳
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216 ҹսġ
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߼ͬȴֲҪԷش˱ĬѾȷ˶Էݡ
˵ЩЦ˶֪ǼĳԹݣҶմδ˾ͽ˾ͽҲδҶգδҶյ֣ĬĬ֮ˣĬĬ֮˿ȴվǰ
˵ңҶյҵ̫鷳ԣԼˡ
е˾ͽֲȽ׶µеķϣҿԸһᣬԸͶڴ󽭻ᣬұϻᣬ󽭻һԴɵ֮⣬˽Կ֮
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Ҷղûи黪ڸǵͬǿ߽֣XX죬֮лƣ֮̽⣬л֮⣬ǻԿƣƻܹ鲻ֱǿ󣬶彻Ϊ
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һ죬ԷԷ֮㽫ԷһˣȴҲڴʱͷâһƵϽ漴ϱ㱻նһۡ
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ȴǳ̵֮⣬һ˽֣ɽһϣ˽Ǵ󽭻ͳһصĸ֣˷󽭻ᾫ񾡳ȴǽӤ꾳ҲȫɳֻפأʣµȴǶ˱ɽ
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һۿȴǱ޿ɱܣӲͻȻġ

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ŹӣǼϢ̵Ŀⲻڴ󽭻ɨζѽΪԽߵ꣬ȻԽζ̿УȴԽԽȲҪƷһˡ

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ʱǻ˾ٵԾ£һɨܣĿʮҹӽҹϵԭŮˣ
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217 ҹս塿
Ԫʮפ룬ΧкڼţǸЩļ֣ҲǸĳԱǰǴ󽭻
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ԪʮɨһۣʿߣҲ֪Լڴżפؼʿ߰ս
Ƭ̺Ԫʮ￪ڵҲҪΪҶսΪսǣҪΪԼսǱɽʧأ޴ӣפرƣǵ³ֻһǾ󽭻ͶϣҲҪ󽭻ֲ⣬ԣΨս
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ЩôǿģЩҲһҲܳΪ֣ˡԪʮЩڴŵֻҪһսʤɽĻǵģǸʿļνԣΪԼսڣֵǸˣҪսҪ
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ҶոոմǻͭǮǮڶöͭǮڿзŶȻ󣬺ݺݵĵͷ䣬ҶҲ޿κΣӲǱöͭǮ˸ţһͱĽ˵
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ҶղСϽٽһֵΣ漴ƿǶ౦˰úôһ
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˾ͽ⻰˵ú⣬ΪʲôࣿΪǴ󽭻֮󽭻ԴϣܲôȻ࣬ƾʲôñ۸㣿
˵䣬˾ͽִ̧һŴ



218 ҹս
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Ҳʱϲ֪ʱͻȻﵽ̵ıһͰ̵ı̲ҽһ㵥ϥڵء
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󽭻Уʱ˲ȵ̫˭Ӿбģѱ䣡
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ԪʮһӤ꾳ĺڼ㻢ȺɱԷУ

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ɲǼ䣬ʮҹӽҹͻȻɺɫͬһƬӰĻһ㣬عӿȥ׽ֲָ֣
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ⱦֱ޵ȴǺһ޵ֳػ֣ÿֹžŰʮһ棬̿ͬ׻һ㣬ǵز˵סҲǺ
ҶսնµĴȴǺúܲס˶࣬ոսնѺһŵػ䣬Ҷոץţڣܱǻ汼ڣҶնԸһ֣߶ųл汩ǣȴûܽҶճɻҽŵػճɷɻңֻҶոմǵػӳͶȻһ飬ȴһɫ֯ɵľӱס
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˾ͽǲֱȥҶտ˾ͽ⶯ҲһҲЩӰǰ쵰ı·òƵģȻ˾ͽִӻһƣǰһƱ˾ͽǰ
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ʱ޵Ҳ׷ҶյȻŵ䣬ҶҲֻη˾ͽŲԾܹ޵
ɲǣҶϽȻٶڿлһֻֽλȴǿַǾַ
ƹǼ׵ıֵܹ׾Թ϶ٶȲ˵ַͬûסƣڿͻȻһƣסַȥ·ֻ˾ͽȻ͹˾ַ

ַըѳʮ֮ϱǳʮƣţ棬ˤ÷顣
˾ͽɫһأֻǾھַǿƣƿǽسı˺ôĴΧһӽӳ黪ڸǸֲŪģ߻δùȻһþͱҶոһˡ
˾ͽðһ˿ŭ漴ӻһֽƬȻĽóһɫļ˳ֽƬһΣأâŴ漴һŰ׵ĽֳһǹҶմ
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˾ͽһδȴˣСүǱ࣬ҺΣ
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ǽֽܹǧ򻯣ʲôʲôǣȴ»ҶҲͨǺյͷŲŷֵġ
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ҶմϢţǰ̤ıȥˣΪʲôһЩ
Ķ˹ʯ˾ͽǱĴӷͷϵķѾɢһͷڷԣһĮĿҶա
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˾ͽָ⣬˳Ͻֽд¹Źֵķģ˾ͽдϽȼһһֱŷֽ׵վ

˾ͽһǰдķıֱһ⣬̴ɵƲ㣡
ҶһֱСĽ䱸ţ˾ͽﱦڶ࣬Խǲص棬ԽܹŹֵģǷĳȴ·ûϢһ㣬ʼǲ˿ĶǱ̴ƲҲǽ£
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221 Ψ
ҶͻȻ˦֣һεɫ׵Ծ˳ȥ
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Ǿǰȥһţ漴һʮ˾ͽն䡣

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СһҪôܡЦһģŪۣʱоʲôûз
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Ҷ޼ɵͷԼͼ𿪣Ҳ˲Ц
ܰܳӯ˵ҴδȻ˵˻Ѱ黪ڸ֮ļһǰ첻ģ̫ҿˣţΪ˾ͽõı
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ҶԴһֱһͷ˵ϣȴɿĵЦţ·֪ʹǰ㣬漴ͻȻ죬һͻȻľʹ˵˳Ҷؿڴȥ
Ҷվ㵵֮
ҶնȴǺϤȴֹǸԼڣţҶձоԼѸɢ
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ٴҶպεķԼʵ޷ѳȥ˵ֱɺġ
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˾һ˲֣ǿʲôֲĶһ㣬˳ȥգۼʧǷ֮



222 䶨һ
ҶտͻȻƵܺ㯣ֱ˳ʧҲûع
˵ҶҲõ֮ǣ˭ʤ˭治˵ˣҶԼģԣôᣬҶյǻţԿĻҶգֻҲ֪ʲô裬ͻȻһˡ
ˣҶմ˿̵ɲôոջɱ˾ͽĺҲ嵭
˵óǴ󽭻ƿߣһ߽Ƥܵı˾ͽʮһֱŴ󽭻ᣬô˾ͽȥˣˣǸϢ˵ĳֺ壬󽭻ֻ˾ͽ޷ƴ󽭻ᣬ˾ͽһ󽭻϶군ˣǣõϢں棬ͷȻܶõ֮⻹ҶյһμԼ⣬ܴʹ֮ҶյһбȻܣֻԼˡ
Ƭ̺Ҷ˿ʱ£û׷˵Ĵ㣬ԼĿĴˣ󽭻ڼڴ֮ǰҶջҪ
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ҶճŹƳһ˿ӦӦǼ֪ôãҶմͷʹɣϼһʶ㣬Ҳ֪Ƶ
ȻҶҪľϴɽܡ
ׯ԰ѾҶո˾ͽս±ٵĲӣǣ㷿ݶˣȴôױٵЩδᴿĻҲͰˣᴿɾʯĻǶҶװڴߣСôһӣһƿᴿһö龧ʮƿᴿһöʯҶһڴ¾ɽĿˣ˾ͽѾˣҲûۣЩ󽭻ĳԱᣬԼ߾ͺãʡĵʱصɽܵĴ󽭻ԱǰһкΪ˻ڧܳҶԼû˻ġ
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˫ޱҰ
˵㡣ҶָָԼȥϢɡ
˫ԥһ£漴ȴδ뿪УǼԼͷûҶյı
ҶҲ⣬ּˣνԼıô
տڲԣһףҲ֪ߵģŭģһԵȻҶգóô
ԭǴˡҶչָһɡ
ܻĿԲɵСӣ˱̫ˣ
ɲǣǶȻ֣ǰ۳һ۳һź󣬵һУǺݺݵسҶպ˹ȥ
쿴ʱ֣Ҫ



223 䶨
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ĺվһȻԼŸ˳ȥȴڰбײҶյ
ˮһĸо
ܲɵһϣĻо壬ֻһ˲ܷųȥžͱԼɳȥЩӿ䣬ۼֿ죬˳ƴӺסܡ
ɣҶٶȹָǲĺңûһϡ
ҧгݣֱǳƣȴֻԣ˿̶ЩףΪʲôҪСӵǿֲˣɲǸ˫ٺϣԼᱻҶ׵ػˣȴ֪ҶͬƼɽսһοս˫ٺ϶δܽ£Ҳ㲻ʲôʵ顣
ҧҧշ𣬱ٴҶչȥȴǲѹִ̧ɻʯźХ֮Ҷմ䣬ĳ룬Ҷ̧һɨǲƫеĽɻʯץš
ץ޷Ǿǿ׼Ҷյ񣬶ĸӦȻǱ۾ֻҪܵƿķ򣬱ظܵŷɻʯĹ켣ڡ족֣Ҷջŵʱʮȭһа˳ɶϣҪܹܵɻʯĹ켣㣬ͽֽסʲô¡
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ŷɻʯҶն˵ǽŷɻʯ˦˻ȥǰаַУŷɻʯٶȴǱȸղſһ࣬ǣܸվδŷɻʯҲδܽС
ֻŷɻʯӳȥ󣬱ǡ¡죬ͷȥǺ󷽵ѩ屻ŷɻʯк󣬾ǱӲĺһ飬ѩ׵Ļѩ纣»¡
г˿ÿûԼϣҪǴ򵽵Ļ

ʱ򣬳Ҷոܽ棬Ȼ͵͵ƵҶյı
ıѾҶոˣȻֺֻϷֻ󣬱صĺҶյıֻҶշ·ϳ۾һ㣬ͻȻĻٽϵĽɭޱȡ
һֽ
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ַԹأȴµʱ򣬿ַȻըѡ
һŶһֽն
ַһ˫Уûʲô޷նѵģ֮󣬱㽫ʵķ顣
ҶջعͷȥǴˣڸֵˣ
䣬ҶϵȻ
ڿһҶձȻǰԾһ䵽ܵĸǰȭͷܺȥܸϽ˫۸񵲣Ҷȭͷеɲǣܱе˫ۼ䴫ʹѹҧгݣǰһ۸ˣֵסȻҲ͵ֵסȭͷܸʹĻں棡
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ҶյȭͻȻӿһ˿˿εɫĵʹɲǣܱ̰ܵľʹԵĸоһȭ䣬ҶȴǴ߶˾
Ƭ̣֧Ųס˫ͻȻһиҶղ׽󣬱㶼Ȼܵӱ㱻һȭӿжȻ䣬صе棬ֱǶͷĿԡ
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ҶջعͷͬʱһȭһƲ񷡣
ܵһԣȴոձҶձһȭһأҶմ߶ȴǿ̻ŵͼƵӣɲǼ䣬б׻𽻼ӡ
ƴӲһǣ㱻ۿҶվٽԼͻȻ
һȣҲˡߺԸ󽭻ᣬһ
Ҷմ̳ȥĲһͻȻһͣ漴Ϸʵ˵ô
ԸȥƼɽɱ˾ͽ
˿дСžţۿҪǿ϶򲻹ˣǰģǰܹ֮ҶڲƭȥƼɽʱܽ˾ͽ֮ɵСӡ
ĳ룬ҶնջȴȫȻûȤЦͶЩƼɽѻ٣˾ͽ
ʱôܣ
ҶյΪôò֣ȥʲôط
ԥһ£漴ҧԸ鸽ǲȡһ
ҶЦƷԣǼʶˣǰһĻôһӣ󵹸ˣ˵ĻôȻΪ˱סԼСܹ꣬ôܹͬΪԼСʲôĵˣļһʵڲΣ˵Ҷѹûдҵκܹ֮
Ҷո߾ֻҪһ䣬ȴʱ򣬺ȻԪʮڵԼɫвж˼־
ȸȥɣ
һؿڣֱӽӿ䣬ˤڵϣΪҶж˼쵹ûǰҡ
Ԫʮǰ˵Ը˳棿
¶ԥ漴ҧ棡
ԪʮҲһԸӣڴ󽭻ĴͬӵĴ˾ͽж󷽣ұж󷽣ǰĹ˳
ҪŹһҶ˰ԪʮСһΪһƿѣΪƿһѣˣҲһΡ
ԪʮͬСһ䣬漴֪ܲ˭Ӧʶǰɣ
Ԫʮһָĺڼ̧ͷһۣҲǶȻһȻʶԪʮڼʶģǷԪͨȻºڼôҲû뵽ڼȻ
Ԫҵˣ֪ԪΪʲôúڼ̤ôԪʮһ˵ţһߴӻƿˣһţͻš
ٶһò֪ǴƿװĿĳֶҩҪǳˣǾͲǹ˳ˣţǣܲôԪʮǻ˼ֻҪţͲñı˼ȴǲԵĻ¾͵
ҶղɨЩڼһԪֶͨοƺڼģˣԪͨһڼôѣѵԪҵŮнҩϧЩڼޱ飬ߡ
Ƭ̣ùƿҧҳԣ
ʵǲģ黪ڸǲֻǰ裬ƴȫҶҲ׻ֻ֣ܵǣƴȫôһôƴȫԣ쵱ȻԣֻҪܻ
Ӵƿﵹҩ£ԪʮЦݣƺڻӭһ㣬ֻҶƲƲǲмļһʵôۡ
Ͼһϲ֮ҹοƽôأ
Ҷո߾װŻʯĴӣ߸ߵĶУ漴ƺѣĻʯӿ¡
Щǵģ
ҶմЦţţΧ쳹Ļ



224 䶨
Ǹעֵҹ
ˣŮˣÿ˶߾žƱ죬վݶϣѵĽȥÿ˶ĺս·˲䱻ȴ
ţ˴Сеıվɿ˿ʼ
Ϊ˸Ϊ˽ɱ
Ϊ˸Ϊ˽ɱ
е˸߾žƱ룬Ǿ̳һܹװˮĶײţĵĺȣһ̣ɽķѩƺҲĲǰ㺮䣬ǳů⡣
Ҷճڣű߰ŻɢȣԪʮϸĵİҶղҩ˵󰭣Ҷյ˵Ĳᣬмңܹҩ
Ԫʮҩ촽ͻȻĽҶյļͷ
Ҷյôˣ
Щ¡ԪʮСӦңԺҪΣյòãز˸ô죿
һǻˡҶЦḧԪʮķ˿ңΪһֱ˵㻰
һ¡Ԫʮ̧ͷҶյҳ֣ڼ֣֪һš
ҶŵǱսɣΪս
Ԫʮɫֳһ˿ɣͻȻģȴֺȻֻ첲סҶյĲӣҶշӦ㽫Ȼӭϡ
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ӣԪʮЦŵɵô
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ҶԵЩ״Σ촽֪˵Щʲô
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Ҷջû˵꣬ԪʮҶձٶȸܵĸоƺǳԶٻض˾ζ
Ԫʮϵﲻ֪ʱȥ¶壬ϸֳͬõĺΣ˫ֽعҶյĲӣ˼ˣܹκ
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ԪʮｫҶյļͷţ仰Ҳ׵ҶѪָⲻĻԪʮı˵ߣţ㱧Լϵ˶ķŵϡ
ĻȣϵĲӰҡҷ޵Ҳڽ𡭡

ʱҶոоԼǼģ۾㿴ԪʮһŪĻЦЦֻƻС꣬ڸë̺ȴԼ欵ĸУϻץһͷȻղǱĸоѾͷ֣Ҷնʱɵס֫ԪʮһС
𡭡Ԫʮｿһ漴ֹҶëëŵǣ컹кܶҪɲڴϡ
ҶյȷкܶҪҪ󽭻ɽֻһˣȥҶҪǳ׽󽭻壬ĻȻˣȻ÷Ź
ðɣ˵ʵҶԪʮǽ۵漴𴲣˼·ϵɱɱҾ͹ˣúϢ
ţԪʮһЩСۣץë̺СЩ
ʧȥ˾ͽ󽭻ûϻֵСĵĵطôҶͻȻʲôͷ˶ҩ
Ԫʮҵ룬һʱҶҩЩڼҲԪҵģֻѣƿװѰ̲ĵҩսǰҵģ˵˾ͷã޲塣
ҶյҾûǼһһȻЩô黪ڸǣΣܹǸ鷳
ĺˡԪʮŵʱŲβҪˣֻҪܸҪģ͸Ҫģһף˫⣬ĶҪĶԸģңܶһ黪ڸǵĸ֣˵ҲҪֻļֵʱͷһãҲЧģпܣҴ㽫Ҳ¡
ȻԪʮô˵ҶҲͲ˵ʲôˣ죬ȴԪʮ
뿪ӣҶ룬ͬʱɽӪص˸ټǻкܶҪȥ

ɽѾܾˣõѾȴ˷ҡ
ҶЩϰʵһʲôҡ
˾ͽͶϣܱѺ󽭻黪ڸ־ûӤ꾳ĸҪôսɽҪôܣ˵мûвսģȴҲľ֧˿̵Ĵ󽭻һƮķ⡣
ÿһ֧󽭻⣬ֲÿһ֧ʸ󽭻⡣
ΪÿҶֲ⣬ս˭Ҳ׵һ黪ڸǵĸ֣οֹһѾҶգҲƾ黪ڸǣֻǻ˰ˣᱻ֪ġ
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ڤȪʶȤƺùɴҶյǾŵԣɽĻأǽԲֻɽԶɽɽڤȪĿ꣬ǾܲθҲСһ򾡵ĳ嶯һ߸ڤȪɽܣһռϪ
Ҷպܲʹ죬û뽫󽭻ĵ̶ռ£ıֵ֮ûɽһսļЩԱҲ˲٣ֻ°˾ʮ˵ӣʵǲãԣҶյİ취ռһ漴ļ֣ռһڽļ
Ҷռ·壬ﱾỨĵطỨٺ󣬴󽭻ǿռȥҶȻҪҶյڶҪսıϪط˵Ӧɽȴǡ꽻߸󽭻һֱռϪ㴨ҲûôƽϣǣҶտɲʹ˷ŹϪǿӯıأѹͬʱΧأҶûзŹɡ
䣡ҶҧҲҪǿãҪľ͵£˭˵İ죬˭͵øۣ
Ҷ˵⻰ĵطϪž˵ϣ˿档
ȥȻǿս
ɽٹ̵ĴȻᱻʹˡ
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黪ڸǵĸֻ֣ȺϹﲻ׳֣ˣ˭ܵסҶգ
ǣʵҶҲû֣Ϊˣ
黪ڸȻӤ꾳С֣ȴʵ֣֮ͨԣһԽãԽȻԽܵʵֻ黪ڸеߣ˾ͽűڶ࣬ʵҲ㲻ΪҶ黪ڸǸ֮У̳ӦԪԸ٣ԴǿܣȴѷɫԪԸ٣ԪԸ٣ȴҲһǾ߳ٵȻΪֲ
ԼҶȴǺۣ黪ڸǵļ⣬ĸҶǰ͸Ҷվ޷ݵ˾ǣȴ򲻹ҶգҶʮڱܻ죬ԣʵⶫʱʵܲ⡣
黪ڸҲ黪ڸǣ챻Ҷ۸ԹȫйЩϣһ֮ͺɨפأвӤ꾳Χȴ޷߳ʮϱ㱻ɱ
ɱҶǰ֤ԼʵôϪռ°պ󣬱ٶ
յʱ䣬󽭻ĵ̾ͱϷһա
ڤȪӮң󽭻ɽԶפɽܵƬ涼ڤȪռݣռ丶Ĵ۲СΪϪӤ꾳ĸ֣ȻڵòʧȻΪԼ̰ĸ˲ʹĺǿƵľҲûΪ¶Ҷս˭֪ɽһ֧𣬶ҶѿеĹͷ
Ҷռ·ϪطɽĶԶܹ̣Ҫϱɽطɽò˵ҶȻỨĸ鲢̣㴨Ҷºӡ
ȻҪҶնԼŵԣ󽭻Ὣɽ




225 
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ڰɡҶϰפضѣɽܶռݵĻرǶࡣ
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ȫԣ㲻֪ˡҶյ黪ڸǣҲ鸽ˡ
˵Ҷջֵġ
ԪʮԹֶΣҶѾʶˣ޷ǾǻŻˣ׷ĶҲǮƣȨȱһѣǵ͵Сˣϲݳ޵ԣԸΪ󽭻ãܹݳ޵ͬʱԪʮﻹ˾ͽǽܵɵã֪󽭻иϻڣȴ֪֮Ǵ󽭻֮УҲ֪꣬Ԫʮû˼ʹҲΪ̸Ķͬʱ磬⣬е˼
ܾ͹ŹˣҶԶԸϲһЩΪӲ֮Ҳûǰ׾ٵͶϱͦйһˣǣ֪Ԫʮ˵ʲôܱͻȻԸ鸽ңܲҪ࣬Ҳң˵ǹ鸽˵ܹ鸽ԪʮҳϵĸԪʮﵱ˻ЩڼһÿԪʮҡ
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ҶյˣЩɣӦ飬ȻǲģӦ˫ȥɡ
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ҶյһӦøең
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УҶսһԵһȥģҲš
Цݡ
ҶյͷͻȻʲôӻóƶϵҿʲô
ɵͷһۣ漴Ǵ󾪣СŪⶫģ
Ҷ˾ͽģʲô˲õıô
ƿ˼ۣ漴ҶսպõӦ顣
Ҷյʲô⣿
ɵ֪ſôˣҲ֪ûŮ˸㴨һɽ棬ͬʱҲǾĴʼˣܾǰſ뿪ɽǰȥˡ
ҶյƸʲôϵ
ɵſΪ㴨˵ʤ뿪ɽ֮ǰƣƺһ飬鵽ʲôһ治̫˵ɽֻ̫µľ֮ѩ֪ܣ紫ţ˵žſһͨ˵ſ뿪ǰܵĲƸһطǱͼ˵ųķλ˵硣˭֪˵ģǣʮһֱѰ鵹ģȴû뵽Ȼһ˾ͽ¼ȻõˣмһҪغã֪Ի㳲޷ھжҪ
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ЦûôѵԸ͸䣿
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˼ˣҲɽطʵڲʲôĵĺõطرԹɵΪɽ
Ŀ͹뿪Ҷȥѯ飬ȻԪȺ裬ǰ³ǱȻҲʶҶҲȷõ϶Ĵ𸴣³ȴᣬǽ˼࣬ҪΪ˵ſӿȺ˵Ԫһ죬ĸؽԻæҡ
ҶҲͲٶ¶ҪѡԼһμˣΪÿֻܴǰ



226 
᣿Ԫʮ￴ɫԥһǲȥ˰ɣ
ҶƵΪʲôͷ˵ġ
ԪʮậǵķΧɲɽһأɽ򣬵ʱɽҲ֣Ȼзǣ
ҶջȻԪԣҵǾøóԪԼһŵϢ紫ͽһֲ϶֣Ҳûʲôµģ˵涯Ҳ
Ԫʮ˼һ£յͷǺðɣˣ׼˭ȥ
ҶԼռһԪʮռһԪʮҳϵĻеΨǴӣȻҪȥģʣҶնʵֻʣһˣʮҹӽҹ϶ҪģȻ˭ȥȻ˵ȥҲ͸ȥˡ
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ʮҹӽҹȻȥʣȻûʲô۵ˣһ룬һ죬ǰᣬҶҲǸ˹ɵӣǸ־ˡ
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ЩСڵĺܻһⶼҶոɽʣµˣҪŪȣǴ󽭻֮ʱҲ٣г𱨳ԹԹĺʱҶնû׷ɱ󽭻ĲеȴѾˡ
˼ȻȴڵķΧ֮£Ҫˣ

ÿٰĵطһٰĵطǽׯ
ׯںӱߣɽϣһΪƺӷɽϣΪ϶ܹƺʶڴׯ롣
黪ڸǵĸ֣ȴκǶɽ˴ׯȴֻԼʮۣΪ黪ڸǵĸ֣ԸκǱҲκڵѣһƼ˰˱жӾʹˣСһֱ̹ͦô˵Ҳ黪ڸǵĸ֣ɽҲָȻҲμᣬϲݴϹ˳㻹˼ҽ˵طٰᡣ
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Цģ˲գͷҪŵƽʡ
٣ҶЦĸƵġ
ԪʮһݣױĽڵֻǴҪģǶ࣬ȴҲͨʲô鷳ңʱֻҪһŹأЩ㲻òصȥǰҲʱһǲġ
˵ˣԣҶعڹһĸ˼ȿɡ
һ˵ţһʰ׶ϣ˷嶥ǴׯǰǽʯԵЩأȴʧ£ҶܹһƬСִΧǽͷ̽˳
ŵ۽ӹһ漴ɤӺҶ
룬Ҷձ㿴һͥӭͣҶչֵĳ롣
ҶյҶա
ǾƨϲʶôҶͷģȴҲֻһ˵ҲͷһΣû飬ȻҲûʲô̸ģң뿴ɵģ;ЩľģֻΪ˼ұóӭͣ˵ҲûһıʾҶռ롣
ţȴǺ֣Ӱ鲼ͥԺ֮УҶջϸ㿴ɸɽӴ˳
Ļͦ죬ˡЦҸһ£
Ҷ˸ƣɱЦŽȥ
һƬͥԺױ֮أҽԼòϵıϲıõıóﷷֱӻȡҪôȸ֪Լֱ˿ˣҲܹıǱ֪ͨ漴Լ̸ףͬʱҲ˷һƬǴõıһƬҩģһƬǷһƬͨ伮һƬǷõıһƬǼҲЩ֪;ı͵ȥױ֮õ˼ٻҲȥҪڣҲȥٲãҲǼƫǼƫǿݵģĺ䳡ǼЪϢĵطҲ׼˲λãôûرȤģʲô뽻ף
УҶսԼ˾ͽıȫˡ
Щ棬ҶΨһܹ۵ֻǰѽҶòˣΪüֽҶýżͷϻһֻèýż룬һݵҶż򵥵ֽˣȴͷצĹȡ
Ц治٣뻻
Ҷյȱô
ɵ뻻ʲôı
Ҷ˵ȿ˼ʲôɣҪǵó֣ͨ伮Ҳɡ
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Ҫ˵ܺúð£ͦõģϾΪʵʵҶնҪǲƷԥƬ̺󣬻ǵҪʲôı
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ҶյǾʱ˱ȡ
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ҶûнЪţǵط˵ǸЪϢõģ˵ֱЩǸЩеĴǻཻõģҶշû˵˼Ҫ˭Ȼȥ֡
һױᣬ˵ɸĻͦɫױĺ֣Ҷǹ˹ҩ۽磬ҩȻޣȴҲҵһЩܸȤģرһ̯ǱѪ̯λɲǼ˵Ŀ⡣
ЩɶϵȵıǸѪԽɽȵĹͷ˵Ѫѹ׵Ķ޳ĹѪ
˵ĹѪͨѵõı涫ܶŹ޵ĹѪð˵ĹѪҩȴǲʮǧ
ЦܰĶ̫ǼٵģҪǶˣܲμˣġ
Ҷղƴֵϲˣȱ
ͷЩƿƿ޹޵һ¯𵤣кôģʱָǡ
ЩǸѪҩûʲôÿˣϾ³ǳ̫Ķҩˣˣǿҩ֪٣ȻҲȤȱȱ
뿪ҩҶתһ㷢һ˼̯λһ뷢԰׵ͷʯһʯͱһѵƷʯᣬǾ
СͷͷҶפۿЦŵҵܹһ״һϡģһԴ˷Ʊ֪λȤһԣ
е˼ҶóһܲܰɴӣʵҲϲýһֱŪѴá
ۣ
ԪʮԱһЦȻ֪Ҷղ˲һĳֱиǴӣֻҶ֣ͷȴ棬ӹһһԣ漴Цҡͷ
˽ʵزڻơͷҡҡԴҵΪȴˡ
ǿϧˡҶν̯̯û漴óʯһ㣬һɷ񣿡
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ͷùʯͷ㿴ǻʯн״ǵĸоǷ·ǻʯģƵģ˿Ҳ棬пʲôϣŹֵУƬ֮һͷУνȻɺ覴ãԼ仹ܿһ˿һ˿Ļʡ
͸ġ
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ҶնԽȤģ뿪ѯʣڱϵʶģĪͬһϲƺΪգڽڽڽ뻻Ľɲǰ׵ģҵܹһԣڽϲҲô
ĪͬһֱĿԣһֱɿҶյĽ裬ͻȻ۾
СֵܣĪͬڵҵĽȤ
Ҷն׵̯λǰܲȿ
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ʱĪͬٴ۵СֵѰ
ҶҲϣͷԣ
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Χ̷׷壬֮ʣΪǿôһǽ裬Ȼʲô¶ûУҶûз伸Ƭһ⽣趨ȻͲôš
ҶȴɫأǰһɣǿôǸ֨һᵹѣٿѿĵطƽ˳ȴǱϵģӲı֮һնϣңٶȻǼ죬ˣᱻնغάԭòҪҶǰƳһѲŵ䡣
ýҶ̾һ䣬漴׽裬
ĪͬЦ繫˵ģҵĽףҪҵĹ
Ҷյ˵
ĪͬΪǱȽӮңԼĽи֮Ҳһ£ͬʱҲܴһҵĽȻǿʮ裬һһʮϡ
ҰˡҶջһ㣬漴ҡͷ仰Ҷʡ
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⽣ȴû佣ģκηɽʹҪһȴЩԿ
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Ī̯ͬλһҶֵ룡
䳡Ǹдõģ˿ۣѣȻˣ֮ϣҲٲ˻гԹ֮ˣҲ䳡ƴһֻڷйΪĹϵڴȴҪǰӹȺģȻܳ
ҶոĪͬһǰ䳡ΧŲٿֵģ˵ҲˣǸյطʯ̨˴̨ȴֱϳ
룡Īͬǫ̇̄ҶյλСֵΪҾǵ֣뽫ѹӤֻԽʤ
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228 һЦһ
ⶫ䱾ʸΪ޹ϵǶԽľĸ
ĪͬĽֲܿ
һЩĸ֣һЩ˸ˣҶտĪͬӦǵֻߵ֣ӤΪʢʵڲǳʵģǣҶȴԼˣΪȻҪȴΨһģĪͬӵ㾫Ľ⣬ҶҶԣѰӤ꾳۷ĸҲþӮ

Ҷ³΢˫Ŀ
ɲǼ䣬ⰻȻ
ҶͷųĽͬǿֲȴĪͬǰ㾫ǣĪͬɫ΢䡣
Ϊɱ⣡
ĪͬڽԲн֮Ҳý֣ʶָĽ⣬еͬ಻еͬ۴䲻ǣȴǵһμʶɱ˺صĽ⡣
ٱ֮ףȻо֮ųƣǣǱܹɱ˵ģ

ڤɱ
㣡ҶĪֵ̯ͬ롣
ĪͬҲ˿һĽϻǽϻȴǰػأ֮ϻǱеһڻͭŽӽϻзɳֱӻɽ⳯ҶշͬʱĪͬ˫΢Ȼ֮󣬱ͬһͷԱǰ˳
Ҷճ齣ɨǻͭŽĽķɣȴδüԶĪͬѾӺ˳ִӿץͭŽҶŴȥٶȼ죬ǽӰνһš
֮УΪеΪ磬ܹױУɨն
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ҶոϽһһܣཻ֮ʱһ죬мȴҲһţĪͬĽд쳣ۼһɺ󣬱ͻȻУǽбֱ̣ӹҶյ·
һȴǼΪѵĪͬѾɱҶոǰҶվٽѾʧȥ˾룬˵Ҫµ¹գǶɲһıŤ
Īͬδ͹ҶյĽȴ͹֣
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ҶռǵһʱԾ漴ݺݵ䣬ܿǻͭŽɲǣ䣬βסȵ˵ϡ
ĪͬҲû뵽ҶŹֵȻǽУǣ㲻ǿ˼Ҵ֮ʱֻý˽һҶҲûʲôԡ
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Īͬܿ͸˴𰸣
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ҶͻȻǰһͣһһ裬һĪͬȥ
ڤȻҪڿд
Īͬ죬˫ֽΪ˫֣˫ֽݳٶȻ죬ӭǽһһ㽫ֻնɣǣǽڿһתδԶĪͬǰ˸Ȧַ˻ĪֻܻͬӽնΣȴʼδܽǲһʷɡ
Ƿɽص㣬У۽پܹв֮罣Ӻ󷽶Ҫ罣䣬ֱҪŤܵɽܹͬӸΪ޶ǣȻҲûȱ㣬ɽ׾ͻᱻɡ
Īͬģǣȴ첻
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һʱ䣬ʯ̨ϱǽ׷ɣĪͬƴ·磬ȴֻҶĪͬһζȴڤĽ·ԼĴڤɱȴùãһζδӼĪͬѾ˵һˡ
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ĪͬԵ˽ҿ͸
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ĪͬѵԸ
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229 һЦ
Īͬд󾪣˱Ӱǰ֮ǴʮֵľһԼСıֱ˲ӣĪͬҵԼ۾ûգһأǣǲһȴƤӵʧˡ
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һɲΣǻͭŽĽ漴㽻
Ҷо㵣סˣ׾Թ϶Ȼסˣ
ĪͬΪӤͨı仯ܵ׾Թ϶Ľ·ˣôܵ°׾Թ϶
⣬Ϊ⣡
Ҷ֪ĪͬͬкȻнٺĸоֻƾҶճʱɲǼĽжϣҲƾ²⣬ܹ°׾Թ϶ֻҲƫô磬Ҳô룬ҲһΣĪͬ˿ûܹʧһ
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ҶѧᱭӰ󣬱һֱڲһЦȴһֱ䷨һֱǸԪʮĲһҹ֮Ҷһ
һЦĽȷǻҲһЦǡ

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Ī֪ͬǽǰȴĸоƬ̺Īͬ㲻Ĺ򵹣˻֪ʲôȴҲʱĪͬﶸȻըѣƾ¶ٸѵķ϶˵һ
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Ƭ̺ĪͬолָҶһ̨Χֵɢȥ㹧ʮǽһ׵ϡ
ҶնԴҲģڤڸĪͬǽ׵֮һõڤĪͬҲڽձɫ˲ԼƣֱɴУ׼뿪ҵطڤᶼμˡ
ĿĪͬ뿪һϷʵĳҶյ٩ǽһָˣôң
ңڱϲмƲƲҲ֣
㻹˵Ľ⣬Ǹͬ򲻹Ҷ̾ⱲҲӤ۷ˡ
Īͬڽⲻǻ£Īͬʱ䶼˽һ;֮ϣĹȻˣھȻҪҶշĪͬȻӤȴ۷Ҫǿ٣ȻĪͬȴĻƫƫҪ黪ڸǣĳӯҪδӤ꾳ǻܲȣȴѾˣʲôԵȻĪͬ黪ڸˣ˵ĽȴҪΪȷҲͦϧġ
Ҷһţһ˳ַ˷Ǳʮ
˷ɽ֧ҲǷɽҶնԺǳ֣ʮȴһöΪһȻҲʮ
Ͳòһ´ڤȻڤҲڤǣûڤڤãֻڤֻ˵ڤʺϷӴڤڤҲӰڤʹãҲһƷڤ֮ϣʹôڤҲδʲô仯ǣʮͲͬˣҪʹʮ裬ʹʮȻǽֻܹɰʹֻͬʮûһʮöǽ裬׽ͬôԴʮȻǷƷʮȴʵڲΡ
÷뻳У˼ڵεȻɼʶһЩȤĶȴûٳֵһ⣬ɿ˿ʱ߰ɣȥһỹһЩñֵһŶ
ҶȻҲ޲ף˱ƺƵŴȥ
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СǾˣұڤȪˡ
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ɵ٩мǹ
ȻܿҶգȴûĨɽʣӣҶյλҲ࣬ڤȪһЩȻֻǲ۵СϸڣԻǸ˾ڤȪӣ˭֪ҶմϣΪ󽭻ĵλԣɲûҶֱӶ󽭻λãǽ󽭻޳ɽƱ
ڤȪ֮ǰȴɻһλ
ԪԵλã
ԪòȴǸΪЩֶֻеĹ°˿ûиı䡣
ԪʮļͷЩǺ£ȴҲʱҶץסԪʮ裬ͷһԪʮ㿴ҶճԼ΢΢ͷ
Ԫʮ΢󣬱ߵԪԸǰȹʩ磬ɰã
áԪԵɵĮƺԪʮĳ˿δȣĬŵ֪ôҿţܿģȴֺġ
ԪʮȻ֪ԪԵ˼ԪԲԼԪͨô಻ŮУԪԿܻԪʮΪ˳ۣԣԪʮţԪԺܿģǣΪԪʮţԪԱɱһΣԣԪͬҲġ
磬Ųţҵɽ˵ĶʵʲôҲܽµļҵ󡣡
Ԫʮ˵ԪԶ˼ǣҶһתԼλȴھǰʱһͻȻΪƵؿҶգƲƲʾҶտԴԱƿ
㿴ǾҲ㣿ҶνĿŶԷҾãΪһβμ˶ԣĹأСʧָɵĳЩ۾ļһӦҲܹµġ
˶ʱҪվ𣬹ȴȲмᣬᣬʱҪˣȸðɡ
ٰģȻµģ˱ֻƣҲûҶն֣ͬһŮ˵һۺ󣬱ҲٶԣҶȻ˶ԷôҲҪӣҲ˳߻Լλ



230 ﵴ
ҶҶձϿλϣеģֻҶһ̫£ɾԼǶЩΪ
ʵҪ˵⿴ҶոģԽԽ⣬ԽԽ׬ͷҲǹɵԸⰵؽѹҶϵԵʣɽ۸ɽ̫ˣҲһЩıʱ򣬴󽭻ֻùЩҶɷǣҪҲϴȻǵƨƺ
֮󣬹֣ߵǰ棬һʱ仹磬νλ׼һЩ˽Ŀױ֮ҲһЩܲıλϲģɽмۣˣлˣףܹˣԵԼϲı
԰գ̣ĺ첼¶һʮö㡣
Ѭһ֣аãȻҲͨѬ㡣
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ƾıȻǺñҶճӤ֮ʱҲͲÿɽˣƾվԼΪоŵˣǿ⣬ңΪԽߣЧҲԽ͡
潩Ƭ̣˾ֽмۣ漴ģϾⶫ黪ڸµΪԣǺġ
ҶնûȤҲ࣬ȴԪʮ⣬Ƕ黪ڸǵΪҪʲôǣǰ͵ԼҶձ㻵Цžֵʮ
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Ĩ˰亹Ҷյôᣬ
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˽Ϊףʵؼ̣ͬʱף˵лȹۡ
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Ҷһ۵Ҫɣڿۣʮа˾Ҫҡ
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ﵱʮ˰벼ʮ˱˴ҶѾ˵ǹùǴδԼһܹ룬Ͼʮ˼Ҳ̫ѴЩȴļǰµĻʮˣǲɵ񣬵ȻҲҶɲһܴ룬ļл룬ò£ǾǾԴղ룬ˣҶձֻɱ˶ᱦһ;ˡ
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Ƭ̺Ǳﵴαһ֧ɽ£ͬʱҲҶΪƵ
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231 Ĭ
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ϯȫ˶ҪμӣΪҪ޺иˣȥڲϵûʲôϡҩģǺᣬΪȻǱеĶںĸоҶǱԪʮȥ嶥ӵơ
ԪΪʱĴ֮һźӵɫķףӵֽƣǽȥȪ֮⣬ȻȻûҪ飬˵Ҷ꣬ͷҪԸĶҲУֻЩǰӼ߰ߣδʧʮ֮ʱʸûУ㱻ֱӴ̡
׿ײ˵ӵƻǺƯվڷ嶥¿ȥɽϪ˿鲼˺ӵƣ˳ϪǰƮǵĻһƬʵĹΣһɷ
ҶղסԪʮ䣬ԪʮҲǽҶԣܵһж
ֻЩϲɷ羰ңɷ羰ĻǸŮˡ
Ҷ§ԪʮҪͷȥʱԪʮͻȻɬƿҶգȻָָҶյ󣬴Ҷջͷһ㿴ɷ羰Ůˡ
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Ůߵ˸ǰԪʮʲôܹɵıһ
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ҶչڳģҶպһȭһɣֲЦˣҶҲʵڲ˼֡
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ָָԶɳ©ûУɳ©ҹʱ򣬵žͻ򿪣Ⱥͻ֣ڻһЩȴҲ쵽ʱˣ㲻Ҫ̫š
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Ҳʱ򣬲֪˭Ⱥһ˱̧ͷտȥ



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ҶȻ˼Ŵ򿪣ʲôĶܣЩܵȴ޴֪þʲô¶ûУþͻײһЩĶ
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˶Ŀ㿴һͷȫõĶϱϸײ֮ʱᷢǡॣॡ졣
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233 Ⱥ衾һ
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ڶ˿ʳɾĲҽ˵ע⣬˶׷ЩСŸ׼й
˻һһȻģӶܻȦɨ
ⸯĿֲֻҪɨбӤͬʱǸ޻棬ȴʼմһɹ̵֮ϢʴЧ׿ȺҲǸܹҧԭ
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һȭȴǱİݽȥһ顣

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ץŴ۵裬ľХڿзȦ˦ɳȥ
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ת˻˾δµĸԼ£Žʵԡ
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ڿһ㣬漴ϽĵͷȥȴҲɲǣһȺͷֱӲͷƤ˳ȥҲǶȻһ黪ڸǵΪʵѱ˴ӱ͵ϮΪ黪ڸǿ͸һУδ˿̿зޱȣȻҲ൱ңЩ˵
ͷһƼԼ֪ʱ׶ŮƮƮĿһͷ棬׳ͻȻһһţͷͬһֱܹӳ
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콫һ˦ֱӽǳһԶ˳ȥ漴Ҫʹɱ֣ȴǰӰһһͷȮ̤նǧٿףĵˣܹ׹ҧϣǽҧϡ
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Իƽȣţ򣬻ʨЩҲͬ飬п֮ܶСɽһ䣬漴üĵǸʮ˲ͭģǳӦʮ˲һģǶȮȻ˹֣ӦԹ¶ʱͷ׹ɲǺͷ
˵ŻʱȻǳͷ˳ҽһǳӿ׹䣬ʧȥǸͷѰǿ˶٣δ䵽Ͼͱ˾ٱʬ
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Ҷһ䣬漴ǲֻأ
ȻֻΪҲ־԰һԼ磬Ȼǲϴ߶ȴδʵκβͷȮҶһ䣬ŻعԼοͷ棬¸ɵǶȮ
һߴһȻǶȮǰһǽǶһ裬ǰ˶ͬʱ⿪ӣ¹ȡ²ŵıС
ıǱޣһԴ˫ޣΪΪһƬͳǰȮôȥ
Ҷֻ˼۱֪ƽΪβñˣһǲĿԣŴ˫һ·ûУŶȮһͨңҪ˵Ǵ˫ҲǼУǱ
ǣñк컹סͷȮһ䣬ͷȮһ󣬳ʹͺһ漴׶̧ҧ֮ϣֻȻ޷ǰ㱻һҧϣͷȮֻҧҡΣ̽ǴƱǰһֱ̣ӴȮڣ˳ƹȥһ

ͺһǵڶȮڶȻը㽫ǶȮըķѡ
˵ûһɵľʣҲǸͷãȴҲӮòٽк֮˭֪ͷƲöԸ
ʱٶ㤵ĹХ֮ţǡ֨֨ĳ죬ڶֻ޴ĹֱǾ޴Ĺ̽˳ȹƿŷʱִ˲٣ĶŷӿǶХ֮ǸΪңһʱ䣬ǹǰĶֱͬһƬѹѹǰ㣬֮С



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ǽܲؿӭǷǵһ죬֮ӡӶδն
ҶҲĿɿڴȴ򲻾õĻһЦͨһֽΪֲַȻľַһЩȴҲܹµģο¿ֶ㲻ϣѹûãҶղղڤȪ˸Լ˵⽫ǹ벢˵˵
¿ַǽǴǵ̤նǹǹһһƬǹӰҶոϽٽ˵ôɵ⽫Ǹ鷳¸鷳ôܲ⽫ɵ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
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ǿͻȻһ漴һǹӰ֮ϣǹӰһɢ
Ԫ䣬ֱҶոǰ°ɣǽͭʬɱġ
Ҷһѵԣ
ԪԵȻ
Ԫ˵󣬱㲻ҶգͻȻǰԾȥӭǽȭֱ
ԪԵʵȻȵɽ֮ʱΪļԵԽ죬̧־ȭ֮䣬ԪԵϱ˿˿ǽĹǹڿйճǹӰȴδüԪԣ㱻ԪʵĵҶնҲǿһЩŵԪϵĵǵĹǷƺһ˿ܹǣ֮
һǽЩǹǹʹξ̲б壬ֻҶҲԪκεǽԪԵ׵ȭͷȻ޷ݻٽǵǹ
ʵϣԪԱûдǰ
ŵǣܿǹԪǰͻȻŻƷƽǰ̧־һֽƷǽǰǽֱ㳶ǻƷҲ֪ʲôģ˺ѣճǽϣζ
˴˻ᣬԪһŤĵֱ̧һŻƷһֱޱĽ֪ΪԵĺǷ꣬ǹɨԼȥ
һǹѶ㣬ҶԼӦܹɱܿԪȻҲ⣬ǡ
ۣ
ǹǹƫеĴ̽ԪԼͷͬʱԪԽ˻̧֣һŻƷϽĶͷ



238 
ԪŻƷ̴꣬ǽ˿˫ֽӡ⣡
Ԫӡ꣬ŻƷǽʢǽϱǳ֣漴ǽʹ˶סҶտĿǽӻתȴ޷ֱͦͦľҪˤȥԪۼֿһѳǽڼϣȻһﻹá
ҶڱϿҲΣԪ˵Ҳûɵǽܲס˼һֵ֮±ڶ࣬ŻƷǽ⣬ҲǽѲļһ˳ˡ
쿴Ҫˣ
ʱҲ֪˭ߺһ䣬̾ϲ̧ͷȥ
Ⱦ޴ĹŴ˿âޣ֨֨ڱպϣźͬСɽĶ˫Źſ֧ţһߴŲײˣ޷ֹŹرա
ٿɰͥԺеɳ©Ѿֻʣǳǳһɳӣ಻һҪ©꣬ǵ˹űպϵʱ
˶ʱķ֮
εȻĸΪգһЩĶΪѲǱɱδü¾㱻ԪԷӡƸסҲоա
ǹŹһһıպϣӿĶȺȻǱˣӿĶҲǰﲻ
򸣸ߺټһ£Ͼͽˡ
ĵϢ㲻ԽݽߣʱҲвɺֻ֣ҪʣµĶնһб㽫
ŹűպϣͷСɽĶƺҲڷϣĸ첲Ҳڣֻʣ¹Ųĳ졣
ܵĶնɱһպ˲վԭأҲ֪˭ͷҸĵǹųױպϵʱ䣬ÿ˵϶¶ŽٺϲڵĿ֮ɫ
ȴҲ˲䡭

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Ҫ˵籾ǿʳ黪ڸõĸżɱ˵ʲôֻǣȴᣬ˿̹ѾϣҲҪĶԸǶȺǰͬУͷͽˣʵǺ˽ܡ
ᡣӲͷƤԲվ
򸣻δ䣬ҶڱϾͿҲһЦ̧ȾһŽ򸣸߿
ȻҶһߵǡô򸣸ոձ߿Ȼ죬һҪŽ򸣶ȥ˶˹ȥҲδգ˳ƾϽ򸣱һӤ꾵ĸ֣˻δô£оԼд治ϵ֮УѸٵľήȥֱɢ
ͻıʽ˳£ҲͷԵô£Ҷȴüһȵ㲻룡
Ц漴ֱָԼüģֱָڴ룬һϻһ˿ڣţץ˿࣬ľͽԼԴ˺ȴδƤľԼƤҸһ뷢԰׵˱˳
˽ԾΨҶɫ㣡
ҶտʱбѾµ˾ŷ֣ʶ򾲣ȥƤҺ˺ȻԼɽܼһ
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˴һۣۣۡ죬ͬһ㣬˵ıըʮȭͷСĶ֮˵˳ڿвϷߣӿȥЩվ߲ԶˣȻͳùĵùδܷӦ㱻š
Ҷպǵ֮
ҶһǾ̱˾֣֮ĸүĴ黪ڸǵĸ֣Ҳ£棬ܹԶԶӶݱһҡ
ֻҲ˲ҶյƬ֮ʣǣǱס֮ˣ̱ɣѸήңͬĻ䣬ɲǲţޣ壬ǿȡɲǵ֮

򸣶ԼûסҲǽٺңȴ򶨣̴һ
Χ˶ʱ׷׷ӦűоͳǷӿ䣬ֻǣпǵ֮֮ϣֻܿѿڣ޷նϣЩпֻһӡӡ
֮ǿȫȡɵĵ֮ΪǰЩȻǳĵ֮ңΪʲôҪȵŶ֣Ϊ˿˵Ȼޱȣǽ򸣸ѩǿߣ˿Ҳƣ
ǣд棡
һҶգһԪԣ
ҶΪͻĿֲԪȴΪЩѰмһˣֻӭսЩĶ˿Ȼ
ǣ˳ˡ
Ԫּ̧׵պգ׵ֱڿлһƬº䣬ֱըһƬЩ˸ȳ
Ҷȴֱӭˣָһһöǽɳ䵽˵ĸǰ³һӭǽ裬һըѣȴҲǽɳȥ
ͬʱҶ˳ƶ䣬ֱ̣ͦ˵˫ѸٲŲһĽһӭ㽫һ
Сӣ㣡˶ݺݵصҶյ㻵Ѫ˿뻵Һ£ܷŹ㡣
Ҷߵָ׼˭Ź˭أ
תǲһǶȻɢȴһ׾Թ϶̳˫ۼ价Ƶնѡ
Ȼ壬ٳӿ֮ƼɽҶˣΪᣬΪҶո£׹ҶһȴȴȫްΪģɵתƼɽ֮ʱҶѾˡ
˿ٻᣬĻˣĵ֮ӿű£ҶնȴǱס˲ӡ
ģҲʹ졣ҧгݵ˵ܣôܲٿص֮ģҴģ㻹Щĥ
ҲÿûⱾ²ųɣ
ҶЦһץ漴߶Լ̻ŵ֮ͼƵתǸ֮ٸɱȥ̺ȫҶڡ
оȣٴȷҶܲٿص֮ɫı֮ɫŨ



239 ̽
ҶҲ۳֮ȴֲʹãɲ뱻˵ɹһΧˡ
ȴ޼ɵĵҶգϱ𱬶ֱۣȣأĸλӿµĵ֮գۼ侹нٸ֮࣬ǵؾͳҶ
ҶҲͬ壬ٽ㿳ʵڿʱҲЩԼֻЩӶҶյҶհŪѾ߶ежȥʬ
ƼɽʱҶȻǼΪԿ˶õ֮ǿɶȥܹҶԼĩܹҶԼԿ¿ɲͬ˲϶ȡ˵ȻֱҶնȡһȥģҶջоԼֳӯ١
ҲѣӶģҶսΪǣԸҶնˣԼնҶո߲٣Ϊµ飬ȻֻдŸɡ
ҲʱԪ׵Χĵ֮Ҳˣһƿգ׵ͷ
򸣺ò״ҲǺˣ
ǽ򸣲壬˴˿Ѿսڴ˵ֻܳΪ֮ĿʹȥܱԼȴ趯˿죬һƬһƬжϡ
𣡡
˽ܴҲŭĴһͻȻϺƣһ漴¡һըѡ
˵Ѻؿڱ¶һڵĻ䣬֮ȴһŲҰ׵ͷ
֮
ٴαǰ壬ҶҲ˿ھȣΪ˸ԼһΪʲôԵܹٿص֮ȴû뵽֮Ȼ˵ı塣
ѵ֮ɳһ̶ȺܹΣ
˶ɵţǵ֮ıֺٶӿȴʮǵ֮࣬߰Ťǰ̳ѸٵĲˣ
ԪԻ漴üһ֮£˿δ𣬷ƶǰֱӴԪԵؿڣԪԱܵԼѸš
ӿͬһ㱻ˣѸٵıɢ
ҶץŲڲŬĴ߶ȴ˿Լһһɢ

Ҷղƿһ䣬ôԣҶܸܵԼźܻҪ˻ĶˣǾֻһܣԼӶٶȲԷݡ
ɣɣĿ˻ǵΪҵĿ
֮£˱ɰɫ⣬ȴǱᾡ飬˻ǣȴҲûܳãʹɢ
ʣʹ࣡
ǵ֮˵һС
Ȼлɢ
֣ҵˣ
ʱδѵͻȻ˵ıһȻͷ
һֻ꣬ʮ꣬ż򵥵£ɫĳƮɢ͸Ȥı飬ץűһѿֹŹֵĽǽϸϸ˵ǽ˵һ׶ӡ
㡭о֣ˣ
㰡꿴ˣͻȻЦصþòˣˣԽʮߣ
ǽʮߵаĵؿˣ·˵ţԼϲã˸оޱĮ³ÿһֶ˿ǰƽ
˿ûʮߵĻֻǲΪʲô
˵ġʮһˣŵζҵͬ飬ҵֵܣԣģ
ʮһ˵ŻӰͻȻһͻȻʧȴͻȻĳֻ֣ٶ¶Ӱ֮ʱȻ˵ĸǰ
Ǽ΢ʣʮ߾һСţȻ󲻸˵ü
ζţҲ㡣ʮվֱӵ
˵˭
㲻֪ʮߵҾֻԼˡ
ʮ߼ʶűӣ˵Ĵڣǰϵȥ漴ͻȻֳָǰϲɫͻȻĳҶȥ
һζŵˡʮűţĵҵˣףǲǼ㣿
ʮԴҶգȴò˿Ļشǵ֮ҶյĲӣһҶյһսţ˵ǿ˵Ҷմ˿ȴоޱȵѡ
Ƭ̺ʮ߷·ոտǵ֮Ȼͷˣɱô
âһҶղƵ㶸ȻϣҶź䣬̧ͷǽʮߵ꣬һﲻǵԪʮطʱһˣСô
Ҷ˼֮䣬ʮȴǵͷűҶţȻͻȻıסҶա
ζҵľ㣬Һ㣡
ιҶŵСҲϲˡ
ʮԴȻҶǻغʲô
ҲʱҶһָϲҪˡ
ʮ߻ͷһ㿴ŵ׼ߣ漴һ̤Ӱ㶸Ȼʧٶȳֵʱ򣬱˵ĸǰ
ŭץһȥҲȥġ
һ˻ţһͷų֮űʮ߽ȥȴҪʮߵɲǣǸŹֵ׶ǰݳ
ǼһҲǼΪһ
ǽӰӹɲǣΧӿʮߵĵ֮㱻Ϥնɢ䡣
û˵ҪץŶʮ߿˵ֻҪɱѡ
ʮ԰յʱ򣬱Ǵ̳ڶ
ǣ
ǽӰǰȥ·һβ͵İɫǰ㣬ܵĵ֮ӿǽȴֻһ棬ǽͱ򴩣ǽɲǼͶ˵ļѡ
Ҹƴˣ
żͷŭһϱٴų֮٣գ֮䣬Ƿӿĵ֮Ȼﵽǧ֮ǵصľͳʮ߸ȥ˸צķȥ
ôƴļƣȴҪʮסʱϵͻȻѣ䣬ţ㣬ЩһԾſзɶݣҪܣǵֻһǹֻΪʮһ衣
ʮЦһе׶ٶȳ֣
Ʋ񷣡
һ̳һָĽֱӭµһ˲䣬δüײϽ⣬ɻңţǵֱ׷˵ı۵һ㽫˸һ
˲ҽдӿ׹䣬ϵ䣬ήȥֱɺɫɢٺϽ֡
ȴҲʱͻȻɫ֣΢ָյ쿴ţ



߾ 


240 ɮ
̧ͷյʱ򣬽¶ŵı飬ǵ̴˵ӣȻ˿ҡֱϣжȥ˿ǽǰģѾֵĵš
¡
է
ǽʵʵĻйţֻ˵Ҳˣ˸е𾪵ǵ⾹Ȼڹһѷ죡
İɲǼʹǹӿǸոճȥĹ֮죬Եһ㡣
˲Ĵ˸飬û˹ʮߵʵȻֲܹնһ϶ǿ־ǶȺҪˣңǹľʹѵЩٱЩ֣
ΨһҵʮһȻǷҲֻǹնһԼ˸ߵѷ죬ѿ飬ôκһͷ겻飬֪
صǶǽ
źվûܹΪʵ

ѷ췢죬ţѷΧƬϵѷ춸Ȼһȱڡ
ȱڳ֣еĹȴûг֣ĸΪңֻҲͰˣƫ羹ȻŹʵģǵѿȱǰ·γһȦһ㣬ܵķȫŻ۶ȥ
Ҷǵһ״ģֻƬ̣̺ӣ
ôֻƾһȹţǹųֻǽõģ㱻ƻҲû׾룬ҲԪڵſȴҲֻһʱ䣬ʱ֣Žرգͬʱصǣǹȴ˵ȱڣͬùرյĹûܹʱϡ
һ˲䣬˱ҵǣ֮ǹȱǰķΪģܵһжϱ˽ȥ˶оԼ岻ƮȥԽΪ˿ȴƮԽ죬ŷֱǹŵȱײȥ
ţܹţȱڸ󣡡򸣴ĺȣȴԼ֪ôʣֻҧ취ǧ𱻹Ÿȥźǵ
һ˵ţһ߻˿ɿ硣
ɲһ㣬Уܽͬʱı򣬽һɿ˷ǵûмƮ𣬷ǲ䣬ҲǸչͨ뾡һа취ֹԼ롣
ҶպץĬһԼͨȫǹԵģеַҲشѵƻǹţ˺žͿ˽һеҲˣһһƣǷеô죿
Ҷ˼ת˼ԲߣȴҲôһ飬ǹԽԽΧĵùҲɽˣдرеˣı鲼Ƭա
˲ҽзй侲˲ƺŹŹϣ˵סаɱ֣
ǣ˶һŬƴȫֹԼǷиû
ȴҲʱǹŵȱٴαһ飬ȱڱĸܵޱȣۼķԽңǿ֮£ϵ˱иɣû֮С
ҶţŬǰζȴоԼȫܿƣڿзţվǷ֮УŷתջǱ˷е롣
ɲǼ䣬һƬڰ

磡
ҶǱѵģ۾ɲǱ㲻Ĵ˸磬漴塣
ѾڵһƬ̧ͷ죬īƫƫȴŹĿ֮һƬʯᾣһ׵˪ĿֱƽߵľͷһƬס
һƬ硣
䣡Ҷʹӣܵʲôĵط
ڵأҶǸһԼ壬漴һδֻܴĵһЩݽߵļˣҶջǴ߶ԼһȦգźȼմĻȣоǰ㺮䳹ǣǣҶȻ˵̫磬Ǻֻ˲ʱ䣬ͻȻһ˪ѸٵϺգǺոһű
Ҷ˳ֶ˱򣬲йۿտܴû˰
Ҷպ֮󣬱ԼһȦһȦ⵴ƮòŽɢɼطĿտ֮ҶմֵƬ̣ȴûеõ˿ĻӦ
ܰɣѵֻԼôù
Ҷղһ䣬ԼǼǵԼи֮УҪûĻǰӦǵĳԼ˵֮УʱȫˣȥʤӦкܶ˵ŶԣôûӦأ
Ҷղĵֺ˼ȴӦʹ˷ͻȻһš
ӷʩ˵˰˺еİ߸߸Ѱġ
Ҷһ㣬Ѹٻ䱸
վڱȴǸɮģɫüë޽ǣմȾ˪ѩ糾͡
Ҷվ˭
ɮ˵ɮ
ҶƵʲô
ɮĴӰȵȵÿһȵţÿСܹһٶʮ˵ǴӰȵҪһһ˴ܿ࣬ʶܹӰȵˣԱΪɮ
ǵˣҶյ֪ôȥ
ɮЦʩܳǶס
ɮĻͷͻȻһ٣漴ϸҶգ֮оǺ棬ҶոĻڡ
ûпʩĶɮ´ҶյҲѰ꣬Ǹ꣬ȻҲˣȲɣ޷ҲܳɷûпʩӦԻ飬ɼΪ֮飬ȴô
ҵùҶεǱŸǿץġ
ɮеõɮģ䲨ʹҶջΪңԼôҲʵûʲôģ㽫˵һ飬ȻҲûǼ׷ܴܲĵط뿪
ʧ䣿ѹ궼޷ڵ¹Ҳûжܹ뿪ɮһ䣬漴ҶԴǸĸղȻ˵ܳǶʩҪ뿪ֻǲ̫ܡ
ҶҧҾ͵һֱڵˣ
ɮҲȻʩôģȻôȥ
Ҷյţ
ɮͷֻʩùʵ⣬ٿʩȻܹ뿪
Ҷնŵ˼ҵطһ꣬Ȼſ
ɮЦƣ
УҰɣҶմֵ˵Ǵһֻ꣬´һ죬Ҷö
ɮЦҶյʩ飬ؼϵȴʩ˵ĵط
ҶճƬ̣ܲԸԼǸǣϲУΪûŪϺ˵ʲô˼ֻСĵʦܲ˵ֱһЩ
ɮЦĸΪģҡҡͷʩһΣ



241 
ҶɮĻ漴бǶȻһϲ
Ũ
ҶܹظܵԼתʱܱȵԼӿʵ۵ٶȿǱƽ߰˷֣ҶղɸпȻıء
Ҷ֪ȫǶȻԣȻ㣬ң֪ǿ鱦ΣѰ˼֪ҲΪ
ͬʱҶյܹܵܵһ˿Ȼͬ˳ǣǱĸоʶ֮Լ·Ӧĺһ㣬Ȼɾ䣬ȴоܡ
һҶձɮĻ֮Ϊ֮飬仯仯ҶֻҪӦȻͲηĺ䣬ΪҶտԽԼ׵Ƭ֮С
һľҲһָҶܹܵԼľΪȻǼı
лʦָ㡭
Ҷ۾ϲʩȴһ㣬ɮѾˣٿܣȴһı˪Ӱš
Ҷ˿ԼΣҲ֪ԼΣɮѾˣЩźͬʱЩ塣
кܶɮ̣ɲڵһ꣬˵ˣһ֮ųô֪οǹű˵ȱڣܲöδ֪ھ֮飬ȴΪɮı£Ҷתһ죬಻ʱ䣬ܿտ޾̧ȥǹͺͺһƬɮȻô̵ʱ߳ҶյҰ֮⣬Ȿ¾ˡ
лʦԵټ
Ҷ˿غһ䣬Լ˳ȥҲɮܲ⵽˱ɡ
ѧεǱ֮ҶҲݵԭأ˵˿Ҳ㯣֪ȥ֪ʲô֪ô죬Ҷ֮ˣûͷûԵĸţҶջѡĴȥҲͷȻֱҲͻҵ뿪İ취ȴ˭֪ء
һ·УĿ֮Ǻһ·ǰҶڼһЩ
ЩҪôѾΪʬҪôǱڱ֮УҲǶЩĳͷǰ߸߸˼ɺܶΨΪˣ߸߸Ǽžˡ
һҶյҲʡЩҪ⣬ƻһ·ȥҪ֪Ҷڶﶼûʲôȫǿ
˰֮Ҷڼˣ˵ӦøԼһ飬ΪǺѩ
˿̺ѩȫű˪ڱȻûֵľϣҲûҶǰɮѰֵķҪôҪôȡҪô֧ţǰãҶյĺձɱ˵һˣ֧ţȻãԼ߸߸ںϣֵ֡
ҶΧűȦ享ѩ̬Ȳô˿ҶȴûоȲȣԼŪ˳ǺõģҶվôȣԼһȥѿǿ϶ģѩ᲻ҲѿǾֻ֪ˡ
ˣѲƶãã
Ҷһ䣬漴Ȼ齣ն䣬ǲһһ⣬Ǳ֮Ͼ͸һƣһӣѣѩӱ˳
Ҷһ㽫ѩֱ
˵˼˿̺ѩɲȫű˪Ѿ֮ɫŵ͸Ȼ岻ȣǲܣԺѩ˿̵ӣ³Ų˶ñǻɢ
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ĶȺե˵ҶҲúƣԴ˿̵ʲô鷳·һҲÿڰ߸߸Ķ֮ܶʹָ׼ѾΧ˺飬ˣ˭Ҳұ֤߸߸ûвĶ
ѩȴҲͷͬݽߵζʵܣر黪ڸǵĸ֣ܹӦȻʧȥǣҲĺ΢ָоûаȫС
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һ·ϣЩĶʱʱ٣ƺûй̶ֵ֮֮ҲûûбĶǣܵ˪ѩɣââĲͷʼ˾ɥ
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242 ˫Ӷһ
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˵ҶյɽѲܣǣΪħͷ֮󣬵ڶܵ޾˵ˣٻ롣
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ŭХţɽаȵܾ˪ѩƬƬӭϺѩĽӽȴֻһ˪ѩͱӽƿݺݵĺкɽаȡ
ĹԺɽаȶԱ޴󰭣ֻѩĹȴǼΪ꣬ǽȻźɽаȱ˿ڶȥն˿ڣɽаȱʹĲҽУѿ˿Ȼܹͷ
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ˡҶ۵ȻҲָˣǶҶժˣǱ߰ɡ
뵽ҶܸоҶĲ֮ҶָһܸܵΧۼҶ˵ҩһϲͨȴô³Ǵ֪ܹ滨ݣܹҩƾҩ֣ҶǼñ
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ҶսҶò÷Ž漴·򣬱ͷ̤ϵ;
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СɮɮֺץץԴزԸգĲɷ𣬺ܶܶǰСɮ侫׷ز֮ͬԴ˷ԸԶڵ֮Уĵˡ
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ҶյҼȲǹҲ޶ɣѵ֮ôǱýֻǳЩġ
Ҷֻýɮ˵ָ˵һ飬ԼѣԼΪλ˵һ飬ȻҲû׷û취ܹ뿪
ֺͷ˵λȷʵôڴ˴
ҶյȻô鷳ʦȱ뿪ô
СɮҲ֪뿪ֺҲ߻Ȫ·뿪
ҶյȪ·
ֺеСɮһֱڴ˵أȻҲ֪
Ҷյôǵˣôȫ֪ңǻȪ·ֻص·ô
Ҳֻ飬ֻȻУػȪ·ʲô£Ȫ·Ψһܹͨĵ·ڽЩƶˡֺ˫ֺʮСɮǻȪ·ܹͨأȻܽȻҲܴӵ뿪ǣ벻ɣȴ϶
ҶĬȻ˼ֺеĻЩģȪ·ȻܽȻҲܴӵ߻ȣֺȻ²Ȫ·뿪Ҳ֪Ȫ·Ķ
һǺϢΪڶϢõһϢҲʲôϢ
ѩǴʦɷи㣬뿪˵أǰͷĦѰһȪ֮·뿪
Ȼġֺеλͨ顣
ҶյʲôĿ飿
ֺе澭Ǳ澭Ӯҵ⻯뿪ˡ
վزؾҶռֺ¶ϣ漴һֵ̯ȫֻ֣Ĵû
ֺеǾֻܴˣӮҵ⻯Ҳ뿪
ѩʦȱָ·˼ʦ֣ܷʦи㣬ǹȥ
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Ҷշ˸۵ط궼û˽Ūô˼ô
ֺеҲŪ֮ŷֺû˼
ҶոѩһۣѵõϬӺвǸԻǸȱۡ
ѩǾֻܵʦˣԸŸʦĻһս
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ҶյΪʲô
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ҶոоһµЩȡ
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ѩ˻ԴǾһЩһΪ˪ѧ̫ԵʣЩۡ
ҶҲԴҲЩۻһЩΡ
ֺеξͶˣΪǾҪˡ
ͨ
ֺиո˵꣬ҶոѩԵڵأľʹιȥˡ
գաֺ˫ֺʮСɮķɲһ㣬ܻǷ

Ҷոо۾㿴εɫգƯ׵Ʋʣ͸Ʋ档
Ҷղɵ͸ָ쿴죬Լûм峺ոůˣƺԼûټ˰ɣԶ͸źأɱ¾·𲽷Ҳ޷һ㡣
ͻȻģҶնߴһ˵ȹĲݵأԴ֣ҶտһƬƺ룬һɮ֮ϣĿ飬΢Цڽ⾭ģϸһȴ˷ѵδӣδΪָΪƣ֮Ļ֮˼Ķȴ˷ǹһЩޣ׳ıϣɽ֮϶׵أȸҼ䲻ҷ
ҶУҲڵ
ɮ˷ѵֿʼԲԲֿʼϾ
Ҷʵܾ򣬶ɮҶܹо˼ƽͣľҲ
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ʩҽһԵ֡ɮЦŵȻԵʩһ仰ȹ򣬽ǻǸҿʩ־
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Ҷ³͵شӴϷԼһСľУֻм򵥵ΣǽǶһЩũߣһһ̳
ʱ򣬺ѩŶ룬ŴϵҶյˣ
ţҶյ˸ŹֵΣĶ
Сɮªӡֺнݵʩá
ľСҶһͷ漴ֺʩöлʦȱһԵ
ֺаڰֵ򣬼ΣľģľͲģ򣬸кθϵȻˣҪЪϢô
Ҷתһǳӯ񣬿ԼõĺôɲľҲָңҶǸоԼֱĸΪһЩ
룬ӦòҪϢˡҶȭͷڸоá
ֺеͷˣǱɡ



246 ⻯
ֺȻҪҶոѩԼ⻯
⻯˵ǺֻܳͨӤ꾳۷壬Ӥ޳ǣ²黪ڸǣҲ⻯ν⻯ҲǽӤŵ֮⣬ͬʱͨ壬ܳΪڶԼ
ǣ⻯ȻȴΪ⻯жַŶָߵ֮ЩклԽķţ۳⻯͸ԼԽ񣬶Ǹ˼άͬʱΪҲ޼ȻоԵҳϣЩôķţ۳ĻֻǸӤһǣͶûԼ˼άΪֻбʮ֮
ΪˣȻ⻯ֻҪӤ꾳۷壬ȴ˶û⻯ԭҲ⻯ͨŪһûʲôõ⻯ǻ粻ҪʡĻ˷ȥ⻯
ֺе⻯ȻǺܲһ֣뿪СľݣƬصʱҶվͿԲӺУһŻ·һ£ȴǸֺһģһٻģֺһ޶ֻһ㣬ܿ൱⻯֮
ֺеµǾܣµǾͣԸɣǴڵƾػͷĦ֮ţţǲͷĦ֮š
⻯ĺʵտҲûʲôţ뵽ֺ˵УпоϣҶҲǺ⣬µص㻹Ǵֺе⻯˵
Ҷյ֪ζ֣һһ֣սԶж
ֺеԶжܸͬͬ˵ģҪͬʱˣǹء
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ѩûֱӻشҪҶն࣬ҪΪҶոֺж֣ҶԼûоʲôףֺֻѣȴô룬ǷȻһҲмʵı㣬ֺܹҶҽصȥԲֻǵѣȻʲôͨ
룬ѩȴҲʵûѡĻᣬҪȥͷĦֻܴ򣬺οеᣬҪȥ羭ǿֺֻܴй¶ˣǣѩ˼Ƭ̺ҲͷҲû⡣
ֺеͷʾ⣬˵һߡ
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Ҷոѩһۣ͵ǰȥ
Ҷǻ¾ܣѩȻǱ¾Ͷȥ˶ýý͵ýãǻϣƫƫҶոѩǸµƢԣԼΪ£ˣΪսֻҪܹԸɵּȿɡ
Ҷյͺһһһɾֱƾܵĸǰͬʱ֮лδǰһʮöǽ裬Ǿֺе⻯ȴöңһĻ磬ֽ̧ͽǰһɨȴҲʱҶնȻѣһʮǽƿջִ̾һʮͬλá
ƺԽǽⲻܲҪӲӺɨ㳯ŽɨȴƴȫҲֻüɨ⣬ʣϤ뾻ڣֱӹ
˶һΣֺҲ֪õʲôΪԼ⻯壬󣬾ۣۡ죬ͬһ㣬˿ѪҶջΪԷ
ӷ𡣡ܱ򴩣һκһסΣźʩСɮҲҪȫʩΪˡ
Ҷ΢Цʦÿ룡
һþܴҶպ⣬⻯βûֺʮɵΪԸӦò̫ˡ
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Ҷտɱֺ۸ĺòң⻯ֻҪֺɵҶվ;ͷۣҲͲӲһӣ׼ʱŲһܹһͬʱҶձ㶸Ȼ̳һ
Ӱ飡
ǽڴ̳ɲǺȻʧ٣
Ϊһ׾Թ϶
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ٽǰҶձžܶȥǲһ׷ɣܸУϻ裬ȴҲܽȫն䣬ܵϱƾ˺ȴҲɲǣҶ͵ĵǽ衣
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ǣֺе⻯һߣԷһΪ䲻ͬȴͬģֻɱһȴãҪ˶ɱ⻯ŻʧΣһǰһɱҲãҪֺͬʱɱ



247 ˫ɽ
ҶĬȻĶڵؿǷѾɷҶɻȻδĻӵѩڴǳԵĺãȻ
ֺе⻯һݾãǺãǷǳá
ҶջǺѩɱ֮ǣҪͬʱɱֺ֮֮ܲǾ̫ˣǳ꾫бϻ֮˶ܰ쵽οҶһֱԼѩ򲻺ϣΪ뿪ŽһģҲܹĬɱ⻯ǱҪһӴڰ߸߸
ˣҶҧͷȥԡ
ѩа취ô
û취Ҷյû취ҲȥѵôţһزоʮأʮزоǧأҲǳɹһҲ˵׼ܱʲôҪǿ
ѩоҶùȴҲҶգΪҲûʲôð취
öҶձ㾲ͬʱҲ˼ζԷ⻯ֺн⻯˵Ҷոѩ˼Σȴʼղƽ֮ȴصֺеСݣͷ磬˿ûжԲߣͷֻҲҲһĽ
Ҷһţһڤ룬ʶս
Ҳ֪˶ãҶոоӯԼǻָȫʢʱڣһ˿һ˿鲼ÿһط۾ͷЪƬ̣ѩҲ۾˲ѵĬȥ׼ٶս⻯
ڶ˵أҪֺͬ㣬Ǿܸͱһţ׼
ûʲôϣҶΨһ뵽ĶԲ߾Ǻ𣬿ҪŪӦԵǺʱһȻ˾ܵͬʱһ㻹ָֺ׼ǡܳɹһأҶյ͵ˡ
Ž֮ģ
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Ψһͬͨ˺ųҶ棬ҲǲףЩѶԸ
⻯չֳôУҲûϵͨͨҶոѩп죬ͷʹˡ
ôǲɵİֺв֪ʱҲ󣬿ŷôһӮ˵ġ
ҶյǵĻŪ⻯ʱûôԸ
ֺͷûа취Ըġ
Ҷնʱ۾һô˵˵ôԸ
Ҷ˾ܺУ̧žʹֺܵߡ
ֺеҲûѽ
Ҷ⻯ôԸԼȱۻȱۣͨа취ԸҲû˻˵ĺòá
ѩҲǳսʴʦʲô취
ֺжһѧ
ҶþῴۣѪǷͨô
ֺеҵģǰиϵ·߸߸ⶫҵķұ뻻ģϵı£Ȿᣬҵķˡ
Ҷ˵ϵҲȱۣͨ伮ԣҪôһǸԻҪôһǸȱۣȻпͨ伮õҪ缸ֵǮ
ѩùῴһۣȴǱͨ˫ɽһĽͼһһŮϰ
ֺе˫ɽ˼壬˵һమķһһʽϰҪһһŮִ۽ŮִƽܹһϰŽͨͨġ
ҶմӺѩ˵ӹᷭ˷˵Ľ趼ȻóźϻһΪᣬҲпܶԸ⻯
Ҷտѩѧѧ
ѩ룬漴ҧѧ
ϻĻҪѧȲ˵Ҷոѩܲ·˿Է˳ۣҲһֱһ𣬽뿪˫ɽֱӷϵҲͦϧġ
ʱ˺ܿף鷳⽣ϧ
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йν൱ȴҲʱ򣬽֮˵Ľײһ
ӦǰһҶղ㵽ûС
ѩƲͼͷġ
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˵Ը趼ǷǷǱ˫ɽֻ˼ʱ˾Ѿģ˵Ҫͨ϶ѣֻǽеζȴѶȣȥȻɴһ˶޵ĳ嶯˹˼о͵ó©һԹһĽУϻȴδ˵˼
ֺһ߿ҲֱҡͷһԵ
ֺ⻰ҲûҶոѩˣҲûãŪ⻯Ǿͱһֱڰ߸߸Ҷոѩ޷ܵģԣĻǵ
ðɣˣǨ㡣Ҷҧҷٶ
ѩȴ飬˵Ҷֿ콣ҲͦǣԷȴ첻һҶշȻ飬ѩɲǿչԼҲû˵ʲôֻǾٽϰ
Ӻ󡭡
ॣ
˵ĽٶȽһ𣬷Ľ
ŮˣܾˡҶŭѾٶˣãǲˡ
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ҶյǨ㣬Ҳˣ
ѩֻʵ£ӦӦԣѵһ׽ͨʮ·ͼ«һͿˣ˭Ӯá
Ҷյһ˵ȻУи׸Ҹұô
ߣѩ
ʲôߣҶŤͷҲߣ
ֺһߵıϴ˸ǷֻضԶ



248 ءһ
ҶֺеǼСľݵݶϣգȻʼذףǣ˿̵ȴƯɫļתƻá
ѩǼ⣬ЩãȻƾĮŮˣĶǺû
Ҷյôϲ￴ˡ
ѩҶһ۵ܱܲ˵ƻյĻѵþ㰲ʱôᡣ
ҶյҾЦʱôᣬܸЦһô
ģѩҶһۣ漴գ૵˵Ҫ߲ˣô죿
ᣬһ뿪ҶյҲ뿪һ뿪磬гһգұȻɾ͹ݺ֮Уڴ֮ǰССѲܽѵѾˣ⻯û취Ǿֻһ취ˡ
Ҷһ˵ţһ߿ݶһۣԣ⻯ֺе⻯ֺˣ⻯ͻʧҲ޿κεİ취ɷǸ취
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Ҷ̾ݶߵѩǰ̯֡
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ҶԴϢȣѾ˯ȥˡ
߸߸Ȼʱѱ棬ԴֺУҲֱܷҹˣ˯ȻҹȻա

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գҶոѩű˫ɽ
Ψһܹ뿪߸߸İ취뿪Ҳ֪ܻܲȥȴҲܾʹ˷
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ԣʱ򣬼ǽһһʽѾģȴɴ©ٳ
ֻǣҲ֪ǲΪڷһУЩģ˵ЩĬ˴©ѩҲûٶҶ䳰ȷҶҲٹֺѩԼˣɽչ΢
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ѩøô죿
Ҷյֻɵİ취ǾǺ˵ʱһ㶼ֻҪܹӿ㻥֮Ĭ£ܹͬ룬ҲĿǰΨһİ취ˡ
ѩ΢üӦϰɣ
ʱ䣬Ҫߺ߳ù˼Уں˶Ȼûʲô˶ʵһĿ鷴Ӧ
Ҷ̾ҽɡ
˼ѧ˱˫ɽսֺе⻯ɲռƣ˵Ψһǵܹ֮ս⻯
ƣҶ׼ޣԣٶվ⻯֮ǰ

ӷ𣡡
ܸѾ˺Ϥ˳ֺ󣬺ıڳơ
ҶոѩһۣѵõĴӶԷƳһ˿Ĭ˱ĳ֡
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Ծڰͬʱֻܸͣȴ֮ʱ˱߽ԵĽ⽻ķ̶ִ֡
ǼΪĺϻλֻǱ˫ɽΪ⻯УЩȣҶոѩǸΪս⻹ǵһϳ֡
ֻǺϻ֮⻯Ҳɲ壬˫ͬģȴϬ͸ó̶ս
ॣॣ
ͷͱӺ󷽻ĽħƱӺžӵڻӾ˫֮䴩ֱҶؿڣ򵥵ϣܸȴǸΪ졣
λҶյһƣ漴˺
ҶյĲѩǰһٴһһҵĽ̳ǽ⻯Ӱȴǻóֻ𽣬һ㣬ŶԷȥڶԷɲǣƹʵʵĺڶԷؿڡ
ѩҹӥչᣡ
䣬ѩ漴Ǹ߸ԾҶ̽ϣںѩ£һͣѩڿնڿлӽ䣬죬ͬҹӥʳ
վɻӭϣҪӲӽ⣬ˣȴ˿ֹסǽͷѩӲ󣬱һؿڣһش
һ̻λ˸ǰҪžһϣֻҪܹϵһʱֻ̣һգָܱܻ
ȴҲʱҶյէȻιǱⶢŮˣ˰
ҶյӰ֣ȴǲ֪ʱﵽ˾͵ıּ̧һǽӰ˲仯Ӱʧ٣
׾Թ϶
ѩ޺ۣ
죬Ե漴˱ǰˤɳȥ



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Ҷ֪ΪҶյȻ֪ģҶɵշСֽҩǹԣҶ֪ΪǲģѾӽӤ꾳۷壬Ҷ֪ҲֻΪѣڿ죬ĸΣҲͨս֮Ҳûкĸ򣬳ҶϡҶ֪ƾȻҶ֪ⱲӶ黪ڸǡ
ѩͻȻҶɵŮ
Ҷյͷǰǰżɳʶġ
ѩͷҶ֪Ǹϲֵ塣
ҶɵͷȷǺܴɽҲżд¼ȴΪΪΪȻͬʱҲΪȻ˶ҶɵΪˣҪ֪ȻֻһֿܣǾǵõϿɣжûΥĵ£أ
ʵ⻹иȥİ취Ҷյ߻Ȫ·ܽҲ뿪Ҳ֪Ȫ·Ķ
øҶ֪ͬʱҡͷ֪Ȫ·
طˣʱͻȻڵǰ˵ıȡ
ǱȲ󣬶ҺΣ˵ǱȣǼߵıɽǡΧ۳һƬʹСȴܿտˣۣܲò˵Խ۵ĵطȻԽء



253 ǹ
˱ȣܵıϿԿԵĿӿݣЩΪںʯɵģҶնȴǺϢһûкʯķȣǶȻǾѵ֮أΪû˻
ԼҵطŰҶյֵأָ
õͷԼ˸Ӷϥ˿ӽݽߣʱָһѵֻּ׸õĽȻ޷顣
ԹԵȥձЩΣҶ֪вٻҶ˵ɰںѩڱϣȴôҲ˵ڡ
Ǻѩ˿δмɻ䣬ɨҶյҵû뵽ҶɵŮйϸ޸ǳ
Ҷֵֻ̯жԵְˣҵһֽѧҶɣ˶ѡ
˵򣬴ӦҵҪȢҵġҶ֪ҶյĻ̱ޱԹźѩ㲻ɳǣΪŮô
ߣѩһ˹Ȼʲôö
ѩĵؿҶһۺ󣬱תߣ˴Ӷȥֻȴ޷ܾЩʹ죬漴ʹҡͷͷ˦⣬СӸʲôŮйϸԼθɣԼʲôòʹġ
Ҷ֪ȴ߽׷ʵ㵱ǲΪһҪɽ
ЦҶҡͷҸѶ㲻ϡ
Ҷ֪ģ
ҶյҪ棬ʲôʱƭ㣿
Ҷ֪΢ŵġšһ漴߽ԺҺ㡣
Ҷ֪½ǣɫЩߺ죬ĿԣҶԳȴҲʱ򡭡
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ѩɷ羰һոƻҶպΡ
ȥɡҶϰߵֽҶ֪޽ǵ˿۵鷳ǣһңһȥġ
Ҷ֪ǹɵӦһֻǻͷʱƲһۺѩڵĵطԼҿӶ
ĿҶ֪뿪Ҷڱջȡůȴڰ߸߸Լֻǻᱻᣬȴȼն첻̾˿Ҷ쿪뽫ǺȻܱߣǺȻҲԣźϣԵĺ޷ӦҶնԴҲ޿κΣʱ֮ҶնѾŵ;֮ģصɫẦԼԼʼ޷ȨҶȴֻܲԸ٣һԼʵõϿɡ
Ȼ޷ȡůҶҲֻǱɽתȴδڤ룬Ǳ۾ӦķһֱԼܹӱɽ·˵Ķʵ飬ΪĲƸɽһж
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ҶֱЩ˵ıӰʧҲûг֣Ȼб½˾£ҶȴΪʶ˱¶ԼӲΪԼǻˣȴҲԼΪֵĺˡ
ӱɽϻ䣬øҶ֪껹ָѩȴҲ黪ڸǣȻӦ˱ܵ쳣ľͳӶ䱸
̫šҶյɽ׷ȴץˣѾӱȱܹȥˣûнȡ
ѩȻ߹鷳ҪˣôᷢЩ
Ҷֵ̯Լߵġ
ѩ˼Ҳð㣿治˼飡
ҶոѩҲǳϰߣȴһμѩôԹҶЩƣ˵ʱ򣬺ѩȷ뿪ȴҶջĴмġ
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Ҷֻ΢һ룬׹ӦܵվǱ׷϶ץȻǶӶֳͷ˸Ѻ⣬ôܽȣͲö֪Ľ;ҸطЪϢƬ̡
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Ҷ˵ɾ͸ɵӣһ룬׼жСĵĽڻǰȥͷԼǰ߹ҶձӰ̽СԴ
ļһ￴Ҷգʱ¶֮ɫҶҲ̽ʳָʾǱ𷢳Ȼָָ˸ȭƣʾȥͷЩ鷳
Ҫ˵ôõĿ˿ֱץһأжЩûп־ȻǼٻǻָҶվԼԥƬ֮ҲֻҶյȵҶ²ػذ֮У˱һҧ͵ͷײȥ
ϵӵϹ𼱴ٵġॡ֮ͷҲǾ̾ͻתӣʼ˰ģζû뵽˱˫־ȻҷҪ֣Ѿܵ˸ǰΪ˫ֱҲʵûʲôð취Խ֮󣬱ݺݵľŸǰͷײȥ
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ɲǼ䣬⻪
ǶδӦַĽѾȻըѣǶǰȻ
ţͷĶѪߣֱӳ׵ѳ룬ͨһǰԵڵء



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Ҷȴһδϣֱַ̧ųʮöǽ衣
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ҶǽֶǲһǳǼɱУҪ̵ʱڻɱͷ
ײУ˵ҶͣȻɱȻͷδס볯Ҷմһͷǲ˷Ҷշ档
ͷӲ쳣ǽϾ֮ǽķ޷̴ͷ塣
ǣͷܵһǽ裬ǽ裬ȴܵ¼ǽ裿
ǽ蹲һʮö
ҶΪڤ黯ҲʵǵǷ켫ǽǽһȥģǶܹӲǽâǽʹǽǽóĽλλǱֱһߣͬһλôȥǶöǽ裬ȴڵڰöǽ֮ʱۡһ죬һߵĽڶ壬ţʣµǽǽӶĹ
ͷӽס͵ԭأɻɢ
Ҷմǰͷͷǰһ̲Ѫ漴Ǽɱ
ֻʣһˡҶ֮䣬ʮöǽصҶյУųһȦϻһͷҶҲǵͺһٶԾҲɣ
ƽУɫ˪âƼ䶸֣ţһؽ±ƯҶС
˵ڰ˺֮УҶյĺպܵԼ˵ȫ޷ʹãǣǺ˪ڰ˺ȴһܻڱɽĺ˲ӿµܣɰɫãҶոС
ǶȴԼûҶյٶĿ죬¶ҶһƾҶץȥƼָͻȻǣͬ׶һ㱼ҶնȥȴδǱ˪׶ţҶս³Ƕĸ첲һɲǼӿɭ׺˪һ˲䣬Ǹ첲Ͷ˱

ץǸ첲˺Ҷձ͵ĽԷĸ첲漴ϣǸ첲һرм
Ƕʧһۣʹ֮Ҳǲҵ˻
Ҷȴû˿ͷҽУܴľ͸ԼˣҲԥзʮöǽʱǰ
ǶָּױǣŶ۱Ҫǽ裬ȴֻһָ׾ͱǽĴϣƼ˲䱻̺ѪȾǶʱٴβҺ
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˵ˣҲֻ˳ְˣǿҪǡҶջӻֹ˵ੲݵȻˣǱ߰ɣٱץסˣҿԾһأȴÿضܾǣԼСЩɡ
˻һۣ漴Ҷչ򵹵һ߰ɣ㣬һߡ
ҶտһۣΪӤ꾳۷壬ҲǣΪãҲɽץȥֲסļѾɱˡ
ֻҲԴҶգȲ˵ĺܣݽȻԶǸʱָվ׸ͬеԽ࣬ȻԽױɽɳץЩ֣ˣԼͽȾȳ˼һܲͺˡ
ԼܰɡҶҡͷϾǡ
ĿգɹڵϿһ߳ԸмҶսǾ£һ߰ܽǴ뿪˵ء
Ҷձ˷ҲЩͣɱⶸֵȰǱôߣΪҵĽֻɱɣ
˱ҶŵĶȻһȲ˵ǻָҶܹǣ㲻Ϊ¶Ҷ黪ڸǵΪҲܹƥеģҶǻɲ˵˵Ҫɱʵϴ֮
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֪֪ô뿪˾ֵûȪ·
ҶһɣȪ·֣˵Ļ༸ֿţҶյ̬ȶҲͰһЩ
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Ȫ·벻벻˵Ҫ뿪ͱȥȪ·
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˵ͷڵϣñڵϻȦֱд˼䣬ڤ磬ֱվλȻ뻭ߡ
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255 
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˵ӻȪ·뿪Ҫ߹ţֻܵһԪڵſǣȪ·ͨһطӡ
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Ҷü˵κǵʮתѦı
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ҶƵΣ
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ڤ磡Ҷյӻȣ
˵ˣҵӶɺӣܹȥҪӣһȪ·ΪλڤȪ·֮䡣
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ҶȻƭԼȴ棺ƺԵϤ
Ҳֱӵ֪û̩֣
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˵ʶ̩Щ飬ΪڤĹϵѾˣɹܹɳҸ̸֮ʱҲżҽһЩ飬ȻҲġ
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Ҷͷʹɽ¶ʵɽҲеͬ黪ڸǵʵѩԣ϶ҲȥҪֻˣҲһ򲻹ֱӶЮܲס˼һţп²ʲôѡ
Ҷ˻벻ð취Ҫͷʹʹһͷʹ˻ӻֵߣ˵
˱ȣѩѾøҶ֪лѣҵطڲ׼͵Ϯȴû뵽ûҶȴ˻ˣҶѾ㶨һУ㶼˳
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Ҷյʲô飿
Ծڻûѩĵ̣ڱɽ׷ɱ
˽ԺգôҪˡ



256 ߾
δӻѩʳǰȪ·ķǾͱҵѩ
ԣһȺ̤ϸ·֮á
ǱҪǰѩĵ̱ѣ»ǰƻ仯ɽ׷ҪңȻһǵ͹˿ļֵɽΪһػƴĶΪһƴοҶտǷϰ
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˶ɿֻԽ˱Ͳټɽ׷飬ȻѩҲץٲץǡ
ʵҷǻԸ⡣ҶͻȻôӻѩʳȪ·ҲᣬǸôѩ
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ҶԴȷǺѣɱ׽ѶȾһΣңҪ׽˻Щи飬и֪־£ɱӺŪĶͶͲͬˣЩһײУ壬Ҫη
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ԼȥͿˡҶջһ½ǵ˶˰£ǿŰɣ
Ҷ˵Ҳԣֱ˳Ųڻ䡣
Ծ޵ĵвУʮͷ
Ҷ֪ҶΣᶨһԵġ
ȴ뵽ںժԴԴһĻ̿ˮԵġ
տڲԣֻǰĿš
ص棬Ҷսķȥǣ˿ûڲε˼Ƭ̵Ĺվս֮ǰǽĶ
СǡҶպͣ֡
ЩսҶյĻܹȴôὫҶյĻ档
ȻңǾͱˡҶս⣡
ȵڿвϵļţͬһ㣬ɲǼͲϵıֱ֮ϡ
ȻҪȻֱɱС
飡ѩɴ۾ҶյϽܵ¶ޱȵĿ⣬黪ڸܹӵеģܵһɢǣϸӦѩֽüͷԣܹܵΪ黪ڸǣôȵ
ս֮ǰΪĹϵѣЩĶڷҶյĴڣƬ̺ͻȻһӵϣԳҶնȻǶ뽫Ҷץ䣬Ǳ˶Է
ĺã
Ҷ漴ͺţڱ󲻶ϵۣû£ͷ۵İӰ
һĶǰӰһȭ·䣬ȴЩһȭЩǰĵ档
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Ǳ氤һȭ󣬱һ죬漴ݣѵıϷӿЩƷɵУ漴ص䡣
Ҳ˲䣬Ӱе¸߸ؽĹԱʹŵܱɽϲŵĺŰӰӿɲǼγһƬİ
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ж䣬صصڵϣ·ѵˮɢıͬʱɭȻĺܳӿЩӹʱʱ·Ҳڴ˿ͣЪЩ죬ĸһ׵Ķ
Ҷ˿˻֣ǰӰ㻯ɢЩѸٻصҶյڡ
ѩҶյ˼׽ȷǹͿԵģǣֻҪӵоԲʵǾ׾٣



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ҶռȻѾȺ㶨ȻҲǴӱɽ䣬ߵҶߣȴҶûʲôϲ֮飬һƵĿŸǰЩ
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Ҷʹôأ
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Ҷ֪˸취ƽЩһȻЩţıĥ˾ͻһ飬֤Щɣ⣬ȥһѩˡ
ҶһѩµĶŪ˱齫ųǶǳҶմһȴҲںɲǣҶ̧һֱӽǶı۰
֪ĶҲϻҶĨĨȥһѩ
ûǣȻô׹ֻǱĥ־ıֻ£߿øֱ۵˵ҰޣҰԣбƾ汾ܣȴֲǺǻۡ
Ҷ֪ǶԼ˵ĻȴֻǳԼʹǻȻͻȻҶգȴҲɲǣٴǶһ۰Ҳ䵽ϡ
ҶյĮ˵һ飬ȥѩڵĵط
Ҷ֪ĥܲӦ¶ԷǶתͷֱ
õ֪װɱץȵ˻ѩڵĸٶˡ
Ǿû취ɽֵµĶҲȥˣɾͱˡҶ̧Ƕϸѳһ˿ڵģʳģһ˵ʲôֻҪ˾ºףҪҰ޺·ס
ҶտǶ۰ϴ̳ŸʱǶʱ漴С
Ҷյƥȥһѩ
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ҶҪ˵ѩ֣ǰԾƻĥҪҪ⻹ǿҶոոչʵķϣȻǾֱôˣӴû⣬ָƴȴǾԲܵģȻ˰ϹˣϳɾҶΪȫΣտ϶ܵÿ졣
ҶյܲͲ򡣡
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šҶյͷǹʲôܴ򶯻ѩܹǽףΪʲô˼·룬ѩҪǸʲôȥףȻ벻ûѩǺˡ
ǰѩԸ̸߼Ͱץأ
ҶΪ˵ʲô˼
ǰ˸Ҷ˵⻰ʱ͸ɱѾ˵һС
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ѩľһŮ˽ɽɽգɣȻ̸жֺ룬ȴҲƯ
ȴҶոѩ⣬˶棬ǿǱɽץ߹ģɽȻҲռһɽɾȴҲֻڱڼѣѩıһȣȻС׼ס
ǱҶն˫۵Ķش֮Ѿޱȣ˿ȴҲǴǱ˻֮ԶԶı㴫Ǳɽ֮ϡ
һ˲䣬ǱɽӳĺӰһȴȫǶɣڱɽͱڼţѸٵĳǶЩڱ֮ϣЩ䵽ܣգ֮䣬㽫ҶռΧס
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Ҷһ˵ţһ߽ͷųȥѩᣬͬʱͷųԼ黪ڸǸͬʱɢֱǱɽ֮ϣܵı΢΢˵ûΪܲȴԴѹڻѩʵܸܲҶոѩʩѹ
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ҶյҲϲԴ˵ܲȥԼ
ѩͬѩһڻͻȻĳɽ֮УƬ̺Ҷոǰıӿѩţ۳ΣȴֱһĵٸȻĳ˸ǰ
أѩǵ˭
ǹҶջָָµĶҲɽµģҪڰЩӱڳָ׼оȡ
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ܴҶյҾͲֱ˵ˣѣȵ鶼˵֪Ȫ·Ķܲ鷳ָ·뿪
Ȫ·֪˵ﻹҵ֮ءѩЦΪʲôҪǡ
Ҷ⻰ʣôſϸȥȪ·
Ҿǻǲȥĺáѩĵصɽץ˲飬ɻãҲĽĽҪѰһЩء
ѩ£ܵĶֱצ˻Χıڶ
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㲻ҡҶյҪ׽ңпܰ쵽ô˭ҲסǻɱңҲеܣԼֻҲȫˣͷɽ֪ˣɲŹĺûᣬԣȰ㻹Ǳ̫嶯ˣι̵ְأǿǳĳ̸׵ģҲȱǼԼʵӦûܰ顣
ðѩ΢Цȴֱǰ˾Ůͯģ۵ҪҸôȥȪ·ԣǱɽԴɡ



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ҶպܸɴĴӦѩŪ˾ɽҪȫϣֻǾ仰ѩɲֵΡ
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ѩĮҴȥȪ·Ƿָô죿ңңǡ
Ҷֵ̯ǿֻܻĽˡ
áѩز̨Ҿ͸ôȥȪ·
ҶղûһѪҪŵزҾֱ˼뿪ͺˣõ㣿
ҿģ첻ˡѩǿҶոѩʵ뽫£㲻ܽץɻǳǣҲܹʵǣϧȻ˵ɱҪĴʵڴЩҲ뱻ɽ룬ԣҪû߰ɣЪϢ
һȣѩҪ˪ѩݣҶռſڣ漴ãҰɱɽ
ѩ׵Ǿ͵õɽԴҰɡ
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ҶյĴֵñĸоܲðɣɽԴ㣬ǸɱɽĻᣬأǲǻʹЩ
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ѩЦǵɽͷţԴôƾҵĵ
ﵱȻǲԡҶ˼Ƭ̣漴Ȫ·ͿԣųЩϢȵ鶯֣ȻɱԼȴҲˣʶȪ·ˣ߻Ȫ·鱦ǰѰ֮ɽܾ˵ջȻͻȪ·㣬ʱǺɱȴУΣ
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ҶҲϣҾԴҶã˻Ȫ·ҲܰģҲɱɽȴԹ
ѩҴȥȪ·Ƿأ
Ҷ°ͣ⵹Ǹ⣬Լλѩǿ϶ģҶҲһ⣬Ǿôûѩǡ
ѩͻȻһָǸŮ£ұǡ
ҶһҶ֪ӰָźѩУðŶԸɽ
˵㱳ŮˡѩЦһеˣκ˵ĸ鶼Ӳҵ۾ҿóŮ˺ϲ㣬Ը⽫ʣҿԿ顣
ҶջͷҶ֪һ۵ô
ܼ򵥡ѩӻһСƿװҺ飬ֻҪˣÿһʮ壬ֻҪ귨󣬱ܽƮص֮Ҳ˳ױ飬ԣֻҪԸ⽫ˣұӦ飬ȥȪ·ɽǵʱ򷴻ڣСͻ꣬Σ
Ҷҧ˼ԲǺõѡΪƻԭأѩȷ˶ǣֵҶղλѩˣҪԼɱɽѩҶ֪ҪЮô죿˿ܲ⣬Լ϶ҪͶͷ˱ѩūһӡ
Ҷ̧ͷҾܾأ
ѩЦһǾ仰Ӧң㡣
ҶҪڣҶ֪ͻȻǰŹҶߵԸ˵顣
ѩŮͯٸЦĸΪĵȻϲ
Ҷ֪ܣǲֻҪҽˣȥȪ·
ȻʵҪšѩôɢϢɽҲԼ취
ԡҶֵ֪
Ҷ֪ҪﵹȥҶȴһסĸ첲
Ҷ֪ͷ΢ЦҶյ㲻ҳµģ԰ɣ
Ҷճ˼Ƭ̣漴ֵһҡ
Ҷ֪Цͷƿһβʣĺȥ
ǵĽ׿ԴˡѩЦ֪ǴôɽأϼһɲúŪ
ܡҶյһᱣ֤ɽҪǴȥȪ·ˡ
Ҷ뵽Ľ׷ʱģɷһ鷳׶ˣɱɽ⣬ôճҪ֪ﲻɽһֻӥɣڶԼҪųȥϢĵطϢ߶û취㽫Ϣɢȥطɲֹж
Ҷղɿá
Ψһʸˣɽץ֪ôɽΣȻܹܻ࣬𳵣˵ɻģ컨׹ɶƭˣƫƫ˵ĻţҪþԲǰʵԴǱøˡ
סõ취ץȥ
Ҷյͷ漴ѩڿɷȥȪ·Ҫɽٸ֪ôߡ
ѩԣϣԶš
ҶߵϣԶš
ѩЦȴҲٶԣöǣ
ھҪôѩҲǿҵıЪϢһġ
ˡҶյֻȥ
ѩǱ㶯ˡ
ѩΪΨһȥȪ·ˣȻ֪һЩڻȪ·ܣʵϣȪ·ͨȸһֱӹŹ죬ֱӹᴩܹͨκһȵ֮УÿһţÿһСһٶʮͨСܹͬͨȪ·ΪȵĶҪ߹Ȫ·ЩŽ룬ǰÿһСڰ˺Ĺ쵱ȻȵͬȴҲơšĵطڡ
ƶǶѩҲֻͣǴǼǰҲ֪˶ãǺ׵ģ֪ܲʱӿİΧıɽˣµıҲˣɫʧ١
ȡ֮һƬƵգ·ϦǰĹ±鲼ŰһֱƮϥͷͷȥʲôֻнŲȵĵطһ̦ССΧŨܵİ֮䣬ֵĿңЩģЩ졣
ѩǻȪ·
ҶԴȵʮףֱɫļ磬ҲʧǰȻǰʮףӿֳ֣˻Ȫ·
νţҶվ̾磬һ֮
ѩЦˣǶ߲Ȫ·ģֹֻڵǻˣ飬ڵнĶȻڴС
Ҷյͷ档
ѩôȻѾ˵طǲǸȥɽ˵ˣɽ֮ǰҲһ¡
ҶٴεͷȻѩû⣬ȸܡ



259 նѩ
ҶٴεͷȻѩû⣬ȸܡ
ѩƣ֪Ҷʱ˻Ҫ˵ЩʲôƵʱҶѾǵŻѩȥסͣ˻ѩĶߣҪ˵ʲô˽˵ƵģѩҲֻ䣬ȴҲʱ򡭡
ۣ
һ죡
ѩŵĵͷȥ㿴һľֱӴ̴ԼСȻֱû
ѩɲʧ漴ХһһҶȥֻǣҶԤһ㣬Ѿ齣ɵĶ㿪һơ
ʲô˼ѩҶ֪Ͳɱô
ɱˡҶմЦָŻѩҪʵĴȪ·治ѵ㹦ɱɽƫƫҪ滨УȻ֪ͨʱҪҪЮңôţңôʵڣ͸ܹ겻ͺˣҪҪ󷨲ܹҲңһĻô
ѩŭɱǣ
ҶյǵÿûⱾˡ
ѩʢŭ֮±̧֣ڼͻȻѩ𺮷ͳ
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ҶպһٽӭǷѩ
ԾǰҶǾ˺ָ˭ʵľܵԶҶ֪ԥȴһѣ󷽣黪ڸ֮ս־ֵܲģﲻæֻҡ
ѩȴǵһȻǰ
ӭǷѩ֮󣬽ƿѩֱƻѩȥ
ѩֽһͻȻڻѩǷѩƮܹ֮ڿٶʵ壬䣬ǷѩͻȻȭͷСı·䣬еǷ죬ǵҳһһĿӶ
ƾѩͺһǽ⽣Ƕ䣬Ĵ磬ǰһӽƲ񷣡
ǽһΧ˪ѧǱһĽƸϤѩ飬һԾ𣬽ֱ̻ѩ
ѩӰһΣҪܹһȴҲʱ򸹼һʹȴǸղűҶһͰ˿ʹΪôƬ̵ĳɣѩվ˰ģѩĽѩļΡ
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Ҷ⣬˳ڿд¿ַǱµɲǣַһ𣬱㽫̸÷顣
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һֽԣأɽַַһͬ
ɽ֣Ϊһɽַķܼ򵥣ǣҪǽ⣬ɽַĽǷӳĹؼ
ҶնԴһֱ벻ͨôĽܲɽȴַ˫
ֱ벨ͷĦЩɫıɽŸʵķ嶥ͱڣҶˣҲɽַĽ⡣
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ӹɽַǰըѣĽⲢǰն£أȣȴֲʧâ
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ѩԵĲҽУǶֱڿлɷѩ漴ֽӻػѩϣֻǿѩɫԻܴ
ɫ԰ףѩ޺޵صҶգҲû˵ʲôݻΪ֪˵ҲûãҶѾѻ˵ˣҪҶ֪ûк飬治ҪɱѩȻˣѩͱ˭ҲϣԼˣõİ취ǽѩɱˣҲ׺ȡ
˻ȣѩܷѩپķ˪Ⱦ˰ɫΪѩҪƴȴʱ򣬻ѩͻȻѩ֮С
סҶ򣬺ȵҪܣ
ѩ߽ȴֽƾ˽ӽһǰݳǽͬࡣ
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ѩӽǰӽܹأǽɢ㻯һ㣬ѩӭͷײϣ̱ò״ڷѩ¶ΣȴǸΪǱ
ͬʱҶնȻԾƼһУһȦ֡
ֲͷĦΪǼȴ޷ʹãֻҪӿֱϨ𣬵ǣǻȪ·
䣡
ҶһƺϯѩʹŷѩײһȴǱǺ۾˷ѩݺݵĻؿڣֱӴӿеȥ
ҶռҪѩȴȪ·ֻֻΪ»ѩڣҪ֪Իѩʵ黪ڸ֮ڲͷĦΪԵʣҶոѩòͷʵֱ۷ɣѩ֣ԶһҲӮǣ뿪ͷĦȪ·ڼ˱ܷӳȫʵӦսҲ˻ѩο֡
ѩһҲǲڵȦͷųѩòײŽǺվʱɫȴܵγˮ
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ҶֱԾ𣬶㿪ƬѩЦ㷭ȥôһУãȰԹףʹЩ
Ҷ˵Żʱ򣬺ѩӽնգ㽫Ƭѩ룬ȴҲɲǣǷѩͻȻһƬ⣬̵ĺѩ΢˫Ŀ˳ܿǷѩը⡣
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Ҷջ׾ȵôˣ
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ѩҵػӽҪ߽ҶոƿԴʹ֮ɫһ߻ӽһ߽ԼӷܵľʯϺݺݵײȥڵϲϷš
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ѩĴЦǺôҿǶĸˣʹѩɲı£ı±ʹ࣬ǲʣǷŭǿ־壬Ǻ£һųĸԴÿжڲŸЩĸܷŴǸŮˣڲصǼį£˿Ѿ֮Уţ׹ţֱɣȻ
ѩͻȻַ̧ųһƬѩҶϯ˻𣺡㽫һ
ҶһϽγһɨ׾һǰȥǷѩݺݵײһǷѩըѳ֮ǰҶձȻԾѩĸǡ
ѩɲģҶȻ֪Լڲصĸʲôǣһ˲ֻЦޣֻϲֻл֣ûǳѩѩŮ˶ųһ棬ҶղԼ⡣



260 
ܵķѩɾϵҶչȥƵҶնء
˿ľõľƾȻ˲Ťת
ѩѾɥʧս⣬ţǣֶܹ˭Ҳ֪׵ĳ٣ɱ˻ѩҲȲŮ˽ȫʧԼʹ֮С
Ҳɲǣѩķѩپȴû뵽Ƿѩ֮ͻȻ۳ѩӰͷɢҶЦ
û˵ѩʹõġѩЦţ漴Ҷմɣ
ѩͻȻâʢɲǼ佫Ҷ֣
Ȼ
ҶܹоܵһаͻȻģ
ǿ־Ҷݣ·һУ¹⣬ºڰ±˿ԶԼ־һУģģȫ־塣
ǣֻһ˲ǰһ֧顣
ΪҶղǺѩļη壡
ѩͬ־ȻҶսڲصȴҲƬ֮ǰĻٱ䡣
ҶյɫޱȾȣ
ĪС壬޴ԼһԺӺ꣬ŬȭԶŮ΢Цģģͬ㣬ȴͬĻ財
ա
Ҷյૣ㯶ִͣѩƺҵҶյ㣬ڹȥ׷䣬ҶսڲصĶ
ҶȻأ˼ǳ˲鲼ǳҪޣȴ޲ֻʣ޾ʹľ
ǳҶڲ
ˣˡǰץԾļһˣһᶯˣ⻹ô򣿡

ѩĴЦκ˶ԣ鶼޷ܹȥļκ˶ֻݡ
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ѩ߾֣ѩ֮£첲ɱֻ̣ѩƺϲҶȻľӣڵޱ飬·һж޹أʣµֻл䣬ȴʼöץס
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ҲʱǱڵסҶյĶǰһһҶյԴдȥ
ʯ
ͻȻģҶȻ̧֣ץסԼı̣
ѩı齩ס漴ܣ
ûʲôܵģ
ҶֽǱ飬ɴįȻûЦûпޣû˿ı飬͸ŵĹ¼ţȻҶղûܹӻѩѳɻǳ֮С
Ҳǻѩ޷ĵط츺ǽھǰվǼٵģ־ᶨվֵܹȴģڲصھ󣬲־ֵܹģΪʵ
ҶӦñӰҵ磬ԼΧ׵ʧŶԣƫƫվˣӵǳûļȴվˡ
֪Ϊʲô𣿡ҶյŪһ飬Ҳ뱻˿ӣһĵףΪ£ΪΨһҿǿϣһܹɾ͹֮ΪȥҲ뱻ֻĻǳȴҲҳҵлл㣬ҸܵǰδеǳͬҵҲǰδеļᶨⷴʹҵľһ㡣
ҶȻ̧֣кգɫĻȼա
Ϊ˸л㡣Ҷյĺʹࡣ

ѩҽţǺ£ɫĻ˲佫ɣѩڻֱɢȷĺʹࡣ

Ҷմ˿ڴߵѩߣŮ˵Ѿƽֻһţ
Ҷմסѩļô
ѩŭҶյԶ㡣
ҶЦҪˣ
ҶȻ֪Ů˲Լų˿ɸΪ֮ĮͬڵȻҲǵ٩Ǻѩŭӡ
ҶЦҪٸһӵô
ѩһ漴ȻѩѾˣǾ͸ˡ
Ҷʼ磬Ȼ̯Цӭ̤Ϲ;֮·
Ծǰ˷ӵڿˣط˵һأԲϲط
ѩҲ̫磬ǻӡ
ӽڤȪ·֮Ϊ硣ԾƶֻҪѩû˵ѣֻҪ˳ŻȪ·һֱߣǾһܹҵӵġ
ѩϣˣ߰ɡ
ѩͷǰȥ˳ѵĻȪ·ǰӰܿıʧڰ֮У˻һۣҲ̸ϣźѩıӰ̤֮Уȴ˭Ҳûע⵽ǽʧڰʱһֻͻȻƾ˳ڻѩĵطһ̣бһָֻ̣ץУ֮ԼĻܼѩģ

Ȫ·޾˭Ҳ֪ͨŹص·жԶΨһıһֱǰš
ܵһڱ䣬ȴǴδʯᾣһжŻƵɫɢ˸оɭߡ
֪Ҫ߶áǰ̾Ϣܻȥͺˡ
Ծбһ۵ͷĦĵط̵סѵ̲˻Ȫ·ɲжܳץǡ
꣡ҶͻȻʳָڶʾ˰ˮ
˸Ͻ죬漴㶼ţϱ㶼˷֮ɫȻ˶ˮ֮ڻȪ·ܹˮĵطֻһǾӣ
ǰ棡ԾĵҾ˵˳ŻȪ·һܹӵģ԰ɣ
Ծһ˵ţһ߱ͷǰţƬ̣ˮ֮ĸΪǰǰһӣˮƻǣһɫ͹ǻȪ·һεĻȪ·ʹ˽ضϡ
ҶտǰĺӴӣ
Ծ˷ܵصͷӽȪ·سΣԴ˺Ϊ磬ˮѪɫӻʲôңҪµûⱻضϵĵطӦǼκŵģκתıʧʮûӰκҲǱˡ
ҶյҪô
Ҷո˵꣬Ҷ֪ҪȥˮҶͻȻϽһס
Ҷյ˵гΣյġ
š
ĿԣҶ֪ɫʱ΢ȻףҶյͷһԼץ˼ҵ󣬸ϽЦһ֡
ԾԴεȻǴ̩飬ǣûҲǺӸô죬Ҹұ֤Լ˵Ķʵܻڤ磬̩ô˵ġ
ɺӿ϶ԣ⣬ӶǹŹءѩӦ˳£ϰɡ
˼ģô˳źأ
Ҳʱ򡭡
ֵĸȻĴԶ



261 ɺ
پƸ߸ݣһǧΣ˼俴΢꣬ɽɡ
ϣ֣ԶƬ̺Ưϵİ䣬һ˳£֮յƣŮͣ񴬱˳Ӷ¡
дԾ̸ιңͣ´æͣ´
ԾĺҲ񴬣Ůһۣ£
ҶոѩһۣɵöסôддܹϰڶɵģҲѰˡ
λ͹ȥĶ
ͣڰߣβŮ΢Цɫĳȹɫ˫ͫɫĳֱȺҹҪ䣬Цʱȴ͸һ˿۾춼
ڤ磬ҲȵġԾǲܻȥ
ŮЦŶҵĴڤ硣
ȥԾſҶյܵģ˵ܻȥûƭˡ
ŮЦֻ˵ҵĴȥڤ磬û˵ӲͨڤŶҪȥڤ磬ҿȥۺۺܹڤˡ
ۺҶյǣ
ŮЦŶҪȥô
ۺֽй߹ǣ˵֮ͨǣй壬峤ԳĵۣҲ˵ǹۣܹ磬޽Ķ󱻳ΪۺۺûеĿֲǵʮ֮һľƽλɴǧĵɶۺΪġ
ҶտŮ˭
ѵôŮҶգգ۾ҵȻڤӰڶˡ
ҶյڤӰڶʲôģ
ŮԴܶ罫ĶһЩı
ҶָָԼ˵ң
㣬ȫŮ˸ǰӹ翴ǲǹһ㣬ҪҪȥ
˻࿴Ҷհֵ߰ɣ
̤񴬣ŮһŴˣ񴬱˳£İżйƮŮչٴγǲ֪ĸ
˵ڤӰڶˣҶպӴ˶ã
֪Ů˵꣬Ҳǧ˰ɡ
Ҷ۾һֻ֪ʧô
Ůֻظûʲôϵô֪
Ҷյܸ֪Ѿþû¹°ɡ
ŶŮһãȻ漴ѹֺþû˶ɺȥۺˣκҲþˡ
Ҷյʲôʱʼģ
ŮҶ˵ǺþˣȻΪǲඣǺܶܶˡ
Ҷ֪ôֻһôô
ŶŮкööҵģǻͷ֪ˡ

죬˳Ӷ£ǰڳֵĳǳۺɣҶȻԳڤӰڶ˵ŮôףۺǰҲ˿ֻҪۺӦþҵȥ·ˡ
λ͹ѽۺ쵽ˡŮǲǸøǮˣСŶ
Ҷ֪꾪ȵҪǮô
ȻѽŮȥĶɺӶøǮĺòá
Ҷմӻң˿̿ۺҲãļƽϸøٷãֱӽѲŮȫˡ
Ů˲óŻ龧ҿȻ͵ָһǿŻ龧ͻҶյĶͷɳȥ
ҶնʱһŶͷŭ𣿡
ŮҪǮʯͷʲô
Ҷյǻʯͷˣ
ʯͷ𡣡ŮǲܳԲܺȲãҪǮɲĶ
õ֪˵Ǯôģ
һȺУôǮûŮ죬漴ӻóһŽǮòã
һȺֻһ۾Ѫĳ嶯˼óľȻһֽǮ
ûҶյڤõġ
ŮƵ㲻ģ
Ҷһҭ⻰ûطֽǮôҲûͨЩȶӣȵԭסͨԣֽǮֶҶһȺ˺ңԶﶼûףֽǮǶһöûС
ǱҡҶֵ̯ˮǻм飬ֽǮһǻŵʱš
ѩҶһ۵ҿ϶ô
һֵ̯徳֮ûùǶˡ
Ҷ֪겻˼ҡ
ͣҶյͱ˵ˣɳãοֽǮˡ
ֻܿԾǰ˶ʱЦõǵʵȻЩôҲӤ꾳ţû´ֽǮʲô
ߣûǮŮʱŭŴͳָ˵ûǮҴǶɺӣ
ɶˡҶֵ̯ûǮҲû취ǡ
Ǿ͸ҹȥŮػ͵Ҳǹˣ
ҶտͳԼɨϽһץס͵ι㻹Ǵºȥ͵󷢴ȱô
УŮҵ˼ŵȵӵģǸ˵ûǮ̣ǲ̣
Ҷյˣǿ̣벻̣
ȫһŮ͵ȥ
ŮһӣһֱӴβɨͷҶոϽͣѩȴһͱ˼䴩˹ȥɨԾǰҪ˵Ӥ꾳۷ʵôҲڱһ͸ɨɣǣɲǣ˺Ȼûţͱɨǵϣֱӽ˸ɨɵС
ƣһӴˣŮ죬ͷĹµƱŮȵ𣡡
ȭͷСĹɲǼӵƹӿϵʣ˷˹ȥҶһϽ齣ӿЩѣ
ι˰Ҷյǹӵķϣ㶯֡
ߣвҡŮȥ
ŮĺǹӿĸʢգۼһƬ񴬸ŰΧ
㵱Ҳ𰡣Ҷմ߶̧һƵ𣡡
ǵһײȼţõ뽫ԷɣȴֻκβãڳһţǺȻıѣΧըһһĻ⣬˳ɢƽɫȴҲ˹Χ֮ѡ
ȴҲʱͻȻĸо񴬺Ȼҵҡ
ҶջͷһʱǴ󾪣Ůһ壬˱վ֮ϣ˵־񴬱㲻ϵıСֱɰƵĴСŮУֻýһգͨͨ죬ȫ
ιлôҶջˮծ߰㻮Ҳԡ
ߣǻһŮҶͷ˸ʵںﵱϰɡ



262 ۺ
Ů˵Ͽɲ˵˵ҶյǺб̷һֻаƴ㣬޺ſȴ¶һݣݺݵҧҶյļϣ̴壡
Ҷҧĵ㣬ͻȻоһ˿ͷһȴһб۳˳Сʰ쵣Ǵо綾Ҷĸҵ飬ӽնˮ棬նء
ǺúŶ
ǲϵŮ΢΢һЦժ׵ƣɲǼ䣬ƹâʢŮʧڵƹ֮С
ģԽСԽҶһ䣬漴ߣ
в߳ϣݹѪȣͽЩԸκŵԩ꣬ȥͨʬ޴档
ҶվôĹһѾ䣬һֻЫݺǯҶյСȣֻ˵ûʲôҪҶܹܵԼͬˮһ㻩ţͷһһȴһˮβ֪ʱԼֱȭͷǰ󣬲ʳѪ⣬ȴǿ
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Ҷҧɫ⵴ӲĽЩ߳ϸɣͬʱǺˮҲƿΧγһȦգǿĺһЩ
һȦѩʵȻҶյģû޽ǵǹ޲ǹ̳߱ͺѣοڲˮĳߣҶ֪ȴһȱܹɿɫĵƬϵΧ£ǿЩ߳ϽȴҲ֧ŶãΧ߳ȴԽԽࡣ
ҶշĴˮԾ漴ӵ棬ˮ֮ǰǻӽԴڤźն⣬ٶԾУµɲǱǻӽն˼أҶձ䵽õߡ
ǹң
Ҷպһñǽ޽ǵǹҶסҶ˳ֳǹٺ˭ӣ
Ծ
ԾһȦҶնȥɽǵӣȻʲôȴҲǵ죬ǺѵõϡģҶոѩۣԾȴ͵͵һû뵽ʱϡ
Ҷս˳ֲ޽ǵǹٶڿԾڿ͵Ľ޽ǵǹŰߵһôȥ
һ޽ǵǹд֧ǹ˶УεǶС
ץҶսһϰȥ
ﵽ߳ϣȥӦԣȻû취ȥִ򰶱ߣȴ±߳ΧۿʳӵףקȻǺܹ࣬и֮
ҶУ䵽ѩıϵȥȥ
ѩɴӦã
ѧҶյӣѩ漴նºȴҲɲǣҶնȻһǰնѩǽӽӭϣ֣ѩ˱㱻ɳȥƮȻ䵽ߣץסǿҪ޽ǵǹһһȥ
Ҷں󷽶ϺǷЩֻҪ뿪ӣ߳ϱɢȥгӵףҶԷųһһ̤նУڿнЩ߳ϸϤնֱѩ˶ȥҶղȻذߡ
˿ˣҶüһ
ԾЩеǰˮˡ
ҶԾļʾοȥȣ˶ûӰ˸ȥľȣ
߰ɡҶյۺǰܻȥˡ
ԾͷҲٶ˵Ҷձȥ˴ӵϸ
غӶߣյĹǱ㿴һųǰ¥¥֮΢ɫ֡ۺ
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ҪǣǶӳǰʵǿ·
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ⲻǿôȻĶûˣŪ·ȥҶЦλүԪڹŴ֮ʱģ㿴Ҳǵˣֻȥ
ǼӳҪڤ磿
Ҷյͷǡ
ӳҷǽȥҲãۺڤһҪ·ͨڤȥ
Ҷüô죿
ӳȽǷУǲ뿪ҽǵ鱨ۣᣬǾΣ
Ҷռ˻࿴Ȼͬʱͷһ·鷳ƣҶ첻µزµ鷳οȵȾ͵ȵȣ;ѾߣҲͲôЩʱ
ӳǽȥɣ˵أҸ֪ǽ
áҶյǾ鷳λүˣм
ǼӳҲֻǵͷЩŲУҶһ˽ۺǡ
߽ۺǣ·صǰĹ֮УܰС̯ŸָĶ֡
ҶյЩסۺˣ˵ǹ飿ꣿ飿ʲôģ
Ӧǹɣõͨڤ磬Ҳ˵Ŷ
ιǿԾͻȻжԡ
Ծķȥȴһ¥ӣһдӭڶдեˡ
ӭǾ¥ְɣӭ¥ҶƵեʲô
ե˾եˡԾ̩ǰ˵ۺˣֱե˸飬ΪóԣҲţҪȥǼӳҲ˵ҪϢ
ҶյҵνǮôۺӦõҲֽǮɣ
Ҷ֪ȵأ
Ծ֪ˡҶץһˣóŻʯ֪֪ʲô
˼ҶյҸʱ䡣
ô죬Ͷ̥һʣҶη뿪ץһ˵֪֪ʲô
˼ҶյһȥȾû
ۣҶ֪겻Ц˼ҲŶ
ЦⲻǺЦ顣ҶյɫЩأһ˵ι
ң˼һŻؼҳԷҶյв
ʲôŹֵôѩüѵƺæ;֣Ҳ˼أ
Ҳ֪Ҷյܾﲻԣֲ̫˵ĳָоߣҽ¥ȥһ



263 óǡһ
Ǽ¥⼫ãźܵλѾˣҶѰѰλãѾһСë
͹ۣ߻пλߡ
С˵㽫ŽȥҲΨһû˵λá
֪λЩʲôС΢Ц˵ţҶҪ˵Сȴ¶Ȼı֪֪Ӷ԰ɣھȥó׼ԵƬ̣ϾͻὫ
С˵󣬱㲻ˣëһȥ
⡭Ծɻϴ˰ɣ
ϴˣѩҶյ޳ĿطйŹ֡
ȿ˵ҶյԲӦ䣬ٵŪô¡
˵ͷλǰԴƬ̣Сߵһǰ
եˣɶ飬峴˿ţ⣬ϱ˫Ƭá
Сɫη䣬漴΢΢˿
Ծſԥһµܳô
԰ʲôҶյǳ԰ô㻹ٱȥӰ˲Ͱϴӣԡ
Ծյҵ˼ж
ûҩҶյ԰ɡ
úô˿϶ģ
Ҷյ뿪£³Ǵһӣô˵ҩǣҾĿȾҲ˲٣ûҩһζζȻ⣬ڶǿ͵ɫɫζҩҲʹ͵ɫ仯˵ˣôԵĹŹ֣ѵΪ˸ҩҲ̫˵ɣǰǵ׳ա
Ҷһ˵ţһ߼̾ζŶ
˵ҪȹڵȴǺȷѩҲǹ˼ҶճԵͦ㣬Ҳǲɵ̿ˮ㲻ĴڳԺͬʱ̾ۺĶȻر𣬵ζȻرեˣźˬ࣬˲ɿԾƼ
ĲɫҶմҡڵҲʾͳž¥ȥ·ſڵʱԾЩţϴӵǲ£ûϴô򵥣ͷʮ˸׳Ǻһ٣ȻȫҤе깫Ůȥӿ͸ô졣
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˾¥Ծɻʶý᣿
ֻ²ǲýʣΪǽˡҶջֵѾµİ˾ŲʮˣߣȥǰһȦ֪ôˡ
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վס
֮ʱͻȻ˺һΧĹǰгǹ˸¡
ǰļӳǰڵҪǣ·ô
Ǽӳôһʣұ㶼϶йŹˣʱǰżģô᲻ʶǣ
Ҷյ·ʲô
һأúԾûнӿڣǼӳȴнͷ˹ȥΪ˽·
˻һۣҶոЦû·ô죿
ǼӳҪڤ磿
Ҷҡͷء
ӳҷǽȥҲãۺڤһҪ·ͨڤȥ
Ҷյһأǲڤ磬˻ǲǣ
ӳȽǷУǲ뿪ҽǵ鱨ۣᣬǾΣ
ٻ࿴һۣҪ˵ûйŹ֣ǾĽǵɵˡ
ðɣǾллˡҶտǼӳ˵İ졣
ҶյĴ𸴣ӳǽȥɣ˵أҸ֪ǽ
䣬Ǽӳ֣ЩÿУһо͸ղžһģһ˿ûеİƫ
˳ǣԾô°
ҲµûҪô⣬Ҫôþʲô󷨡Ҷյƺܶʼжͬʱκ˺ǣǵĻشһģһһظǿһΡ
Ҷۼ⣬ͻȻĿһˣ˳һȴǸղҶյһסкӡ
ιҶƵգ
ҶյҸʱ䡣
Ҷֵ̯̯㿴ӣҸղžһͨҲֻشҸʱ䣬ң߹·ߣǴӾ¥ķģӦϲأڲֵ
Ҷղ˵˻δ⣬һ˵ٿǽֵȻǺŹ֣Щϵ˿æµȴֶĿģ˼Щոռȴ˶ֻٴγ֣̬߹·ߣжȫһģһ
ߣҶյȥţӦǻڤ·
ͷȻ֪ۺйŹ֣Ȼûһ·߶ȥŵʱűŲ档
Ծ۲ߣ˷ܵǳſʱ䣬ŹȻͨڤģҪ·ǰڤ硣
ƨ·
Ҷһ䣬ǳųŶȥǹ̸ߺվסȴҲɲǣҶնȻ֡
ʮöǽ̳ڿлɽ̴Щ壬Ǽӳ˵νȴڴ֮ǰӭȽ⣬ѩĽӽǰʹͬİһһһǰȥĹӿҶճ˻һ׾Թ϶ǰݳֱӶӳĺ
ߣҶջֵǣ
ǹӶʮˣһ͵Ϯ㲻סƻһȺˣҶյȱͷ˳ȥ
ֻǣźҶձ㶸Ȼһ
Լǰһ۳ǣ¥֮ɷд֣ǡۺ֡
ţȻֵ˶⡣
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漴ǼӳǰʵҪǣ·ô
Ҷֻε˾·ʲôǼӳϲ˵·漴ıʾܹȽǣȥæѯ·֮£ǷܽǷС
ҶȴӦͶӦͣһԲĿǼӳϷ漴Щģǽۺǡ
˳ţҶɫ뿪ҲûףӦòǻ󷨡
Ҷճһ£Ҷ֪󷨷мңʲô
Ҷ֪ˣµȻ۸ӣķ߳ȥеŶݼףܹϵȱǷȴҲȥǴųȴĪصţнλλ˵Ƿǳ󷨣ǣһĻ󷨣еĹŹҲ̫ЩԽĻûĶӦԽʵó˴ŶԣƫƫȴˣǾֻһܣǾǹģе󷨶һе󷨶ƽ֮ģ˲ܳеĹŹҲʾΪľǸǸƽ󣬵ܲܰסҪԼˡ



264 óǡ
֮ҶҶ֪Ľͣüͷ˼Щ˶ֻ˵ظĻظ£Щһʾôҳ˵µǸˣǲҲʹҵ֮
ô˵Ҷ֪Ӧû˵ֻҪҳЩ˲һǸˣǸ˱пؼȷôʩչĻ˵ЩͲǶԵˡ
ҲûпܡҶֵֻ̯ȵƽһԡ
ѩ˸ĨӵĶɱȫˣΣ
ɣҶ֪꼱æҸղű˵ˣ󷨶űҪĹɸ򣬾һ󷨱ȻۣͬʱҲҪƽܹ֪֮ܲܰסȫ֮ˣҪҲˣȥѰ󷨵ĹɸȻҳƽ֮ȫɱ⣬˵κ󷨶ԶΥɸģȻҲܹЧʵֱ˺󷨣Ҳп˶仯޷ӦԵĽԭѾֵҲʹʧ
ҶȷͷжɣѰһûп΢һЩˣǼȻ֮ߣ򲻵ԾͲá
ۺǳЩ˱ȽϹŹ⣬ĿǰûΣգֻǽڴ˵أ˵Ҳķͷж
ҶȻ˵ɣԼܿ춼ʵһɵ飬ҪЩ˭йŹֵģǻܼ򵥣ֻҪÿһ˵ͿˣЩԶȥֻ˵ظĻҪҳûйŹֵһͺѣԸÿһ˵ɸѡǣۺ˵ˣҶĸÿһȥԻǣôǵԼһ˵οǸûйŹֵ˻᲻װйŹ֣Ҷ֪ݴ󣬳ûˣۺǶǻþ
ҶֻϣԼܹʲôεĵطƽ˾֣ʵ޷ƽ⣬ҲԼޣʱǱް취úѩ֮ߣֻһ;ˡ
һ·ţֻÿģۺʵ֣ʲô֮ǣֻҪһ˵Щ˾ͻᱩ¶ԣǶֻû˼룬ֻձƵĿܶѡ
ҲʱҶղ֪ôƵĳǽ֮ϡ
ۺǶֻжţϱȴֻΧǽûгţΧǽ֮ϱûг¥ǽ֮ȴ¥ûУֻһʯ̨Щ̨ҲЩ̨Ҷߵ㿴ʯ̨·ʯ顰̨֡
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Ҷվ̨ܿ˼䣿
ǹǣ
Ҷյȥһô
ǹǱĶô
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Ҷһݣɱ⽥˵ȥܣ
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뵽˻ѩ뵽ԼĻ䡣
Լô֪ǻúܺô
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˸ղŵĲ˼һ˵һ䲻˼ҶͻȻץסǹļΪҿܵɱˡ
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װͦ񣡡Ҷֱ̧Ⱦǹϵб¸һֱװȥ
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Ҷ۾һ׷ǿɫȥҲҵⷨĲߣ˵ǻʩߡ
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ôһ飬ɫĹѾɵӰ٣ҶֻһţǸոܹȥ׷ȥӱһݳ
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˰һǰɳȴҲһһͷɣڵȦ֮󣬱ûϢҲǻһɫųѸٵķɶݡ
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䣬˱ǰֱӿڵϵĹ˳ƽۺڡ



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ҶЦ㻹ǸԻ
úʲô취뵽򵥵İ취һһץˣ˵ץЩСϻ첻ܸоܹⲻȥ
ҶյʵҲйŹֵģðɣӦǲŹֵģܹԻҶ֪Ĳ²ⲢЩƫŵɲֹһòǴĶС㣬ȥûס㡣
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һѩɱһѲΨһ͵ϢģûйɣͬһطϢڶ㷷Ψһٵģ·ˣһȴǸ
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Ҷ֪˺漴ҲץһһؤǮ࣬ҸԻ¶ˣµҴܹµ󡣡
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˳ЩʬǰƬ̺һɱЩӰ׳ǸǰԾñͬľɽ
ԾöɽץȻܹϳȻǰˡ
ɽعͷҶռˣҲϸϸ
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ȴҲʱɽͻȻ˫һǵһȳһƬѣɽӾͬҵļȻԾ
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ҶһҶ֪꣬漴һȭǰɽȭͷصĺһ
飡
˫ȭײҶ˱㵹ɳȥ¡һһլɢķ棬ֱӽҶո
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ţˣɽڰȭͷȻȻԭɱ˻ѩ
ѩ齣ɽô֪Ȫ·ģ
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ҵţʭеĿ϶Сɽ˵ģģһҶ֪
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ˡɽЦǰɱ˻ѩķϣҿʹЩ
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ɽЦһָõ˺ܾãȴһֱû֪Ϊʲô𣿡
ѩЦ黪ڸǣ㵹Ǹô
ԣ¡ɽҵû뵽ΪļһûӮǣΪһȥȻˣΪҴ˿Ϊʲôɱǣ
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ѩὣأýȭͷȴҲֻôһѩ֪ҶΪʲôᱻһȭɳȥˣɽĿֲԼеĳԻȴǱѵõı˿ѷɫҶյĲһȻɽһȭһߣţǾѹֻƬ̣ѩĸҶһ³ӲɳʮףڵȦǿסΣҪӵȴ𵴣ˤֻгסӡ
ҪлǵĵطɽſЦЩΪɱ˻ѩȴ֪Ԫԭƾ׵ľͱң˿̣˻ѩԪʵǣ˭Ҷ֣



266 
ԾһŲŲҪӣҶ֪޴룬ȴ˫һ۳޽ǵǹ
ٺ٣ĺˡɽ˭ܲһǶԵر㣬ΪҸˣֻҵʵǰɣȴ㿪ʼˣ
ɽȻһЦ漴ٶźѩȥ˶ȭͷֱźѩ䣬ѩһɽȻӲӣгͻȻһ㣬Ծ֮󣬱ǽⲪȻǽӽһƬལɽȥ
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飡
˵ȭͷײ޴ţʱ·ɲʧ٣ؼһоֹȴͻȻġ
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ҶսüͷҪɽѣԼҲսȻԵȴ޷ֹʹõģҪȥҶձ̸ܵ˷սĸãԼȫ̿ʼʹÿһ̶ͬһ㣬ҲȥϸĻᷢҶյЩ͸ȻѾ͸֧̫
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ǱɽɱĻӰһһĻ˹Ȼ˶ǻδţֱڽţæԼ顣
һµ˿״ɽʱСײһ£漴ŭù
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ϹٴβҽУеâɢֻɽӺȻѾһ߰׹ǣžһˤڵϣˤ÷顣
еâɢյƮڿӵҲԽ䵭ٻĽֱֵԭȥĻӰٴθǽֱֵеӣ·Ƭǰսǻþһ㡣
ҶãȻվԭشƬ̣Žع˵ɫҲǸԼ࣬ȻĪ壬һʱԴƲ
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267 ۾
ѩ˲ᣬȴӲˣֻ˼δ˼꣬õ߰˰ˡ
ȺѩҲĥǵ¶ɽǰ֮ɽ˻ѩԪչֳʵҲͬΪȴ޷Ƶâ³ŹӾͻһѰ׹ǣҶոѩȻȥùͷȻǲ󳾡
ҾץҲôסҶͷſϵ죬죬Ѿץ˶ʮͷһ㷴ӦûУ㿴ûܹü򵥵ġ
Ҷֵ֪̯ƽ󷨵ð취Ҳֻ֮ҪҵΪȲ֮Ҫߣܿƻ󣬵󷨣ǲ֮ϵ費ܱҪҾͲĴ󣬿ҵҲܳɡ
ҶյǾû취ˡ
Ҷ֪Ҳûа취һ취Ҳ֮ˣɱ˲֮ˣȻ󣬲̫̹ףܲ󷨣ҵҲܹ¶ԷҲʱԷµľͲɱˡ
Ҷյɽʵһͷɻ˻ɱ󣿡
Ҷ֪ҡͷ˵˰ɽΪΥֻҪչ󼸺ûΣգЩĿԣҶսץתܣңҸоյƺ󷨹ϵֻܵһ̶ȵƻгֱ󷨡
ԾͻȻûյЩ죿
˻࿴漴ҡͷ
Ҷˣһǲ֮ˣֻ뿪ˣһҪ󡣡
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õǣɫ׷ٶ̫ˣҪнֵɫֱԽݶ׷
Ǿֻһ취Χ¡ҶյҵһҪݾߣȻ˾ۼݶ·󣬲ȡΧµķɫ
Ҷ֪һԡ
ҶյǾͳɣͷжֹԼ취ŪЩ
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ȵ˵طȻһ¥ļԺøЦſ͵Ľ뽫ȥҲֻң취߿󣬹۲յʱ䣬ûˣ֪Щ·ĶǻӰ
ҶպٺٵЦʵӦøȥҪȥǾǹȻǻӰ㻹ܶЩռЩˡ
ֱӷۣ㲻Ҷˡ
Ƭ̺Ҷ֪иϵԾȻһЩȴҲܿ˸ǰ
վݶ֪ȥֿڣȥץͰɫݶҶյȻأʵſɫƮȥô
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Ҫ˵˭׷ɫҶȻѡܲŲһĻգٶʵĿҪƾ׷ɫǲܵģȻһЩֶΡ
ԾߵԺſڸ͵Ů˶ԻŮ̻סòţȴδܾŮ˱ҪýԺ֮ڣһǰıֳַȻö˵Ծ̧ƾŮ˵ıƼ޽ǵǹ˳ƴŮؿڣŮ˱Һһɹģ漴ӻɫƮȥ
øߺƮȥˡ
ˣҶջӽնһɫһ裬漴ֿڵķ򡣡
ҶղŻɱΪ׼ݶļ֮Ҷնһţһ·ֿܵڣɫͻȻһӡ
ϱߣҶ֪ڽֿڣȻɫصĵط̺ڶӣãˣӳҹա
Ҷ䷿˳ǰ׷ȥչֿڹȻֿɫĹֻǸ׷ûԶɫ֪һƮʧȺ
ˡҶպ˭ݶһ
ãõҿˣǰĿջҹա
Ҷһƿϵ˼׷ɫ׷ĵطֻٶȿҲͰˣԣᶫأһǽȺͳ鷳ϣرɽǰ֮û˸¾ЩӰ
׷ˡ׷εı˳и߸ľ޵С̯бǰеӣսȥˡ
øպ꣬Ҷձ㽫ݶƬȵġǡ죬ԾӼ䣬ɫҪɳ䣬ֳ̻һƬһ£㽫ĳڷסǿɫճԽݶӶݡ
ȥڽ֣Ҷպ˭ܳ·
ܣԾźѾ׷ˣǿ
׷ϣΧΪɫôӴܣΨһĺϢʼͬһݣԽֵҶٴʧȥɫӰԾԶҶ֡
Ҷȥҵô
ԾϢˡ
ϻҶղһҲˡ
ǲˡԾһָϵǷɽ󲻼ˡ
ҶջͷһŷԼվһֺլǰլӵϺȻдš۾Ĵ֡
˻ҶյŻҡ
۾ۣҶ֪ǰۺǲ˴˵ǹҲпܵġ
õô죿
۾͹ۣҶյ˵ۺǵĹŶѣۣҲһá
ҶվٲǰʯױǾϣȴǸҲ˿ţҶձݼۣɷţ
۾ڣʼղӦҶҧҧƼһƺϣŸֱӺ俪ײǽڣ֨졣



268 Ů
Ծųլﺰ۴ǧĪС֡
ʲôҶյûôҲʮһʧˣߣȥ
ԾʱҶյô֪û˵ģһأ
ҶյûƼһصĿҶôܵ¶֩ȫǻҳùɨĹͶûô
Ҷһ˵ţһߴ󲽿ڣԾҲеҲ˽ȥʼ󣬶Ҷ֪ŵɲǡ
ۣ
ͻȻһ춯й
군ˣ군ˡԾ˵𡣡
ǣҶ֪󷨣
Ҷ֪˵꣬ͥԺеľذԼƶЩľȫ˵ĸǰϵʯҲĴ۸ӣۡ
Ҷյôƣ
֪Ҷ֪вУȿ
ҶյͷȲȵһʯϣȻ˳ʯǰȥߵһװεļɽʯڸǰҶձҲƿжſֱҶƿҲδʲôǿҶǰ岽ʱȴһŻҶվƿȴҲɲǣǻͻȻɳɳЩҶͻȻľ޷Զ
Ҷ֪꼱Сġ
Ҷ֪껰£ǻҶ¶䣬ҶͻȻıȼѸݣҶշ䣬ҶոϽܿҶӹʱɲǼ㻯˺ֻۣ֮Ҷձ㷢Լײ˸ղƿʯ֮ϣʯıͬӣҶײϵ˲䣬ǶС
ͬʱڶҶ¡

ҶƺһЩҶ׷׵Ĵ壬ʹȻıǱʯ÷飬ҶشǰǵҶϤе棬ţǻֱȻ
ҧʹҶսϵҶôʲôŵô
Ҷ֪ͷˣŹľľ֮ʱԻ鹥ԾŹ֮λ̤ͬʯܱܹ
ҶյӦ֪ôλɣ
ãҶ֪䲻ƣܽ⡣
Ҷ֪Ҳ֪ڵһſֶöͭǮڵϾ˳򣬼ͭǮϷ棬ҵȼ֮ӿ̣Ҷ֪Ѹٵڿлһơ
žŹһҶ֪꽫ǰһ͵⣡
Ҷ֪֮ʱֻ̱ɾŵǰƮɢѸٵĲסͥԺеĻľʯɽţͨͱ˳ܵʯŲƻۣм̳һ·
Ҷ֪ûпľܵʯľǻṥѾ˾ŹλΣʯһ·ȥȿɣӦѲ˰ɣ
С˼Ҷȭͷҵİɣ
Ӵʮ׹⾰ҶյٶȶԿνһţܼιֻҪҲܹȥȻܶ㻹Ƕ㿪ĺãȻǼġ
ҶͻȻǰܳʱǻٴηҶҶԾֱһҶţǻ貽һһ׷ɣڶҶ䣬˳Ƴ
ֻճϵһСݾͶȻǣҶҶվҶհӾ͵һӲҶϹ
һѾܹһ·̣ȴҲʱһƮҶձԴκģһȴһ滨ɢζãҶҧòһԼĸ첲оȻһʹŻָһЩǣ첽ǰۿѾǰǰǰװʯʨͻȻĶҶüһ˷ӲĴͷʯʨм䴩жʯϡ
ͥԺеĻľʱֿʼŲѸٵĻָԭģ
ҶɿҶ֪˱ĴָҶ֪ҲЦҶջӻ֣ȴҲʱ򡭡
ҶͻȻоһͷһ㿴µʯĪıܣ·Ǻڶĵض

Ҷվţų˾ͳ׹ȥ
һȸϵʱʯѾһϡ
õô죿ҿ
Ҷ̵֪ͷҸһ𡣡
˵ͷ漴ʯȴ˿ȻǿʯԸѰʯ岻ͬ׾ƻġ
ԾҲ̫ˣʲôΣ㲻ȥҲûð
Ҷ֪곯Ծ˸ۣһ˵ǰο˵Լʯ򿪺ȥðա

飡
ҶͨҲ֪׹ãǽʵʵе棬ˤ졣
ۣۡ
Ҷźૣ漴һۣͨ·һƬڣҶ̧£µĹԲŽܿһЩ
һͨһֱǰ죬ǽϸĶʯӣ˵ĵطҶΨһѡֻһ·ǰ
ŶʯӣҶһһǰ֪̽ط᲻壬󷨻ǻأٴͥԺһƺô򵥣ҶЩǣ˳ͨǰߣʼûأǹ飬ߵ쳣˳Լյʱ䣬㿴һʯš
ʯſƺܺأҶյָֻһʯűƿʯŵĺǸķķ䣬һʯס
ҶΧŷһȦ漴ߵʯǰ૵ﲻװʲôĴħɣ
˶ҲǹǣҶնȴֻǵ٩Ųںʯʲôֻ뿪ɲǣҶձ˳ƿʯס
ʯȻˣײĸʵû𣬶װ˵ģֻǺװˣǰװˡ
ֻʯװȴҶնȻһľȻǸϰڶɵŮһģһΨһĲǰŮŵĲǺɫȹһذɫĹȹźɫĳļЩˡ
Ҷ㯵ɣ
ͻŶҶɲǣŮͻȻľ۾Цٺٵĵ

Ҷվһʯ̨ˤ£Ͻһǰ
ʲôŮʯ˸ѵ˰
ˣǡҶ룬ʵ벻ʲôñ粵ģֻε飡
Ůһ˿Ȼô飿
ҶƺҲԣ΢Ů£Щ㵽˭⵹ô£
Ҳ֪Լ˭Ůܿɰ̯̯֣Ȼֱޱ˷ܣĵָҶյҳȥòã
ҶƵȥĶ
Ů֪ҲˣѾ˺þúþãõҶ巳ˣֻҪ뿪ȥﶼУڤ磿Ե
ҶͷôԽԽͿǲϼ
ǣŮҵԪϣܴ뿪Ծͽۺǡ
Ҷռ㲻˵ۺǲܻô
ŮͷǸ˵˵þۺҲܻڤģӵͷͺˡ
ҿҶƬ̣漴ŭҰ



269 ҶĬ
˵ĺȷŮͷҾǿġ
ҶţҪǲĵطԼܶѾصˡ
ðɣãáҶ漴һͷǻصȣֻҪ˳¾Ϳˣðۺǣȴ˵Ҫȥͱ뾭ۺǣǸΪǽıȥô
Ůͷԡ
Ҷյۺʲôط
Ůۺۺѽ
Ҷյǳ󷨸Ӱ
Ůû󷨣ЩӰ˯ŵʱ򣬺ͷųȥûΣǿЩ˶ۺǰסˣڶˣֻҵļ䡣
ҶȻȫ
ŮҲǣǻйôЩۺǵҵӰ죬ҲҼһ֡
Ҷա˻ĵۺ˵ʮˣȫǰŮһ˯ŵʱͷųȥģŮжӴҶյһֱ˽ֵģǰŮϣֱϪӵĶԱȡ
ҶƲ˼ֵҪ뿪Լȥˣ˵ס㣿ס㣬Լôȥƨã뿪
ŮŶûסңҾǳȥҲţҲǲԼҲ֪Լ
ҶãȻǲ
ŮҡͷҲ֪
ҶյôӴܻ᲻İɣ
ŮҡͷţҲ̫ҲȻͻ˯
Ҷյ˯ã
Ů֪ʱ죬ʱ£ʱ꣬һκ˯ٶ꣬żˣż˯š
ҶĨ亹˯Ű㣬ţֵʲôˣ
ŮԽĬˣڴϵʱ򲻾͸ôҲ֪ܹаɡ
ҶΪʲô֪ǵ֪ʲôţ룬ҶռҲųԸ뿪
ѽҾ֪ǺˡĬֱӴӹײҶϣСèƵҶո첲ҿĵһ۾֪϶Ǻˣˣֻ֪Լ֣ȴ֪ԼʲôԺҾ͸պòãҶĬô
ҶĬҶ£ͻȻЩĬȻҪţҲ󡣡
ҶĬѵˡ
Ҷ㣬Ȼֵ̯ðɣҪˣҲ󡣡
ҶĬ˵Ҳꡣ
ðɣ㵱û˵ҶεǼ˵뿪飬Ҹղ˵Ҳų뿪ǣû취뿪ɱţңٸøô뿪ɡ
Ҳ֪ҶĬٵҲ֪ô뿪
ҶյΪʲô뿪˵֪Ŷ
ҶĬǲ֪ѽܾԼ˯˺þúþã֮󣬷ۺǿյģֻйεʹ˶ȥˣ˵֪Ϊʲôߣ˵ߣˣȻǾҪۺֱҳϣҪ뿪ôҲ߲ȥżĵʱһûԪȥҲ̫Զ˾ͻ˯
ҶյܰɣȻ˶еģֻҪһߣȻʧˣôȥأҪȥԣ
ðҶĬĵҲҾܳȥˡ
ҶյôȥָĲۺǣط
ҶĬôľôȥඡ
ҶѪһߣȥ
ҶĬصͷĬҶյ˵
ҶεҾǼģ֪ڻϸβͣˣ߰ɣ˵߲ұ
ҶĬһЦɿҶյĸ첲ȴǲδ䵽ϣذߣôƮڰС
ҸˡҶտЦҵģ
һ֪ģŮҶε˳ʯңԭ·صͷҶձһһԼϰգȻһĸ߶ȻҶջص棬ֻô߶ǽǽڣһһȥ
׹ͨһĸߣ˵һƬڿҶ˰ʱŸоԴһۣȴײʯ壬ʯҲǺŹ֣øҶ֪뾡˰취޷򿪣Ҳ޷ٻҶֻһŲʯŲƿһ
Ҷ֪ͥԺмתͻȻ죬һ漴һϲܵʯıϣȻʯѾˣֻһ̽ͷ㽫Ҷ֪ŵһǵضðȴҶգһŮƤѩףԼЦ
ûˡҶĬӵضƳȥҶձ˵Լôôϲ硣
ҶĬͷ˲ŷǰڶɵŮ
ԾСô
ǺܸӡҶյ߱˵ȥš
ͥԺѾȥߵ޾գҶս˵һ飬˶ζӳɣĸоǵùߵģ˭˭˾ͱûʲôʾҶĬҴҶǣʱ壬취뿪
˳ţɵŵĹ󣬱߳ţȴɣųȥǾĪĻصţȴǾֻصţ޷뿪ۺǡ
ҶĬֵ̯㿴Ҿ˵ȥɡ
Ҷüô֪꣬ͷô
Ҷ֪ҡҡͷҵһ룬һͷ
Ҷ̾Ȼؾ¥ɡ
òҵ뿪ȴͻȻĶѣ˵鶼ߣص¥֮󣬺ѩڴҶһƨڱ£˾Ʊһڡ
ûҵ·ѩʵһ룬ͻȻҶĬô
Ҷֻεֽһ顣
ȻȥˡѩǴþȥþȻһֱڻþˡ
ףҶվȵЩŶԭô˵ô죿
ѩɨҶĬһۣȻϽɱ
𰡡ҶոϽסѩɣɱôɽ³˼ҺۺǳӰĹ˼ô˵ˣۿɰСŮô
ѩ½ЦһҪģ԰ɣ
ҪôҶյ취뿪Ҫɡ
Ҷ֪ͻȻҶĬ˵ĻӰ˯ʱͷųļɵģ󷨣
ඡҶĬϣŽŵǱۺǵľ񣬵ڶˡ
ǣҿ󷨡Ҷ֪һж󷨵ҸҴۺƣȴ֪ǾֻʣΨһһˡ
Ҷյʲôܣ
Ҷָ֪ҶĬۣ



270 ҵ
Ҷյʲô˼
Ҷ֪ÿһ󷨶Ҫۣۿ˵һ󷨵࣬Ҳ֧󷨵ԴȪۺﲼ󷨣Ϊۣ֧ۺǵתһҲ˵ͨˣΪʲô˯ʱ¶ܲӰΪʲôԼ֪ۺ󷨣Ϊʲô޷뿪ۺǣΪֻҪ뿪ˡ
Ҷյ뿪
Ҷ֪԰ۺǵĴҲδơ
õ˼뿪󣬵ΪδƣͲ뿪ôúìܣ
Ҷ֪ìܣⶫܶʱǻ۵ġ
Ծǲǻ۲Ҫ㿴а취ƽǳȥô
Ҷ֪εҵۣҵ֮ڿЩ鷳ǻ취
ԲʲôϢҲζǻüĵطΨһҵǱľˣ˵ҲûʲôֻǶٸоЩȻ
ɢɣҶյϢһ£ȻԹ䣬ܷܲʲô
ĴӦһۺѾ˺ܾãÿ춼ػصϹ䣬˵ǼΪϤܷʲôӦ÷ˣ֮⣬ǻʲô
ҶջصڣȴǿҶĬҲǸ˽Ƶʲô
ҶĬ߻˫ŵ㲻ǴӦҪߵô
ȻҲûзڡҶյڲû취ô
ҶĬѵ㲻鷳ô
鷳ѽ鷳͸ҶҶĬԴ⽫ͷŪҵ鲻鷳£һΪҴӦˣڶ㲻ߣҲȥ
ҶĬǣҺǱŶ
ţһҺջ𡣡ҶհڳһģƨƨἸ³
ҶĬЦҪ
Ҷ˵ϺҾҪ
ҶĬţ˶ʱľֳһţƬ̺˲Ŵ˲ڴϡ
ιܲʸ顣ҶյΪʲôܴ뿪
ҶĬΪôֻѽ
⡭ҶոЦһµðɣҲǸɣȻҾɱģ㻹ֱ˵ǵùñץ׳
ʵҲҶĬؿҶյҪΪԵʣܹŵиһζУҾӦܹҵģҲֻܰҴȥ
ûʲôζɣҶԼ壬ȻֽüͷףͻȻú˭Ҳ˵һĻ
ҶĬ˭˵
ʮߣһʮߵСҶ͵شӴϱʱǸ꣬ҶҲ˵ĪĻҶղɿҶĬϲʶһխļһĽϸ׶ӣԣǲʶġ
ҶͷشߣҶĬۺʱ䣬δ뿪Ҳ޷뿪ǹѣѰҲ޷ԣ߼Ӧòʶǣô˶˵Լһζ˵ʲôζԼΪʲôŲѵζҲӦЩòƯĻĴɣôСء
ιҶĬҶһѣعûУ
Ҷյ˵ʲô
ҶĬҪҪȥҵ翴ҲҲŵһζ
ҶƵ磿
ǰҶĬͻȻְҶյؿڵڤ˼Ŷ
Ҷֻһ㣬ͻȻоһɾ޴ǣҶĬƷ·һ޴һ㣬ҶձܵҪȴҶĬ̧ͷԼҶԼһһڤ룬ϵԾš
쳣ϤĸоԼÿԻԼʶὥ꣬䵽ƬڰɫսǣҶս۾ʱȴǰֵȴǲһ硣
į硣
ɫΨһɫ󣬻ɫĴأɫʯɫĵƽߡ
Ҷǰȥɽվ޺ɫɫģŸֲƤޣΧëƤ¶࣬ϵػƤڿСžžĴ޻ţһȺĶǾ޺˻ɽڡ
Щ֣ǳ֣ž޴ĶӣǶӿҪ˻Ҫ󣬶ǵֽȴϸϸ޷֧ס˵ߣ˵УȻ쳣ǣһЩΧľ޺ͻƤ޳ϳ䣬һһѪۡ
ҶüϹ
ϹָЩΪҵϰĶ䲻ýʳӻúܴԶԱǵĽȴʮϸϵĸɲ֦㣬ܲסԶԶʳʱֻõǰ߽ӽʳʱҵ֮ԵʣʳΪֲܳԵĶȻܶʼظʹࡣ
ҶƵؿܣԼѵֻصˣȻôϹ
ţҶյıͻȻ𾢷ХһṲ̊նźɫľװһͷĳڷƮϴŰƬɫߣˣƾŰҶҲܿóǰŮ˼
Ů䵽ҶյĸǰֻԴۣеꪣȻһָҶյ˭
ңҶҿȻָָԼ漴˭
󵨣Ů˺ȵȻҸɲ˵ҿǻˣ
ɲŮ߾һ㣬ţܱ㸡ֳꪵӰ鲼գ漴Ҷմ䡣
ûһҲа
ԷһԲͱ֣ҶЩ⣬ꪣҶתܣţǿеꪱǲ£۵ı㲻ϴҶձĵ档
ҶյֺѸݣֱɱһ漴һꪵӰжôҶպȻ֣Լ˿̾Ȼ꣬˵廹ۺУȻ޷硣

Ҷҧһ䣬ʧȥζԼޱȵĴ΢˺ۣҲԼֱܴ˿̵ԼӤһǳģޱ
Ҷȼ񱼣ٶȻֿ˼֣֮ȥսҲǰ첻Ҳÿ˭ɲŮսҪȫǲܵģһС˻ˣ˻ԽΪˣԽĴ
ŬķһɽڣҶտ˱һۣꪵӰѾĲԼ󣬶ɲṲ̊նҲƶᣬٻµꪱ鲼գ׷ҶյıӰ缱籩㲻·䣬ҶֻתܣȴҲʱ򣬽ͻȻ̤գҶձɽˤȥ˳б²ϵ¹ţһƬɳˤ˲棡



271 
Ҷնɽڵ·ʯ
УµӰ䣬漴ɲŮɽڵϿӹɽפƬ̣ѰҶյӰȻûףôգۼҶվͺȻʧˣѰ޹ɲŮżһ̤Զȥ
Ҷظ˿ԴһɲŮûлŴɽڵĳ
ϹɲҶҧǼĵط
Ҷţ֪ҶĬԼǺ⣬ǣᵽһ˿ͬζ˵оһ˿ͬζΪ뵽Լ뵽ڰɫսһѪ
ѵԼ磿
ҶһֱΪÿ˶ӵеģԴӦԵʣȴǶԼʢҶһֱûƬսʲô֮ÿʱܹԼʶһƬЪ֮أоΪ
ѵÿ˶һƬ磿Ҷղ૵ʲôرô
ҶţȻģµɳɳҶյ˼ͷȥ㿴Լµ䣬ҶոϽҲɲǣǵͻȻݣһӶ

˻֮էȻһͷɫĹִӿӶ
ǹȫɫͷɫĻ棬Ŀһֻǿ׳ϣһֻǿ׳£ͬӣ۾ͭ壬һף¶ļʯֳŸֲ棬˻䣬ǻ档
ҹ棿
ҶմͰ룬漴תܣٶȺݺݵţɲȴһͷҹ棬Լ˭˭ˡ
ҹȴǱɲŮΪ壬ôɲŮԸҶ˵仰ǰҹȴǻ˵һŸֲҶմ䡣
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Ǹֲأ˵棬һƬķʯҶձͷڵϷ㿪Щʯĳ
ӵʱҹѾ̤ҶһͷųͬʱȻϵĽⲪּ̧ԽΪʣڱдһֽеĿַ
ַд䣬ҹĸֲҲǶȻ䣬ײһֽǸֲǻӵεǽһ㱻ţַΪܹȻըѣҹȥ
ҹҲ޵ĺܣԷĽ⣬Ȼܲɽֱ¡
ۣۣ
죬⿳ҹ棬漴ɫѪҹӲ㱻ʹʹʹధҲҹشֻ˵ӣҹȴǲ˷ɻŸֲҶϮ
Ҷһ䣬ƽʱתɵͷҹ棬ǣڲɣԼǸֲкĲ״ҲֻҪһֱԼꡣ
ӿ
һͷųһͬһǽǰ㽫ҹ£ҲôһɲǣҶԽΪʣߣѸٵдַƷͽҹΧ漴Ҳҹ᲻ײϾַҶձͷܡ
ɽңԽӵأбɽڣȴִɽϻ䡣
Ҷղϵıܣһ·ϣ౻ɵĶ洦ɼҹɲеĺײУҶձƴ׷ϣҪأЩ˯ž˿ҶմܹҶջһȺںˮгϷɲŮ˿ҶյĿ⣬ĳҶչ¶ԼģҶüۡ
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273 
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ҶĬǵţıƺôں⣬ܵһк˷ܣûгҶľЩľǿήģû峺ϪԶǻǵģȵնʱҲģȵ٣ҶĬоոƯЩ
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Ϫһ羰쳣Ũһأ׿أֻ˵һ;·Ϫ˵ɽзΪһõططȴǸء
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ԪֵǸŮˣҶȴǲʶŮ˺һؾһÿһ̳ǽӲӵģԪһȴѾնѣ˿ֻеȻ·磬ŵ
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Ԫʮһ㶣漴أ
ţҶտŴЩҾòʱˡ



274 
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κκ¶ҪΪ˳еۣ󽭻ѾΪ˶ۣԣҶȥصͷʱʼһֱˣΪ飬ҶֻýͷʱǳȻȥ˵һУȴҲҶոᶨͷ黪ڸǣΪһ֣ȴɲ޵еģҲǿʳ壬ǿһȻܽԵ
ѰɽҶȻҲܹԼ֮ˣҲкѩн򸣣˲ҲǸҶղ°ˣԣҶպɽ˵гһܳɾ͹ƾ鶼ϣã
ͷܲչǰǷڽƾŸҶܹԪԻҶΪһ֮ǣⲢҶ׷򵥣³ǸҶɵŮˡ
Ԫʮﲢûжٵľȣ֪ôһģɽСطôסҶգֻǣԪʮû뵽ͻȻҶղŸոջϢԣԪʮˡ
ҶձԪʮص䣬ԪʮڴϣȻؽ̺Ӹϣת뿪䡣

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Ҷû׷Ϊ֪׷ȥ˵ЩʲôҲҶ֪ܵ·Ҷ֪ɽġ
ҶĬЦͻȻȻҶĬСԴʹҶؿ˼ඣǻ˿
ȥҶպҶĬԴȥҹı¶Դˣ͵˵ĲǻˣҴ˵Сٹܡ
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Ҷɫʱô𵱳Լ°Լ˯Ҷվ;Щð亹
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Ҷɫһ̫࣬˵黪ڸҲǿһЩģһж⣬ҲΪ֮ƺѩǰ㣬ҸʤǰĶ౦ͯӣŵı٣Ҳ˵ʤֻܴ֪һѹ׵ĺУʱõһս⣬ǽ޵һͨȻ޷ȴҵʱڴﵽż
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Ҷü˼ҵʵǰأ
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ôһ˵ҵҲǸȥɽһˣҶյƾʲôþ»ңаҵô
úȻЦЦĺζҶյļţĻһԵġ



275 
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ԪʮţҶͷۣһ֧ԵȫΪ˶Ը󽭻ᣬȻҲٲԪʮɵ󽭻Ḳ󣬶ҶնԣĴڿпޣûӵһ֧۾һصĴ㣬ԪʮĻ˵ǧ˸ҶճԷµĻЩ˸ô죿
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Ҷ۾бã˼ԣԼ˵²һԸǵˡ
ȴǺ侲꣬Ҳʱ򣬾ľͻȻڴſڡ
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Ҫ鷳˾µĴҶֵ̯һֱý߽ؾ㹻ˡ
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κҪչ׳󣬳ɶѵġԪʮ̾ҪռһؾżȻ͵͵˹ȥͺˣܹطչȱ˷ֵʱѾ㹻ĸ
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ҶյͷʾԼ֪ˡ

뿪ĵڶ죬˫Ȼĵ·壬ԪʮҲȥɽǣҶյСӹĺգÿŬǣ˿Щŷ黪ڸǵĸֱϾ٣ܴﵽľ͸٣ԣǰͬ黪ڸǸָƾĵ٣ҶҲûطҸĸѯʣҲֻҼȹҲִҪǰصԭ֮һһֱɽΪԶͣͲǰ
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ʲôҶ˻һ۵ȻұģʯǽϲдţֻҪıԵܽô
Ա㡣ǽҵŮչ¶Цݵǲȥ㣬ĹǱƵƣͬʱ飬Ҳඣǲܽȥ
ҶյԴ˵ʲôұѵʲôӦսܶˣɱģ
ǲعҵȥ֮ʱ¹أÿֻѰһУ̰ͼȾָƽѰҵԼıв뿪ߣƽռݴ˵ߣƽ
ҶյǰףͲǺס
ҵ˴˵һĽƣҲõ˵һϿɣûһأֻһռݣΥµĹأ˵ִֻܹ㲢ҵõϿ߲ʸưӡΪˣڴ֮ǰֻһ㣬ҲκȾָ
̫ôռݴ˵أ
˵ඡƤͷ漴ֹҪұͿңֻҪΥıԸߣǱܽ룬ҪһֱǾͱҴ
ұ͸һáҶմŹЦһ漴Сðһ䣬ս㣿



286 ǹ
ұ͸һáҶմŹЦһ漴Сðһ䣬ս㣿
ôҵĿͻȻͱɷҺǵս
òɵܸˣ
ҵͷ԰ʲôô
ҶձŸ첲һģʱһӦı飬ȻԹ˵һֻһˣҾԲ뿪ģȺһҹɡ
̫ˡұҶյģЦȻ飬ܹӵԼĸ飬վǱļֵɱУƬյĵطҵȻϣܹҵһ˴뿪ǡ
ָ˻εС޷ΪҵˣԸڰڣһ飬ҪսңҽҴܣҴô
Ҷ˻һۣ漴ᶨĵͷ
ðɣô˵˵սҵĹ򡣡ҵֻǹ
һȣҶմϵý
ֵ̫̯ù
ҵͲô¡
Ҷղⲻƽѽʯǽ˵ܴܵڶͿõҪҪȥ㣬㲻սôȥ
ǾͲҪȥˣ챻˴ˣûˣʱˡ¶С⣬ҵĹ˵㣬ǲҪ̸ƽϣ˵ǲҲûսһܵڶѰұҪĻѾˣ⣬ĻǻᴥƵġ
֪ΪʲôûͨڶˡҶճ̫СŲûи֣ûǹĸ֣ҪӲĻ˼ҾͲ㽲ֱӴƣɾ͹µĽƵȻûܵסѹֽط
ǹȻ㲻ڵȷ絶ֱҪ㣬رǲսǹƷӲױʹǹȻٵĶ࣬ҶռУǹһõĲƺֻһ
ιҲҵĶܺʹģѹСҲ
Ҷ̯̯֣漴Ƶǰ˵̫磬ǹĸ
۾΢ǹ
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һֿƼȴǼѣǹִܿɹǿȥȴǹݳȴͬһ˲䣬ɼõǹ죬ǳȡ
ҶԴ˺⣬õͷ㻹Ҿ͸㽲أսȱǹбǹǹ˷ѣȻٱǹ⣬ִ޲ǹ⣬ǰ;ãǹҲãͬ⣿
õͬ⣡
˷ܵǱɣҿǹΣ
Ҳϻ֮ǺȻǹһ׾ʮ춷ǹǰݳ
ʮ춷ǹֺǶҲǶǣǽŭһҲɱˣ
ʮ춷ǹ֮ɣÿһǹΪþǹ̳ͬһ㣬ɲǼ䣬ǰǹӰƬƬͬɽһ㣬һһ㣬·޾ͷ
ҵ˫ֱǹǹݳϵǹӰ̳̽ǹӰ䵴һƬһƬĻ𻨣漴ϵҡͷ
ֻôҵǹϧǾȴûһǰƣǹٺҲЩ
һЦͻȻ䣬ǹƶ䡣
޽ǵǹͻȻһǹǹӰȻ̳һ̽˫ǹǰӭ޽ǵǹ֯𻨵ͬʱ޽ǵǹǹͷɷţॵһ֮ҵ˫ǹͱ𿪣޽ǵǹؿڣ֮㽫Ҹ
ϱеĵط̧ͷȵ
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ҵһǹǹԣǹ裬ǹڤǹ죬ʹǹ
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ҵʹǹһǹǹԣǹ裬ǹڤǹ죬ǹԳɣǹ޵У
Ҷ֪ǹõģҲȵǹµͨǹҲꣿʲô
ҶЩϣǣֻҪйأɵľͻģҲΪֻͬǰǳΪͬ࣬ҲΪΨһҶոо޷Խĸ߷壬ҲΪҶöһҪȽվĸߡ
ǹ¡ҵֲֹһڹ֮ǰһһˣʹıǹתۼѾˣ»ܹٿжʵ˺ǻţѾǹڼǹˣ
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ҵĽǹô
ȻġõԽޣǹԽ˳¹ȻˮҲΪ֮
ҿĵˣǹ㲻ÿˣǹǹȻǲġ
Ҷո̫أ˱ǹ˵һˡ
ҵǱ˵̫磬ǹٺҲΣͨǹܷʮղһǹĶΪֻʮ֮ȴγǹⲻԣһٿϿأ
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ҵڤ˼ɡ
հ죬ţܵӿ֮䣬ܵľתãȴǱһƬɽڣȻ䣬ɽڵ·ɱ죬վɽһȴ֧ڶݣбͬһ㣬ݺݵײһ
֮Уһһǹ׷裬ƥǹɱԷиء
ûлǹӰûаǹÿһǹ̳ǰʵ޻ȴÿһǹ̴һӰɱԷľ֮䣬һ֮ɱ߽ܱ߳侹˸ǰâ
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в̾ţȴҲʱǰ˸սͻȻĻͷվɽϵãԾ˻һǽеǹǰͶǹƿźХ磬ֱõš
˺ȴô˶ǹٶȣգ֮䣬ǹѾ˸ǰ

òҽţǵڵϣ
Ҷո̫Ǵ󾪣ǲ֪ÿʲôֻǼøҶƬ̣ţϱӿȵǹ⣬ƱǣǺ޵ֿˤڵأǹȴ˿δɳȥ
ס֣
Ҷյͺһ漴ϱǽȻҵǹײȥεڿײҲţǣ˽µĵȴѣ֡
ãɢȥԼϵǹɱ֮нɱ⣬ܻ񣬺ķǳ
ҶղҵĿޣȼǰõɱ
飿ҡԴʧؿõǹûˣϳû䣬ǹĲ͸ǹ֮⣬ԼǹʲôףǹܸѵĽǰɫܽҴ˵أڣֻܶԻȥˣΪ㲻䣬ȲߣҲʹǹ
ιҶղҲ˵ǹҪģ͸ô֪Ҳ͸
˵ˣȻޱȻشסҶֹԼף漴ҵ֪Լ̫ǣܲٸһ᣿ֻҪһᣡ
ҿò֮ŵãҾٸᣬǣҲģһΣĻ
ллллõͷĺлл
ҵ׼Ұɣ
֮ʣͻȻĺˣ˱ֳʯ֮УȻûϢ



287 ǰ
겻ܶκγʱڰ˶ᱻжΪҪռݴ˵ضƺɱԲѡҲ޷ʹ˻ˮȥΪǷ񴥶ƵȨҵУҪٸһᣬʼնûн˸ϳڶһֱš
ñҵĽܺ󣬱һֱȻͬʯһվʯּ䣬ԲȲ˵һȫԼ磬ֻ˭Ҳ֪Ҫá
Ҷո̫ģȥҲʹ˴ţҲֻڶһ𷢴
ιҶʯŵ˵öã
Ҵʯô֪ҪԵģǹʵģǹǧܹ꣬ǹ֮ǹҲָֻǷȱҪĶǾǶǹļ⣬㵱⻨˶ã
ңҶⶫҪôҺƴڤԲԼˡ
ԺáҵҲܸ־йأԽ־ᶨˣԽ򡣡
Ҷտ̫Ҳйô
̫аҵĹƵУԽ࣬ҵļԽǿִƵ֮ԽǿûôʮҲġ
ҶպǲҪʮɣ
̫ʮôǶһˣɱѵһΣֻҪ͵סįҲûʲô
ҶյʮҲ̫ˡ
ҵⲢʱ⣬ǹ⣬ܸҵǹϣҲѡģȻὣ⣬Ȼ֪к֣ܶɱҲǡ
Ҷ̾ǵͷÿ
ҵҲȻѾԼĽָˣͨӦܸҵǹϣܲȥֻܿԼˡ
һȥҶ˵ţ漴һ䣬ЦѽҪͨһ£ȥתת
ҵǿɲɣؾǹأңҲûʲôÿģֻһѱ
һѣҶʯǽϿ̵֣ɵǱı
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ҶȤܲϸ˵˵
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Ҷ۾ǽ
ǽҵҲ㻹ǳİɡ
ĵң̫ûйô
ҡͷȻҪҹôвٵĹиʶҲ٣ҿ԰ҡ
̫ЦʵѾˡ
ҶֵΪʲôȡ
ڵȣ̫Цʮܾ꣬ǰһˣҪȵˣֻҪҪٸһЩʱԣϣܹԼõ̬ǰѹȡߡ
Ҷһ㣬漴һҪͻ黪ڸˣ
Ҷղ¶ˣ̫Ҫͻ黪ڸˣ̫Լû飬һΪ̫Ѿˮɣﵽ黪ڸǵƾżһȴΪأȷǸĺõطӯ׸֪򣬸Ҷܹǿǣ̫ͬͨоӤ꾳޷о΢˿ֻһľ硣
ǣû뵽Ǽչȥ̫ƾ֮ǰȴȴǿڤ͵״̬ѳˡ
׼ˡûعʱ򣬱㾶ֱߵʯǰţβʧ
ҴʯӰõʮյĹ⾰Ҫˣȷô
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ҵҲٸλᣬҲ֣㻹ǲɣܻ
ҶЦŴõļģ˵ġ
ÿҶյ㵱ѣα㲻Ҫ֣ҲУֻ˵ûãҸԸеһкңҲܻҲңԶֻˡ
Ҷյɹʣ
õһɹġ
ҶճĬ漴ҴӦ㣬ϣš
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Զڼ׵ıɱ֮صĳŽڶ߲ϻƣּȡ
ʼδĿǱ嵽Լĸǰͬɫĺһ㣬ҪԼѹɻҳ
ǼΪصѹ޷Ϣֻʣµľ
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ͬһ㣬һһӡǰǴڣĵط̽ѯ֪ʲôطԼȥʲôطԼȥʲôطΣգʲôطûΣա
ֵó޵飬ûʲôԵģͬ˿ǰ㣬ֻҪѭ򽥽һ죬ȻΪ츳׿֮
ҲûʲôԣֱҶգŶʲôðգΪҶһ𣬺ܶʱǺܴ̼ʱԼǻŻˣǲܸЩʲôǲЩ˺Щ
һֱûܵõ𰸣ȴڴ˿̣ڵõ˴𰸣Ϊң
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ʱţһ죬죬졭
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Ѫ˳ŵʣԶӣͬһߣǴظƿ
壬øоʹ
ɼ壬øоʹ
ì壬øоʹ
ǣͣ£ǰһֱһֱǰȻ󡭡
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ûڲͣǰǹЩڼɱȥ
Щڼ·ɱ꣬ȴַ·ҪɱˣͣͣøԼֻһ㣬ֻһͿˡ
ॣ
޽ǵǹأѾɱ˺ܾúܾãܻɱʱ
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ҡ壬һѻʬɽϣԼ˫ʬѻķ϶С
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ĳìᴩõ壬ͬһ㡣
ǣվվŵġ
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ܵľȻתʬˣѪˣڼˣͻȻʧõʶص֮Уܲʯÿĵ¶Цݡ
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䣬΢Цǰ䡣
ҶûȥΪѾˣõµɲǣֽõӽס
ұĺܳñԼǹͷһ˫ִãȴ¶ĵЦݡ
úܺãҵˣ



288 

Ժһ漴ĵתѹ㿴ҶһЦؿԼ
ÿԼûѽ
ҶЦôġ
õҳɹˣ
Ҷûд𻰣⻰ԼشԵҵͷɹˣġ
ʯţ棬ţʯűǻ򿪣ɲǼ仪âʢʯŵĺ󷽣һ֧ǹͷ¶
ɫǹ˫ǹͷƬĻֻÿģܸܵһɭĺ
ǻ˿ϲ֮ɫ漴üΪʲôֻǹͷûǹˣ
΢΢һЦͻȻĻ⣬ɫĹΣ۵ǹͷ·ıɫǹˣǹϸ΢ЦػǹˣһƬ·һɳŹסǹˡ
ңǻǹˣ
ǰǸ˻ţָЩֲڣֻΪʲôǹ˻ôϸСĿûһǹǹǹ⻬ģΪʹ֣ЩСǹѿЩȴܼĦĸΪá
ͻȻ䣬Ŷǹ漴߾ٻϵǹⶸȻӿ֣磬಻Ъ
ϣǹ⡣
Ϊһǰ
ܵõҵϿɲò˵кܴУʹǹ˱Ͳ࣬Ҫôûʸ꣬ҪôȻ꣬ȴʹǹѾǷѾǹ⣬ʹǲܱϿɣǸҶգҲأ˽أǻԵɺϱ׷ɱҲ꣬ǣվǳɹˡ
ҲԵ֣
ҴǹԳӰǹԭһλıУΪսɳʮ꣬ǹɱѪȾǹ޾һһǹսֱۣһλǹУȴ֪ǹԣλ֮ʱǹ׷ȥȴΪѳɣ磬շתֺ֮˹УǺɳǹϦ令ǹ֮󣬸µ֡
ҲṼǹҲṼ㡣
΢ЦȻش
ҶµҪͨеǻᣬǲǸȥ㿴ˣЩҿеĿԴײǽˡ
ƲƲȥȥˣŲѾô
ʯŵĺǸС䣬ڰڷŻǹͷǷĺ滹һʯţƿ󣬱ǰһ㡣
ǰ㣬ԵˣΪһʯңܰıܣȴǿյģһʯ̨
Ҷտʯ̨
һҶȴûпǿһϻôֱͦͦİʯ̨ϣֻ˵ҲˣҶ𾪵Ƿϻʵ̫ˣЩףһ˰ߣʯ̨ϣףҶռҪ̧ͷܿǽϻȫò
Ҷղɵǽϻǹײġ
ǾǽϻҵװĽϻ
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̫һ׳Ľ
ʼ˭˵׳ĽͲǽˣ
ðɣûʲô涨ôҶյҸô
ҵң˵̫һţ֪ʲôô
Ҷ˻࿴漴һҡͷ
ҵ󣬱ΪǣĴڣٱΪǣԻ֮֮󣬱õµҲ֮飬һ죬ǻпܳɾ͹񣬶νʵ֮ûжĲֻǱˣĳԭǶұĲϣģӵмΪǿԣұɱ󣬱оͻ飬е֮УһλõˣΪ˵ǿʹн˵ʶ־飬ȻҲһЩԭ֮һǼǻģãͻر㣬ãͻ뿪㡣
ʵҾ㲻ҪǿЩҶմЦ⣬٩Ŀһ۵ҾҶ㲻õġ
ҷ˸۵˵ЩȴԵʣ㻹벻ˡ
ҶոϽЦ
ҵһΪ֣һǳ鱦ӵгʶ飬ҲʹһѾԣҲֻ԰ˣ֮߱󣬱֮лӵӶһЩǱܹΪһһ㣬䱾߱ʶ˼ά޷壬ڶǵ鱦ȴ鱦һΪ̺ӵһЩ⣬鱦鶼ܹɱ̬̬֣֮ͬһͬʱıҲÿһˣ鱦ȴ鱦鱦ӵеȫ⣬ܹˣܹ黹ǱҪһ˽вܷӳ鱦ȴҪ鱦ҲҪ˵ģһĲͬ˵ȱǱʲô¶ԴҲŪס
Ҷռ˶ʱȤʵʲô
ҵû飡
⡭Ҷռ˲Ǿ͸ǰ˵ĲһôҲһͨĽ
ô򵥣ù»ὫôҵԼʶֻû飬һ㿴ڳ鱦ȴѷڵ鱦ǣӵ鱦ž֮߱ܣҪѰ鱦ܹģµõ֮ҲǱľأȴʼͨ϶һ覴õ鱦
Ҷպ⽣أ
ҵ֪ݹԣһСĵطʱ𵽵Ϊû飬޷ģҲ޷ǹ¶Ҳһ֪
ҶյΪ飬ʲô
ҵγ˭ܽӽϻγ˭ˣͬʱҲӡΪˡ
ҶյҲ̫˰ɣ
򵥣㾡ȥԣҵû㣬û˵ңʶȴ飬޷֮û֪ʲôҪ㣬
ҶͷûذɣҲϲأһξͰγˡ
ʼҲǾνԵˣ˭֪ء
ҶմֵǾ԰ɣ
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ģҶյһܽǼһġ
Ҷǰ̤һֱߵʯ̨룬Ҷʲôǽϻ㡰֮ţѿһһҵ򿪣һ޴ޱȵĴ󽣱Ҷյǰ
һлҪ޴ĽԼ࣬ǽаףͨڵɫǱҹҪѪߣҫźɫĹâһһϵĽ棬Ǿһ㣬޽ǻġ
ҶտԼҪ޴ĽһʱҲǲ֪ôֱ֣Ծʯ̨ϣ³˫ŽץȥҪŽǱ޽γ
ȴҲĴɲǡ
飡
ҶպһɾǽϴţԼؿڷ·ذһȭǰ㣬˱󵹷ɳȥֱײǽϣ
ֵ̯ϲ㡣



289 ν
ҶһӵԾ𣬵˵ҳһаˣ
Ҷ־ˣһʧȴο־ٱˣҲֻΪһδʹ˷ҶյķӦ˵֮У̯̯ʾҶտԼ
Ҷҧʯ̨ǰ֮ҶȻСĽ䱸ûиסͱ𿪣ȴҲ˶٣Ҷֻ΢΢ܵĴУȻһ³ǹɾ޴ɳȥٴκǽϡ
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ǲģ鲻ֵõġõЩǲ֪Ѷĸдģܴɣˣǲ֪ܲǱȥЩֲĽ֪һʱ̵ͣģȻˣˤȥɡ
˵⻰ʱҶѾǱˡ
һΣҶռֵĸһЩκ㣬Ҷˤȥκ͸Щŵ΢뽫ŵжȥɹˣȴûȫɹ̫Ҳ̫죬Ҷֻüжȥһ˿ֱɳȥˡ
ģҶշȴϵĻҳĵȥŭСүˣҵš
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ĴǽʱҶΣҶҲƾǿԶԸǾҪԿķֻ
һΣǴУʵʵסǽĸо壬΢΢ĴֲڣҶջŵѪȡ
֮⣬ǹɾϯǱ޽ڿš
ҶĴ߶ţײһӣҶٴθоؿһƣ漴ֱɳȥ

Ҷշ޷һ䣬ţʯ̨ǽȥ
Ȼ󡭡
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Ҷǰ̵ʯ̨ǰ̵ıˤһҶվǿľ㲻ظţһֱظţ

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̫Ĵ˸Ƿ۾ԵЩȻܴ󣬵ʮʱǽÿһ֮⣬ÿ쿴һɵˤˤȥʵǺġ
һ߽ǹ̳Ŵ̻һߵ˵ֶܼã
֪̫ҿĺ죬ûһô
߰յĹ⾰ҶѾ֪ˤɳȥٻأֵҲͽ޹Ŀǵһξü黪ڸǵΪҲСƾԼ磬ʼն޷ֿǹɾ˾ΪôŬԵ˲԰ףҶܹЩ޷ļָԣżҲЩпյ뷨ǰ󵽿ֲľ޽ǿӦǴ˿̵Լ޷ģɲģҲʹ˷ԣҶãǰŽȥ
ָմҶձоţҶղǱ޽ԼɣǡһҽУԾԼʯ̨ˤȥȻµĻҳʯ̨
ǵСҺܲԼģˤǧٻأҲûʲôˤ
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ҲŶ̫ĵͷ㲻ôһǶȶԣҲܼôҾûԼԼˤһǧػһµӣңҲÿζġ
רעȻûע⣬̫ȴúܣҶÿһʱͻǱ޽Ȼٸһʱ󣬱ֳ㱹ģֻҪҲԼ𿪣ˣƵԼԼʯ̨ˤȥ
ôԭֻһǾǻ
黪ڸǣҲ߰첻ЪʹãͬʱҶҲϣԼͣϢǻоԼʧܣοֶһжϣ¶ˣԣҶİ취š

ҽţҶٶȺԾһˤڵϣ漴ӵٶʯ̨
ǽҶյָһȻһˤʯ̨ǣʱȴһãȻ
ףҶտ˿૵оѽ
ţҶձЦø̫ͷҶշʯֽ̨ס
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һϢʱ䣡
һʱ䣡
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Ķͷ˵ˣǽˡ
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̫ҶձĴָҪôϲҪôᣬһǵһμñĴˡ
ҡҶҧ棿һƫҪ棡ҷǰγɣ
ҶնԣϢڲˤˤȥԼˤˣϢʼܲһİǱ
ʵҶҲ֪޽ʲôõģ̫ˣҲ̫ˣ˵ľ޽ʺԴڤʩչʹð׾Թ϶Ŀ콣Ҳ޴Ӱ죬ҪԱӰֳýͬҲĸΪķڤɱΨһӰĿֻлһЦɻһЦ֮ȴǽ⣬ĺûʩչûж塣
ҲӦǾϻ޲檣檲͵͵͵ڵòĶܻõġ
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Σʯ̨սϻҶ֪ë쿪ǽȻ޼գǽ˿ǽϻ鱦ȻҲǷƷνˮ֣Ҷ˽ϻͷҲֻ˸ˡ
ǣҶ辶ʼ˵Ǳ˵˵һѷϻ
ʵҲûʲôõģѵҺǱô粻꣬Ѿ黪ڸǣ֮ͻ飬˵ɾ͹Щҵ־ֱָ־ΪɲˣȻˣɵúúðס
ǲҴ㲻ãҾȫõѽҪҲҶ㲻ãͷ㿳ô죿ԣҸ˻кôģѹңҸô죿Ǿѹˡ
ι˵ô໰ô֨һ
Ŷ˼ǲ֨ģûϵҽ˵
ˣҸҸźòã⽣ûУһʹʱƯˣ춼һ׷ɣԵĴ˶㵱žԲԿģ



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úƵؿҵҲŵô
ģҲţҲָҶյһǸӣ
ȻҶ˵ЩʲôȾ˵Ȼû飬ȴӵʶĶΣѵＸЭôҿɲôãֻҶùƫĽζ
Ҷյȷͦζģ˿ûԼôʲôףǰľ޽ੲݡ
ѵͲµôҶյˣʮꣿꣿͲȥһͲԿ˵ĸо㲻ҲģǱսıܣϲŮˣŮ˲ϲ̫һ쾭顣
ʵĺô࣬ҪôаɣԻ飬ԣӦԽҴȥ棬ҴȥˣҪĲˣĲˬ죬ǿٻô鲻ɣҲһ˾;ʵǸء
ˣ˵ȱ㲻ΪԱɣģҲġ
ҶվǹĹ壬ڶԷۿɰСŮչռƻʵڲִɼƻһĿĲݵӡ
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ҶռȻԼˤʮ죬ȻҲԼ˵ʮķϻ˵ʵȴǲ׵İ취˶̾Ҷյ
ǣ̾̾ø̫ܿͷһݵ顣
Ǳ޽ʼնҶյķϻ޶ԣø̫ҶյĹŪĲ䷳ҶһԲȲ˯ۣ״򲻶ˣﱧǾ޽˵˸оһǲǷħˡ
˵ҲˣҪҶһ̫ܳյĳĲȥҶ˵ЩʲôƫƫֺҪҪҶջܳʲô
㵽׻벻úε㿴Լʲôô̳ȥһʱģһʱģ㵱ҵһǹ
Բ𣬶Բ𡣡ÿɥҲ뼯о񣬿ｲְָôСèҾ̲ס
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ǽâҶУԳȴһƴСĽӡûеƷ˵Žıϰ֮࣬ѵһγһɽӡȴš֡
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Ҷһ㣬漴ЦϿңԸˣ
ҶһߴЦţһ߲ľǽȴҲɲǣǱ޽ͻȻӿҶջδüӦ㱻ֱɣݺݵײں󷽵ǽϣ漴һһĻ
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ҶĳʵҪһ룬ӦǱȽҵģֻǲԸ϶ѣȻýⶪңֱɱҲͺˣһӾ徲ˣԣӦԼıģʹҺòá
ҶյĻԽԽΪǱ޽ϵĹâԽԽ
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ҶտҵⶫĻǲˣ
̾ǣ
ҶյĽƽҴ
̾ǣ
Ҷյʣµıҵǲ
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ҶѾˤ·ǰӡ˲ҾΪ°ɡ
ҵŭɲǼӿޣֱҲҶյĳ嶯



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ιιҶջعǱأ
ҶյԼˣҲѽ
̫Уͱˣ͵ǿҰɣˣ˵ӡɡ
ҶյͷǾ˵ӡɣǱĿҵ飬ȥ̽Ѱҽ𶴸ռȻ³˵ĲӣһȦ󣬽ȴôҲǻ𶴲˰ɣҪͬʱйµĽأҲȫװ֣ԣ¾Ϳ¿ϲϴӦæˣɻõģ޷ǱѶ˫ô鷳ȥһˣô
Ҷ°ӡ㽫˫ڣ˿˫棬̵ͷû⣬Ҽ̡
Ǿ鷳ˡҶ漴ֵ̯Ǿ͸ʲôʲôɣһеȻѶ˵
Ҷվʹö⣬˫Դ뿪꣬ʱҲδʲôΣգڰſڶ˴£˳֮ȻȫҲˣǻ˺ľ˫𽣬ƿնУֱȥ
̫ɿֻҪҶղڣܹúˣҶԼãΪҲ²٣ȴڤҶջǵǱ޽ΪǱ޽ҶҲԼΪ
ڽأ黪ڸ㲻ʲôЩӣ¼һѽµÿһ黪ڸǲ˵൱˵΢ֵҲùײҶԶʤ˵ļһ㲻ҲԶʤ˱񣬿ˣͬΪƾǿΪã׳ԼԷһ㣬𼸺սʤ
ȻҲֻǼˡ
ţҶռǯˣī
黪ڸǵĸڽؿ治ֵǮ
ҶղԳһЦ֮˫֮黪ڸǸ֣ζǴѾһˣطʲô㡣
ֻˣҶɲĸпվΪǱ޽ԼԽһǽ᲻ԼأôҲôԼЩɡ
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ҵҸ֮ʱȻң֪֮顣
Ҷհ̾һû·˵ĿиĸָһԼҲЩ·Լָȥĸ֣
¿϶ǣԣӦ˵֮ҶӤ۷֮ʱֻ黪ڸǣҶԼ黪ڸ֮ʱ֪Լ뷨̫棬黪ڸнǰֲǷŮվŵĵطԸߣпܱԼлҪߵĶ࣬ҲԼ֮ʱɷֽڸߵĵطأ˾
ҶյȻûľΪûԶֻڣƾµȻָָĽӦҲʵһָġ
ҵʵڲɣҰΣ
Ҷպôʣ
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һ˵ţϱͷųɫĹ⻪ϸߣȥÿһıϷţһ㣬еı쳹졣
úȴ⻪ʳһЩǣҲ֪鲻ҪģȻҲ̫Щ飬иøң黪ڸ۷壬Ƿ豹棬˾ڵͲǰҪˡ
Ҷô˼ɢȻˣ
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ԸƨҶŭҰɢվͻΪݽ߶ɢ
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̫ҶյļɣҼ츳ɫһһܹ֮ģοѵǿôԴ󵨵Գ黪ڸ֮޵УͬΪƴӮĿɳƺ
Ҷĵ飬ɲյ㣬ֻһżһȥż̫ȰοҲǹģҶղʲôֻ˵˾ɡ
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˫ɽǣᣬûʮµҲزοԪʮ̸Ҳ֪ΣصʵãҲͰԳԼ֮С
ҶȥԼĺڰսʬɽϳ˸裬ѪﻮˮĩȥɽϿ˿ƣҶĬͬӹСèһ˯ʱŮأ˿־޷ã˼꣬ǧ껹ɣҶֻϣݴܹһֱȥ
죬ˡ
Ҷյһ̤꣬ڵϹ꣬ϲ΢ˮÿ
Ҷʵϲģǵεδģƹȴֺܾܹ˰Щֻܴ˿꣬ҶĪСĺòãջĺòãʱҲЩĪĺڣۺΪʲǫ̂һأҲֻһ˲ҶǺʵڵˣ֪ⶫûãҲˣľڴˣȻ£û˳£뵽һλ۾ݽصǸ˽ճ˼ճҶү˵ճ¼棬һ򣬶ĳʹҶղ쿪˼ҿܶԼôõ˿ôͶˣǵ˵ЩԵɣҲֻ˵ճȻ㲻ţȴѵõĹţϾкܶ࣬ûճǰ㡣
Ҷվôµ˿˼룬ܶʱ뵽ģǰģľԵĿ
ȴҲʱϸ˵ͻȻԼ
ǵùۿҪطܵһʪˡ
˵ˣⲻѾô
ãҴһҼֵı

Щ˵͸Щ͸Щ͸ЩûߵغԴ
Ҷմ˸Ƿ漴۾·ȥ
ŮŮվ֮Ϳ󣬴ķμƣӶǰ׵ߵˮۣƮݣ͸˿ζŮǴŹɫİȹһǰ׵ߣЩŮӦýͬһط
Ҷٶȴ˸ǷЩŮŮǴģҲʲôΪȻֻһ¿Ǿ˵ѰԼıûκ壬Ҷ֪ǲܴκһΪǣκ˶ٴκһ
Ȼͷ緢Űȥȴոմڣײһεǽڣһɾ㽫ݺݵĻɳȥֱС



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ΪǡҶʧЦһ漴ĹȰǻ߰ɣòġ
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ҶվǾƨĳϾܽʯΪ޽ԼΪߵȲԼ꣬طȻ˹ھ޽ǰֻ֤Լ˵ĻǶ˵˵ѵģҪ޽ƾ鲻һɲǾһֱԼɾ͹ҶվͲ⽣ԸԼ
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ġ˾ͽԶ˵滰ȥʦãʻʦ㣬ʦܣͬȥġ
ߣ˾ͽߵһûأƾǼҲȥ꣬ıʸ񶯵ôǻζˣ
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˾ͽˣ»Ҫȥ֮֮ͨĲЩѾռݵؾżҲЩδֵؾżЩѾ֣ȴռݵؾżΪЩطͨΣգҲζռЩط˽ԲǷ֮

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ԭȻǻޱȵģǻĻԭϣȴһĹݻޱȡ
Ŷˣ˷бϣŮ캬ˮУ˷ҧڵ˾¥Ųȥ궼ûнǵط£ھȻˣǵͦ档
˵Ҳ֣ҪҪȥ
ˣռ˾ռˣҲʲô¶˷νĻֵµ鷳ճǼһǷŮҲ֪ЩʲôֶԸճôЩĵ¶ȥɣ¸ûϵ

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꼧ϣһֱ벻ףǰ壬Ϊǳʵ벻ͨΪô
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꼧µԤϣ﷢Щ
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293 ١һ
Ҷղ֪Ѿв˽Ŀ˰ϣֻ֪Ҫˣ
˫뿪غĵʮ죬Ҷյӥ˵ǲչɱִ꣬ҲûҶյ̫ãպ߰˳ڰڡ
û뵽ɺǿģҶյļ˵û飬ҵΪһ֮أ꣬ҲûԼռһؾŲү·ڵõһżοռµĻǰ꣬ǹµĵطĺ˲
ɼҶպЩ״ΣأٶҶ˽һЩ飬걻ֺܾˣ¥ʮɴ⣬Щûжģ޷Ҳ̫Զˣǻ˷綼Ⱦָ꣬źЩ˶ûгɹҶճɹˣƾһҶڽ֮룬ҪǰйµĽƣֻҪЩڣǾͻܰȫ°˵ֻżؾһ;δֱӵİŴԣȴЩؾǿ
㻹侲ЩɡҶЦҲǻԵɺϰˣ˵ŷеĻҸϣҴһЩϢ
ԵҲʵһ֡Цٷһ䣬漴ҪĺϢҶˣǻϢô
ô˵´ӦæˣҶպΪʲôӦ
ɵͬŮ˵ǰ㣬ܹҴӦﾮһˣӦæˡ
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ͱˣְﲻæЦе飬Ȼ죬ҳ棬ֻ»ϣԣҲǽˡ
ҶƲƲ飿׵һˡ
ߣͽк³ġһ漴Ժ˵Ƚ¸ˣҸŮֶǲܵģȻҪǴҲûãЩ徳ļһﵽֻȥɿԣŮ˸жѡ͹ʮΪӤ꾳ʣµȻ徳ǱǳҪôЧҪôǰֳ壬ҪôǳȴΪ⣬һЩΪó֮ͬʱҲܽ˴̼ˣԺ˭״˭㹻㣬˭ܱ׼أҪƿ»ҪЩʱգŮʱǹˡ
ҶվȵЩǱҲܣҳʮӤ꾳ô
ɵȻˣŮֱͣȥƽ򸣸ѩ˵Ҫڽػ첻ȥ͵ûȥǣڤȪˣ͹һ˶ҳģӤ꾳ʲôЩ徳вٶصѡģֱӾô˹˵ǼһӲ˺ü
˵ЦأҶղмôЩ˿ɿô
ɵʲôɿģ˭̺Ⱦ͸˭£ѵɵѽܻػŻɽ
Ҷյͷʲôʱ²þɣҿӣǺܲԸἰأ
˵ˡɵµȷԣˡ
Ц֣ҶղƼϼһͬоȻоľƮƮÿοľ
ľ΢ЦҶյҸĸ״˵һģȻҲᣬҴĸ״ﲼƼȿɡ
ҶյͷˣȾǿˣͷһĥȥ˸أˣͷŪƣҪסЩӰɣҲû뿪ɽ㵱ɢˣɰȫĺܣ鷳أҲʱȥġ
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˽˵󣬾ľ˰ȡһЩ֮ѯҶոﻭƺ󣬱׼֡
ʯǽɣҶյڹƬʯǽ»Ȼռ˼ҵĵطôҲʱ޿հһ¡
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ҶҲڼʶ˾һ壬Ȼ飡
̫ʱڵޣ˵ΪϡȴҲײУǶޣޣϢӴĻþǿܽʵڵһбɻþþһбΪʵڡ
ҲǾ¸ľԵʣгһգҲҪƾһУ쳣ֲǽþΪʵֻͨɣάֵʱ伫̣޷ս֮УҲ˾̾
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ҶմδľҲδ˶֣ңľ˵ĸоһֱǿչҼįôҲΪ֮ҶҲʹδȥȥ֪һ¾ľΪ˿̳治һľȡ
ĸ״˵츳ܺõġľЦŵҳʱ壬޳Ӥ꣬黪ڸˣɽĴҶţʵҲûʲô˲ģҶôģĪˡ
ҶտЦͺ˲𡣡
Ҷմ˿֪ľɽկ˶ھľ־ηˣȴµĹϵľ츳ҲǴҲ׽Եʣ̫̫ޱܹ鶼ױ˹࣬Ҳʹþľҹ¼ŵԸˣҲҶոú˶ûôѾľ£֪ԼʵҲѣСѿһ
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İɣûµġľһʱ͵ʱˣҽ˽ӹЪϢҲ١
ȻѴҶȻҲ֣ȵʱ󣬾ľйţͼâʢâԼĳӰȴ˱ϵ͹ֻǣЩ˵˼㯣Ȼδӻþлعζ
ųһյʱ䣬˲űϤ͵꣬ܵһУ¶棬Ҳ˷ܣһʱһƬ
ȻԤϣҲЩ˹Եʣӻֱǰά
ǴˣܹҪи³̡ɵû³̣һҲȥ䣬֪һֱŮڹܣ˦ƹ񵱵УЩܹԼܡ
Ҷ룬漴ͷԣ
Щ˰Ҷǿ˹µʯǽ漴̫ǰǰ굽ôĵطҶղվǰ
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294 ١
ɳҶձ˱ĴָȸһƣͿҲǶʩĺж
Ҷյҿûôֻ࣬ϣŬѣʦ˵ԽžԽ֪ŬΪκ¶Ե̫ˣżʧ֣ҲϣԸŬŬЩˣʵЩɷļһҪĸãֻԼŬЩԣʦٿңϲҷ˵Ҳ
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ʱˣʲôġҶ̯̯֣Ȼø̫һȥЩ츳ǱȷǲϣܹӤ꾳ģЩʱðӡһѣܹõҲܼˣֱһ겻ˣǿɵòʧڶıʲôʱӤ꾳۷壬ʲôʱʸ϶ȥ
У̫С¶һȥ
Щ˳էȻ԰꼫ΪȤ˿̶ȥЩҶҲ󷽣аӡ֣ûκܹκһȻҲСֻʲô¶ɣ߱ȴǲܵģ˵ЩЩи룬жһԣЩӤ꾳Ҳˣƾ徳Ϊ߱ҲܣЩͬŽ
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ҶƵΪʲô
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ҶƲƲ죬Ȼܲ˹˭ҲϹ̽Ϣй˵ͣңɼȻأôҶնŹֻںľѡ
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֪ˣҶյͷû˲ţһҴ¶Ҫ޽ȫһǲãǸô޽Ҳ̫붯꣬ǲǵΧŰȦפأפ±˿飬͹ˣҪЩѵͶ
̫ͷ֪»ǵԪʮɣ¶ʵڲʺǸɡ
ҶտЦͷ漴ЩȲˣȥˣҪܴġ
̫۾һִʲôˣ
ôܽлأҶղһ䣬漴ںľǺǱôĶֻŶԣʲôԣɾǲϲԿ



295 ϴ١һ
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Ҷտǰ΢΢ףɽµ·Ǻľĺ«ȡ
ߣȥʵΡҶյǵýϡ
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ǰǺ«Ⱦףֻв֪ĳϽлţĽУҶʯʯ㡰һ򿪣Ķͷ̽Դ
ˣͷƵôԼʱһЩ
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ҹĺľ࣬Ҳ֪Ϊҹûз̫˽ľҹҶǱûУֻȼֻССϺϹ䣬ŶֻЩСȻյ˷ҲţֻǺĬľ̸ǡ
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һ͵ֿˣҶջֵ
һȺƻǰ棬Ҳ߶ʮһȺͳЩСɱȥ־ͽǸչ˹
ѲػڰЩľĿˣҶһȺᣬʱźôѽ
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ãҶմӦһ漴ĵĲȵûЩСʲôҪõģȫ
Ҷպţͷһҵһ߷˷ֵƹչ׼õ̧־ͽϵıɨȥ
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ҶĹϰķϻһϵֱһң֮󣬸ոյſڣƹŴ߳ŵͱˣء
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ŶҶջͷ۵ƻӵģǣֻŻ٣ɲȻ𣬵ǿȥȣŻûӵ֣ϽȥȰɡ
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Ҷհγһһ裬һŽֵͷԾȥȻӦ˹ɣ˿ԲСȴǱߵģҶ˵Ļ㻰
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ҶЦľֻһڣԺֻһڣҼȻվѵܵĵô
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ڻҷǵô
黪ڸǣҶտŴԼӹȥЩ˼



296 ϴ١
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ӽնһǷҵһնѣȴɲǼ䣬һ֮Ӱէ֣黹ȣһĨͻȻֱֱĻؿڣһ˱ˤɳȥ
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ǽҶȴǲܲǽ˸ǰ֮ʱ㵥ǰƽ٣۵ģǵͱ÷飬ţҶձ«ǰ㣬ͬһն
ܵһһ𣬻ɽģȥͬһ֮ǰ۳Ҫһ飬ֻһ֮䣬оѹԼѸţҶһҪдĶֻ࣬ǼƬ̣㱻ӲĴ̴һصĺϣɳȥڵϾһƬ
Ҷ΢Ц㲻а
鷭ӵͨһȻ˵ֻǾҶյĽÿĽúݵĽðԵĽ
ɫ֣漴ͺһĵֳҶԾ˳նһҶ£⾢ʮһҶȴɵ˰벽ɵĶ㿪棬ȴҲʱͻȻһâҶյȥ
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ذ׷˫̴ܴУֱӴ̴˼壡
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ͷȥǶذмҶǰ಻ôΪҶտס
黪ڸǺ˲ôҶտЦ㣬黪ڸǣͬŷĴڣ
Ҷյļһ漴ֱһ˦ƾӲĽſ˦ɳȥ֮ǰҶպὣָĨһĽÿӹһ磬ҶϵĽȻһ֣Ҷյָӹ⣬ܱȻɱ֮⣡
һֽҶյͺȵɽ
һΪīҶյǰӹʹ˻ɽַţֱУɽϮȥ
鲻֪һֽ͸ŵȻȴ龫һ𣬸ϽŬͷųǰȴڽ֯ײɲǣ㶸ȻƿǰصĿϡ

ҽһӿˤ棬Ӷţٿ屻⿳еĵطǽӸϣһѾ͸
ôҶն׵Ҹȥ仰ͽú
䣬һ̴ĺֹͣԴһûϢ
Ҷ˳ּǱذףնǲģҶȻִưеǱȻںôһذףⶪһǲġ
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ĳԱȻδ뵽ɾ˵ִţ˵鼸䣬һ˱㼸Ҵҵ̫ܽȥˡ

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299 һɢ
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300 ɽҰ֮
ɾǽزã漴ͻС
ɽ˫ĿãȻıǰѾɢɾһһз·ƾʧһ㣬ֻɢĶ֤Ĵڹ
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Ҹ˵ģҵĽʡɾ̾Ϣ߰ɣҸ㻹Щ飬Īҳڶ
ɽſˮҪʹȴȴԼ˫ֱðβŲתӣƴԶߡ
˭Ҫģףأ
ʱ̫һҲǴ˴ӰжѾһϽ̥
Ź̫ǵıڰҲ̳̫ͻ黪ڸǣͬʱҵ˵ͣҶֵư꣬Ͻ̥׵Ͽ̫Ϊֻǣδֹδңѵ鷳ģ̫Ҳ¹սһȴ̤⣬Ӱδ
̫˳ץ˵㲻˵ϰ˵ô
ίղŵȷеѽǻ˵Լǻɽʯǵˣ
̫ɿ֣ܾĵģɾƼЩô
ɾЦضǡ
ضǣ̫һƣ漴ԾĸӦһΧʱ¶֮ɫ֮ܵкȻʮͬǻֻѾĺڽ뵽Χ֮У̫ѿڵɱģ
ɾЦľƣȻðЩ飬Ȼʵڹⲻȥ
̫Щʲôˣ
ɽʯǵˡɾȷЩϴֻнŮӣоǾ¥ʮǵĻɽʯˣǶ԰Ȥ걻ʱҲûжǻɽʯǣȴҪСˣһȺˣʲôϲģưոݵģ
ɾʲص棬֮ǰһᱣްġ
̫ɵ㵽˭ʲô
ɾЦ֪ˣûжġ

ʲô
ҶƵؿǰˣյĸûˣңԼһֱܽ䱸޵ɢţ˿Ȼܹڵһʱ䷢֣˿ܰھеˣǶԷΪѾԽ黪ڸ֮
Ҷʵڲ֪ΪʲôҪܣǲɵĻͷһۡ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
ǱסͻȻ϶㳯Ҷշ˶ֱͳҶҧȥ

Ҷƺһ˱ҧԼļϡ
죡Ҷҡһ¸첲뽫˸ƿȴֶԷԽҧԽԽ۵ģŶԷؿڱһƺȵҰɿ
һƽ˸ɳȥȴҲ˻һҶյ·ƣǼ֮ҧһ顣
Ҷֻһ˿ڣбǾȣԼ˿ڴϸ΢ʹ˿ڴûɢǣԼҲ˿ûϵļ
ô
Ҷղ뵽ɽЩʬ壬ȴҶռϸ룬Ѿ
ܣ
˳Ҷմغţȴ¶˵ҶյĸǰצֳҶҧȥ
ǰ֮Ҷĸҧ֮󣬴˵ǰһȭжԷ°ͣЩҧԼͷ漴תƵ˵̧һ㽫˸ڵأ˱㶼ѹȥ뽫˸ס
ܣһһߺȵùңܣ
Ҷ¶ٿЩè壬˵ʶƺȴ޷סԼ壬ҪϮҶգЩ
ѽܣ
ɺҶտܣȴԽԽҶ޷סͻȻ䣬˻һҶձоؿھϮű㱻˸Ʒɡ
Ҷ뷭ԾȴһҶϣҧȥֱӿҶյϡ
Ҷճʹ漴һȭڶԷСΪǱĴ˵
˲ʵúţ漴ǰֳҶȥֻȴû˵ҶյϣڰбֱͦͦصȥҶ̧ͷĿԽһȴǶʯеѾֱ˸ק˻ȥ
ܡ
һ߼ǰУһ϶ҶצһȴҶտЩ뿪
Ҷվ˵ĸǰ׾룬Ϊ˵˫ʼ޷Ҷա
ʲôˣҶճĬŴ˼۵ôģģ
ߣߡɳźңϽߡ
ҶյҲģ˵ңҲһ԰㣬㿴ʹࡣ
ã˹ִܣ뿪
Ҷյ˨ţˡ
Ҷջδ䣬ʯǽͻȻԡһü׶ұڶǶеȻ˸ק˳һסĸ첲ȻǰһɨӹҶյ½󣬱ץۣ½˺һ顣
˽ҧݵͺȵܣ
ҶĻԥתɽȥֱܵ⣬˿ȴҲʱɽһХţĶڱͻȻܳӰȴѾһҲұק˳ʧȥ˷ľ׷ɽ
ۿű޿ɱܣҶҧͷųɫӿȣͬһ̵֮ڵҶյĸǰԾҶշˣȴڰײɫ㱻ӲĸĻصϡ
֫ŵأͬҰһڵϣŹ͵ر졣

ŭ˻Ұ޵˻ţҶջǰ㱻һ÷飬ɢ顣
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ҶܹܵԷ˻ʱɢǳӯĳ̶ȾǲԼ֮£ǰ˳Ұޣ޷ϵ⣬ΪȻ黪ڸֻ֮˻Ҷ˾ȣҶյҲΪˣɣ˵ӯ˿ѷɫԼʤ֮ȻҲһԼ
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˵ļͷҶһУ漴ӿˤ䣬һڵϣ漴͵طһȦҶԼͷһ̳ĽȻδҧ˹
һֽҶ۽ڿ黭ַ
ַڿΣӭ֮󣬱ȻըѣߵĽ޴ӶܣݺݵĻؿڣֱ˵ؿնһ޴˿ڣбпظ
һʵ˵Ĳ壬صϺ󣬽ŲЩ鸡ģȴɲƣ֫ŵ
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Ҷ۽ٴλֻǣһȴδһֽΣһŭ˳ǰӿҶֻܾ쫷磬ԼˣǰڿлδдɽַͻȻžһ㱻Է÷顣
һеĸǹͨҶմ˿ᵽԼƽʱ۸˵ĸоˣ
ҪΪҵˣǿ治˼ˣҶպò״ӶԷѳͺȵ졭
һȣ
ҲʱǰͻȻͣ½Ųޱĵڵϡ
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301 α顾һ
ҶɻĶߣ֦˵
ε֪֪ܲò
һҳԵļһԣҾԼͦòġҶ˵ŻͻȻǣ˿ڣ۵Ȼ󽫸첲ǰһݵԼЩȫҧġ
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˵ҧסҶ˵˼ȦȻס˫֣˳ƽһֱصɽ˶ʯϣȻұڵİ
ڿˡҶս⿪ɱ壿
ǣ˿ƺҩԵʣҳһֶصҩݣȾҩԣΪҩԵԵʣҵЧԣý˿ڴҩк͵Զõġ˳ʯϣü¶óҩƿҶյ׵󣬻ƵڷǲģҿԸԼһ顣
ˣҶšҩƿŵ㣬漴ԼҩǺѣ
Ŷ˿ʯЪϢҵ֣
ҶյûֵĲɣһͯҥô
ѻϲݣЦЦͯҥֻû뵽ôңͯҥ̫ߣΣȴǲ֪ҲΪԼǰ뿪
ҶĵѾˣԼǵһμ̶ȸԼ£ѹԼһͷļһֻ⻰˵ЩҶҲֻ˵˵
˨źѵҶյΪʲôԼסģ
ԥһ£漴ҡͷ㽫ҩ뿪ɣҵ鲻ܣҲܣǻġ
ҶǣǣЦΪᷢô̫̹ףŪҡ
ҡͷⲻֻӮ飬㻹Ǳ̫ˣ߰ɡ
Ҷ֪֪̬̾Ȼ˸档
΢ЦȻȰ˵ú󣬴ĬԶԼ̬ȡ
ðɡҶֵ̯̯ȻģȻһ˵Ҳǿˣ
һȣҶռʧɽӰʱͻȻڵҲ֪Լܻãʲôʱһ˼άǶʧȥҵʱĲˣԣܲܰһ顣
Ҷջͷǵÿʲô飬鷳кôĻȻǲġ
ҽӽ¥Ļ档ѴӴóһʯҶյⶫġ
ף졣Ҷùǿʯʯ
ǻʯŰƵĴЦţȴѪɫ͸һ˿죬͸һ˿аȡ
ֽѪϦǼΪϡĻѵͨĻ壬ѪϦȴͬȻҲΪӯȴеģѪϦڱϣǼͻһǱ޷ѪϦ׵ѣڶǱȾѪϦ̺׳Ϊһɱ
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һȡҶպȻʲôӻһ鼸һģһĻʯҲˣ
Ѿȵõġ
żȻ֮Ҷֵ̯õֺһֱ֪ʲôõġ
ЦʵѪϦϡеĻ֮һɫϡУݴһɫвŻһѪϦԣ㲻ʶҲ֣ΪĺʶѪϦ
Ҷνʼ磬ǺóѪϦԼҰǵˣΪһֱ֪ѪϦãȻҲãڿ֮٣ţҶձ㽫Ŀ䵽תĴϡ
װʲô
ѼҶҪӣϽֹ𿴣
ѵķӦѾܿ죬ʵĺܣվһûֹܹҶǴӡ
һΪʲôҶմóһöϸСĿⲻǵ֮ô
Ѵʧɫô֪ǵ֮ӣ
Ϊʲô֪ҲСҶյĻһ٣漴ҲǴ󾪵ΪʲôҲе֮ӣ
ѵͻȻֳɫƣݺݵصҶյǵˣ
ҶһƵ˵˭
ѵôе֮ӣ㲻˵ʵǾͱｫɱ
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ҶҲɢҪԼˣʲôɣҶն
˵ձĽţú󣬺ѵͻȻһɢţѱʯ
Ҷü漴һǴӵ֮ӵʵĲ֪˵ʲôǣҾ㻹бҪԼ˵һЩҴ˿̵ĺѾʹҲҪĵزˡ
ԥһµøңĵ֮Ǵġ
ԣҶ˵ԼܣȻһԼ֪Ҳ˵
ѳ˼Ƭ̣Ȼͷãܲȿĵ֮ӡ
Ҷ֪ѲԼȻԼϳ֮ѾԼû˵ѣȻۼΪʵҶҲ뷨ǵ֮ʵͦΣյĶҶõ֮һֱţҲδ߹κˣҲԥֱȡ󶪸ѡ
Ȼǵ֮ӣҶնĴһ漴̾һðɣԵܡ
һ˵ţһԼǰ½Ҷֻһۣǲס
ѵؿڳһ仨һɫС֮Ȼһͷ
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ѵʮǰûѻϲݵ˵ʱֻһͨͨˣҲ츳ʵ̫Եʣ徳۷壬ȴʼ޷Ӥ֮µµغһԼԾ飬ǾǽأشΣգҲϣΪôڽҵͻֻ֮ǣܶʱʵܲпᣬҽûã㱻ץȥһ꣬Ϊδͻƣպʱ䣬ӳ뿪أҲطҸôģǣ뿪ǰֱץˣһļһΪ̣ǽҵŪ⸱ģģǲ֪ʲô֮ҵڡ
֮Ҳ壿ҶڲѯʣΪ뵽ԼƺҲһ䣬ΪԵʣӦòͬҶղɵ֮ʳڣ㲻Ӧñô
ѵԣˣұȥӶ˵һ֮һҲΪҵСֻе֮һֱӵ㹻ŲʳҵҸԸɾ



302 α顾
֪ôʱҾȻԼҸѵĺҸӵе֮ҿӶ˵ΪԼҵԽԽǿӤ꾳Ҳҵĵ֣Щץҵ˻ͻӤ֮ҶԸǰ׵ɣҽվĸߣҵΪﵽӤ꾳۷ʱΪĻӯҲǸУҺ谭ľͻ黪ڸǣΪһǿߣ֮ͬʤңΪǵûҳӯûһһܶȡǵҵģʱţǲսʤģûܹӮң
ҶȻĨ亹Ȼûкǰ㲻һ뷨ò˵ϵľԼƣԼȻӤ꾳˳Ѫɽĸͻ黪ڸɵͬԷ˯ǰףʵжʼ޷һؿòһеȷΪ֮ԵʣҶľޣûе֮Ļôܰ黪ڸǣ
ѵıͻȻİŷŭҧǣҺܿʶνҸֻһԸ棬ЩΪʲôҪң֮ûôʵкܴ⣬֮᲻ϳɳֱһ죬
ָָԼؿڰƴСĵ֮ԵĺʹǾԶʱ򣬳֮⣬֮ϳɳĿԽԽͬʱҲԽԽ޷Ƶ֮ÿʱڣ֮ŵʱڣֻҪҹҵ㲻ҵʹɵ֮ƣҲ֮ҵᱻ֮׵ռݣ֮ײٿء
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ΪʲôҪ顭Цһֻڵ֮Ҵ֮УһжĪģֲҲ͵͵һЩ˿ֱץ֮˲ֹһǣÿ˶ܳɹܶ˶ȥǣҲˣ֮ӶǣֻҪʮһܻǸ˾׵Ĵﵽ黪ڸǵΪ֮ɳĲǰ죬ΪпܸߣЩ˽Щ֮Ϊ黪ڸǸֳΪα飬ʲôĲ֪ǿԻһ˼άȥ룬ķõһһǧ黪ڸǵĸ֣ʲô
Ҷ׺ѵ˼ЩҪʲôʶ쳣ֲġ
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ֲ֮ôҲпܵģҵûֲõĵ֮ҲڽֲҲ˵Ҳ֪κεطпֵܸ֮ܳЩֲйϵ
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˵ɡҶʼֻǿѾǣˣȻҾͲð͵֮ӡ
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Ҷԭվһ漴̾Ϣһ뿪ɽ
һɢѾںˣ˵ʲôûõģҲͬ˵Լѡ
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ҶյҲʹʮߵ飬ɵĻشǹѿǽʮߵͲˣҲŸ˽ȥûɽֹҶҲû¸ϣʼոҶһֺǿֲĸоչֳʵִʱϢϢ֮УļһȻʧˣҶȻ֮ãȴû뵽ڷҪѰҶԷ֪ࡣ
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һ˵Ķ飬ӭһ˴죬ӭչš롱֣Ѿյİ峵Ÿˣȣе̸ðһȦһȦİ
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303 һ
СҶӸ밲ˣ
ҶЦүӸǰȴү̸ԴЦһ们ͷ
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СС֡ҶպٺٵЦϲҲ˵ôϣܼķһ죬ھĿ껹ͦԶһ³ҲҵϢ
ƶ졣үȦ飬ûʲô
˵㡣Ҷ̱̬ȵںôҲ黪ڸˣص³Ǽ̳²϶ܽϵҵ󣬻˵³黪ڸǵĸô³ǿѽȻҪ˵ڽػ켣ʵҲԣҪô
үӲСӸҴۣ
⻰˵ġҶյҲΪҪô˵治ò֣ô˵Ǽ¡
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㴨ҶЦʵҾλԸ治ںЩ
үӵںҲɣ˵δ棬Ҳûʦͽ֣Ͼ˼ҵĴУʦ֮Ӧõģҵ¡Щûʲô׼ҩʱһ˳һȥɽ
Ҷյ˵㣬ɽһĶֵأ˵㻰ģʱ¾ܷԸ
үӵͷȻˣѾͷɡ
үӸ˵꣬Ҷ֪̽壬ܹɵү߰磬ȻҶͷ˸ɲǼ䣬ҶվԼص³ǵʱ
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ҶָԼҾֻ
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ҶģҶ֪ŭ⻰ʲô˼Сô˴ô
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Ҷһҭ
үӼ˵ˣѾͷ㴳Ϊ治һܴȥŴɱɱģͷõĶأ˼ҺôҲǵҶɼ洫ģɲףʲôģ
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Ҷ֪ɴӦһ֪үӸЩ˽˵ĻҶ˵˵һȥԸˡ
үĿҶ֪Զ΢ѹѹٵ飬֪ɣ
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үӵҶ֪ȴ̫ҶҲֻŪȥˡ
Ҷյϵ˼
үӵҶɵ˼ٱϾûҳٱ˼ɵ³پϴڣҶɿȻǳٵĶ֣ԣϣܹӻҶ֪꣬Ҳ˵ˣֵµӤ꾳ֲۣƾ޳黪ڸǵҲмˣʵȻҪҶǿöˣҲܸõıҶ֪꣬˳ٸһ˵ѾͷŮܲ¶ͿŰɣҪӣҲ޿κΡ
ˣҶտЦһҶڵùиɵ
Ϲ˵Ǹ۸ģҶһֱĻģȻҲӦѾͷү̸һҶյԴҾͲˣ˼Ӥ꾳۷ΪҲѵõҲ̳Ҷ߰˷ֵΪңԾ鷳ôͲأ
ҶεҲ֮ġ
үӵʲô֮ģѾһϲĹôȢ˲ͺˡ
ۣҶյ۵¶ôƺܼ򵥣
үӵ±ûʲôѵģѵ˵ĲôֻҪǶԸͺˡ
Ҷͷܱܲ¶϶ˣҿ϶ܾܾģҿҸѳٸ
ҲԣΪԼЩҲӦõġүûǵ٩һ䣬漴ǳɱɱɱˣǧԼȥ¥ǣƾǣȻ³ǵͷҲ֪ǵľǽ¸ƾ
ֲɵȥ¥¥Ҫˣл˳ָɵඡҶյϼ¿;ôҪҪڽ棿
үЦģοҩæúܣҿɲû˿ջ벻ڣϹͷֻܳȥˡ
ҶҲЦѾöˡ
ү̾ӥܹҪɵġ
үӸҶ˵ŵʱЩҩѾݵһд꣬үȻֻܶҶȥּݡ
Ҷûд֣һ¿ûг羴֮ģʵҲûҪ¿ʾ磬ңҶʼļλ¿Żɵ̬ȣ³ǵĵ֮ǲ¿ֵģ¿ͻȥأ³ǵƽΪԭҶտҲδֻ֪ЩҶҲֻĵף¿³ѾһҶտɲΪЩǵүӷŭ
һкүҶ֪˵ЩĻȻ붣䣬ʰװ׼뿪ء
ҶվߵүӴӦڽ˰ɡ
ͷţ
Ҷյү˵ӥܹҪɵģôͷɵĸһЩٸһЩǧүʧ
һġ뿴Ҷ֣صͷлл
ҶյлңѣҪ˵л֣ңҪлĻҲлүӴҲġ
Ŀү뿪Ҷ̤Ϲ;
Ҷ˰²ֻΪ˼үһ棬ȥʵЩɵֻҶԼֵ֪ãүӵϣҶܹᵽĪСĸоĹϵ
Ҷ֪ģʱĹ¼Ÿ£ǷĸоҶջ漴ֺܸˣֻģҶ֪Ҷֻ֪꣬ǣҶպܿ˲ˣΪŮ˻һĲˡ
ιҶ̧֪Ҷյģ
Ҷպߺߵû顣
Ҷ֪ʥּҵүչҵġ
Ҷεʲô
Ҷ֪ġ
ðɣģҶһǰɽɽиУÿ춼Ҫȥɽˮ֮ɽ˸Уÿ춼Ҫȥɽˮȣһ֮ɽ˵С
˵˵ЦЦ̤Ϲ;Ҷո黪ڸǵĸ򣬼ڽ֮ҲԸǣһ·Ȼߵĺ̫ƽ·ѻʱҶԥҪҪȥѣգЩ˼ҲϣԼĹԲãЩȴϣ԰Ļһ֮ȥ
Խѻʮ죬Ҷ¶һЦߵҶ֪ǰ꣬ҵĵط
Ҷ֪Ŀ漴ƵſôŸˣ



304 
Ҷոɾĳʵƽ档
˵Щ˼ĵطǾ˶Ƽ˶ԷĽȻƼ˶Էˡ
Ϊ˵һˡɾҶտʱ˵ţ⻰Ѿܶ˵Ϊܶ˶֣ΪʲôֻɾĻȻδ֮꣬󣬱ؿҶյ룬Ҫȵľ㣡
ҶյҺʶ㣿
ɾǰˣôҵȵľ㡣
Ҷյȵǰˣôȵľҡ
Ƭ̣ȻЦ
Ǹ˼ˣ
Ǹ˼ˣ
˼ͬ˵š
Ҷոɾĳ
룬Ӧҽһ¡ɾ¥ҽɾ
Ҷյ⣿
ɾҪꡣ
ҶʧЦɲôƣң㲻ҽꡣ
ɾЦЦȴҶ⻰ƣǼ¥ʮǣ¥ڵã¥һ¥ǽɽׯɽׯһλˣˣһִڽؽɽׯ֮ڣֱһ죬һµɽׯҪһʮԭЩԵΪǸµҲϲһʮ
Ҷյ룬λ˱ȻǲϵģȻͲİ֮ˡ
ɾͷ˵Ķԣ°һбȴֻ˻й֮ͨԳΪѣȴΪԵվսһ˺ǿȴ£ջù´¥ȡһʮ˲ʵǹȡ֮ʱһʮ뽣ԸУ뿪¥뿪ɽׯѻΪƽ֮£ǰԼĵӣΨһԸȡһʮ
Ҷյԣȡ
ҪꡣɾҲ˶ԣֻҪһʮǣɽׯͽһֱɽׯܴ裬ڿഫҪ¸𣬲ҶᾡһղأҲ˵¶벻ԣ¥ˣѵþȥ
Ҷյҿô
ȻǲϵģΪҲϡɾԣ˸ӣңҸᶨԼķӣΪҲý
ҶЦ㲻ұȽɣ
ɾͷһսӮˣֻҪ㻹ţ¥㲻ٴ⣬ˣһѰһؾκ¥߾ȫ֮
ҶյҲӦأ
ɾѵ㲻Ӯкôô
ҶյΪʲôҪӦʵһϲġ
ɾӮ
Ҷֵ̯򣬰ҵģ㲻ҽȥ˭ҲҽȥƲµĽƣҲֲס൶Ϯ
ҲԸҲǿѡɾ룬漴㲻ԸսһȣȵսΪֹ
Ҷνʼ͵Ȱɡ
Ҷ˵תȥ
ɾҶյıӰͻȻսģȻ¥ܶ˺޹£ҲޣҾΪֻؽɽׯȡҲһܹΪ˻ǵСų֮ˣҵ㡣
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˳ʯ°꣬ͻȻǿ
Ҷյͷǳǿ
Ҷ֪Ƶؿ˵ôãҵǾͦġ
ûйϵҶЦһ漴ΣգҴûмһʲôͷų⣬ҸоͶ䶼ܳߣһ
Ҷ̤һ㣬һ㣬漴ҶչʺͬʱѸٵȥ
Ƭ̺̫ɱӶ¥
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Ҳûʲô鷳ġҶʼ磬ѵ飬˵Ҳǣ̫ˣֻܿ˿òڣ
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Ҷյͷʾ֪ˣ̫ͻȻмµø˵㲻ڵʱ򡭡
ҶմϵſǼһɣ
̫ͷԣӦøˣĹô˵ġ
ˡҶյ˵Լ¥ɾ
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Ҷյ
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ҶƵôļһſôãǶ֪˭
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ҶҲɾĻһ飬˵¥˵Ӧϰˣһ˼ֻýһŲã¥һ㽣¥꣬Ļ᲻ţǣôһι£¥Ϊõˡ
ǧܸɾɼֻҪŰ꣬Ƕģνһʱƽ˾һգ¥¥ƾŹµĽƣҲֵܵסûҪðķա
Ҷ֪䲻Ĳǲ̫ˣ
һλǣ
ҶյҶɵŮ
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Ҷ֪ЩƺǣûκһֽƿԳ治ԣǹµģǿ϶ýܹơ
У̫ȡӡҶյ⡣
Ҷ֪ͶˣǹģҪԽǿԽǿԽԽЩƵ˿ƣǿɾʹشˡ
۶ٸ˵ͷȵĸоɼǴж
Ҷ֪ЩƻǺܾģһʱҲֻܸоһЩϸ΢Ľƣһ黪ڸǵ˵ƣԽƵ¶ʮͬΪǿӦǲ⣬Ӥ꾳ӦƲƵġ
Ҷ֪˵ʱԶƬ̣漴ֵȻĽƿܱĸΪҲܹŸòŶԣοܹס˲ǹؼܹŶòֵܲܵסĹؼյӦǲģٸʱ侫һ£ĽĶԽҲǿ԰쵽ġ
ɿȴ˭ҳʮ黪ڸǵĸ֣ȴĸж٣
̫ġҶյɾɱģĽơ
ɻΪʲô
ҶЦ㲻˵ҲнôǵĽҳ仰ȷǣǵĽ㲻



305 ֮Լ
ҹҶձĿ
תһҶձ۾漴ʯ̨ϵǱ޽
ҶյľǴδй飬ҶնǺִţ㶼ݣӦ˵񣬹ȻǶҶ࣬ûҶԼŬƱҲ޷õһС
⻹Ҷյһ޷
ˣ
ҶɾĻɷϣɾ˵ˣսӲҶյԸ񣬶ҶļĻйɵЩ
Ȼ֪Ǽһȴ̶ֳô
ҶŹɶɾۣ˿ûоɫ෴ģȴΪ˷ܣΪ˷ܣҶո޷ġ
Ƭ̺Ҷմӽץ̳ƣŰȥ

ҹƺ
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ɾĵط꣬ȻܹãįĮһж޷ɾȻ㲻ңҲţҶղ̫á
Ҳʱܵϸ΢ı仯Լ۵΢ɢɾɵ۾
Ҷվž̳ô
ȣɾЦʵÿ춼и;ƵģѾȹ̳ˡ
Ȼȹ̳㲻ں̳Ҷս̳ӶȥҲ̳ơ
ɾӹ̳Ŀ󣬲ȻΪӦûϧʱ䣬ʱҺȾơ
ҶյΪʲôѵ֪ô
ɾЦ֪Ҳ̫֪ΪʲôҪ󡣡
ҶüҲΣҲ
ɾ˭Σ
ҶյȻЩҵˡ
ɾ㵣ı֤ô
㲻ǻ˵ѵˡҶҡҡͷ漴ԳǿӦˣ
ɾҲˣңҲδɱ㡣
Ǿ䣿Ҷտɾоô
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ָôҶЦжʤ㡣
ɾԥƬ̵һɣ
ҶʧЦͻȻð˵Ĳȷ㲻Ǹ˼ˣǸǳ˼ˣӦη壬ҿΪҪҳսָңֻһɵʤ㣬һԸνô
Ҳ֪ɾϿҵֻǲϲ˵Ѷѣңֻһʤ㣬Ͽɣһɿһսˣ˵֮ǰΪҪ¥õ꣬ҶĽȤ
ҶյһȤ˭
ճɾЦҲýġ
ҵۻ治ͣҸøˣΪôҡҶվ̳Ӧøһ
ɾЦž̳Ҷһ¡
ʵ˵ˡҶյ䣬ҲΪҲ䣬Ҳǣ־Լܻ˴ʲôȻԼΪʲôҸԼΪ˱ǿȻǿȻӦսԣ󡣡
ɾдô
Ҷյϣһսɵɡ
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ҶƬ̣ȻЦǡҶͣ٣ż̫İˡ
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Ҷշ¾̳ʱ䣬ص㡣
ɾպ󣬲ɽ
ãպҶյǣ֮ڣҲ㡣

Ҷתذ꣬ɣ̫Ҷ֪붼ѾڤȻ;иܵҶյ뿪
ȥɾˣɵúõļʲô
ҶյҪս
ɾˣúõظʲôòռ°꣬ΪһеĸûС
ҵĵģҰܾɾҲΪɡҶտ̫ԼɾĶ֣
̫ͷǿΣգ
ҶյҲĸо۷壬黪ڸǵĸ֣Դɽָĸ֣ҲֻǸоѹȴû˿ĺ£ϣֻӤ꾳ΪԽ黪ڸǵûк£ǣɾĵһۣҾȻЩ£䣬ҲˣôһоˣҲزȥҲ޷ټ
ɼ㻹Ҫ򣿡
ҶյΪصɣϣʵԼԸϣǿϣǿأҾսôһлʲô壿
ɵһǵɾɣ
Ҷյ֪ôҸղʱ޷ǶӦ֪ζʲôҵľˣҲսΪԶͣͲǰ
ͻȻʲôʱ򣿡
Ҷյ󣬲ɽ
⣬Ϊ³׵Ķ˴𰸣ңҲΪͻƶҶնζʲôľζħȥҶվ޷ǰҲ˻黪ڸȻ㹻ҶȻ롣
춼Ҫ˵һһֱҶյ뿪ʱҲҪ˵ڿʼԴֻҪʣһͷҲ뱻κ񡣡
Ҷ˵󣬱㲻ˣֱߵʯ̨ǰǱ޽ȻĿڤ롣
ĸоֻˣҶ¶ĵһ̣ľѾƽ

ʱգۼš
ɽ̫Ŵ˵бˮ񹲹ײϵɽԣɽ˵вȱɽ
ҶոɾĲɽָǰһɽ
ɽȲʣҲͣǣȴûɽҲɽˣҲǱĳλǿ߸ɽʹɽĶһƬ⻬ʯƺǣϷʵĳΪɽö֮ͷҲ֪ôľͱпˡ
ȷǸսĺõط
Ҷһֱûп˵һ仰һֱڤ֮УʼջȫȾҶյÿһ塣
Ҫսõ̬ս
Ҷ۾˫ԵĿնû˿Ĳ
ϵ뿪ʯ̨Ҷ߳꣬ÿһ˶ţȴû˸ҷ˿죬̫Ȼɼûж˿Ҳ˸ҿڣҶճŵĿ£·𲻴һ㣬ȴ˾ޱΣա
һֱҶ뿪꣬˲Ų˿
Ҷȴǰš
Ƭ˵ĻҰܵķζĿݲݣؼʼʵһжǰҶոо
Ҷյϲɽʱɾڲ
ѾĽ
ɾϲ˱֪ȻˣȻҪһЩңÿβʱɾܸܵеԼ뽣еĽ⡣
ԣͬÿսǰӲȾһ㣬ɾͬϲսǰֻ˶ʸɾϸĲġ
ҲɾҶԼĶ֣ԸҶա
֪ܣȴɸս˵ȷֵ𾴵ɡ
ֱҶԼĸǰվɾŽǰ׾ͻؽʡ



306 ɽһ
Ҳ˴˿ӦϧവοԷԼľ֮飬Ҳ˴˿ӦͬʱĴǰͨԣȻһѵĺݻƿڴԷҲһ顣
ʵ˶ûпڣֻǾĬĿŶԷϵ޵ʳȥ鲼ɽ
յķĹӥƿ
һ룬ͻȻǰɱͬʱĽ
ॣ
˫ཻһ˲Ľţͬʱ˿ȴ˲ͬʱٴǰɱеĽٴײһ𣬺ݺݵļɫ𻨡
Ľﲻ
Ҷջӽӽǻӽ
ҶյĽ͸ȭͷһ㣬ԶһǰƵģɾǺὣǹϤ䡣
ôҶٴνն䣬նǽ֮ϵǾòֵó
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㲻ɾĽɷ˫
СأҶջӽֱָɾǾ㽫Ǳγ
һն䣬һǰնţҶϵʼ뵽һ֮УҶյӰ
ɾ˫ִһֻץŽһֻץŽʣҽΪ֧㣬Ť壬ԭһһתȦܡ
Ӧ֪Сʵжôɾ黪ڸǵΪܸӦ򣬱֪ΧһУ㲻ܽԼ
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ҶղǰȴУ
ܵߣɾͻȻ۾ӽԼնȥ
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ɾüëһ
ҶչȻǳıֻȴûнֻвûнֱסɾĽʡ
ȣ
ҶյͺţǱֵĲһȻɾͷն䡣
ǽӰ֮£ɾ͵˿޴ĳ󻬳ף棬סΡ
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Ƭ̺ɽзӹɾﻯɷ飬ͷһϸ΢Ľն˿ڡ
Ҷ̧֣ƼͬΪͽץסǽʶ㱻ƣֻϵѸƼ۹ȥۿɼٶȣ˿ţգۼָ
ļһɾ³Ҳ÷ɡ
Ҷ΢Ц漴ٴɾ˳˫Ųȹǵ棬±ӿһſзɢҶسɾǰʱӿһȻѾڿ۳һ޽ڿգ
ɾһ룬漴ὣ
콣ɾնգ
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Ƭ̺ɢ
ҶոɾȻ࣬Ѥһз䡣
žӶͬǰƾãֻһţֱһƬء
ҶͻȻĶˡ
ٴɾɱȥһܷÿһǽֻգۼһߣҶջ֣߽һߣɾɴ̹ȥ
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ɾһ˵ţһζתӭ߱һ⣬ɽ̴Լ壬ȻǲһɾɲǱʧ٣ý
ǣһһ̴ɾʱɾı΢΢һ͡
߱Ǽٵģ
ʱһжƲ񷣬ӹʣ
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ǽĺܿ죬ɾٶҲǼ죬ֻǣǽɾûҶĿ죡
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׾Թ϶
ҶڿһŤӣץһ´ȥ
Ӱ
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ţһһɾؿڣɳԶԶˤڵأһɳ
Ҷأ³
ӰȻȴ̫ɱʵ󣬰׾Թ϶Ȼݣȴܹ֪ԣҶɱӰð׾Թ϶ֻǣһʵѣٶȣ֣ǶʱİգԲɳһ˿ƫҶǰûԹȴʧܶգҶľƽͣŽһһ
ɾҲ޷ʧһ
ɾؿڵƵƯһ
Ҷյ㻹ѽӽаγô
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ԣҲνɾҴӲװνҽγԼҲ֪Ρ
޷ҶͻȻǰԾȵν
һڿӹĻߣն䡣
ॣ
˫ײȴҲֻһѸٵķֿ
ɾϽǽʲ潻֯ǣٴθһײһ
ܵһƬϡʯȫɡ
ǿһײȴֻ˫ཻɲǣȻֱ߲ɽнһ
ִⲻĻǱҲұ֤ˡҶյִͻȻĸ߾ٹƺûи߹㣬õĽɲֹһѣ
ҶյһһʮöǽȻУƼ֮ʣʱʮɾȥ
ɾüһ漴͵Ծ𣬻δ֮ǰӭ׷ǽ裬սʼ裬ܱ㵴һȦһȦӰ
Ҷյǽ裬ɾĽӰ˵ٶȶǿĲ˼飬ֻܿ޵ĺۼﲻĽ
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ΪʲôҶҧҪһֱѹΪҴ򡣡
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飿Ҷյһѷɫĺýɣ黪ڸ֮
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ҶͻȻ˻ȣǻ۵Ҷܵӿ壡
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309 ƶ
鲢ǰ׵顣
ͬƶҲǰ򵥣ƶĸֵĹؼƸǷԼӵеһУǷվƶ־Ŀ飬أ˶ܺһľҧ¶ģҲ˶ƾ飬ʧˣȻֻлɢΨһ³
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ŽָͻȻ»䣬ҶͻȻĸоһѣΣҪץסȻ䣬ָȴǴӽ˱޽Ĳŵˤȥ
ҲˡҶſڵϣƤµϣ
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310 սͼ
ҶѪ֮УƮţоһ˿˿ů⡣
ʧȥƬսȴɴţ෴ģƺһ˿˿ı仯ܵƮȻĽ뵽Ҷյ֮УƬսƮţһ˿˿ĽʬɽĶˣ뵽֮УǶΪ·һ㽿Ρ
ѪƮһһ죬Ҷն֪Լ˯˶ãսʶŽɢ

ţҶ۾૵ˣЩʲô
ҶյͷŵӣȴһãԼȻǵľ⣬ϸͬҺһĶĻ͸һŵĴ̱ζҶָѬιȥ
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ҶŤŤԴȥɾԼԶһŴϣģȻԼЩȴҲһҵĵУǰǱҶնľ޴˿ڣ˿̸Ҷһźһ̱ҺɾߣվȹŮˣĸѩģҲƾɫֻҶȴǴδ
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Ҷ֪һ˵ţһָ½Ҷϵҩȥ漴ҩҩͿĨȥ˵Ҷ֪澲ЩϸĵĻģֱҶȫͿųҶյһЦɾҩͿĨһ뿪㣬Ҷոɾ
ɾЦŵ鷳ඣҸ鷳
Ҷյһ۵һȥ
ɾЦžپͶƣȻлˡ
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ɾ룬˲Ҷգҩ룬һҶľɾֻõҲ֪һǾõлл㡣
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Ҷյ۵ǰʮ
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Ҷղ˼Ҳ㣿
㱾ͲҡɾЦһ޽һľһ׽裬ǣôֻ֪һ
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еʶҵ˶֪õ˫ɾҶղ͵Ҳ˫򣬶ҵĽûˡ
Ҷյȥˣ
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ɾѵ˸첲Ҳܳ
Ҷյզ죿
̫ͲȥˣȥҲ״
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312 
㲻Զͬڽ棬겢һߣУҪ߰յĹ⾰
˵ǣҶնٻôЩԨԴԨԴ
Ϊǽµǣ
ҶտԼɾƵǷǣǷǰɣ
¾ǷҲὫԼĳǽǰɣɾ˸۵Ƿǣ˽֪ϲúɫѪɫģǷ˷Ҳ֪ʲô֮ķֿ㣬˵ﻹǽƯļ֮һ
ҶպܿͼɾƯĳǡ
ǵȷƯ
ǽһɽϣƺ²ϲɫϲߵĵطɽĲ涼ƽĥһһ׵ʯݣ˺㣬֦ѿɫķҶƮ裬ǷЩǷҶ䣬ƮգƯǷһֱԴ֮С
ͲˡɾֻԼȥǽµĹأȻҲû취ʯס
ҶյͷȡǱ޽ܲϲýϻԣǽϻҲͱڰУֻ˨Ǿ޽Ľһ棬ܱ
ɾҪҶյӻȦľ޽⽣ҲһЩ
Ҷյ۾ۣ˸ң
ɾƻָȻ˸ģСĻͷ˰㣬һĸֱСˡ
ء
ɾҶնʱЦ漴˱˳ʯ߹Ƭ֡
ֵľͷ֣ǳǲΰҲ̸ϸʣں֮䣬Եʫ黭һЩŵʱŮԼױϸǣ˵ǴѰҿ֮˵ǵǸ˶᲻࿴ҶǾ޽ۡ
ɾЩ̾ʵ治ط
Ҷɻôǰʲô顣
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īիʵܺңֵ̫ĵ̫ĵܹ꣬鶼ĿĿȻҡ
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Ҷ˽ʱ򣬵ֻһƹҡСЪӹĽһУ֮Ű۾Щȴͬһ϶Ҳ֪ǱǷģû˯ѡ
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ȻΪǱඡŮӳ⴫ǲ֪Ϊʲô
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Ҷ˿ܻصͷȸ޷飬˵ؼһر飬ҲȸԼ˵ǰ㣬飬Ҳֻ飬ˣԣҶ޷ƾĸӦ̽ȸΪȻܳΪΣ¥֮һõиĳϣȸʵ϶ǲģҲŵͬ黪ڸ۷ʵ顣
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ɾδ䣬ѾһӰץŽԽլӵΧǽͬʱլӵĴžͱˡ顱һ߿
լǸŮˣĻֻһ۱޷ȴǰӿȴżϸֻ֫˵ľŮˣòȻ㲻þȴҲǲһнżӢˬĸо
Ӣ˵Ů˽ԺӣһһûӰ󣬱ǴȵɾûУ



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˭ȸΪʲôҵĵطҰ
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ĵطǶģŮһ漴ɨȸһ۵ɾʲôϵ
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л˺ôҶͻȻЦһɾҲȥåɽ֮󣬺ٺ٣ڴʩ
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ҶյǼһ｣ΪҲ̫ʵЩ۸ʵ˲ŻȤ
һ˵ɣһųŶȥһֱʯףҪ뿪֣ɾͻȻӱϴ˳
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бȥţ˽㲻Ҳܶ¥ҶյæʲôæûϣһŮ˸ˣôҲһˡ
ɾüԼȥͺˣƻָˣûܴĹ㣬ߵֶѰżûʲôȤżо֣ȻǶŲѵġ
Ҷղͷôϻһ飬ȥȥ
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룡Ҷյ
Ҷջ䣬һɾԴ棬һ˽ȥɾһΣ㲻ʵǰˤ
ƽȮۣҶ˳ַסɾϵܲײʩ꣬СӾҸִ֣ؾϣҲŰ취㶪Ů˸ǰȥ



315 åɽ
åɽλڽı߽罻磬һɽҲɽγϣصγɽΪһֽߣڽ֮ڸ֮⡣
Ҷռ˵ִåɽʱȻʮԺˣϵƻδҲõ߰˰ˣĸӦԽԽǿܲҲԽԽ࣬ȸõɫҲԽԽȡ
ƾˣô˿飿
ҶյͷǰҲǻԵˣһս黪
òŰ̾һĸдκ˶ҪӤ꾳ʱҶ۷壬Ӥ꾳۷壬ҶȴˣҪ˵õ츳Ҳʵ粻꣬ȻӤ꾳۷壬ȥĶᱻΪ츳׿֮ɿŸǰŵҶգþȥһء
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ɾѵӣ͸΢Ҳ⣬֪Щʲô
㲻ôͻ黪ڸǳ飬޷ǾͲЩԵüġҶǰοһ䣬漴ɾƤЦҲôˣ¥Ҳʦһѵ⣬䣬żЩöȥܽ˵ˣһżأҷģҵʱƲòã
ɾ˸ۣزҶա
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һ·ȻδʲộܹµĺۼһʾѾ˽åɽѰ
˵żöɽȸɽͦķƣһöɽ˵ӵɽ֮żпһλµģԣЩåɽ˶ѾħˣӿżͬʱҲ˿ʼ׷ɱЩżˣҲûдż
ȸ˵Żּľ㴫ϸ΢춯ǹľбˣĿֳű˰Χ
ȸҲķϻֱóԼĺЩ˸ǰһΣΧļ˶ʱɫ󾪡
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ʲôôġɾɱһӤ꾳Ҫʮʮһٸٽûߵżˣʲôο۸ЩҲΪʱ䣬ֻиֵһս˽ֲԼʵг
ҾǲˬҶһǾͻˡҶձԹһ䣬ȻõȻȥԺҲӣ
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ˣ߹ɽȸӦþǴżˡ
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żſȻվˣˣȴֹ˽żֻڽżĲ࣬Ϊ֮бֶΣˣҪ֪żȻһöɽ֮ɽһЩıż洫ѶҲ٣в˶ż֮УҲ֮ӶݳģνԶǸղŵġ
Ҷռ˴Ⱥ߹ڿżڣһѿĹ֣ɭ׵ĺ͸ܾŨ²żֻΧҲܹ°빦
ҶռǵȥʱΧв˽ĿͶǣиζУȴûһġ
ҶպٺһЦͻȻ¶š
ܵɲǼĿͬڶ˳һܹϯȦһȺ˸Ӧ㱻ǿ񱩵Ǳˤڵء
ҶһЦмɨһΧˣ漴ǹȥ
ɾҡҡͷοǣ̾ҲѿĹ֡
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ǹ·Ŀռ伫˵Ǳж죬Ҷ⣬һƬɽĻҰȻ޾ĺ
ʶ˺ɭܵĺҶնǸܲʲôвܻһȦȴҲδƼʲô֮ͷǰУ

Ҳ֪ǰ˶ãͻȻһƼžǻҰſŸˣޱȣŬǰţȴǱʲôקҶǰץס˵㽫ӵקȴҲʱµѿһ߰ɫñ˳
÷˷ޣƴһ㣬г󣬱ŲеҶտ
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δȴĽ֮Ҷڱ֮ǰΧѾǵи䣬ţҶָⵯһöǽ裬ɽ㽫ø÷顣
Ҷս˶صϣҲ֪лһܵߣзػ
˹˲ƣգۼܵûӰͬʱǰĵͻȻƵĺ죬µڲţһһñӵҡ˳
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Ӧǣ
벢ܶʱЩΪǵԭܼ򵥣ΪЩõĶͷŷƣȴ߰ģ͸ҶողŸܵһǺð׹ƴġ
ȸ̾Ҫ˶ķ϶ٹ޵ʬɱٵĹޣ
ûйͷģȻûУЩ׹Ȼ޹ǣåɽеĹޣˡ
ϧҲãϾѾˡҶյ˵Ĺ޳֣Ӧûмɻɣ
ȸЦЦǰ΢̧֣߷ӱʹըĹƬɢ䡣
ҶͬЦЦ漴ӱǱ޽ɱȺУǾ޽֮ɲǼ䣬׹Ǻɣ



316 ʯ
ЩѲҶռˣ
ǣ鷳
κζɱ֮鷳ЩĶҶռ˶һǣغİ׹ֻὫƴճҪΨһǻķơ
ЩƿڶͷڱϣϣеһۼȼеϸϸѰңңҳˣҪȷǻƴСķƣҲһǳ鷳飬ȻܹͨǷƣȻ򵥵Ķࡣ
Ҷ¾⴦żԭ˲µĵһߣ˵һصĿ飬Ϊżҳɽ⣬⴦żԭ˶ӦΪҡ
ҶȻһֽͨҲȥѰǷƻԣõҰķ
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ץ޽ϵҶĽ˦ȥ޽ӹ֮һģЩͻᱻɨƬȻЩۻ֮ǰҶձѾǰɱȥˡ
鷳ЩסҶյȥ·
˵ǰɱ˴ԼһյĹڽߵҰľͷھͷ˶һʯǺΰ޴ʯǰͷǣţ޵ţƲ
ʯǰʯʱķֹͣ׷ŻҰ˻ȥڵ棬ڿһһѨ˻ȥȴһǣǵĿ顣
ߵʯǰʯϻһʮͼͬʱʯŽգ˲ЩƣôˣѵûܽʯӦòܰɣ
ǱȸСŮ˿ȴԵЩ꣬ͻȻ֫ŵأʯţ䲻ʱ˻
ĪһὫȳġȸԴο漴û˽ȥǲ֪ͷһ档
ҶյǾͽȥ˵
䣬Ҷ̧ʯ֮ϣǾ޴ʯȴ˿Ҷüܵʹʯ޶Եһ
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ϻҶյҶƲѵƿ
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ɾҪԣȴԣ
ȻΣ֮УΪȴʹ˰׷ϣӵеԽ񣬸ӦԽ࣬ȻܲݵԽ࣬ǣķΧҲԽͬҲԽɾⷽҲϲҶյĶ֣ȻҶյƾ۶ƲʯţôȻҲƲġ
ԣɾԵǽ
콣ɾ΢ӵͺȵǣ
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ǣɢ֮ʱʯȴ˿ȴһЩʯм⣬۶ûһ
治ɡɾмǿĽƣʯŲһʯ
ȸͻȻһָǿ
ǱɾʯмʯŲȫûзӦǻʯϵһʮͼȴͻȻš
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ͬʱ
Ǿ޴ĺ֮죬ȴʯһҲ˹

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ֻһ֮
ǽɢȥ޵ɰȻ˿ûˡ
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ϻҶտʯȭҧȻʯƻʯȻҲƻȻһк壿
ȸǿʯϵķͼЩ󣬻᲻˸оЩߺܹһģ
ԶϿˡǰǷͼϣ漴ȵЩŷͼʯܹƶģ
ǲƴͼôҶպ϶ȱڣЩʯƿ
Ȼһʯڳķͼֻʮһ飬ǿȱڵʯƶʮһͼƴһĴͼͼϵĹâҲ˲ʯŷһ죬Լһ϶޵Ҳ߻ԭλֱһ
żǲôɾóЩ
Ҷպô
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Ҷշ˸ֱۣ˵ֻԼ޵ˡ
һңЩƣ󷨻нƵżͨΪѴʵûжĹϵЩƫƣǴ˵ҪӲȷǷǳѣ϶ԣЩƾʵΪܴȥżʵʤһǸһЩ
˵ٶҲûãȻܹҪȥҶյ߰ɣ
߽ʯŵķ϶ʯŷ·ͨһ㣬ԼϣͼǸ˵ĵڶؿˡ
ʯ谵ȴ޹⣬͵ЩȼŵģЩȴģǰżЩ˽ϡ
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ɾ
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ΪʲôһǴŶ᲻ǲͬķƲ²ͬĿ飬ֻҪһžܼǰ
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ȸҡͷֿжȡģǿ飬һֻҪͨһο飬ǷֿҪͨο飬ο飬ǽŶһ飬ҾûӦõһš
Ҷյ˭봳ɫŵģ
ȸɫ΢쿴ŵ棬ɾмƲƲ죬ޱ飬ǸЦſ档
ҶεǺðɣɫţǿţǲţҾÿ϶ѡżĿľѰ˶ѡţôſ϶ѹأңĲƱѽ綨伮ԣĥźʲôҵ˼ǲѡ
ɾͷϿɣ
Ҷյ˵ţ϶йϵͳһ㣬ҿ϶ѡ֪֮ȻܺȾƣ㺣ͷʮ̳ҺȸɾܹҲˡ
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ɾ۵㻹ɫţ԰ɣ
ҶմȭǾţ
ȸƵΪʲô
Ҷյ̰ƣ̰ɫ̰ȫǶϰȻǶϰȻ׷õ飬̰û˵ԣţ
ǿеԶͷͬ⡣



317 
ɫûʲôè壬һƼȿ֮һѰķ䣬ȴǽ⣬ʵûʲô֮˵ʲôŹֵĵطǾǽϸһа˸ߣѰѼ˾޴ķ
ŶûУҶüʲô˼
Ҷ꣬һ漴㿴΢Щԣ˫ĿѪĵ룬΢Ƭ̣ͻȻŭĳȥ
ܾˡŭϻ˵Ҫд裬Ūˣ˭дʱǲ㵽ֹġ
һ˵ţһߺǹһֱ롣
벻ĴһѱֵĴӡǹӰ䣬м
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Ҷջδ䣬ͻȻоȻüһܵһߣͷһ㿴ɾٽԼ
㾹ȻӮңɾҶպȵĪ˵˫ȱһڲɽҷƾ˿ѾˣȻΪǵĶָţձսһ
Ҷ뿪ڱ粵䣬ͻȻ䣬һŭĪӿ۾ɱⶸ֡
սսһ㣿ҶպȵҪ꣬ҪսҲսˣû£ȻΪԼܹꣿ
Ҷժ±޽ǰɨɾƼǽײһ𣬶ʱ𻨵㣬΢һ漴ٶȻ֮ݺݵŶԷӿɲǼ䣬֮ﲻ
ιǱˣлú˵
ȸһغţȴ˿ûôѾأȴɲӵķսǻǹâʢȴ˿飬ǰһ̣ǴһȴǹĵһжԽһΪѱҲֵסһǹͱ˴ӡ漴󵹷ɳȥصײǽϡ
ҶոɾǴѽѷ֣ĸֽսܵȻӰ죬գۼͱıŰʯ֮ڱĿӰ֯ܵǽڸıơ
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Ҳ֪ȸǱˣЩ֣ͣ
ȸȴ͵ÿ˵ĶУ˶һŭ⣬ʲôȥĹȸ˵ЩʲôɷŭĳŶԷȥȫݵļơ
ȸöţǲǸȥܣȴֲ֣ãһƽǺã룬һǹͰԴô죿Ҷոɾ͸鷳ס˵ء
ȸĿǽŵķϣ˵ʲô⣬ȻЩȸҲԥֱ̧һһϣȴƱӿƣǷȴ˿δȻƿ
ȸҧҧԼǼǷƣҲ֪ʲôʱܳɹܲһֱȥ뻹ֻˡ
ȸҲԥǱһĶȥм䣬Ӳǰһƣ漴һƻõؿڣø˳ķɳȥŮ˳ƶ𣬷ڿбסãϡ
ȸϵ⡣
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324 
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Ϊͬʱֵģ
׵ֲ׵磬غҶյı󣬱㽫Ҷոɳȥ޽Ľʯӹ۵Ļ𻨣ҶղŽס˵Ĺԡ
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бСˡҶ֪Сֹһ䣬漴ҶյûУԪ㶼һˣǰ꾡ǵһ㶼棬֮ҲܣҲҪһȥ˽ػûȥĵطء
ҶտԪʮ΢Цֻε㲻¶Ҿʹһȥ
и鷳Ҷ֪ȸԾ·ϸҽ¡
ҶյΨģ
ҪÿζŽҶ֪㤵ġ
ãҶյҸ㽲˵Ĺ¡
ԪʮЦſˣ漴̽ŵԪ棬ݳ߰ɡ
ǽԪĺڼͷͺһ˶ǰ
˵ԪʮС׼һѵĶԴȫƶ׼̳ȷЩȥ¥ȷôףΪ¥һֱڽصĶߣ䲻Ҫᴩǰ㣬ȴҲٵĹԪʮ׼ЩҲ¶޻Ұʱ
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㵽ɡҶЦŵŮ
Ҷ֪ϴĲ⣬Ҷǹ˼أڳҶ֪ԣǻŵҪ˼Ķˡ
ԪʮЦЦҶ֪ߵһ䣬Ҷ֪ͷƲָҶһѵȥɣʩ
ҶЦƴС̳ʩɾһ̳ӾƵʩ¶ôҵôͷһҪ㣬ʵڲɵȥ¥ȥһ¥¡
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Ҷյʦִһѽˣܸû˵˰ɡ
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ҶЦֻǱŷĿһɣҪôǾ͸ǽеĵˡ
˵ҲɾǾһָоֻ˵ҵľΪδֻ΢ĸоѡ
ҶͻȻǰӸռ£ÿμŮˣÿζþȣҶҲľʱЩ͸ĸоһɽ壬ҪһǷ嶥ȴǷ嶥֮һɽ壬Ҳɾ΢ĸо
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ҶյͷȻгΪʲô¶޻Ұ
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ҶնԴ˲ûиоΪδȥܷǡ
ֽܷǡɾط
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ҶЦ򵥵˵һȺӵܾۼĵط԰ɡ
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˵ŵʱԵľ¥ͻȻȵ˴Ӵ̽ͷҶ֪ԪʮƤЦλСӣҪҪҺһ
ɾҶһ۵ɱ֣ȻļһǷᣬʵںֵܲ
û֡Ҷտѹ˵ԪʮҶ֪Ӷ
ҶյȷûôһֻèҵϻǰҫͷϻҲèˣȴֻè˵ҶոɾУЩ޷ǾСˡ
ֻӷþ¥ϵȸϣＸ䣬ӱǾ¥˾¥Ҷռ˵ĸǰ
ιλСӡЦƿҶգߵҶ֪ԪʮǰҼҹǺȾƣܲ͸أ
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ɾҡҡͷĬĿһۡ
ȾǰɡҶӵļȣ
ӵСӣҸ㡭
ӻδ£ҶձͻȻסգӲǽǻ˻ȥ
㲻øҡҶյȥô䣬ܲ³ģ㻹ǰĵȥɡ
ɲǣҶյƼȻ



329 ĳ
飡
Ӧأȴǻһͷʬף彥䵭
Ǿ¥ϵվڴĿɿڴҶЦһ־˱о˾ǣֱӴӴˤ£Ҷһӣץס˵콫ŵϡ
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˲ˡ
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Ҷսһޱȵ⣬˵ȴǺһֱַӷɻص¥Ĵ·˻ȥţ㵹
߰ɣɾ˵ôϲطˡ
ҶЦҵǾûȴЩеļһﵹǼʱֵĺõط
Ԫʮб¥Ĺǵôʱ֮
ҶЦһԪʮֲܸȣˣҵطš
ܷҪŵĵطʵ̫ףżȻ㳤ʶɾֻεĴҶȥԶӡ
ԶӵֺףҲ֪ԶǲֺҶܾúŸΪУΪԪӲһջһӵĵط
˵ҲЩŹ֣¥¥ջջӵĵطԶӵȷĵط
Զӵţȴһٺ¥¹㣬ٺԷǷǳڣ극֮أҲھʹ뿪ԶӺĺ໨ÿһһ϶һˣܸЩʲô˵ЩʲôǾղˣ㰮ƶˣҲûйϵԶľ¥һƬһ¥ҹ۳ܷ¥Ķĳƾţӵȵһϵ淨ұǶ֮أҪЩĶķûȤԼĶķԸ棬ȻãûУĳҲҳˣԶӵĺ滹д룬úıһСϢϷȲ裬Щŵ顣
ｨҲǸ˲šҶյһǿȥĳ档
ɾ㲻ЩһЩɣĲ
˱ôɲɡҶյҲ࣬˵ˣ齲Եģ۷ͻô֪ҲܶӶˣ¡
ԣԣԡҶ֪꿪ĵҶûнĳء
ǾȥɡɾεͷȻʩôˣôͻȻͲˡ
ʩָոǸһֻϷλãȴûеϷңǲҳĺܲĿ
ʩ˵˱סɾЦõΪһ·˵ڣΪľںЩʲô
Ϊʲô⡣ʩʧġ
ɾѪһ˵˲Ϸʧġ
ҲȢƯŮˣ϶ϲƯŮˡҶЦԣɾϲϲ֪ԼƯƯˣҾǲϷ㣬ǲҵϷ㡣
ʩֵΪʲô
ҶտЦǳ밮ӵŮˣʲôܲѵû黪ڸǵĸֻôȻ黪ڸǵĸ֣ȻҲܸӦͬ黪ڸǣôȥϷ㡣
ʩƵô
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Ԫ潫ȥСɡԪʮȥǶĳ
Ƕĳݻ¥ͨһŸʽ̨ÿһӰܲĵĶҲǧٹ֣Ҷյ֪ܶĵĶЩѣȥҲ䲻УҶصȷǴ۽硣
ʲôҶһָԶ˵ڶģ
Ҷ˵ﶼŸɫСݣŤԲ󣬱㻥һȴԵС
ǶģԪʮЦķҵҲ֪ĲݣõǼ޲ݣһֺԵҰݣƳԲ೶˭Ĳݶϵ˭ˣʱ˻ע˭ʤ
ҶһָǶʲô
Ҷָһֻ޴Ĳףżβ㣬׵뻹һֻɫСԪʮεҡͷķҲ˵Ǵδ
װʳԱż̸Ž͵ÿųһöʳЩÿһ㶼һ룬һʮʳᣬÿβк붼нͬʱݲеĴһεʮεǲͬģоԵģܽ£Ҳǽʮһ飬ܽȫУǿɾ׬ˣһһʡ
ⶼܶģҶʧЦԽԽˣĳֲԣҲš
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ҶյͻȻ뵽飬ǵΪҪǲ̫ˣ
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ׯҵȴǱС
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ׯеð亹Ȼ󣬵ҲûлӮͬׯʤҲܶųɣ
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㿴ҶЦŵ㲻ҲӮĺɡ
ɾˣսѾ¯࣬Щ򵥵úܣֻˣ˭е顣
⻰ɲԡʱɾͻȻһϲеȤͲȥЩʧȥȤ顣
˻ͷһ㿴վŸݵˣմյ£ƬƾŴţֻȴûпǣǿߵһŶ
󣬴󣬴ʮС˼Ѵģ
Ƶ˵󣬱㽫Ŀ⼯Ƕ֮ϣЪ˹ĺţȻһȻӣѵ¿ȴǶһȻС



330 
һһУյĻع죬¶һڻư˿Щġ
Ҷ֪ʩüϵԪʮﵹԵĺܴݣĮ߰ɣ
𶯣˭Ҳ𶯣ɾľ򣡡
ɾ˵ʱҶվԭأ˫ЩãȻҿ״̬˵Żʱÿһֶ׻һӡҶյļ䣬Ҷյʶı㣬ϵĻζ˵Ļ
ǻ⣬ȴʲô
Ҷƺˣƺֲףƺܵƺûܵ
ҲδʲôɾȴоϵҶΪƫƫңҺܰûΥ֮УҶڽ֮С
Ƭ̺Ҷ۾ݵ˻׵лл
˵лʲô
Ҷյ֪ܾԼʲôҵľб仯Ըңʲô
˾ˣûû벻롣ڴȻ̾ϢһĲˡ
˵߾ߣֱƿҶռˣŶĳȥ
ιһȡҶճǱӰһ漴˵߿һ£ǲõҡ
ҶռҴҵ׷뿪ĳ
ߵĲҲô⿴Ǿϻȴõݣ˵ĲʼղȴԵԵ·ЩߵıЩЩߵȴ˼ҲΪкܶ˱죬ԼߵÿЩǸоǻȻɣҶĪĸоĸЩ
ǣҶһԲĸϣҲǰѰˣֻĬĬظ˵ı
ƺ
Ĺһ㶼ķܹѹźӣҲѹԼ
ǣ˼ųԷ㲻ԷҲö
ԣ߽һҾ¥Ҫ˾ƣҪ˲ˣҪ⣬ԴȣȻʱ򣬱㱻¥ĻƸһ٣ֱӴӾ¥ﱻ˳¥ȴΪ⣬Ц·ʹ뿪
ҶպĪΪʲôҪԼ֣¥ûܹĹҲԼҲһ򲻹ġ
ǣݵվûг֣ԣҶվȥ
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Ҷֻܰڱϵţݵһ˯ѣӹ۾ŹǷȻʼµһ졣
ǰƺԶĿģĵڴй䣬Ȼճֿڵʱңװǻ龧
ҶյȻ֪ǻˮôģ·ӵߵʱܵ˲ҵӣ˸ǲ֮ʱѸٵĽ̽ԼУǳٶ˾̾Ӱδ£ѾУҶ֮̾Ҳɾ˵ǰ㣬ԼıȥĳӮôȻˣı£Լһ˫ıȥ͵顣
ǣƫƫôˡ
˻֮Ȼȥ˶ĳ
ƺϲģȴǳãԼıףȻʮľ䣬䵽ö龧ʱǶĳ˼Ӹ磬ǡǱ͵˻ˣǲ˵˵һٶȻ󶪳ĳȴɲΪ⣬Ǹƺ󣬴Ǽ壬˿̸մȾŻҵ·뿪
ʱòЬһö龧˵ĩͷһƤϰĩõӵĽţƺ㣬ȴҲʱ򣬲֪ðļؤˣƤͷҪܡ
Ҷվɲ⣬Ϊʲô鶼ӡ
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ǰ˶ɱ˵ٶһ㶼ڶϰѻҪֻһƣǼʳؤɢֻ¼߽ɢ˵С
˿ŵ˼ãƤͷš
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ҶȻ˯ˣһУԽӵ㯣ҲԽӵĿֻеĸоԽ
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εĸ˽˾¥ҶʱԸõС׼˼С͵˵ĸǰ
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Щ˶¥˱Ҳ߳¥ȴûĮȻǰǵҶǰ
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һͷָҶյıӴ㲻ΪҾ벻Ϊʲô˱ܸܲңôļһΪʲôȥΪʲô
˾վڽָҶյıƿڴ˿κظ棬ǵĽϲ˶פ㿴ҶյЦƽʱҶջֱŤ˵ָȻԼϲָԼı˵һˣѾ֪ȥˡ
ǣҶղôɵ룬ԼҲı
úƺˣͣƿڴ
Ĳ˵ܺã˾Ӧöˣ͸˵
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Ǹ˶һС̯ıϣһţƬɫƮŰɫƬţƬˡ
Ҷ֣ҶպԾĽһ˹ȥ˱ߵԱߵС̯һţƬѧ˵Ӷ׵˽ֱߣһ̧ͷţһÿƬȥ
˼ںҶյԣ
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331 ľ
ȥһ磬ȣһأһֽ֣֣ͩβһƬС̯λ̯λıϣɵӶһڱϴ⡣
߹ʱгָָ㣬ĳЦвǳĶЩ˵ĸǰ
Ҷտţˣǲ֪˭˭һš
Щ˴Լǰ֣Ц˲м˱ģƣ˳ȻҶռһˮ˿ͽнˮݹһ˿˿ζǡô
Ҷջŵʱϲˣˮ˿Ҳ֪ʲôģΪζڽţҲζھ¥вʲôͬ
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ٴĿɿڴعҪҶշŭͻȻһֻȭͷҵ˵ϡ
Сүˣұ
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˵ұллСӺ־òллΪĺ˼ˣһ߿¥ɾСһҲıǰ˼ˣȻ˸ŮˣȻ˸ŮˣһֱΪȢѽŵġ
˵ɾġ
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˵ڽڽڽڽ˼ڽûǱȻԲģǣֻҪߵͷܹվĸһЩıȳԶһЩɾлܽͷ
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˵Ȼô˼Сӣ
˶ʱЦһڵ֮󣬱ҵ÷顣

Ҷû˵̸ΪԶˣ£˲ҶҶҪ»Ǿȣж˸ҽɾСһأ
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ԪʮҲ
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ģҺʱƭ㣿ҶЦӦҶ֪һ䣬ȻԪʮ㲻Ըô
ԪʮЦнҶջҵһܾˡ
ʱ䣬ôЩɾʩ겻֪ʱɾҲ㲻ʶȰһ䣬ҪϳΪҲˡ
ôҶղ͸ŽֵЦţҲŶֻ֪ԼǷһսʱˡ
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˾㷹ԪʮԪȥʰ˱̤г̡
Ҷջһܷǡ
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ģҶտϵ֯ҧһ䣬˫Ȼ㽫÷飬ץס˵ŭҪûʲôõĽͣ׼Լ°ɣ



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һȭҶϵ˵ĸ֣ǸӣڿǸѡ
ҶƲƲʣ
˭
ҶյҶա
ģ
Ҷյꡣ
ŶԭǰӴķзǸȷЩôѹռ°ꡣҶյϧҶ˭ʵֻһģûжȤǽ⣬ΪʲôҵĶҩ޷㣬ҩ׽Ի裿
Ҷ˵ԼԻˣȻ޷߶ҩˣңӳֶ̿ƺܹǲ٣ܲҩ治Ͼҩ㶾ɣ
ҶճĬǲشˣһҲشˡ
ҶյһΪʲôĶ㻹ʡʡɡ
ûϵҲµĽ㲻˵Ҳνа취Գġ
Ҷյôԣ
ЦЦ쳣ˬʵ֪ⷿŵĶʲôȫǶŶ˵ҽЩһ飬Σ
ҶյҲԣĶҸûá
ֻ˵ҶʹĶǶõģɫɭҾͲʲôûãֻҪĶһֶЧҾ֪ʲôлˣ⣬Ȱ㻹ԼʵĺãĶܿ
Ҷˡ
ﻹ͸ˣùһ̳ҿӲãԵһ֡
һ˵ţһߴ򿪴̳漴ÿһУǴгһʰ쵵򼣬ӼסԴڲ
ιιҶռԶԶôĵĶϣιӣɿ
ҶյĺУȴѾߵҶյĸǰһаЦľͽĿӸ
ˡҶŭôʬΣ
ڴţ
ĳҶһüë漴ͽ˽ȥ˳ƽҶյĿӸá
Ҷ̸оһ˿ĴҶëȻţһֱǸоСȵʱҶպȻоСһʹȴҧҶա
һ˲Ҷյ͹ıɫʱʱϣʱʱʱʱף̺ŵĶҺѸ˳˿ڱ鲼Ҷյȫûйʹĸоֻ쳣ܣҶյӲĳ鴤ţҶոϽ߶ǿſ̻Ŷ̵ѸٷɢɫâţʵĶҺǼʳĻȳ棬ѸٵĹԶȥֱȫâеǿ
Ĵ˿ڴҶտôҾ˵Ķȫûã㻹ʡʡɣ
ֻǿʼѡȡµ޵һֺĶ䣬ȣʹת˲Ҳ˿⽫ָĶһ飬㽫Щоһ顣
ȻعԸ⽫Ϊʲô¶ԭңҿԷġ
ðɣҸ㡣ҶյһܹͨһеĶ
΢Цܲ鷳㽫ͨĬдأ
Ҷնʱð亹Цǵˡ
Ǿ͵ǵ֮ٷɣ
һȣһȣҶյ˵ʵʵһɽԹһҩˣѩĺɽ֪ôһ³ǱΪҩǣҾԵҩģԺұİٶˡ
ҩʲô
Ҷյôֲ֪ͨҩֻżȻ˶ѡ
Ǿû취ˣһǲܷߡ
Ҷռˣѽ˵ʵ
޷жپ㲻ʵԣ㻹ǽʵܹó㹻ŵļٻɣȻǾֻԶˣˣڱԵڶֶɣ
һ˵ţһ߽Ҷյǹ޶ҩ˽ȥ
ҶնʱɫŹ֣Ƕ븹ȫɲǼҶյͬǧһľʹʹҶոϽ߶Ƕ֮С
ŶʱɿôȻҲпܵģͨǶԽңʱԽʴɢҪǰĶҪ͵ö࣬Ϊʲô㷴ܸĻأ˵ʱʵ־йϵԽʹ࣬ǶͻԽ죬෴ģܹܣǶľͲǰˣ
ֽдʲôͻȻ̧ͷҶչһЦ
ҲרŰԶҲҾıֵĶԸǿˣ



343 
ҶյӱĵζҴʹ
ŮǷģо仰ħɻͬҶ׷ɾڽִڶԸΪ˸һеȻҶոһУľǲϵҶԶȻַȥ¶
ˣ绹Ǻ侲˿ܵĻᶼҶգӤеʱáʱֵԵʱһ죬ʱ죬ʱ죬˵Ĳ̶ʱ䣬ȻǺҶղ³ҩԳʱ䣬岢ֻҪָ룬ҶվͲûԼǣζĽ˵һԽԼһΪȻﵽ֮ĸ֣ɲ粻ҶָƲǶ֡
ҶնΨһĺϢºʼûб֣żؽ⿪Ҷյ·ĨºҲȶ㵽Ҷյı󣬻߳뿪ʯݵʱ㵽ĳ䣬ƴССҪȻǸѰģο缸ʱ򶼽עƶԶϡ
ңҲҶպһЩҶΪʱӦ޷ά壬ó粻Ҷվôɢ԰άһ˿΢Ҳһ˿΢ױºҶܹ˿΢׽ºʱϢȥ
ʮֶˡ翴ҶյɫתϣתףָѾϰһ㣬ֽ޶ϵҺܾʲô£־ôصʹȻ콫֪ĸ˵
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ߣһʲôùʯݽϵˣҵóȥһˣ͵ǸһЩϢʱˣҲ̫ˣ뵽¶ĵ䷽һ֮ǿԼԡ
粢һֱʯܿϣܹһֱʯƶÿ춼һι̶ʱ䣬뿪ʯңҶҲƶϳѾѺ죬ͬʱҶնԣĻᡣ
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Ҷһ㣬漴ЦŮ˹ȻؽԿ״ߣϧȴ˴˵ǵԿײܴģЩҡ
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Щ壬пݽߵĸоѸˣȻҶȫʢʱϣЩ΢ļԺԣȴҲιèƵֻҶӵһ˿Ҫǿöˣ٣Ҷմ˿ܹͷų֮ˡ
ǱͷŵҶյǰۣȻǱһ㣬ƮڣһһĽԿ׿С

ͻȻһ죬Ӧ򿪣
ʧȥ˫ŵҶձ㷭ֱԼſһЩ㽫˫Ҳ˳漴صˤڵϡ
ۣۡ
Ҷ󱳣ûı廹ԵԴÿ·Ҷձ㽫ϸεֻε룬ͿĨҩҩԣȥ͵ÿˣԣҶղ㵢飬ٶ뿪緢Լ󣬿϶ҩɢɢڼ취Լץ
ҶҲûù
ڽĲҵԼ⻯Ĺ϶˷ֽѹȻ޽Ϊ鱦ҪҲͰҶնˣ֮⣬ǶѴ¥ĶҶûд㽫Щߣ޽͹۵ˣٴôһĶʵ鷳ǱɽҶո˳ȻЩϵС˺õ˳ǣᣬҶȻȫķŹ
ϺҶվͿʼЩƿƿ޹ޣֱȫΪֹ
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һкҶղƿʯݵţײײĴ˳ȥ
ʯ֮һʯͨһֱ죬ʯݾȻŵصףͷһ壬򿪺󣬱ܿΧżɽһҲ̦ڲء
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ҶմӼɽĺ߳㿴ƯͥԺ̨ͤ¥ȣҶ㯣ѵϳɴδϳģġ
ʱǻȼȻĽŲҶոϽȣӼɽķ϶⿴ȥ
ǻ߹ʮˣƤף忳ȥӦǻɣҶɻ粻ǽĶôô˴լԺŻѲߣ
ЩûԶȵһͷݺݺŮཻͷӶЦţഺ磬֦ҲЩߵЩŮǰʱ̹վֱ漴õһߵȴЩŮ߹ȻżʵǰѲߡ
ⲻϳɡȵȺŮȻԶҶղŴӼɽ̲סŮ˵װҴʲôطˡ
ҶձԼĳؾżӾ˵һЩ飬ͯҥеĺѣ֮ԻᱻΪǽλԭǶһ֮ռԼżؾҶղԼؾż֮УݽָӦ͸ĻϢǣͬζ粻ͨӦѰԼģԣҶտԶ㣬ؾżҶֻҪ㵽ҩԹȥԼ׻ָȻĶ֡
ǣµһȴʵҶյ֮⣬ԤȫһطȻֹһˣлѲߣô㣿



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С߹£治Ϊ㣡µ巿òŮڷ𣬿ǰ˵¥ǺųʲôŪôȴûУҿȰ͸Ĵ𰸣
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Ҷָ⽣һ޽ͻȻ쳹˽ǽҲǽŮ˾ĻعȴҲɲǣ޽Խ飬ⶸȻָŮˣֻҪٽ磬ܽŮ˵һ̴
ҶҶշűӲƳ۾ӦܿǽĲһ㣬ֻҪͻὫնء
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ˡǹƤֱӦһС㣬㿴òãȥֵĻʣ¶Сû뿪լӣǶûţ¶СȻլҲͲõĳʲô⣬ұȥˣ׵ô
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ܵȥˡСһӣͻȻĳſںˣȥемлҪǡ
һǣլӽн԰ɽѸסصطȻٲûҪϰۡ
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УͻȻŮҲϵʱ򻹰Сȥȡ



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348 ɽѡ
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ԣп޽ʯ̨ǰҶɽ



351 ⻯һ
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¹ļΪ˵һ˵һ滹ϸдһЩĵãѵעҶպܱݵķ֣Ҫ⻯ǺףҪһ⻯ǾͲôףȽ
ҶεĽǵ伮һֱڿʳºСС򣬸ºë˿漰Ķк֮ܶ࣬󷨣ƣҶնǸ޴Ŀ飬Ҳ˭ԼҶ֪Ҳó󷨣ó֮˸һָûС
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Щ鵢˼죬ҲŪˣҶĬһʦͷڸҶսľϡ
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ôܰŴܣʬʲôҶջͷȻֹ漴Ȼ⻯
ɵˣһҲ˵ĹȥΪʲôʬû٣ûйΨһǾϸߣȫת·߻Ӥڵĵ֮ģȥ¥ǰæһʬΪ⻯Ҫκ⻯ĹֻҪ㽫Ӥ֮о㹻ˡ
Ҷ֪ҲֻܴʬΪʲôܲ⻯һŲ׵ʵȴɲ֪ΪΪ˿δϾҪʬ⻯ҪӤŽȥȻҲֻǾʬѡ
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Ǽǡ

ǶԼʬɽ֮˵
Ҷת󣬱㷢Щţȴδ֮д꣬ǳʧ٣ֱҶڤ룬Լʶ뵽ƬڰɫսŷȫȻ֮УȻѭ죬֮УҶվȵǾѭȻĸΪҲҶոоԼΪһ㣬ΪĸΪǿˡ
Ҷպѽһн͸֪ԣֻҡͷ
Ҳ֪ô˵ҶյʧȥӤҵܹճתԣΪҲû˶ˡ
ǹ졣ֱ̾δš
ҶĵԼڶδ͸żܸԼϲ㵱Ȼδŵˡ
ֻ⻰Ҳ룬ҶնȻ˵ڵģֻǵǽ⻯ô
ֲ֪ⱾƲġҶĬǱ¹һ⻯ӣһģһӦˡ
˳ĬƬ̣̫ȻعЦϲϲ
ϲʵԲԣʵҶ⻯̫죬Ҳ̫˼飬ĪˣҶڣ˶֪˵ЩʲôãҲֻ˵ϲϲˡ
ҲʱҶ֪ͻȻһ뷨
ҶЦŵʲôˣ
Ҷ֪ȴѵ棬˿Ҷյĵ٩֣صû⻯Ȼ



353 Ȼ
Ҷ֪⻰˸ŵһҪҶɾ˼ҵϵҶ⣬ϤȻıҶ֪ˣ˿¶Ҷ֪ǲǷˣ
ֻһҶɣԣҲֻӵкȻ
ȻҶɵļν
һĵ˵ԼǺˣǣ˭֪ǲǺˣһΪԼǺˣȴδԼʵ飬ȻҶɵϿɣ㲻ǿ˵ƾ
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ǺȻô
Ҷղһ䡣
޾ԨҲĨȥɫʣǱǺȻΪ
ΪҶ֪ǵȻԣҶܹظܵؼ䣬֮µĺȻȥôǺȻΪԼá
ҶճŸӦȻ壬ǺȻȴ޶ԡ
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Ҷհ̾һǺȻȻϿɣȻҶ֪뷨ûܹá
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Ҷ˵ӣ˵ţ˵ȥһάϵ⻯ӦȻһ߽Լʶԣңʬɽϵ
ǸܵҶյĿ⣬ǸܵҶյϣ
ǶͻȻͷų׵ĹԣҫʬɽԵЩ
ͻȻ䣬Ҷ͵۾ͷų峺ϢֵĻܣɫ̨֮УһӱɰɫָɾĴ֮ɫγ



354 Զ
˵Ҷյ⻯ѧ˺ȻҲܽܣǣҶԼѧ˺ȻǾ˺ѽˣϾǴͷҲûƳҶа
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Ҷ֪ЩੲݵĶҶգҶҲǵͷӦǣȴδȥֻԼ֪Ȼ϶Լȥȴ־ԼȥΪǺȻȻԼס
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ľ˵ڰ˰еˣҲ˰е



355 纣
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纣˫ٺϣ̯֮ʱбһɫҶ漴ǰһͣҶϱ֮УţҶյ߱ӿĸһһţĽɫҶҶոŰΧ
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纣һãŵҶӿɫĻ棬ȼշ˳ƬҶĻӣգۼ䣬ǳһƬɫ𺣡
ҶտƬɫĻ𺣣Щ˼ģ



356 ΡȻ
һľ磬ȻܹɻժҶΪġ
ҶպΪԼܰ쵽˿̣֦ΪֻǣɻժҶԳɽȴҲôЩ񽣵Ķһֻ豭ôһ
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ȻҪ졣ΡȻողǸ㣬ΪʲôΪҪɽȥô

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纣ӰѾʧˣҶ֪ǺоڽɫĻֻ֮Ǳǻ𺣸Ӱ
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ǵ淢죬޽ն֮ǽɫĻ汻𺣵һͷ纣㵡
ɫĻ棬ǲġҶǰȥȹǽɫĻ棬֮ʱҶȳ࣬纣ܹܵǽɫĻźȵֻ»Щ޷մȾȴкã
Ҷպὣأ޽ǰȻɨľȻͬһȦΣ⵴
Χս˸оǺһƬ쫷һ㣬Լߴ˺ڷ½ǣƬȼյĽɫ棬ʹϨ
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ŶҶտǷԭк֡
纣΢ЦţտڱԱġ
ͨľֻҪ纣ʶΪľһб˲
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ҶպЦУڿѡٽһȻϵȥ߽Լǵľ⣬һУҲҪҵǰ
Сɮ纣ĬȻƬ̺Сɮѡ
ǱĴӵ纣ٶȣƾɵѵȻɮ۸ӡ
Ҷճ纣°ɨһ۵С
纣ݵҶʩ
ҶյҪΪԼһи۵ģҲҲϣοԼڻô
纣˫Ŀ漴ҧһ㽫ǵ㲼ƬҲɹģΧĺЦתܣգۼܵӰ١
ҶչЦȻܺˣҸӽ·ٸӣǰĹأ˭Ҵ򣬱˵ĶҰǳɾ⣬ҵҪжԸƨɴ뿪
ΧʱһƬЦ



357 һ֮
纣·ܿͱ͸ҲܿľƵ̣ҶձȶĹظдȥҶնԴҲЦǺڴʽ·
ȾƣҶͻȻĸֺȵ˭Ⱥʮ̳ƵģǺµķ
꣬


Χ˸ߺŸţ˴ؽ˴Ĺ룬˰̳ȺۣҶȴЦš
ɴյҶߵĺôҰˣùȤǣսôƻ᳹׿Է
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ͻȻãƺҶһԼƳ嶯ЩѪЩ
ڸһÿĵĺϢɵӥϢŮ˵ùˣ¥ǽǢɽ˵ǸûаϵȻҵң˿棬ȱ˺öҩǱ͵ȥˣɽŭ¥Χ磬ŮҪùˡ
ʵӦ뵽ģͯҥѸռŵĵطռźδȴ֪ңϸһ֮ᷢʹĸ֣ڶϵȷǷĸײСҲԿǣҪҩŪôҩԣҪô米ŵģϸṩҩ֧֣Ҫôֻȥ͵ˣҪԼɽºȥҩˣһڲжصݻСҶЦŮ˵ùһúܿģʲôϵܺԼ¶ˣңҲиϢ
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ҶЦΡȻˣҲΪʦ

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ΡȻɽҶղɵʦʵЩС£ɽء
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ҶջȻԣҸͽܸӮˣȻҲʹϹ㡣
ΡȻ̾޷ϹһսվҵĲϹѾؼһҳˣʲô취أȻ˷Ͷȡ֮ӣȴҲǻĽΨһ취
ҶյʦĺˣԼò˶þԸġ
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ΡȻʧЦЦĺǳ죬ҶյļôҲ޲ɣ



358 Ǿǽ
ҶոΡȻĿĵɽǡ
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ΡȻĳұӣҵĵӡ
ΡȻûκε飬ֱӵ˳ǰѽӵ¥ӥϢȺſڵʹӣ㱻Ľӭ˽ȥ߽úΡȻеλϣƬ̣һ˴߽ΡȻ󣬲˼ıڵء
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ұӹһղҵʦڵ콣ѾԲ
㲻áΡȻͷ漴Ҷյǡ
ҶոϽҶС壡
ΡȻؿҶһ۵ҶС壬Ĵʦ֡
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ΡȻ˵Լ콣ȻԲȴǿ˵ƾСɡ
ҶָָԼЩãȻؿΡȻ
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ΡȻ˲豭ˮõò豭
ҶһѪΡȻϣϲһ·ϻǲԻԼţʵԼܲ˳ۣұŪԼţҪ֪ΡȻȻܹ豭ɽʹԼⱾ£²⻯ҶյıˣҲһûⱾ£Բ豭Ϊı£Ȼǽϵ裬Ϊȴϵġ
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ұǱҶʦָˣˣҵĽȡ
ұӵĺܿȡһĵݸұӣҶֻһۺ󣬱㲻ð亹ұӾȻõһ֮
ҶտֻаƴСıӣΡȻʦܻܲıӣʵڲɵĻҲԡ
ôķϻΡȻͷһҶյı󣬽Ҷǰһ͵ȥ
Ҷձһͣײײǰȥ˾ȻΪ۸СүԼıˣָ׼˭۸˭أ
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ұҲԹΡȻµģҲ츳һͬʱһֱŬͱΡȻ´ʦֳνվֻǹ¥ĵӣΡȻͽܣұһֱţΡȻһʽͽȻȴû뵽Լδһ죬ǵһ֪Ĵʦ֣ܲģҶյĳƺҲӴʦֱҶʦ֡
һն磡
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ҶԥһҪҪǲ豭ӭȥȴһⱭҪˣǿɾӶûˣֻõƻұӵһǣǽ𿪣ԼȴҲǽ
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һնȴǴնݻĽУɳ֮ϣһֵնаٽ֮أҪ˻ߣרڶ֮ʱն֮á
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ұһɨ󣬵ŵʯذ㱻÷飬¶·ʵ֮ޣҲǿɼһ
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ҶյٶһֱǳֽˣǽϮһԾʹԾܹĳ룬ұһ֮ƾԣȻӲĽǽڰ;ɲס͵á
죡
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ȴҲɲǡ
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Ҷտ¶һãȻҶ˭
ΡȻϣŶͷ㲻Ҷɵģ˭֪ҶȻкȻ壬ȴδңóƣҲԲϣҶɵԽ٣۾ɳǣģôȻģ
ҶһȻļ䣬ΪʲôкȻ
ΡȻΪʲôû˵
ҶίҲûʹҳʹ⣬ɷ¡
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Ҷյ˲кȻ
ΡȻΪľȻܿƽ漴ʲô
ΪҶʩչȻΡȻһҲǾʹ֣ͣҶջôȥ뵽ͷû磬ֻøұֽ֣ΡȻڱϿţжҶҲԽԽ⣬Ȼʵ㲻ʲôΡȻʵҲᾴҶɵƷУȴᾴҶɵʵԭȻҲ򵥣ҶɼкȻҲͬ黪ڸ֮ʵɴ򲻹ΡȻǣҶӵкȻܴҶյƷиԼѣȻҲܵˣܽؼǹɺȻҳΪá
ҶǲΡȻʲôҲ֪ԼĵλѾμͷ˲٣˿ΡȻұӱΪȻ黪ڸ֮۷壬пܿǵżԼøôⲻԼô
ҶһţһҲԺȻ壬Ǳұӵߣóȴǰұնѵĵ棬ܵһн𻵣ɴ˿ɼұӶеҲѾ˾ľ硣
ΡȻһ̲סԵΪʲôһҪΪԼǸ豭
Ҷһܹ߱һһãȻǣǸ豭ѽ
ΡȻΪʲôͲܵǽ
Ҷյ豭ôɽ
ΡȻɽˣôǲ豭
ΡȻȻвٵӣȴӻһձ̣̽ºòи˰ԼеͽܣȻҪϸĽ̵ȴֲ֪ô̷ϣҶԼ򣬿ǣԼͽȻԸƷп϶ǲģԺЩš
Ҷմ˿ȴѾ˼ϻΡȻĻȻ˿Ĳ豭
ӾǱӣôܱɽ
ǣԼʲôͰɽǱӻǱôĻɽ
Ҷղ֪һԣ
ұӵĽٴն䣬һأҶȴû˿ãӭȥֻ豭ӭȥ
һ̣ǲ豭ǽҶվ͵ǽ
ॣ
Ľ֮
ұӵ¶㵣Ľնֻ豭ıϣȴĽ֮ӦôĲ豭Ȼûбն顣
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359 ꣬Ҷ
豭ôͷų⣡
ʵǼܵ飬ұȴ֪пܣΪΡȻܹ
ǣΡȻܹ쵽ȴҶҲӦܰ쵽ǣҶȴƫƫ쵽ˡ
һ˲䣬ǽ˳ŽжϮұӵؿڣɱȻĸоұӶȻһ
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ҶյĽ⣬ţҪնһУǣҲֻƬ̣ұӵ˰벽󣬱ԼǽȻȻȴǿȻǲ豭Ҷ޷׷ӳҶѾұ㹻ȡ
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ΡȻ仰Ҳ֪˵Ҷգ˵ұӣֻܹصͷӦһ漴ࡣ
ΡȻȥĿùɡ
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ұ뿪ΡȻҶյЩʲô
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ΡȻЦһ㹻ˣִУڿУǽ֮ǣܶǰһҰܣĺܲģΪΪ˰ң͵Ϯңˣթ͵ҵĽһʧȥ˽㲻ǽͣԣһҰܺұչ˼ڴ˼ΪͨҲǴʱʼ˿ʼΪһ޵С
һָ֮࣬Ĳֻǰһɣһɣ۶ԷӺδֻҪһ֮࣬ΡȻ硣
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ΡȻһ߷Ŀһߵ֮Ҳˣʲôô
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ΡȻͷЩĿҲûʲô⣬ɣǵԼҲҪ£Ȼ콣ѾԲɽ֮һһµĽ伮ǵҪ
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Ҷǵ˵ţȻΪݵգԼʮʱҪʮȥԼʲôģ



360 ѵսһ
򸣴Ϣ˵׼ʱμӻ񣬺ѩûŶ⣬ԪԾȻ˵үѾ³ǳˣǶһģ˵ǳһȥݽ㴨ӥǻû䡭
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ʮʦܡ֣صĴģǿھΪʲô˭֮⣬ǿھʲôöûУҲҪȥ̽ΪǿھںɽϪɽǾԲκģǸλʦҲһǧҪǡ
ҶոϽͷȻʦָ˵ˣһȥģʦҷġ
ͷá
Ҷ˿ȴˣ˵ǿھûʲôãȴɽأԲ룬ãɽζȥһ˵ˣֻǵѰʵĻᣬˣҪѰǸŮˣֱʵĻӦ֪ģֻΪʲôҪһ棬²̫ûش𣬿ǲʣˣѰԼȥҺˡ

Ҷո˵ŻʱΡȻȻ߽ⶥ¥
¥ȴǼ֣оŲ֮ߣ֮ȴֻһƬڵĴܲûͨϲ¥ݣߵȴһƬᣣᣵ·һʯʯ֮ŸˣȴΪᣵԵʣֻƼһε
ΡȻǰϥ򵹵¥Ҳˡ
ͻӥѾˣĿûã˵㻹˸ͽܣ
ΡȻͷǣɽ֮ʱżģ⺢츳Զ
е̾Ϣһѽ֪һֱϹһϸ£ϹɢһֱҪ̳ͽܣѷɫ¥һɾôЩҶѡͽܣȴֻΪ̣һֱҲˣҵϲӣҲˣֻ㴫˵Щǵģ
ΡȻȻǵġ
״趨ʮ֮ڹԣǹ¥Ĺأһ˵ڶϣһ治̸أҲֻ֪Ҫ״ӣЩ϶ҪԼͽģҲΪǽܹһֱŵΣش飬ѵͲ³һʹٲô
ΡȻĬȻƬ̵ӵкȻѵ˷ô
ȻҲֻܴƷгڣõϿɣȴܴ˼˼ͬ¥ͻأˣҪȥô
ǵģΡȻ̧ͷ˿ǿ˿ݣ˿įҵʱĲˡ
ٴһ̾Ϣû뵽¥ִ֮ء
ΡȻҲҪھͽһиֻϣܹһΣչ¥Ĺأʮ֮ڹԺܴڱ£ʵûôʱȴˣھܽԼı½Ὣ¥һжȻһǻεض˵һɽϣ¥ܹȫ
ʼûдΡȻʵĹڵϣǼⶥԵЩţЩо¡
֮ٶȻ˼֣ôϣ˵ȥɣǣʲô⡭
ΡȻһұ߱



364 ¥
ΡȻ뿪ⶥ¥ʱ򣬵ָԶҶղͬ;¥С˵еЩɣɽڳ˳Է˯ĵطֻʣ֮ΡȻ̹վá
ΡȻҶյС壬߰ɡ
ҶյͷȻɻҲü¥ô
ʦ¶ġڱЦŽ͵Ҳټ˼ҵġ
ŶҶպȻˣô㱾µģĻڲ˰ɣʲôҲ
ΡȻùܵͲҪʡ
ЦЦұʦ嵽ˣʦҲ˹Ρ
ΡȻͷȥæԼİɡ
Ŀ͵뿪ΡȻҶջԼסȴнɽһƬƷ͵ݣΧɵСԺΡȻסˣҶϲɽôֺģϡ٣ܹԼ͵ɽ
ΡȻָмݵסĵط䣬ѡԼסȱЩʲôԼȥ˷ҪɽûеĶҲ˷ȥɽ²ÿҲ쵽ٵĻ黪ڸƾ飬ЩõģҪϸϸӦƾҪҪҩģȥⷿȡҪǼᣬȡĻҪд;΢鷳Ще򲻿٣ǹ¥Ĺء
Ҷչлʦͽġ
ΡȻͷʲôľʣǹ¥Ľɣʮǵ¡
ҶĨѺôࣿ
ΡȻ㲻ö࣬жֻЩС£żȻΥҲֻʩСͰˣؼǵ򲻿Υ
ҶոϽʦѾˣһԲȥɽڶټܽ¥ǧ򲻿˽ɽ
ţ֪ͺáΡȻҪǼļ䣬رǰأ㷸ˣҲ㣬ô
Ҷյͽס
ΡȻȸҽɡ
ΡȻһ˵ţһҶսԼǼݣϷ伮ݸҶա
ȥΡȻһ뿴һѧᣬȻٽġ
Ҷտ˿伮һͨ伮ֽνڶ򲢷ͨҶΪҲ֪ʲôֻϾɵķƤдšעСַ֣һҳȴһҳֽд֣Ӧƪ
ҶƵʦ㲻һ޵еıѽ
ΡȻһ޵еĵѾˣҲǿò豭֮ɵĶͷų⣬ҲֻͨѣŻ㣬ҲʱȽɣԽ쿴ŪԽѧ¶һлҪԼԡ
ŶҶ¶ʧĴӦһ˵¥ǱĿģΡȻı£ҶջǺ壬ܹ˻ѧߣȻҲٺòˣȴÿ߰⣬ȻҶЩ᲻ȴǵͷӦھȥ
ȥɣΡȻǵҪΡ
ҶմӦͽˡ
뿪ΡȻķ䣬ҶֱߵݣҲ£ΡȻ⽨ݣͽܣΡȻôԵʣ»ΪϹԵʣ˭λ¥¥ɫĵӣһɾڽжѾպյˣϧΡȻôãòײһԼĻϲġ
Ҷһţһ߽ݣĶνһӦȫΣߣӣܣ̶ģҪ˵ЩʲôĻЩ֮ֻҶҲδϣŴߵһ˯䣬㷭ᡣ
ҶջǶͨ伮ȤЩȻȷǱν
˼壬ͨǽͨ
νĽָıǽޣӵо޴ĽУеıΪ֮ʱǻӽܹնͨΪҲЩͨרģֻҪ㲻Ҫ޴ĽлնһĽһ㶼Ǳ֮еġ
ν˵һܹͨ޳ν
Ҷն̸ͨϲҲ̸ᣬֻͨȻԼǰ˵ǽͨеĻֻͨ¸ãͨҶȻûʲôֵΪʵڲ
ΪʲôҪҿֶҶֽνһҵΪҲȥͨɡ
Ҷ˿ʧǴν㹻ȻһһֻǴͨкãѧҲսʱõңҶյΪҪѧνҲ̫Щ
ǱνҶֻܰķǱעⱾȻȫӵһҳϵġӦƪ־ܿһЩߡ
עдĶҪǶļ⡣
עֶһֱˮˮһƵüץסĶˮ֪ڣΪãȴƫƫ֪ʲôӵģˮһģڶֱʳ˻ŵʱʳǲɻȱĶ
ȴ˼ıעϸһЩص㣬ȥӦȥݣ۳еĸεģҶյΪԣƺҲΪĶǣҶȴ֪ˣҪγϵҪӤ꾳ΪҪӦҪ黪ڸǣڲ۳֮򵥵˵ⱾעĸӦƪǸЩӤ꾳۷黪ڸΪģдעˣΪҲܵ飬ȻԲܶϤȻҲνĻ
עǰ̾磬ĵᣬȻдĺ꾡棬ȴйоأֻЩʱƾдãҶնԣǲôҪֱǱעһ֣ҶյϽ¶ȡ
עдţν飬ǽԼΪԽߣĸӦԽԽ׵ֱ󳹵׵Ļؼ
ֱǺҶ͵ĽǵᳯһŭСүǻǸɢʲôԼŬΪʲô˵Լ޳ɹ񣬾Լ޳һǸƨʲôĺҳ
Ҷվע˵ģҪɹλ°İˣЩҲûбνЩѾ磬˿Ϊ˼ҳɾ͹ѳ֮׵Ѿ޷ǿøֱЩ˵Щ޳ɹȻѾշسɷˡ
Ҷջ˵ȻҲģΪעе˵ͬ˵ŬĨɱˣеȻҲҶգֻ˻ҶüͷֽǱע
ΡȻ⽫ⱾύԼҪԼΪֹܲȫûİɣ



365 ޴
ô
Ҷ֪İҶż漴ӣҶնߴţȴǱҶպܲ
ķҶ֪§סҶյĲӵķʲô
Ҷ̾ΡȻͷӣҵ⻯ع¥󣬾Ͷһעҿ˵Ҫҿдĸ͹ƨͨôĶ
ŶҶ֪ԴԭǱô
Ҷ֪Ȿ᣿
Ҷ֪֪ѽܶ˶֪ģעֳɾƪƪӦƪ˵һɵľѵ伮ǳĹ㣬ǰҲģ֪ôľͱˣ˵Ӧƪۣˣܶ˳ʱʱ򣬻ǻעȷ
ҸûǰƪΡȻͷֱӽӦƪˡҶüȻҲעĸӦƪЩ⣬ǣ־ΡȻƾ޹ʵҿֻôǿأѵҪϿдЩƨ
ôʲôҶ֪ǰȥҶյ˫̫ķʱ򣬷һǺܺá
ҶЦƺҲŶ
Ҷյ˫ֲԾľͻҶ֪Ƽ䴫ϸ΢Ҷղɵĵͷȥ
ɲǼ䣬ɫݡ

·壬֡
ҶսǱעϴ˯ȴͻȻظܵܵһ˿䶯̷
˭
ңΡȻֵ㵹Ǻܾ֪֪ʲôʱˣ
ҶոϽʦ˼ôˣ
ΡȻźӵܲôڶѾˣ㣬βóٵô⵱ʦֵĪǵһҪ˯ͷβɣ
ΣҶԺô£ϽЦʦⲻǻûϰôԺһע⡣
ΡȻһɡ
ΡȻݣҶղŷǰĿյѾվ˶ʮ¥ĵӣСϸҶոΡȻȴվЩԵıϹϾ
ⶼµĵӡΡȻҶС˵һ䣬漴ҶС壬״ͽǵĴʦˣף
Щ¥ĵӦʦ֡
ض񡣡ҶոϽ㣬㣡
ΡȻҶյα㽻ˣҪȥʮһʦ壬εʱҲǲαҲˡ
ҶȻʦûɣ
ΡȻʲôֵģµӵθ״ֵģֻΪûʽͽȻҪΪ¼Ȼ㵱ͽܣЩ鵱Ȼ͸ýѵ⵱ʦ࣬ȴ˯
ҶռǣҲᰡ
ΡȻθζûй̶ݣԼŰȿɣȻǴʦ֣ЩҪѧġ
ΡȻ˵󣬱㲻Ҷտɥֱݣȥ
ʦ
ҶձݵĳΡȻıӰţֱΡȻ׵ʧּ䣬ҶղỴ̈ϼһҸͽܻΪ˰ӣһЩɡ
̾ϢһҶջͷЩ¥ӵǼȻʦһţȻõĶǽ
Ϊ˳еشʦ֣ˡ
Ҷջֵÿϰ̻ǧΣν
Щ¥Ӷʱ漴˽
Ҷյʲôô
Ϊǵӵʦֻ֣̽Ǹ룬Ӧò˰ɣ
ŶòţҶյʲô
˵Ԫ
Ҷյ㿴ԼĽţǾʹһɡ
ԪĴ̣
Ҵ̡ҶյҾվﲻܲҪܴңյξˣˣһʾʦʲףԴһŽͨѧϰô
Ԫ۾ʦ֣棿
Ҷյܴ˵ɡ
Ԫνʦֵˡ
ΧĵӶһƬۣվŲ˴̣Ȼ׾ٵ飬˭ԣֱԪͨԪν֮󣬱Ҷձ˱ȭ漴ڿƣ͵ؾͳǰһ̳
ॣ
Ԫ̳˲䣬һĽеĳ󵹷ɳȥֱӲ֮С
ҶտãȻԪǲû
Ԫ͵صͷ֪ʲôԼıѾɳȥˡ
ҶյǾٸ㿴һΡ
Ҷĳ˷ͻȻŵȥƵĵ绡һڵϴ̳һ
ǽָֻûʲôϡģ˭ֻܹ̳ҶЦһ߽ԲľưҨˮȻǽ΢㣬һˮΧĵӶʱһˮһֱ£ֱľưˮû֮ʱǽűһ̵ĵж
ҶЦʲôʱˮ׼ˣ˵ֻ̽ǸڶҴ̽ȥÿǧΣ
еӴ˸ʦ֣ղ˵ǧΡ
Ҷղǵ˵꣬ϵǧΣǧΣ˭
ڵӶĻҶ˵ЩʲôϽɢŬĴ̽ȥˡ
ҶմڰΣᣬȴûʲôͷʵŪΡȻΪʲôҪԼЩֱЩͷۣҶԽһ
ǼҶյ˱ɢȥҵȥʦһˡ
ῴףΡȻǡòڣȻǰµĺʱ򣬲ɽǲȥ̫ױ֣ȻֻȥǸлŮĶˡ
ʦ֣ʦ֣ܵ¥ǰҶմˡ
סĵطڹ¥˽¥һҶպǹ¥ʲôô¥״Ӷڣ
ʮʦܡЦ߳ӵӦεʱ䣬ôп
ҶյʦΣұܹ̽鲻ÿһ춼ˣҶֲϤʵڲ֪ýЩʲôԣʴʦ֣Ƿйµӵļ¼
ʮʦҵ᣿
ҶոϽͷҲѽ֪ǵ֡
ĻȻеģӦ˷Ͼÿ¶еҪȥ춫ȻǼᣬȥһ˰ɡ
ãáҶȾܵʦȥСԼͺˡ
ҪԼԼôʦµĵӡ
˷ڣѾҶָǺţǸΪ̬ˣ֪Ҷյ󣬱ֽӶϡ
ǰЩսĿʵæúܣˡ㣬ʮԼ￴˷ͷϾͺá
ҶյͷӦ£漴ӷ
ûУûУôûأ
ҶֻҸ֣֪ʦ¼ȿɣɷ˲Ҳûһġ
ôҶૣѵͨµӣǸԼͬԼȻûЩʦֵܣȴҲʹЩʦֵܵˣòҲûһţѵʦ壿ΡȻҲԼ˵Щʦ֣ɺҲûлš
Ҷ°˼ţѲǻ淸˹ȥ˹¥طߣ¥󣬱˼ڹ¥Ļɾ鷳ˣ



366 
Ҷ뿪˷ʱ򣬻ûøôѰһ档
ѸϢ٣ңʱҶҲûԼΪ¥ĵӣ˵Ҫ͵֮ӣҶ뷨ֻǵ˹¥˽ѣҶո泤ʲôӶûʡ
Ψһֻܹ֪лǸŮ˶ѣǣ¥µŮҲѽ
ҶշĹᣬ¥ĵһһʮȴ¥⣬ÿһʦʮӣʮӣŮʮˣΧҲһĴԼܲܰȥ˼ǲǻ棬˵ܹ֪ʱĻжࡣ
Ҷ̾һ֪ˣ㲻˵ԼҶС壬˵ԼкѺˣǻԼ֣ȻͻԼͯҥǺܳҪ˵ԼǺѣŻ滹ûΡȻˣȻҲʲôð취ҡ
Ѿڹ¥ˡҶ૵ǰæһ
뵽Ҳֻ˵ڹ¥ȴֿ˵ƾҶձԼؿʲô鷳һ㡣
ʮʦܣʲô
Ҷյͷ˼ȴҲʱǰͻȻ̧ͷһȴʦ䣬Ͻվֱӹʦ㡣
ʮʦҪȥĶ
ҶڵЩʦ̣մӴʦҪȥ
ԭˡʱѾˣʮʦ޼ҪȥҪҪһȥϾŸʮתת
ˣһáҶ˵ԼҪȥΡȻµ飬ȴȻֹҲǸŮˣȻŮˣǻ᲻ǻ棿ǣҶ̵ͷӦұʦͬˡ
ЦŴӦ漴ҶɽȥҶոһʦ㣬ʦŹأǲ˽ɽġ
俩Ц˭˵ҪɽˣҪɽ
һҶղ֪¥λȺ֮䣬ԣʦ嶼סڹ¥ڣʦ︴óҩסڹ¥ڣڲȦҩԣȻҲһֱסǶϾŸʮľʦָʮʦ֣˽ʦĵӣȻҲʦסڲ塣
˳ɽϣδɽƮζҶʱӱ޵ǽлζ
侪ʮʦܻмңŵľų
Ҷղ˼ͷһŵʱϲˣԹöأȻ֪ˡ
ǿЩߣҲȲˡ
һ˵ţһƮҡȰɽȥҶССһȣ漴Ҳ񱼣Ծ
ʦ㣬ˡ
˱ɽӴЦų֡
ʦϹݣʮʦֻƳصϣ˵ʦյĵӣҲǵʮʦҶС塣
ҶոϽλʦ֡
ض񡣡Ϲݵ˵ʦ״ˣʲôʱȥһۣȴû뵽ˡ
ƳͷԹʦ㣬ʮʦܹôҲ֪һҾ׼ֻɽô죿
ǶٳЩɰÿ˷Щʮʦܾˡ
ǣǡϹݴֵƲٰɣʦ˵Ŀɶԣ
ʼ漴ͬħһ㣬ƾվóһ̳˵ĸǰ
㰡ϹĿŵǾʦľƣСʦܣҸѽ¥ʦľãΪȫԼģֻҪһž;ӡ
ƳｫлӵڳȸҶգ漴Ҩơ
Ҷ֪ʲôˣΡȻ˵¥ޣȻõƵĹųիҪԼַʳġ
˿ڼȣԴЩ壬нҪҲ֪Щʲôͬʱһ˿˿ʵζȴ˾ùŹ֣ζҶվǼ븹ҶܹԼо˿仯ʵǱһ㣬˶оġ
ٺ˿Ǿƣڱ漴ֱޱȣȴ˿ڣ֮ʱºͣȽȴ̸оһ㣬ȴִҵơ
̫óˣҲǺþơҶſˮȿ꣬ݺݹ˿ھƣ漴ллʦ㡣
ٺһЦ漴ƵĽָҶһĨʮʦСģȻСʦܣʦʦĵȻҪչˡ
ԣԡϹһ˵žҪҶȻҪչСʦܵġ
ҶչһЦ漴ľһǣֱӸϹݵϣɵľ͸˹ȥ
ȴҲʱɽͻȻһŭСӾȻ͵ҵҩˣҴǡ
⣡ƳɫͷӲȥɽܸҩôô¾ͻˡ
ϹֱӽͷһϽܣ
˵ͷҲصľͳɽȥȴڴ˿̣ɽԾ뷢԰׵ˣԾգչ˫ͬһͷӥ־ǰץȥ
˭ܡ
ĳһƣƳͲҽûüܵɽ䣬㱻һƸĽϹݼ״ľܵø죬һڵϽżһ㣬֮࣬׷ϹݣֱӴϹͷ˹ȥ̧Ϲһѷɫķĩ
֡ϹǷɫķĩӱҡҡλ˫ʵöĻС۷ѽɣɵǻС
ǰɣҶտϹݵɴ۾ˣ
ǻþ
׷Ҷձվס
ʦܣҶյڵһţȻͣ²ӣνȵɽʽ죡
˷׵Ľһױ˶ȥ̼ɶ֡
ֻϧ⻰ʵЩˣҶճһǰ֣ӭͷһƿգһڰһŤ˳Ž˹ȥֻ֮ʱ䵽˵ϡ
Сӣƾˡ˵ͺһҲһצԣ
ָצľȻӥצҶյĽоץ˹ײ֮ʱǷӹİԳ˷׵ķȻ޷նƷֺֻǣҲ۲ҽУŸ첲ðһ̣Ӳ
ҶչЦװ֪ϵ绹ץã
Сӣŭˡ˺ߺһٿצ
䣬˱Ѹٵľһ飬һʱȭཻĺò֡
Ƴӵͷɳ漴ȵʮʦܺȻܴ򣿡
伱ʦԽΪʮʦܱгΪ״ӣҲǼߵģֻǣҲ̫ЩôܶأĿ˴ɡ
Ƴ㣬Сʦ㣬ʮʦ֪˭ô
һ㣬漴ֱԼͿˣҶĹ¥ܽ˸ȫϽʮʦܣϽ֣ͣʦ︴ţ
ţ
Ҷĺʱһ㣬Ҫǰݳĳ˷ױ㲻ɵһͣҲôɲǼҶ֣ͷһɫķĩҶյӶס
ţΣΣԴΡҶҡҡλεĴǷĩ߳漴ٺٵɵЦ㵸ҵЦҵЦЦңң
ңƨ
䵽Ҷյı̧žͰҶոߵȥˡ



367 ͷ
Ҷ˹ڵϣʦ︴Ƕλӵۡ
ģ︴˻ƳϹһŭû˵ժҩҩˣӲˣҷǲǣǶٻ˻Ž̲ģ
ϹݸЦŴʦʵҩţҲҩô
ƨ︴ŭνҩǽҩҩﹷƨҩŲǽҩҩɢѣȻЩҩԣ˺ó⣬һЩãôҩҩҲȫɢбȻһֲգҲһֲҩô˷ѣͷβ˷ѣ̣ҵҩ
ʦ壬Ҫôô︴ҲϲʮʦЩҩŵģҲ˲١
Ѿͷ˾ͳˡ︴󷽵ĻֵҲ׷
ϹݹֽеʦҲ̫ƫ˰ɣʦֲͽܣǡ
죡︴ŭΪҲ֪ÿ͵ԶѾͷԵʣʦűڹôΪͲǣ쿪ʼҩţǶĲǾͲ׼뿪ҩԡ
Ƴﵹʦһſһλǰ²ſһأǵҩԴһꣿ
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︴Ǽʲôû˵Ҫȥ¥ͷٲ˵ģСӣµͷô
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ҶƵȥӤ꾳Ҹ徳ȥͺѽ
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ȥҲûõġΪ഻ȥˣാͻͷȥˣാͻͷֵǷԶ˵൱ӲԶ٣޷ΪˣҲ޷޳ԣҲûܸഽȻҲû֪Ϊʲôˣ˲²Ǹܹģ¶ԷıйϵΪʲôӮǸണҲ֪λʦ嶼Żɱͷണ޹ʦҲȥսҲ
Ƴǣʦս˵ģҲʲôðɣʮʦܣǻȥʦ»˰ɡ
Ϲݵͷٱһˡ
УҶնȻһǾҪȥ
ָҶյԴΪʲôѽҪôִòá
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쾪ǺȻ
ǣҶȻԶţСĸѾӦʦ壬ʳԶʣǸĸСˣľˣȻ͸ңΣһҪȥƽԨö׶õ֣



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Ҷ뿪︴Ӻ︴˵ţӵ͵͵ĴӦһ漴ȻΡȻɡ
︴治֪˵ʲôãСһȥƽԨͲʲôôòҵͽܿɾûˡ
ᡣΡȻളһΪıҪ߾⣬ֻܲõ׶ѣòҲûʲôϵұ־ڴˡ
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︴ҿ⺢Բô˵ҲǵʹͣӵкȻˣи
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ҶЦǸֱԶʲô𣬶ҸΪӣǿթ
伱ǡ
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ΡȻܼ򵥣ȥһɽеһжԡ
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ȴһаν֮ҶԾȻνȴδȼ⣬նвԶһӣӱӦ䣬漴صɲǣӶȻֻƴСƬɢڵء
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ΪΣղҪͬȥǴһ𷸵ĹֻʮʦܷһĲ
Ҷץ˵Ĳƨ£ҪǸһȥСүôȥϪ



369 ƽԨ
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Ҷ˵⻰ʱѾ䵽˺ɽĸǰ˳ɽɽ˵ʵ֪Ϫɽеĳʵһƽƽɽ壬㶸ͣҪȺ֮мȲ㰫Ҳ̸Ϊʣʵڿ˿֮
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Ҷһ˵ţһ߼Щַ֦˰ѵȼ󣬱佫ٳԣ漴ƨʦ㣬һȥûӣûϪʲôģЩˮ㡣
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Цûǿھû˵ԼδɽǰҸףҲʦҲսണʱұһأżʦȥƽԨҩҲһ
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ʦҶһ䣬漴µƽԨӦͷǸôȥط
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һ˵ţһŲҩƽԨȥֱҹ֮ʱȴҲ֮ס



370 ҩ
ƽԨһϿȡ
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伱æǧ򲻿ɣժ׶Ҳ̫׷ժѪിܻƴʱǻɱണȻ߳ƽԨģңʦ˵ѪľƷҩժҪժ˸ãҩժ˲˷ѡ
ˡҶյǱ߱ժժЩЩ
ͷӦ˱˳ƽԨĶߣò˵ҩϵȷŲ׵裬һ·ǰ˻ףѾҩУ궼ҩҶЩݲݣɷֲЩӲݣЩҩѵõҶվԼЩûãֻһ߿ţȴ˿æϣȴҲʱҶտһɫС
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˵󣬱㷭һ˫״ϣϵĶ۸ռȻⶫôһк˲żǰУǰ֮ҶȴǴˣԼĶʵЩĺá
ƽԨܳǵԸоԣϿȾӳɽλڼȺ֮䣬ҪɼҩߵҲ죬ҶյҲߴ٣ֻɫʱ˻ûߵ׶ڡ
ЩǸҵʮʦء
ҶЦҲûʲôʦҲû˵ҪŪ׶һЩҲûϵǶЩҩȥġ
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Ҷ̧ۿȥʲô
ǳ޵ĹʵôǱǾΪѵõҩҲ԰֭С
Ҷյȥʦժ
ҪСġҶͨйػģҲ֪ǲǳ޵ԵʣػĹ޻ὫԼĺһȥԣĹػһҪ뿪ɲҪǾҲԼðա
ġҶյġ
Ҷս˷ײ䣬°һԾǳͬްĹʵȥ
ŵĵطʵҲߣɶѣֻ˵ǰ㣬й޻ţֻǣǹ޲һȴҲܼΪҪСĽ
ԼĹҶʵǾıϣϸϸһһƴСӤҲû۶ڱǣȴ֪ΪʲôԽԽЩժ䣬ҩܹҩժ˲Լģժصġ
Χ˼ۣҶҲûƼʲôޣǾ֣ȴҲɲǣΧɽȴʵĲһҶͷԶһɽʯͻȻŤţչȻΣȥһʯƴնɵɡ

ʯһ漴͵³ҵģ
Խɽɣ伱޳ˣʮʦܿҪþˡ
ҶĿϸȥԽĶû³ģǿ쵽ߵĶǴӲøˣңԽɽȻԣȻɣҲǽͰ͵ģǿ˶ѣҶտɲʸԼ
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Ҷϲֲ죬οԼģֻҲûã̧һѿɽڣϾѿһ϶Խɽɶȥ
ҵģ
Խɽٶȴһһ˫ʯȭɽڣɽڱǺһѿͬѿһ϶϶ײ֮ƬɽھһƬֻҶǵѷȴǰؽ⣬ɽѵɲǣԾȻֱͦͦնԽɽɵؿڡ
ҶߵҪľҵģҲҵģǲң



371 ʮ˱˴һ
ԽɽؿڰһȴһΣ޴󰭣ȫʯˣͨȷᡣ
Ҷһ֮Ҳǳ׼ŭԽɽɣ˳ֳһѵʯ㳯Ҷ
ʯĸͷҪҶջɲǣӰȴܽҶͷѹѹסҶҲԥһ⻪㽫ǿʯһϡ
ʯѵɲǣԽɽɷܹɽڱܣɱҶյĸǰǺȻһȭ
飡
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С죬ȻĸӦҶյһȭʵݣҶջ᲻ᱻҳأ
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ӹ֮ԽɽɲҺһǼӲ屻նһѷ죬ţǴɽˤ䣬һڵϣһȦһȦɳ
Ҷ˳ժ¾صϺ󣬱㽻䣬ɳԽɽɵ֣ҵҲֹͦ޾þɽ٣޳˵ȴһ޳ˣܵõһʯģƺҲѵõҩ֮ԣ鷳㽫Լĸɡ

Խɽɷŭ˻ŴӵʧȥѾԽɽޱȵķŭڻҪģԽɽܲŭ
㡭Խɽɵͺ
ǵÿıˡҶЦһ漴ֹҪǰʦ㿴žͺãһﶼԸˣʲôʸʦ彫׶ȥ
䣬ҶնȻӭǱԽɽɻӽȿǽԽɽɵϣȴǲʱĵɫĻ𻨣ӭԽɽɻȭͷҶͻȻǰɢһĺڵĽȭͷؿǰ䵲䡣
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ԭˡҶ૵ΡȻҪѧϰԵôһ޵еܣ

Ҷ΢ķԽɽץ˶ȭͷٶҶ䣬ҶոϽὣॵһԽɽɵȭͷнǽǽһЩ޴Ҷոȥ

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ҶǰǽֱӸԽɽɵؿڣ㽫һʯͷУ˿ȣ΢΢һ㡣
ʦ㣡ҶЦŻͷõʯˣ

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ҶεĴӱȡ̳⻯ʹûǲѽʵûа취׵ؽ嵱ãǱأҾ̲סͷˡ
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ÿĲˣȴʵ޴֣ɲ̫ǰճԲֻεĺȿھƵ򸣾͵ˣһȥô
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ֻϣıãܹʮ˱˴󣬲Ȼò׽ȴæһǾ̫˾ɥˡ
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̫Ϊʲôûй
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ãҶմӦһ漴ӻȿô򣡡



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ѪĹɣֻһѪɫĹӣΣһһţǿѪ·һεɫĹľ
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Ҷҧгݣ漴ӵȾͳŸ෴ķߣ

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һͻȻձһĳӡŵȥ̨һ飬ͬʱҲڵص׵ıһ˳
ò̵˻˽ʮʱŽ̨õģֵؽˡ
ʮ˱ҶҲٴǣ䣬ҪϮȥȴ˿δη壬вϵıĳһƣֻȴС
ɾ޴ӡֱڿһãЩɢ֮ǰЩȫӡ֮У漴һǴӡѹ䣬ٶصڵϣĳһӡͬʱҲЩѹ˵ϣƾЩ޷ӡ·ѳ
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ۿǿ׶ߣҶҲĵ˾漴۳ȻശȥȴδവǰǺɫΧ㸡ֳȻവΧߵĺȻصײһ

Ҷ̲סһ䣬വĺȻȻҪĻҪҪͷųĺȻĺȻ
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374 ӡĵ֮һ
ҶջӽնգƿյɲնവĺȻ漴ѸٵĺԾ룬ҲɲǣǱҶնĺȻѸٵĴӿصĺҶողվĵطǵ
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ʮʦܡֻҶһۣǴ󾪵ʦãôˣ
˵ˣҶŵ캰ʦ尡ʦˣ
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ΡȻһӵ˵︴
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ΡȻҶյӹ䣬ŵʮʦȥ֡
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ΡȻֱӷ𣬱ֵķȥλʦҲǲʵѸٵĽҶҪ׷ȥȴһΣЩժڵأõۼֿһѽס
ʮʦĪӻƿӣһöҩҶǱɢܹزģȺתҷ֣ʦϾͻظϵġ
ҶҲ֪ԼʵϼλʦĲӣҲֻεصͷҩתָǽҶյļ򣬰뿹ĽҶִȥ
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ΡȻߵҶոǰЩô
Ҷյ˴ʦֵҩ裬Ѿöˡ
ˣΡȻȥӡ
ϹݸϽȥʮʦܰӡ
ΡȻͷȻΡȻ˵˵ɣ˵֮ء
ȥ׶ҶյȻǶ仨



378 һ
ȥ׶ҶյȻǶ仨
Ķ仨ʦͻȻҶգŭ㲻عأȥɽȥƽԨԲԣ
ϾţſΡȻȥɽ飬Ҹ߶֪Ҳ¥ûΥȥɽ
ǵȥɽʲô
ΡȻԺٸ˵ģС壬˵
Ҷյõ׶̵ʱ˵֮Ҳ㱻͵ϮʦΪ˾ұ㱻˳ˣȻҴӳˡ
ΡȻ︴ͬʱõ׶ˣ
ΡȻҶȥɽǱģ︴Ҳ˳ΡȻĻҸڣ˼δ͵͵ҶһȥɽûƾСһĴവ׶ǿǶδܹ쵽顣
︴׶أ
Ҷյʦ滹ǴƽԨժҩ
︴ܻݣƬ̺󣬱׶߳ŵĵ׶ûˡ
ΡȻô쵽ģ޷ģºȻ
Ҷҡҡͷ漴һŲһӶȥΣһһȭǸӣһȭӦ۶ϣɢҶڿз䡣
ΡȻüû㡭
ǰ䡣ҶյֻģΪͨģ±ãȴģ²ҵȭͷҰ򵹺󣬱׶
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ʵûشһʱûܴӵ֮ӳ˵֮෴ģҶܴ˵ӵ֮ߣȻҲܴߡ
ҶճĬƬ̣漴ͻȻİνɢ󣬱ǰд½
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ΡȻȵǽвɽ֮⣬õɽ
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ΡȻο
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ΡȻ±ȥɡ
ֵ鷳ˡ
ΡȻҸġ

ҶʱѾǴյ峿ּȸȴǸˬ糿
һѳɻȻɻɬԵЩãҶջ浱һжûзƵġ
߳ݣҶձͷ˸ʱǲǹˣߺȻʮʦܣ簡
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ҪֻѧΡȻҵʱѾˡ



379 
ʦҪԶô
ҶնΡȻĻǲ⣬ͨ˻˵Լʱ䲻ˣָܿǣ֮УֵȻͬΡȻΪȻҶҲֻԶһֿˡ
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ŶҶմӦһѧЩͨѧһ޵ˣ
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ΡȻʲôʱȫĵ伮ѧˣǱ⿴ˣѧһ޵ˡ
ŶҶյʦˣ
ΡȻȥɣȻȥ㡣
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СЪҶճ㽫һõƻȥҶ˫ֲÿգֱ콫ƻס
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ЩҶսĹӽ⿪һ̵ĵ伮ʦҽȫĵ伮ꡣ
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ѰһҲͨԣ΢ĶЩҲΪΪһЩͨ伮ãѰЩͨ伮ʵˣҪѧϰٲͨ伮δţ俴ΡȻĿĻΪ˳ͽҶգȻôᶪҶôͨ伮ȥѧ˾ǵѡ
ҲҶյʦ˵һ޵УýЩͨ伮ѧ꣬ʲôʱѧˣʲôʱܻˡ
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ܹһҶ±ǹɵıҵʦ㣬ʵûбԹ˼Ȼҿô伮ʹ֪࣬Լܿ꣬Ҳȫѧᣬһ죬Ҳһ޵С
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380 ŮҪɻˣɲ
޻طʲôģɷϵطǸĺõط
ϲϲ֣ǣ˭ϣŵĻܹľҲרעһЩ顣
ҶվΡȻΪ˲ŽԼ޻ط塣
ҶպһطʺԼܹĵطνܣΡȻֺܺãģҪɽ㲻ɽţֺ淭ȥҲǰɽǣվΡȻһסţҶղܹҵ뿪ĻᣬûоΡȻ뿪޻طͺܺãߵʱߣҶվٵȵȣԼո޻ط壬ΡȻ϶ԼϣһѪһԼǿɾͲˣԣǵȹЩʱΡȻԼʱ򣬱Լػغɽʱ
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λܵҶյıүӳģҶոĽ飬үҶյշλöҶҲĸԸһ򣬲˷һﲻ֪Դʲô磬ֱӱž̳ѬѬλϲ
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ҶոɾһԼһƬöôֲҶȻۺǼҶĬԼۺǵˣճܹһƬһƬĿֲƺһ㶼ѷɫҶĬ
˷⺣ճĺͬʱһĺǿຣ



392 ʱ
Ҷ֪һ仰ຣģʱ
仰ڰٱױ˼ǿຣûб߾ֻغʱֹܹ
˷֪޲ԣҶڶҲνһЩ˽⣬νҲ̫һ˵ĴڲлŸȥһУǾǾĴڣһ˵ľִνظӦݣֻأһеĽµĿʼˣǶΪԼʵȴҪ֮¿ʼ
ѭ
ֻزصĸ
ճڿຣ֮Уڿȥˡ˷ϣžƵʵܲҵճҪҪܲܶɹƬຣܶɹȻҲ͹ء
ԣຣģͷǰ˰ڷѵ磬˰ݳɳԽ硣
ҶվԿຣ̽ܺã
ҶտŻ˷Ǹôɺ
˷缫ĵǾǵˣȴֹʲô£ȻԼ취
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ǣҶձ㲻ٹܻ˷磬æ
ȻдûдȻȥ졣
ҶĻΪʵڣԣһҴ
ǰĺ죬ǿຣҲ֪ЩʲôԣҶմһҴ㴬ʵĴܹ˷˵Ĵ
Ѱľܹ󣬻ǽľͷһĶЩĺѰƬຣͻأĳڻҰ֮Уһͷ˺ˮǻߣҪҵ㹻Ҷľѣ˵һҴֻľͷ㹻ġ
Ҷæµŵʱɾȴߵǿຣıϡ
ĪģɾȻ볢Ǻˮຣǲĺܿ࣬ǰĿ࣬ǲԼڵسſѣɹƬܹ֡
漴ɾȻЦˣЦԼɣֻضֿɵǣ
ڿຣ಻࣬ɾȻҲȥΪຣȵģɵġ
ζɹƬɾѾ룬ҪɺҪӦòǴɶɿຣ˼ֺɣԣҪɿຣĲǴˣ꣬ģ
˰ɶɿຣ
ǣɾǺһ
һ˲Ǻ㵴һƬţɾĽ±âʢ
ɫâˮһɾĽ£漴һƬҶۣɾǹ֮ϣƶҶ۱Լƿˮҡǰȥ

Ҷպòľͷɢضǣ漴ɾŻֻ֣ϧɾͣ£ҶҲͣ
ຣ£ͷǰ
ͷȻܼǻͷǴ˰Ǳ˰ǻͷһҲɲຣ
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˷žƣȡЦҶյܶɹຣȴ֪γȴڰϡ
ߣʲôѵģҶ߷ЩľͷΪҲᣬұɸ㿴
Ҷ䣬ҲѧɾģֱһŲǺϣͨһҶձֱ˿ຣĺˮ֮Уðݶʹ˳ȥ
˷˰Σ漴ž̳ЦǿຣҪôɹȥҪôͶɲǵһμֱӳຣģСӲỹûжɺ类ɣ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
¡һǺͻȻƿ·ѿһ㣬һҺľͻȻӺӿ˳޴ݻҷԾȻں֮ϣܵĺˮ׷׸ƿܡ
ҶڼװϿźˮȻĳŻ˷纰ûУҲԵġ
˷ʧЦСЩ˼ѵֻҪȻڳຣ֮˹ϡ
һ仰˷糯Ǻľ󴬺ǶɵĹǱ˰֮죬Ƕɲȥκŵʯͷɡ
ҶڼװŻ˷֣Һľ޷﷫׷ɾĹۻǰ
һ˷˿ھƵһҶ˼ȣһΦ¥Ըػص˾ȻҲܳѣ˼˶˼
˷һ˵ţһ߱ž̳£ǿຣıϣű˯

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ˣҶ̾иԵԵ֣ϣܹڱ˰
ҶĲܲܶɹຣôɹຣԼܹɹȥ˵ຣɲָôȥսͼôȥ£ôȥսƾ
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ຣɵĹöɣɲҲöɣ
ҶյĴδ˼ᶨƣͬҺľһ㣬ںƮҡȴԵ
ǺľϣҶҲԵЩ£ڳˣǣຣҪôɣҶղ֪ȷſຣ϶Ŵɾܶɹȥġ
ҶռڴͷȻֱҲʲôѹصȴԼҲܹȥڴ֮ǰҶʱϾȴǿֽ
һµֽ
ҶյֽֽϻŵĽ߶ɾһţʱһ֮ʱҶһֻͨī֭͸ģȻɾģҶҲȥһƫģҲûʲôƫĵģҶֲһ˭һԸҶһžˣңˣҶҲܸоֽǽĽ⡣
һֺܹŹֵĽ⡣
ֻһֻֽһĽҶձܸоǿ󣬿ǣǿǿ⽣ȲҲԵûֳصѹȸУ˵ʧȥЩоҲʧȥȻ̸ǿ֣ƫƫҶջ˾ãοҶգɾ˷綼ܵǽĲֻǶ˵Ϊʲô
ԣҶҲͬɾ˷ǰ㿴
ȻҪȥ

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ҶյıչػδΪδеͨѧꡣ
Ҫһٶͨ伮ѧ걾ͲǳϦ֮ΪҶսЩ뿪꣬Ż˷ǰຣÿ˷ȺȾƣҲûʲô飬ʱԽԼľ⻯֮ϣʹѧϰЩͨٶȵҲЩ
ҶյȻϣܹһЩͨѧ꣬ȴò뿪޻طˡ
Ϊ󿼵Ѿˡ
ûҶգΪҶ˵ҪչأǸˣҶƬ̣仹ЩҶգǵҶʲô⣬󿼣ɲģ¥ǸעعصĵطȻǲعأҶڱչҲ⣬ڣҶվˣЩĵʱǰ
Ҷڹ¥ʶ˲࣬Ͼ¥ʱ仹̣ȴΡȻµĵӣͬľˣص¥󿼵䳡Ȼվˣȴ޶ʶȻЦķȥ
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ҶյʮʦܣΪղδѾץΣҲոһ͵óսˣϽ׼һ¡
ˡҶյʱսȻǵһҾ̨ˣһʦ㣡



393 󿼱ȶһ
ҶҲʶ˭̨ȥ
Сӱչؼպоֻ˸ͽܡǿҶյıӰͻȻĽѾˡ
һֵؿԼףЦЦҲͣԼŮΪҲȱȻҶմ˿ȻĮȴȫâ¶ĽȻʣѾԼһ
һ࣬Ҷ̨ĶȴǻδȶʱҲδֱ߸ֵĴʦֵ쿴˿ɳ©漴һͭСӣһıȶʼȺƼܳԸ̨
ҶЦԭǾʦ֡
ĲǱˣȴʦ︴֮һϹݣűǸҶͬҲҶ¥нļλʦ֮һˡ
ʮʦܡϹͷʵʮʦ֣ܶϴε黹ллʮʦأʮʦ壬Ҹʦֻ»ҩԣǼͷʦƢ֪ģúõĴ򣬻ͷҪҰϴһӣʦǽʵǣϴҵĳͷ
Ϲݣʱ򣬺ͻȻʦ︴ĺҪٸҶۣھ͹
ϹݸϽͷҶյʮʦܣǻǿʼɡ
ҶЦʦ֣룡
գȴ״⣬Щµӣһܿ״ӵıȶҲǺܹģ˶רע̨ϣرҶ¥ʱж̣˶δȻ棬ĸΪ档
ϹݵƬ̣ҶûȳֵĴ㣬ҲٿֱӰһͻȻ̨Ϸɱ
ʦ︴ӣϹݣƳ䣬˲öܴ򣬵ȴǼѣ︴ɽвҩܴ򲻼һãȴԼȥΣգԣ˼๦ģϹͬһ㣬·𻯳ɹȷƵģֻ̨һӰò˶̾
ҶȴǲΪվԭأϹݷɱһҲɻϹȻܵļ죬ȴʼղֹҶգֻҶ߲ϵţƵ̨ۻѵǲԣ㽫ҶβɣȴҲʱϹͻȻͣ½Ų
ʮʦܡϹöǰΪܶЩɢҵͷˡ
ŶҶյôã
ϹݵҿɲϹܵģܵʱѾζ߾߻ɢֶҩѾ鲼̨粽ܲ䣿
Ҷտ˿£Ҳ̷һЩΪϡķĩϸĻƲϹ˵ζ߾߻ɢˡ
Ҷȴǲµġ
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Щڵϵζ߾߻ɢҶЦЦǲΪ⣬ԼЩͺް취ԼҲ̫ûЩ
ʦ֡ҶЦҪմȾϣ߽ڣǲŽ
ϹݲԣҶѾܲˣ粽֮ô죿
ҶɲǸ𰸣
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ǽɢȥò˶ͫһţҶնȻ֡
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ԪȻΡȻҶյһŽͨҶյƾһǰ㣬ǰɨնһӹǵϵķĩʱ̨ɢ
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Ҳ֪˭һΧ̨ΧȾܣǷĩǾ綾˭ҲĪж
ʦǺȵȫ׼ң
һͺȴǼ˶һ𣬹ԹԵͣ½ŲЩֵ̿ؿܡ
ʦ︴һζ߾߻ɢĶԲô췢Ҫһ㣬ȻĵʱʱŻԣĽţһ֮κβʣýҩ
︴һ˵ƽ
ҶȴǿϹЦʦ֣Ķûˡ
ϹҲǴƬ̣漴ڻζҶǻ˼ȻҶջδжǶȻ塣
ҧһ촽ϹݱλӰȻıҶնȥ
Ҷδֻǽ˫ָɽָ˿ûаν˼ϹݵԼǰһĨɫ۵ɲǡ
Ҷճ
ǽָ£ɫĩһնϹֻǰһӹɵ˰벽š
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ϹݿԼ·˿δ˵壬ܸɴ౧ȭʮʦĻʦҲκԹԣҵȷʮʦܵĶ֣ˡ
Ҷյͷã
ʩ󣬱˵Цô˵Ҳˣϼ䣬һǱ̨
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̨ϹҪܻʦ︴߰ҶȻҲ֪ԼʦƢͬͱϹݣصߡ
ʮʦܿҪˮЦŽˮҵݸҶյ治ء
ҶսӹˮЦЦʦڱϺζ˵Լ⵱Ķûܶ˲ˮĴأСӵȣģԼŮС˰ɣţʵСòƻͽܣңʵҲܳڡ
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¥ĴҪӸľȻҲһЩҽȵȲĵӣҪһ㹻ãٲ˵飬ԣ¥ĵӶڴ˵ܹߵ󿼵ʱ̣ڵеľӢ
ҶһûһĸţͬʱҲ̨ϵıȶлǲȱ֣Ҷ״ӣȴ黪ڸΪһȻЩҶͬʦֵǣȴ⣬ΪҲǲ
ҶջҪһ·߸ͽܹ´󿼵ͷܹ͵͵ȥɽɣͬʱܹȥ¥ˮνһãҪͷȻҲǰ򵥵ġ
űȶĳһһʤҲǺ֣ܿȴҶոϹù״иùȴ䣬ΪֱӶ˴ʦֵ翣ȥ˸󣬱Сֱ̨ǶԴҲû˵ʲôʦͬޱ飬ƶԴ˶úҶЩƣ䲻Ҳ˰ɣ˵δս֪ʤ
ҶƵʱ򣬵һֵıȶҲȫΪһĵùҶȻҪһȥץξȶ󣬽ҲΪĳϣҶڹ¥ʶ˲࣬ƫƫڶֶʶ֮ˡ



394 󿼱ȶ
ǸҶձȶʶ֮Ԫ
ԪΡȻµĵӣΪҶ̽ĻҶձҶոһأµʵʵģΡȻµе̳֮㲻ܳΪ״ӣڹ¥ĵУʦּǰ;ǲ㲻ڹ¥ųȥҲұһΪһ֮
ʦ֣
ԪҶʲô뷨ȴǲö֪ϻĄܹ̊́㹧ʩ񣬹ʮ㡣
Ҷյͷʦڣ㻹ŬܺãҲ˵۸㣬ҸһӮĻᡣ
Ҷֱָ̨һԼΧһȦεĽۣȦܹվ˶ѡ
⡣Ҷյҳ˽Ȧ䡣
̨Χ۷׷ףʦǹЦСӻͦģԼʦܻˣСС
Ƶô
ǵʦųһ޵УСӻȦҲһɣԷȻöԷһ֮࣬ϣ飿оͶ˼Ӯ档
ΪҶձƽǣʮʦûһ޵С
ûҲ϶Դ⣬ң˻๥̸˭˭Կս֣½ȦһԷֻܹأȻƲ뿪ȦԿ٣ֻҪԷأҲ˳ƶսȴΪЩǼ޷޵ĵԼֻͶðɣðɣ˽ȦȻҲܳԿֻСӺιҪϷӦ´˾ֲŶԡ
ʵ˵ò½ȦƶȻƺܳԿǣͬҲڶԷֻԼһ;ĺǱ벻ͨҶΪȴǲ֪ҶղֻӮһģȻǳսʡЩǺõġ
ԪνĬȻһ£ĵ׶Ҷ㲻أΪԪҲ黪ڸǣ۽ԪҲҶոհΡȻ²þܱԼ٣ȻҲδжٲмҶյʵϾǺܳڣȻȻܹڣɿǽȦԪǾԼСˡ
ĸоܲã
ȻʦֳãԪȭұ㲻ˣ
ԪͻȻİν֣ǽʵɲǾȻȻʧ
ΡȻʩ̣µѧͨͬԪѧŽ·
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ԪĽûнֻнһ㣬ڿӹҶմ
һûнĽô㣿˭Ҳ㲻
㲻֪ж೤жȴָô㣿
Ҷպܿ𰸣
Ǳ㲻ǲ㣡
ǽ̵ҶոǰһߣͻȻ䣬ԪԼĽƴһǽڣʼ޷ǰֺǽģǽ
Ҷʼվԭδ·ʲôûһ㣬ֻԪԼܴ˿̽ɣԼؿѾӲıҶոˣ
һ޵УǾȵСˣ
ǲһ޵Уֻ˽ƶⲻڣδ裬ֻܹҲѵˣǻδô
һ̹ʦ֣
һУȴ¥ۣܴıǶʦʦΡȻһһ費֮ͨȻĳҶһ޵еΣ̶̰ڣҶѾ˽ʮֽȻΡȻһ޵вˣҶԼһΡȻһ߼仹֮ġ
ǣΣԸԪҲˡ
εĽԪ˽ʮףҶձʹ֣ͣʤ׷ǻ˽ȦǼˣȻѧ˲ٽͨҲѧڻͨ
վСЩ
Ҷ΢пһ䣬ѧЩͨһ㣬˵Ķδѧ
ԪŴЩɵνǱȴҲֻǱڽ˵ĵز˶еĽԪ׼ٶҶձ£ȥ
ȻЩȻȴһ㣬ȻˣֻҪԼӲסһܽҶնڽ¡
Ԫ˵룬ҲһǰԾʹǽݺᣬϲϵر˿ڣȴ˼ԾҶյĸǰǶȻ𽣡
Ĳ
ԪĽνǽͬյĲһ㣬ֱģԪҲʤһϡ
Ҷ΢΢һЦԼֲֻὣ
ΡȻһѽ֮ͨǰҶվһǿĽˡ
ɽҶȵɽ
ҶûаνǵΪǰնӭԪĽһ¡
ûнûнҶƿԪĽ⣬漴һԪؿӹֱնԪǰ
һ֮Ԫȡ
΢ʹؿڣԪ̾һлʦ顣
Ҷյͷ漴̨ȥԪǿһҶ赭дնѣңҶûаνȻԶʵûٴȥıҪҶ˻ǰννһ嶼ûС
̨Ҷ¶һڰֵʤһЦ
һȶҶȻĿ˲ɱڶֵսȻҵĶˣ״Ҳɱޣ˵ÿһܾʾףͬʱҲҶ̸п¥һֱڽصŶĵ̣ڶּѾû黪ڸµΪսЩֻҪŵһпܳһصĸ֣ο¥вƹصĸ֣ұĸ֣ص¥ҲȻ̳
˼Ŀڶƴİ״ӣʣһȴΡȻŵӣ˵ıѾȻڹ¥ˣ˵ʦǸʦܸȤŵƺҲù˺ΪһֶǴʦֵ졣
ΪǸ̬ȣҶնԵģңô˵Ǵʦ֣¥״ӣҶҪͷȻԽȥļ֮Ҷնδܿʲôߣͬ״ӣսʤδйֵ֣ץνҶٶΪΣײʶ֮ˣʮʦֻƳ
ҶͬʱʶƳϹݵģ䣬֮ͬоҶˣô˵ҲһȹƣйлĽ飬ץõǩƳҲǱݵ쳤̾ԼλʮʦܿǸҸԼʦֵĺѽ
̨ƳﳯҶջӻֵʮʦܣʵҲô㶯ֵģǣֵĻͷʦ϶ҪңԣҴڴԼǿһʮʦһָ֣һ֮ʤ
Ҷ΢Цͷʮʦ룡
Ƴͷ㵸ȴҲ֪ڴȭ裬໰ɺ󣬻Ƴ͵Ҷ
Ҷɫһ࣬ƳɽҪǰջնƳȴͻȻͣ½ŲϹˣ
ҶȻȻʦ︴ʹԼ涼ļһˣƳ˵ĻǲȻһʤ
Ц̨ҶնԴҲΪӮˣң̨ϵһսܿҶյע⣬ΪǴʦֵŵӣȻŵӣȻԵʵ죬Ϊܹڹ¥еλҲƴһֵĸΪɫŻᱻӿأȻ׾Ŷԡ



395 󿼱ȶ
ŵõһȸִڵһŰͨͨԾʦǲŻʦˣѧֻҪһЩȻʹļһһ㶼ǹڶʦ̵ܽģѧĲӣһƽӹϾоʽвѧ羫ѧԽ࣬Խ࣬ȻҲӦԸҶպڴŵӸԼһϲôʦ¶Щ¡
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ŵҲһȸһֱƵȥ漴ͷһ
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жʵУȴĺƣصӳһɽ޿ƥ֮⣬ҪһϣȴҲʱ򣬵ͻȻĳ֣Ҳǵһγֱ֣ӡŵӵؿڣֻһƣŵӱɳ̨⣬Ȼĸɾ䡣
Ҷʧ֮ɫȻŵûҶմʲôϲһơ
Ҷ΢۾
ΪֻһƣǱǴشһ˲ƣȴǶӡͬһλãһŵӸ˳ȥ
һȭƹ˵ѽҶոпһµЩ鷳
ҶֻЩ鷳ȴδӦˣϾĽͬܿ졣
ҶոɾĸӮºʣȴǴѽѷ֣µĶ״ӣҶյʦָʮʦʤҲʦʦǵ״ӣΪ¥мλս֮ʦ壬ҲȻ
ʣҪͷѡ뱻ģ˶ŵùץץ죬ҶҲ⣬Ǵ򲻿ɣҶҲϣһֳʤֻҶջǳǵù
һ֣ʦʦ״ӽǿǿԣҶץץǩϣȻдŵ֡
Ҷձ̾
ЦҶյͷοʦֲ˵Ŷ
ϧҲ䰡Ҷһ䣬Ȼڰֵˣ
ص̨Ҷմòʦִͽ̡
ʮʦܡЦЦͽ̲ҵʮʦҲǺģдɡ
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Ҷյվǵ͹ľĸ־ˣֹҿʵûа취㣬ΪʲôƫƫҪȵһ̣ŷأ
ճĬ
ȷСˣû뵽ɾִȻ֮أԼƵħƾֱӻԼٵĻᣬͬҲСҶյķնԸƾǽƬ춼ӵһɶɾħ
ҶգճɾħĻᣡ
ΥĻᣡ
ѾඡҶÿ˵·վԼ·Լ·ӦԼߣҲҲģο⣬Ҫʲô
ճҲڣ
Ǿ͵Ⱥڵʱ˵ɡҶյҪȥˣҵѣ
ҶմǸ£ɾȥ˿̵ɾѾѳƬຣĻþȻĳŶĮµվǻԭ֮ϣƺ˶һ㡣
ҶվɾĸǰЦǰӵɾɾߵ㲻Ҳһɣ
ɾãȻ޶Եͬһʯͷ
ҶСħΣħħ֮·ԼڿߣȥһħϲʦܣΪɲΪħ
ɾڻָһ˿ʣƬ̺󣬵ͷлл
ѣ˵лġҶЦң
֮ϣ
˷粻֪ʱվճ߸ֶѵûɢģԵȡ
ҲôӦģҲðˡճҵһξԼˣҺܺڡ
㵱صʱʲôǲ̫Ҳ᲻Σ˷㱳Ķ̫ˣǲѡԼĵѣȻߣӦߣߵĵͷǾǵĵ߲ͷҲǺڣ£ֹҺ£
⣬Ҫã
˵⻰˹Ȼ˼
˷ǵš
Ƭ̺ҶոɾǸ֮ϡ
ιԸķ԰ɡҶյҵ࣬Ʋ̫
Ȼѡ˷ľƺ˿ڵҪѧʲô
ɾͳڵ˭ܽҽǣ
⻰潫˷ճʵˣճýȻܽɾʹΪΪʵûʲôϵ˷ȻýȴֲֻýǵԽۣ˷ڽδؾɾ֮ϣһʲôɾ
ʸɾý˱ͼ١
Ҫ콣ճȻڵǲ֮ϵĽ
ɾΪϣ֮Ϊ𣡡
ճǱû˷ȥڣ
˵ɾж¶һ˿ɣŶĸо̧ͷڣ
һˣһճǸý죬˵ԼĽƬ죬ϧûܹɹԣֻڽڣĽԼӲ³иݵ֣ħȴа
Ҷվȵȴа
ճȴаԨԴ
Ҷյڤѧȴаδ棬ȴҲѾã˵ǲǻúһʦ
ճҲȥڣѧ
Ҷյ콣ɰܰƾ񣿡
֪ճƾԳϣΪûЩ£Գô콣Ȼڲ֮ϣǣƾͬϣϵĽҪϵˣ׻Σֻȥˡ
ҶճĬȻδ콣ȴҲֻһѣĽƬ죬ϧδƬ֮ϣԣһɱϰƾһϰƾ䣬ôһܹڲ֮ϣǷܻܰƾأҲԣҲУ˭֪ģ
ҲǿһԵ;ǣҶղԸ⣬ҪҲҪһ
һҪսʤƾ
룬ˣҶյҲѧ콣ѧܹսʤƾһУԣʲôսʤƾұѧʲô
˵ճɾŻ˷ȥɣܹγȴаǱʱѧ콣ˡ
ɾճͷ¾漴βڻ˷
ڣǵطԶѽ鷳˷žƱԹһ䣬漴תճӻֵһˣС㽻ˡ
Ŀͻ˷ɾ뿪ҶտڵҵȴаĵعҵĴڤĻ˵ԼҪȥһ£һһȥص£ڽؼɽѣһΪǼǽأǣڿƺǵ͹λδʦˣս
ɡճȴаΪħֻ˵˵ħħսҪվı컹ҪߣϧȴаȻڽ츳ϿνޣֻǧѵһǣȴûʲôʣԽʱΪ黪ڸ۷壬ϸ룬Ϊл࣬ǲңζɾ͹ҲܹɹҲ˵
黪ڸǵΪӮǸ˼ôҶЦЦ漴Ϊʲôıˣ
ճָʲô
㲻ǶɾħܲôҶյȴȥȴаһԽħˣһħˣɾǳɹǵڶħһΪΪĽħֻҲ˲һ˰ɡ
ճ磬κˣ෴ģ˱ӦöĴ澴η
Ҷյôûĸо
ΪǷӡճ˭µģȻҲԷӿЩ
⻰˵ĿҶյðɣȻɾѾˣǲǸ˵˵ңһĸǿһЩ
ҶͻȻսȭͷܵ·ըһ㣬µĸ±쳹֮һ˲㲼ơ
Ҷյսʤƾ޷ô򿪽ڵţһҪǿ
ճڴ֮ǰҵһ⡣
Ҷյ˵
ճҪҽܹܰƾĶûУӮƾô
Ҷնʱһ㵣ճסˡ
ɾԣսͼǰλУ˷һֱǧģռŵĵλδѣǰĻΪңճʱλڵҲʹţǽҲһǿԶԣƾһֱǿˡ
ڣҶȴҪճ̸սʤƾȻ˵޻ȴȻЩŹ֡
ճ룬ӦˣʵûʲôܹģǣܴȥһЩܹܴЩеõԼҪģ˵ܼܲЩԼ򣬱ҪԼˣҲ̫ܰࡣ
Ҷյͷ׼ȥʲô
Ȼ㲻ԸնϺ쳾Ǳȥ쳾ճҴȥ˼䣡



403 ˼һ
˼Ȼ˼䣡
ҶվԼԵĵĮܻ˼䣬ܼĪСҶգǼٵģǿຣǻþ
ҶĿճһۣٵĸסԼôأ
ճ΢Цǲ֪Ҷ룬ǲ֪Ҷ룬ֻǵĮǰ
ҶԥƬ̣Ǹȥ
ճдͨģһܻóһƬຣˣȻдͨģճһ·Խ磬ܵһж˲ˣƬԭҲǱҶĸ£ڴ˿ɢ
һӣһĴӡ
Ҷոճվںӱߡ
֮ϣһȺ߹棬ЩǾ׳꣬ЩˣǴźص£ɫֻǣֵģȴŲЬǱϣˣ˾ǽŻ᲻ᶳõ˲ţǲǺ䡣
Ȼ䡣ճ㴩ŲЬڱô᲻䣬ǣЬܹҪڱߣֻܴЬ
ЩΪʲôҪڱأΪҪţ
Щ
ߵҪӱߵҪɺӣ
ֻϵķ˹ȻΪΣգȴһļܲ㣬ӱȴУպ涳ʱЩӾͻĺܿ࣬ҪȥֻǶĺ棬Ǻļ俪Ȼӱﲶ㣬һЩһЩȴʲô
ճٿ
ճԶһָȴǱӵһ࣬ǰվһЩڽĸӵܣ컹װģӰ߹ű֮ʫԣ˰ڰ˸ֶ΢Ц
᲻ȻЩ˸ɱճ߾ǲп᣿
ҶյĮĸʱ˸ˣѵɱˣ˾ͻῪЩ±͹ֲˣߣùֹ죿Ϊ˵ĲƽΪЩҪǿΪЩʳ
Ҷղɵ뵽գʲôʲôûдҪſѣҶղ뵽ԼԼʲôԼʲôûԼҪܼɬ
ճǹƽģֻˣЩȱȴ֪һʮĻˣЩЦߵĸӵܣ֪һǴʹ֮ϣ
һ飬Ҳ֪Ҷյֲ˼򵥵úܣҲֻڣ
ճЦЦ߰ɣ
ճǰܵľٱ䣬ȴǱѩصĹ⾰
һ꣬ƺӴˮǧ
ճҶվڸ߸֮ϣǵĽ±һٵܱͨسǵĹٵ޵Ϊ˿ȴŢЩΪˮʧȥ԰۹²壬ȻƤͷ۳ٵ߹
ҪȥسǣҪȥǱûзԣûзԣǱ
ţʵͦס
Ҷպ𺳣˻ԶǰĮҵľ󣬼ҶѾΪѣȴҲͬδ
ʱȺкȻҽһֻ߰ĺӱ˳ƼݵĺӽǺӸקϵ֣Χľ·˿ûмһĻǰ㣬ĬȻǰ·
ӣѾˣ㻹ʲôôС϶ŲŵҲֲֵѾֻһˣ㻹ôȥʲô㣬кãǻ°ɣǻΪƣĺãֻܹأͶ̥ȥ˼ңôĿ࣬õôۡ
ǼƼݵĺӽƽСһ˴ؿڴһ⵶ȻѾ⣬ȴƼ
ҪɱСҪ⣡
Ҫˣ
˳ˣ
óôֻ²̫óԣǣԾͻȥΪԼȥֻñ˻ȥˣ

Ҷյһ䣬漴ӰһĪʧɽ֮ϣٶȳֵʱҶѾȺ˵м䣬Сǰ

Ҷֻ˵һ֣ЩӱѪֻǣδ
ҶûɱǣҲǲм֣Ҳǿɺ֮˱п֮վֻŶѡ
ॣ
ĵӵڵϣһ˿ˮЩӾֵĲϵѪת·ӣܳ֡
ҶտСһۣ漴̾ϢȲСҲȲˣ̾Ϣ⣬ʲôԣҶ뿪ƾյʧСǰ
Ƭ̺СعҶʧķݣؿͷֱǰһѪۡ
ҶհﲻˣСУҶֻŻȻĳֻ֣Ż
Сȴ֪쿴ţȲţȲҶղƬ죬Ҳϵܾ
ճҶջԵΪ㲻ġ
ҶյҲ㣬ԡ
ճԣɾͲ˹Ȼԡ
Ҷյ
ճڿຣмĲǹҲӵеһУǼСһ޹ϵСƫƫСǺ쳾նСն˺쳾նСأ᲻ն
ҶĬȻΪźȷĴ𰸡
ճЦ㿴ˣΪԣ˻᲻ԶǹƽģΪûԡ
ҶյʲôȻǹƽġ
ճЦ漴߰ɣ
Ҷ뿪ɽڣȻǱ뿪ܵһת仯
ʢƣǵ۶ǳ
ǧĻмΪҪĳʢúǶԺһ۳ǳһеʼ
ҶվڳĽֵϡ
ûûмģûˣ
ҶյȺ
űֽ̯ǵΪʶֵдţĵŮ˽У¥ɽ˺кϳľ̨˵飬ᳪš˻ɵ屦顱Ĵʾ䣬ȴ˵Ĺ£¥Ķ棬ȴһϲԺ¥¥ķ֮ϣݺݺòŮ˻־ϵĿˡ
ƬǷšճǽȳԶٺõġ
Ҷ룬ʵʵҲƬлǴϲġ
ճǾͳԽлǴ㡣
ҶյͷҪǾ¥ȥȴʱȴҶҡҡͷָָ¥
Ҷһ㣬漴ЦȻƣ㵹Ǻ£
ճֻȾƣй
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ճýй
ҶյΪʲô
ճں쳾ں쳾⣬Ҫ쳾ȴҪߣ㲻뿴ˣ
ûȤǽйôܳǰĴҽоҽкˡҶ߽¥ǹ깫ӭͣȥƯĹﺰСүеǮԲԣ
Ǿ䡰Բԡȴճ˵ģйܵҪǮҶȴûǮȻʣȴֲǰ׻˵ĺãؤã¥ãеĹͷãΪ¶ʵڲ
ճЦЦ漴̯ƣһӣӲӵĽӣεǹ깫ۣȻճ̯һֻƣжһӣԲ飬ÿһŶֵǷ
ǹ깫Цô
ǹ깫ɤӱ㳯¥Ϻ¥ϵĹˣλү
¥ǰɫòŮ̽ͷҶոճ¶Цգ漴ĽۣȻ˶ĽӣԼĽӣ飬Լ顣



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ӳԿѣ
ôôԣιųԲζô
ūιӳԡ
ֿɲŶֿǸûζء
ӻˣūιòã
Ҷ¥İӵұǺòЩˮ漴Цź˾ͣճͬʵʹһ㣬Īı͵ЩУ˼һ֦ҲֱЦ
Ҷճճ治Ҫһźһ£ҿһƯĸ㡣
ճÿľͺãùҵġ
¥кȻһ֣Ҷ˳Ŵ⿴ȥȴһҪ̨裬Ҳֻʢ֮ʱܼⷬʱ򣬲ŮӣūҲʱܹĺҲʵֻǿվ˫ŵԲ֮ϣӷţȴôѹֳʱôֽкá
飡
ʱһĴ죬ȴǱ봺ɽֵֽƶȾĵƻԻͣҲΪ۳ϼ顣
Ǹ˵ˡճڣǡƻᡣ
ҶյԲգȴԲȻƣ
ճΪѾˣÿ˶ÿ˶ҪԲԲʱ㲢Ψһġ
ҶճĬƬ̵ܲҼǣֻǿһۡ
ܣճҰ첻Ҳ֪ǺģȻ޷ȥ뿴ٵģǵǿԡ
Ҷ̾ǻˡ
ճҲˣҲˣҲˣǱ߰ɡ
ΧĽӣôҪߣҹɺã
ճ½Լ˰ɣҹģΪйҹĵط
뿪ǼϲԺ¥ճҶֵܵЦݣŬĲЩֽϵĵգֻҪܹ³ֽܽƸߣ˵ҲûʲôôõֽԽ࣬Խ˵Լı£ңõʲôҪҪܹЩ
ǵƻ᱾Ǻֵġ
߹ֵĽֵճҶսԽԽƫΧйĻƣݺݺС㣬ǿʤŵյĹӸܽĺȻ̡
ճһֱҶߵǳһ࣬ҲǷ䷷ľ۾ӵأھͷĽ䣬һ
ƣܹžɣѾֻ֪Լܼһ֣ǣͽ¡
ؤŵ֮أЩؤȥ֣ϻصЪϢΨһڷ֮ء
ճ˯
ҶȻڿЦ
ճ㿴ҵô
ݣҶյȻ㶼ܣûܲˣ˯˯
˼顣ճҪ˯û˵ԼҪһ𡣡
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ҶյҲԵ̹Ȼֱû˵Ľ䣬һӱ£ЩؤʲôҲЩؤʲô
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ЩؤҶտ£ǲҪҶյҪϵǮҶǵһҪס·ȻҲǺܲ͵ҲֵʮǮҲܻͷ뵽ͷЩؤֱˮǿǰͷѾжûԹİͷˣͷվͷҲ䲻ɰӣ治ڣЩؤҲѾݳˡ
Ҷ̾˿Щؤ£ԼǰͻȻӣߵӡ
ˡҶյҽǵϣþʶȤһЩ
ҶսŲһӡ룬ľм䡣
Щؤ󾪣漴ҶտͷֻһʱϣҪɱǣǧɱǡ
ҶտЩؤ̾һǳǣʢ֮ĵ۶ҹѽڣƻֶȴ˭ֵ֪Ľΰĳǳؼ䣬ôһȺ˿Ͱ͵ĿżĲиʣֻΪԼȥ
ͦף
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߿ɡҶջӻ֣ЩؤϿͱҡ
ЩؤɢЩСֱܳʣµǹİҶϯƾɲѾЩؤóֵĶҲΨһֺҶյĶˡ
ҶڲϯϱĿһ룬ճΪʲôҪԼЩˡ
˼伲ô
ĶЩգЩ
ҲǺ쳾
˼䣬ҶĬĬ˯ȥǳŶŢƾɵķ˯ȥ
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ǣճҶڳӣܹԼϵζϴȥ
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ճЦ˵ˣֻܴ㿴ܿʲôܹ٣ǵÿԼı£㿴ҲΪôֿ˶ٶأ
ҶյҶҪҿʲô쳾ô̬
ɣճնϵĺ쳾Լĺ쳾ΪЩ˶йϵ㲻ʧȥǣǣ޷ǣԣնȥǣ쳾쳾쳾磬ģ㿴磬᲻úû˼
Ҷû˼
ճʲôնȥģն쳾ն磬Ҫն磬ԣն˺쳾վ֮ϣȻû˼ΪʲôԸȥͷأ
Ҷ̾ԭ㻹ûз
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Ҷյ
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ҶյҪǽҲնˣǲǾͳԣ㽲Ĳ
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뵱㵱뵱㲻ճ÷Σ
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ҶյЩֻ²Ǻû˵ֻ¶Է
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ҵǶԷгɼֻǲϲаˡҶյͿʢ⸳˰ȴ֪°ţܸʲô̷޵Լķ𣬶˵ķҸôƺӷĵʱֻɺʱֻ𣬱߾սʱֻҾͲʲôã޷ʲôã˺֮࣬иٺжֲǴŷţƭǮƶΪãĺиԵıһãıһСӹΪģôǣȻжŲôŷ𣿡
ճЦЦԷһЩ˽ģȻˣ˼䣬Ǳȥɡ



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˵֣˵ǷĲᵮ֮أ󣬷ȴ֪
ҶҲ֪Ѿ˷
Ȼз𣬻кöĺС
ճֻҶͬҡֱϾһ㣬Īľվһ֮ϣǵıһòԴεĦڭǾɡһ㣬쵽Ҷոճͷڱ⡣
ǵǰǷ
Ҷ̧ȥมһأһ̨̨һҶ
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Ҷյ£õ££Ҷ£㣬վ¾ǣǲܵİɣͣҲֻǿŰͣ㿴ǷʺûУ
ճͷˣ
ҶյˢˣիЩӱʳŻڿģ֪л᲻ţƾʲôоͺãԼȴΪʳǳˣƨɱˣԼʰ꣬Լ޷ģӵģȻٿɮͷһ˿Ƽ
ճƼˣ
Ҷյɮ˿ڲ䣬л᲻᲻ޣЩÿװɵõɮ˹ݸԼȴаǻԺ˿ͽɻ¾Ͱˣɱ󲻵õϼ磬ֻƵӦ˭ģ
ճҡͷƫġ
Ҷյôܽƫģѵһ˵ˣ͵˹ȴ֪аʮĸҩ˱ɱ˷ȴ֪ʵȫٿڣһУڱ󡣡
λʩ˵ĵǲ˵ȻһУԲǱѡ
˻ͷ㿴֪ʱ˸ɮЦӯӯ΢΢ͷȻİ¶ƬҶ
㿴±ҶУ࣬㿴ҶɮҶЦЦλʩĺ͸
ҶЦŵ㿴ʦ˵ǶԵġ
ճҶǵɮĸǰǰһǵϱƾնһŰڷŲߡ
ʦȲ裡
ɮЦЦöڰϵδкò裬λԼɡ
ҶҲǰǰֶ˿¶ɬ޵һ˳
ģҶյѳԣɬֿ࣡
ɮˬʵЦʩղŻ˵²ɽԿ棬Ҳ
Ҷһ㣬ɮֵݹȥһŵô
ҶոϽҡͷҶˡ
ɮЦץһҧһڣԵ֭Һɽģ
ҶյϺУεң
ɮЦŵʩٳһų
ҶץҧһڣȴǸ쳣ŵ㣬ڸˬɿڣóԼˡ
ɮмǲɱԻ۾Ķһʵǣԣȴ֪ǱǼ٣
ҶճĬƬ̣׵ܽˡ
ɮͷ漴˿ڲδλʩ
ҶŻشҪȥȥ
ɮЦôشȥȥǺεأ
ҶͷѽϺУⷴӦѽ
ɮʲôԵģ
ҶյӦֵΪͽȻڿҸԵ˵ҸղŵĻںзԣҪǲͷУ㻹Ƥңҿຣޱߣͷǰ쳾ò֮ġ
ɮʧЦʩղǻô
Ҷյаɣõɮô˵ġ
ɮģ˵ģʩȻ򲻵Ȼû
Ҷ̾ԵҺܸˣΪͷˡ
ճҶһۣɮٵλʩԸ˵ӺδұҲˣֻǲ֪λʩΪ£
زҶ˵ճŵ޷𣡡
ɮָָԶ˵ķҲδᣬõĺأҿͲˡ
ճĬƬ̵ô
ɮҡҡͷ𻰣ǿҶյ֪Ϊ
ҶյΪ
ɮ֪ʲô
Ҷ̽ն
ɮͷֵնΣ
Ҷ¶ԥ֮ɫɮЦŵ޽ɣ˵޷
ⲻǳôҶյն˭ȥնȣôôЩԼԼնȲˣʲôȥնȱˣĴ£ɴȫŷˣիˣ޷ˣô˭ĺвѽǮҪҪˣҲնȵ⣬Ǻܶ鶼ԣĴԿղԣôô£ôˣȫĽ磬ƽҲԣѼ㣬Щɶñ˳ԣǶƽˣˣǲλܽ᣿
ɮͷ˷ڴܣкԣһɭ󣬺ӳУǣҵƵģûдǴʥˣ˭Ҳʸ۽ߵľ˭Ҳе硣
ҶյҵҲ֪һĹ£˵ʱ߻۸ʱ㽫ԼǮƶ͸ˣԼĻصУĸĸܲˣԣУһжϢϢأһ˺ͬһ壬ǳΪʲôľͲأԼĶˣ˺ʲôͬأĿգҾղԣ·ܹģûпչο˵ƽô·˻᲻ҪǮƣǮƵǲǻҪ㲻ҶʲôǣȻˣõ·Ļ᲻õǮƵ׬ˣԼȴ˲ԣûĴԿգҲûƽȣҪԿվ͵ò˾͵ҪƽȣǵŮ˵ʱе˶һģһ˵ɣƶЩǲв㲻ƽȡ
ɮЦſճ㿴޵ġ
ճ̾Ϣͷʦˡ
һֻԼǶԵˣǾ޲˷ģһֻԼˣҲնȲ
ɮЦָһͽ漴˫ֺһţӱĪʧĦڭ£·һнΪãɮδҶոճǰ
ճҶյϲһκû᣿
Ҷյʲô᣿
ӮƾĻᡣճȱ˵ƾԳϣϰƾŲǰ׽еģȻûţȴпѾȻܹϣȻҲܹվϣ޷ȴǡǡ෴޷޵£޵˼䣬޵֮ܿܿǷ֮ڣ޷ƾˣҲǲնһն죬ңնϺ쳾ֻں쳾䣬Ҳں쳾䣬޷Աõľ񣬿ϧ˲˷𡣡
޲˱޲ˡҶյǺܿĿԼͷʵ᲻ǧ˿ģ˵ˣҪǵ˺УѵŮػѲɣңҿΪ˽²Ŵƾսģ˺У㲻ú޻
ճңһǷ̾˿߰ɣ



406 ̫Ρһ
ճʵܿҶգ
ճͨǿ󣬵һǷˣһսһУһжˣǿģڶǴˣһ򵥶ˣܹͨı˸Զĸ࣬Ҳ׿Ҳǿġ
Ƿˣǿ
ճǴˣҲǿ
ܹģճʱû뵽ƾҲû˷磬ҲΪҲ⡣
ҶһŹֵˣΪȷȴԵĺܴ⡣
Ҷյ־ܷΪܹԼĿģԲϧһУҶյԸȴֺܴ⣬⵽˵ǵļ򵥡
ԣճܿҶգںнʱҲܹվĸԼһߣҲʸվǰߡ
ǣճˣҶշҶմ⣬Ϊִš
Ҷղճ룬һִˣֻһִŵˡ
ִţʱҲֲܿ
ҶնĶϺ쳾ննأԣճϣҶ޷Ϊ޷ҲܹأǣҶղ޷ΪŷֻԼһֻԼˣô޷ͬն쳾ǰ㣬ҲԸ޷
ȻˣôǾֻ뿪ֻܼȥֻܼȥƣֱҶտˣƶˡ
ҶƬ˫ֺʮȴû¹ݣʸҶչµ˲ࡣ
汣ӣһҪǿһҪӮƾһҪ¸һҪôҶƽһҪôҶ֡
ҶվǸͨͽǰ㣬˫ֺʮϵİݰݣȻԼԸȻ˵ƽ֣ΪԪʮΪҶ֪Ϊ̫ΪΪΪΪɾΪһпԱΪѵ
ճЩЦ漴Ȼŷ𣬺α𣡡
⻰ɲԡҶյҲϲУҲŷ𣬵ǣҴδ˵ʵһǾ÷ͦõģȻЩ߸ϣܸ˼ȥʲôüɼ࣬þɾǣЩƶǣЩǷϵǣǶվǰݰݣҲʲôòǿӵϣʱϣߵĸԶ
ճƬҲն
־ҶյֻÿܹԼ־ڣϣܹ黹ԼԼġ
ճ΢ЦҶգ԰ݷЩͽһϣŷֻԼ
߰ɣ
ճ˵˵ڶ߰ɣԣҪˡ
ǿĦڭ߹ճҶƬɽ£ܵķҪ׹ԨȻ֮ʱƬѾˣǿĦڭҲˣȻҲˣûǰ͵ķ⣬ǰֳһƬԭһƬͷĻԭ
Ҷյֵ˼䣿
ճﲻ˼䣬Ϊû˵
Ҷյ
Ϊ̫ţճģسʱֻû˵Կɳ񣬽Ƭ죬ţҿƬ죬ûи߸ϣŵģ
Ҷ̧ͷ漴Ǿȣ۴ǰ濴Ӳ濴ǴӺ棬ƬضɵģֻҪǰȥ졣
̫ţҶյ̫ʲô
ճ޽ԷսȻ޾ˣҲ˵ˣﶫܣҲζˣұǣǰ㿴ɽô
ҶձΪĿֻܾ֮Ұɽ̫ԶԵʣǣճңָ֮ɽĪĳҶǰܹĿˡ
ߣֻҪһֱһֱߣߵɽճɽϵ㣬㻹뿪̫ȥ࿴ЩҪߵÿһЩսͼ뿪ͼ֮Ѿˡ
ճ˵ӰͱЩƮƺ˷磬ɢƮƮıҪʧҶոǰ
ιҶպôҰѽ
ҶպĺܴճȴûѾǷȥգۼƮûӰ
Ҷ̾˿кöĽڰһ޽ȴϣԣûнˣ
ûûɡҶ૵ûнţнžߣ߾ܵɽ
ǣҶɽǰ
Ҷղ֪ճΪʲôҪԼ飬˵һ飬ǣҶվòֵһᣬºǿƾǿ˷ǿճǿԼҲǿҪߵɽƺ̫Щǿ飬̫׵ĿҲԵЩζ
ǣҶմˣʵҲûô򵥣
̫źĶ
ҪЬΪЬҵĺÿðЬң߸ҵЬһ
Ҷǰ˴ǧף˺ȻǰáˡҲ̫ԣΪǰĴһֻܿ԰ˡ
ͷԳᣡ
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ҶտĽţĬƬ̺ûЬ
룬ӽϰ˸ë㣡
ҶտǸëֳĬһŭøëҵЬôѽſң
ǣһƳҶ䡣
ᣬǰèԣһĵĿν춯أҶһ䣬ȴҶһСɽƽɲǼ䣬ܱǾ춯أޱȡ
ҶһȴȻ˸գԼ˿Ѿûнˡ
ǣûнȴ֣
ҶվƳɽǽ۳һ֡
Ǹֽڣ
Ǹֽһֽ
£УܵĽɭǿַȻѾѰĿַΪҶҲѾǰҶգѾʸȥţѾʸԼվȥ
ǣҶȴˣҲһĺӣһĺû֣ԣֵĺӽᡣ
̫ޡ
ſַץȥ漴ǿֵĽͬһ㣬ϸƣȴƼ䲻ϼһ˿˿ɫĻ𻨡
ƼǿַȻնѣ
𣡡
ᳯҶһҶվȴҲɲǣҶյ˫һһϣѸٵĴ߶̻ŵͼƵӣĻϤߡ
㣡
ţҶֱ̧һƣƬĻʹҶƼ˳ȥл˵ȻҪǻʱΪӿֻǣȴ˿壬ֱһܱƽؾ磬Բʮ֮أԵķɳʯӲݿ֦ȫȥǱҶͷųĻ棬Ҳһ̽˶
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ҶչʼʩǻȥȴҲڴ˿̣Ȼ񱼣һɫëǻ棬ڶĻ棬ڻи治ҶҪ߶ɲǣ͵شӻǾҶһģֱӾͽҶոķɵУȻͷԾ𣬾ǺֱҶյͷǴֱٴ䣬Ҷ䡣
飡
Ҷյͬ׹أصڵϣǵҳľ޿ӣ˶˵
ص棬ָűǿףһģҡߵҶߣҶյЬӸ漴ٿٽţһëҶյϣ־ӣŤƨԶ뿪



407 ̫Ρ
Ҷպܱݣǳıݣ
ԼôҲ֮ĸˣڽԳΪճ֮
ǣȴһֻӸˡ
ʲôĵطҶŭһֻӶô
ҶտܵһУ̶̼ϢսһСɽƽˣһķĵ汻ַˣԲʮڵĵ涼ճ˽̼һжҶѾǿˣǰಫŪĶȴԵЩϡƽǣҶûбǿһֻӸˡ
̾˿Ҷմµĺëһ壬ʧķŭĽô㴩Ьô
Ҷշ·ейȥһ㣬Žţɽȥ
Ҷ֪ճΪʲôԼߵÿЩˣΪطĻԼĺ̫ĻͲȥĶܿĶͲĸ࣬ĸ࣬ӮƾĻһ֡
ԣҶҪߵÿЩ
ȴҲʱҶձȻѣѣ
ҶջͷһƼһϵһֻѻѻĸͷҪӥҪǳſ߰˲ӣͨëǻɫƺɿųʱ򣬻ܾˡ
ѣϵѻ䵽Ҷߵ֪Ҫȥ
ҶָָԶ˵ɽ
ϵ̧ɽ
Ҷյ㿴ûУɽ
ɽɽϵЩ֧ᣬ漴Щ˼ѣи֮룬֪ܷӦ
Ҷվʲô
ϵϿҵҪë
ҿҶŭϱ̬
Ҷձֵа̧־һƳϵɿ˹ȥƼŲͬ˰һһϵȥϵĴѻԴǻɫѻɽţжȻȥܹҶһơ
ĪᡣϵڿкҲ֮⡣
ҶĹô࣬ԼӸһҲˣڻôϹԼѵ򲻹ţ˼䣬ҶҲ̧֣־ָͳһⲪϵȥ
ĳ룬ϵԽȴ˿壬ժһСᦣػӶ
С趯кȻƮһƣϸһʲôƣɫëѻһγɣ˶ų㳯Լ߷ηӭҶյĽ⣬³䣬ǱǽնɱȴŸѻ壬ͬʱǷë뿪ѻϣƮɢڿյɲǣữһһŵĻ棬·衣
һֽҶȵţ
һֽԣҶȻ֣šǵ֣
һǰΪţҪſűÿҪŹأű㿪ã
ԣַƮҶǰһȾţҶǰѻϵĳ䣬ϵײϣϵرϵķɱҶǰȻźΡȻ
ʱǿеϵٴʩչҡСᦣֻСǰֻҡҡһأϵȴǽҡء
еѻѸײһţɻ棬ҲȻޱȾ޴ͬһСɽһ㣬صײϡ
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һ֮Ҷǰŵ۵ĽⱻǾ޴ѻײ顣
Ҷղ£Ҳ㵣κŶǾԼ̵ģҲУֻѵɲǣҶɽָҪٴηų⡣
һŻˣһţŻˣн
ѣʱϵҵ˿϶ҶպҪĲëϵëԣԣϵǲ˵Ҫŵë
Ҷһ㣬ָĽ΢һɢȡǴĺëҪ⣿
ԣԣԡϵæصͷҽһֻĳëܹ
ҶյҲɴֱ࣬ëϵһ㡣
ëҶնãҪҶպǲˬԼһ٣ֶ˴ëԼʵʩȻǰϵҪҶҲνҲ͸ˡ
ֻϵȴܲѻӿµѣĪΪһѻǿȡ֮ͽ˵ϣѸȴҲܰõѵģͷѻˡ
ϵһ˵ţһ»ѻȻǣŻѻҶȻǴë
Ȼϵˣ
õԼҪĶȻˡ
ҶտͷΪɵĻѻεĻѻԴȥ
ëûãͷҲҶն˶ӵ߰ɣҲܿЩɽ
ѻڿն𣬷ɵĲ̫ߣԶɽȥ
̫ŵŶţë޸ǿߣνʱǰŹ֣ʱţʱ˥Ҳű仯ͨʱԽãԽ̫ʱڵʲôûУһƬأֻʯӲݣҲӦкҶδƼʱıǨƺԽԽãԽԽƯǣǶţëǿ߸ȴˣǷ̡
ҶŻѻӹأ̫֮ʱϡ٣ҶֻëΪʲô˵ëΪЩһˣȴҰˣȫëԣҶսë񣬴˿ëżªıɱΪһƬСĺҲпΪˣȻ
ɹƬȻģҶոܵܵҲµĻѻ䲻ֹҶֻĻѻԴصϣţҶտˡ
ߵ˺֣ʵԲ·ͺһҡڣұߵȴݣǸƫļߣȻԵĸݡ
ˣˡָ˵ôãŪһ
ҶյеǸĹ
ݸߵ˵ģûж⣬ֻҸˡ
ҶյǼҰɣҵˡ
˸ϽסҶյҵľ㡣
ҶƵҶʶǣҴ˰ɣ
ݸ˵ʵ˭һģǾҸˡ
ҶŪˣ˲˭ǾҸˣ˴㣬˭˭Ҷյù˵ͷӹȻҲҶһݣŽٵ˰ɣȻô˭˭
ǡҶСʲô£
һ⡣ݸ˵鷳⡣
ҹ˭˭ŵԣǾŪһǸ˵˵ĸ˵Ķԡ
ҶջȻ˼ҪУ
˸ݸ˻һۣ漴ͬԣ
Ҷյʲô˵
ݸ˵˭ĽŶࡣ
ôǽţԼǸſˣǸëˣ
ҶǵţȻ󿴿˵°ȣһôʲôģ
Ҷࡣݸ˲ҵĽű࣡
䣬ݸ˵һΣ㡰žһըըһһ˿˳һһţһףףʮס
߰ʮ׳ֱҶճǰȥ»һܿβˣԣֻţһţ˵һ̣򼿴ȥһСɽ£߸ߵ
˵򼽫󣬶㣬ҶտԵǲҵĽҪЩ



408 
Ϲ˵ҵĽŸ࣡
Ҷջδ˵ǷֵȴƱһ㣬һ漴ŵһˣҵĹÿһȦ˵ͱ䳤һ֣ٹһȦֳһ֣·˻һѿ¶һǣȻһ½ǳҲ˿ѷɫ򼣬Сɽ
˵½Ե˭ĽŶࣿ
Ҷ棬ӿѽһһ½㳤˭֪жٽš
ҶյҸ˭ĽŶвУ
УͬѾ죬ǵýֳ˭ĽŶ࣬ǲɣǾͳ㡣
ҶյҲ֪˭Ŷࡣ
½ˣǹܲţð취
ҶյҪԼ
ŤŤû취Լ壬ꡣ
ҶյģģˣʱȻ֪˭ĽŶࡣ
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˵˭թŭŽթأһ㽫ҵĽء
½ͻȻһֻҶҡҡ
ү
Ҷкݺһ䣬һÿһֻţԼúȥ˵ˣͷԼһһģһһﲻưոô죿ⲻǿԼô
ʵҶҲˣɵ񲻺á
취ʲôʱŪ˭ĽŶ࣬ˡ
Ҷҧ뿳⣬ּѻˣҶڵ˲ǣ̫ţسֻԣûߣΪÿһ˸ÿһͷ޶ͬڣʵȻǿĿֲҶյʵ̫źģȻ˵ж磬ҲǸжѣ治ܴĹӡ
Ҷտɥһм¡
½¾ǷֳǵĽ˭ࡣ
ҶյҾˣ˼ô
ôû˼ҵĽű࣬ȻҪ
ƨ½ŭǴٶʮӮһʮһ
ҲŭӮĻһһʮһ
ҶŪˣһĹϵܲôŴνսùҲʶ˫ʵ൱ѷʤֲʤȴԵĸⲻģǣ˱Щֳʤ뵽ȻǸԵسǾǽŶ࣬ϧ׳ȴû뵽ԷĽŸԼһࡣ
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½򼻥࿴ͷԡ
Ҷյҵǿ˭ܵÿ죬˭ܵñȽϿ죬Ȼ˭ĽŶ࣬һԣŶǸܲٵģҲԹԣһǵʤͳˡ
½һܵһô죿
Ҷյܣ˭ܲ˭䡣
һһܲô죿
Ҷյ˭Ϣʱ̣ϢʱһǾͽܣһϢϢ˽ܣֳܷ˭ЩģҪʵڲɣǻŪյ㣬յЩԵģ˭ȳԵ˭Ӯܲһ𽫶ɡ
취ԣ½ͷǾͱ˭ܵÿ졣
ҾȹϲǷֳʤˡҶյһ£ȣιʲôſҡ
Ҷջδ£ǯ𣬰ͷͰҶոϡ
취ģֳʤǰߡþֳʤ˲ſߡ
˵ӱ㶼ص棬һ¾һǰ˳ȥ
ܹܡҶıϱߵֱԼݵôҵĻѻϰ
ϧҶպ⻰ʱǻѻѾһСڵ㣬ıʧ١
Ҷհ̾һҲĿֱӵȻҪҲþǾͲϹܣ˵ܣȫܣ
ǻѻӿյٶȹȻɹۣٶȻ治а´࣬ȻûлѻҲ޲ɣֻҪܣȻճ˵ɽԽԽҶնԵҲûʲôʧֳʤֻºѣҶϸһȻһ򼣬һ½ȴһĸͬƵģⳤĲ೤Ҳö࣬ٶҲ룬ǧףȻͷ˭˭Ʊȥñ˭ˣҪȻֻܼ档
ܰɣܰɡҶߺߵܵԽԶɽԽֱӰҴɽȥʡСүѾ
ҶպȻҲͦãŻѻԼҷ򣬴ʮ־ĲԼӻѻˤȥıȥҲҶշԸԼܣʵʡʡ˵ЩǻѻǿˣҶԴ˸Ƿֱ򼱳ϴˡ
˯ѵʱѾɽˡ
Ҷǵţ漴ĿϢ˯˱Ƭ̫ųĺģһƬأǺƴֿɼ֮˯
֮ҶѾϰ򼱳ϵĵǵƻὫ˦ȥһ㣬ҲܰȻ˯ĸоܺãɡ
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ҶҲƼЩˣǴӵصףʯ󣬴ӹַ϶ǶһܶصĵطȻ䣬һԾ½ĸǰͷڣżª֦ͿĨƣЩٲ·ЩǳüҶɿȹЩ޷ʳõĸɬӱǴΪǽΪװΡ
һȺҰˣ
Ҷտ»һȺηҰˣƾǽģȻǰ½̫ųʱûǣһ֪ʲôϵ
ǣҶմش
ЩҰ½кҲ򣬱濪սǷ˶ªĳì½ϴȥ
ҶȻǷɶ˻ΪǣȺҰûǰ
ЩҰûΪҲʲôֱͨͭƤǣҪʤ֮һҰ˾ȭͷ򴩵棬½Ʒʮ䣬ڵϰǵҵ÷飬Ҳ˿Ϊ
ҶտĿɿڴҰˣֱǳˣǳʹĳˡ
½Ѫţϧʵ㲻øߣȻҲűȱ˭ĽŸǰɣЩҰȻºȴҲ˲٣еҰ˱ʵĶѪеı½ѹǣҰ޶һ㣬ɷܲˣȺҰûʿΪǲҪʿԶǰͣҲǿΪȻģȻȻģʲôñʹʲôʿġ
ʱ򣬺󷽺Ȼ߳һȺµҰˣǴӵһŮŮĴã޷ǿڸҶӱƣǣҪƱҰ˸ΪݻһЩлһľǱһ㣬Щ鳣ôÿ
Ůڴӵǰ˼ʮף½ĸǰ󣬱㽫Ǹľ߸ߵľдʣ
ͻȻģų
ǹ֮¸ֳһȦ֣һȦҶտ֣



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ҶĲʶ֣֪Ƿ
Ҳ˵ҲȷΪ̫ʱڻû֪ʲôǷԣЩӦǷĳ̬νķʵ֣ʷǨϵĳµ֣Ҳķ
ҶնڷǣվǶдģýдһֽ
гֵ֣Ҷ
ЩֺѶҲܸӣǳĻɬΪʻ̫࣬ߣִ˿̻ܳΪ֣ӦýΣ
ν֣ͼԼǻۣԼ򵥱ʻͼΣֻǣЩվͼ֣ǣΪֱü򵥣øϣԼǻۣЩһļ򻯡
Ȼ󣬷ҲԽԽ򵥡
ܶʱдֻҪһʣ
ҶտЩеķ΢˫Ŀ·ֱ仯һ㣬ǷӵԽԽ򵥣ԽԽŪֱ仯ֻһʡ
Ǹֽһ
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Ҷ΢յ۾պ⣬ԼдˣһֽѵһʣҲѵһַԼдˣһжҰŮڿͷŵĹŷҶ򣬾һ˲͸˷Դ塣
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ԣǷܹϣҲɺǿ
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ҪܣȻʵôܹ鲻ǱԼ½ǿȻ࣬½ȻˣȻҲһ
ŤϮ㽫Ҷմӱ˦ȥǣ˰벽ǿʣĹŷĻɺڹ׹䣬ֱӴڣ򼲻ϵس鴤Ƭ̺󣬱㲻ٶʳɫĶѪ
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ŮӵǰΧҶյҰ˱ʹɢŮϵļŮţĸˣ
ϣź죡Ҷһ䣬漴ò̫ȷ壿
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Ҷյл壿
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Ҷֻ̯ˣûûУ㡭ǿ͵ǸδСɡ
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ͻȻԵЩ˷ܣȻǸֻ֣ǳ𾪣֮ǸˣҶտЩǰ㣬ɴ˿˷ԴͷȻûпжΪҲ֪ԼдЩӦñΪŷʼ俴˷δ
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ҶյĲ
ָָ棬ûɽǣĲ塣
ȻǶߣҵȻȥ͡ҶЦл롣
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Щ׳Ұüªĵն½壬Ǿ޴һһصģȻ׼õȻźӣקţªķʽЩʬز塣
ҶյʵӦЩľͷ档
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ǣҶտʼ̰д֡
һһһԻһᣬǾǶԻᣬͻᣬͬҪôд
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ǰΪʲôֱ᣿
ⲻǺᣬƲࡣ
·ʱȤԣҶĽ̰д֣Ȼ㷢ʦõҰ˵ʦõΪϲΪʲôܶʱҶҲ֪ΪʲôĸˣҶ֪дԼҲ֪ΪʲôҲ̫ôӷɼ壬Ҷ֪дȴ֪ΪʲôҶղ֪
Լ˵˰գҶձ㿴˰ŵĲ䣬һƬߣΧһЩľǿһƬ֣һһľͷļ׷Ȼܼ򵥣ݶ©꣬ܵĶƺ
ŽҶսܸˣҲе䡣
λǳԣҵĸףҲеĴߣλǳͬеĴߣΪǲ񣬻һλǵ峤ٵ䡣
Ҷ͵һȭͷԼΪʲôôϤˣⲻǻķ֧ôϵ峤ǹԯҲΪԯ˲⣬Ǿͻһ˵ǾǻƵۣһͳĵĻƵۡ
ǰλٵ䣬峤ͬʱҲǻƵ۵ĸףഫǷ˸Ů洵ãȻĶӱ˵ضٺܶ࣬ȴҲǻһֽϲΰ



410 нԯ
ٵλǱҶյģһʵڲҶΪʲôķӦҲ˿ףԼеΰÿһʷıǨгΪ˵

ҶմŹٵ䱧ȭٵǲиӣ־úܲãиռ˼ҶӵģǸŮ˵ʵǶӣƺڱ̬Щ
ԣٵ˺ѹ󣬱¹ҹ漴æԼȥˣߣҶȵĿ⿴Щܲˣֻܾʹ˸ˣŮˣҶѧ֣ңҶս뿪ԣʱ١
Ҷպܴ󷽵ĽŮдӣȻҲŮЩ֣ԼһֽԣڹʱдģͬʱҶվȣǿ׳ԣҶҲŮΪʲôˣҶû˵ġ
Ҷպܿõ𰸡
Щǲ֪ʲô֪ʲôҲ֪ʲôǣ׷Ѱ
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һʱԴͷʱʱԲ֮µǴ󷽣ԣޣ֣ͬЩ׷Ѱ֮;ǣҶʱֻ󣬻Լ飬ճɾ͹̫ųʱǣÿһܳΪ籾û
ʱǲѾѧӦҲǲľˣҲʱܹرһЩֻǶʹЩõķǳԣǽȥԼѪ⣬ԼĸǣԼëԣҶղžǿ׳ƺÿһӵͭƤǡ
зҶ뵽˹ޣ޶ӵǿ̳һĶȻԼΪˣɣ֮ͬǣˣޣ˵޵ԣ˺Ľǲͬģ޵ˣ˽Լºʥ
ʥҶոпã
Ҷյĸпû˿֮ΪǵȷǺõ飬ϧʥѾʧܾˣΪ֪֮Ƭؽһ˵ħħйʱͰףܹվڲ֮ϣʥҲֻܳΪеĹʱҪͱ뿪ֻв֮УܳΪ֮飬Ϊ֮飬ɾ͹񣬳ɾ͹֮ܳ׵
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ȴԸ⣬ʱǴӵĺܣȻǿˣȻҪдοҶջǽʶֵʦԸȥһⶼҶգôɵҶղȥ
ȴҲڰҶȺȥʱ򣬺Ȼ䣬һж
壡˴󺰵Ǿˣ֪ʳʳġ


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ҶտĻͭʵЩƸªǣҶղԴ˽˿Ĳ֪⽣ڲõĽΪµһ
ΪڹԯеĽȻԯ



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ҡΣȻǰ뿪ɲǣľȻϣǶϳأһһصģҶȴûиٴǰĻᣬеԯѾٴն

Ҷնննһǰ˿ܻǰľΪǵӹɲǣҶոǰľ㱻նϣܷҶһ㡣
ȿǰ˫ǽи棬˱㲻ϵȥ˫ŵ棬ϳӡȻȻӸǵС
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ҶշԼһ˿ᣬΪǰĹ򣬿ϧˣȭͷǰĹ򣬶ıԣӮһֻӮ˶֣ӮأһС
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ճҡͷҶԵ첻ȤҲսңܸӦĵ
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޳оа޵Ӫկеİ޶ᱻļļֻһǾ͵㹻ǿǺսҲʲô˶ʸɮ޺սģСİ޼ϸǰߣҲǶۡ
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414 ޳
ͬҶո汽һӪկİ޻ʮˣȴٲ߸ʯΪЩʯԶȿҪأƺʲôŹֵĶʯޱȳأҲ˽ƻʲôģգ߿ʯֻˣ汽޸Ҷգֻĸͨˡ
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ҶղսҲ֪ĸʱս˶ϷƾȻԼȥǰߣǣ鷳ǻ᲻ӱ᲻˽Ƹˣǣ赣Щûа޻ᵱӱ˽ˣΪҶս
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ҶտǰһУΪİ޵ţΪĸޱʵ̫СˣԣҶպܸɴķ汽޵ļϣ汽޷˸ۺ󣬵ҲûжԴ˱ʾ
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Ҷջͷǡɿ汽޻һɮԴѡ
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ǲ֮ϣƬ֮ϣһͻȻ̴һУһľ䣬޳룬ڰӰϣҶյͷϣ



416 밢
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ǵʵ죬ȴܹܿҶղУΪǵףԣǵصĺڰӰ֮ϣʹðӰٴΰֻǣȴйŭǳ޾ʹࡣ
˳ŰӰʵҶյϣ޾ʹ˲䴫ҶȫԵĸоҶոоָǰݳޣһ˲䣬ҶոоԼ嶼Լġ
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ΡȻ̾׷ĲĽᣬ㻹ʲôģĽᣬеһֱѹԼΪͣͲǰ
ҶЩãȻΡȻЩףΪ˵ѹΪͣͲǰΪ޷ǰ
ֻǣҶϸ룬ΡȻ֪սͼô
ҶյսͼȻ֪ġ
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ǡҶյսͼֲϾϵģһȥˣͼʱҵֲ棬ǶˣԼҲˣɻᶪʦ
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˵ΡȻҶտԳȥߣҶˮһ죬ŬѧϰŽֻͨżҲȥСһ£СסŵĶǹ¥ŵӣ֪Ҷյݺ󣬶ΪȴҲԵȤ廹ҶպȺȾƣЩеûġ

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˵£ҶտЩš
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ĸڸӥϢ߹ЩҲ֪ǲǳģϵƵͼȴǡ
廰һ룬ȴǺȻһ٣ȻָԶѾˣʦֻԼɡ



420 ѻͨ졾һ
Ұ䣬һڵƽߵһˡ
ĺܿҲܼ
ǸˣǵģƯʵڲ̫Ӧ˵ϣ㳤òҲÿ㣬ţĴʻ㣬ɲ֪ôģҶռǸˣ㲻뵽֣Ϊ˳ĵȷǺƯ
ȻƯ˿̵ıȴһ㶼ƯٶŤһ𣬿ܽϵĻӿޣ֪Ҳٿ˶١
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ѻͨǹЦԭͬˣ㿴һҿø㣬һҪˡ
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ӭҵ磡
ɲǼ䣬Ľ۳ϣڿУѻͨĸǰ
ѻͨؿ֮ոԾˤصϣͷǰ·Ȼ鲼ۣ



421 ѻͨ졾
ѻͨؿ֮ոԾˤصϣͷǰ·Ȼ鲼ۣ
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ܾȣҶտѻͨ˵ΡȻͽܣȻһ޵УôҲ޵аɡ
Ҷ⻰˿û߼ΡȻֻһ޵Уͽܵôɣֻǲ֪һ޵бǾԽԽ޵еġ
ѻͨӵû˿ɫҲûǰķŭ⡣
ҶտѻͨһһﳤĲôôƷҲôƺ
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Ҷ԰ɲǣѻͨϱѿۣĪѿһһѻͨǰ䣬ϣϣҲѿһϸСĽڡ
ѻͨҧʹӲЩˣһǰҶնȥȴҪĵҶԴʱҶЦŲһ㷭Цӯӯؿѻͨ졣
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֪һ֮ҵ磬㻹ôҶյҲ֪㹻ǹ޴
ѻͨɫΪѿݺݵصҶգ漴ȻһãֺȻʧ١
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Ҷտܣ΢΢Ťתؽ䱸ţȴû̫Ľ֮ɫѻͨôԼܹҪԼģֻҪ֮ڣᱻˣҶ˿ѻͨŲܣҶյδǵĺնݳҪô֣ȻѾˣѻͨǲ˵ġ
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ʱҶպȻظܵһ˿Ȼ̧ͷһȴδѻͨӰ
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ҶɲɽЩѻ䣬ȻԼǰʱЩѻһͷһͷ屬ѣһһŵѪһһ߱նѵʬڵϣЩѻ·˿Ϊ£ηҶճ䣬ųҪȥҶա
ĳ˰֮ãͬưѻȺѾ֮һҶյڱĳһ˿ڡ
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˵úܶԡѻȺ£ѻͨԳӰĹЦЩѻǱöģŶѪŶȴǷģⶾȻԵȴֻǻؽڵľǲϵĴ߶άϵ壬ȻؿԼݽߣάϵסĴڣۿԼȥָоʵ̫ˣ仹ʲôҪȿԼȥȴΪʹ࣬Ҹ˵أ
Ҷյǵ˹ȻǱ̬
ѻͨ첻мɣԽԽʹ죬ҾԽģһ֮Ҳֻ
֪η
Ҷ˵㲻ѻͨ죬ֻǿµѻƾѻ£ýն飬ϸҲƾһ˿ڣҶȴδ쿴µѻ
оܺã
ѻͨΪҶڵֵѻСΪڵֵѻ
ǣֻҶԼһ޵С
κζһɵḶ́νţѧʲôܼ򵥣ҪʲôȴҪŬҶֻǳһ޵УȻΪ죬˵һ޵УĽֻѹңңЩĹ켣ʵҲƿصĲѣղŽѻͨʱĶҲĽۣնɱЩѻȻЩѻһҶսµĵ棬ҶΪԲģ֮ڵĵϼҲ˽ۡ
ЩȻЩ࣬ҲҶδܽúõĿס
Ҫһ޵д黯ȻֻһǾͣ
ҶտûôطһԼôѻͨѻҲʵܹܼĹȻһ޵еҲǼкôġ
ֻѻվʱ򣬴ԼյĹбҲֻѻҶǻԡѪϿЩ͸Ũҵζмճϡ
ҶЩĵ˵ӣȴôҲѾճ·ϵѪ裬ֻþʹգ漴ѻͨѻѾˣΪǶ˥ȥԹ˽ң



422 նѻһ
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ѻͨЦɨҶһۣҶձȻƣԽͨȻԽķ˶޼ɵʹһ޵УҶնԱȻǸԣҶմ˿̿϶Ѿֻǿûб¶ѡ
ȻһѻͨȻҶԾҾͳȫ㣬Щȥ
ѻͨ˵ĺܺݣ˫΢״ֱҶյԴ˿˿ɫҪ䵽Ҷոǰ֮ʱӺȻһŤǰƾȻһǹѻͨҪȴҶǵ֮
Դ㣬ؿҲǣΪû࣬ҪǵΪӤڣشҲпܱΪû˵ȥΪҲԶλء
ԣһС仯ܿѻͨĺȴֱӱҪȥģȻҲҪУ
ҶȴɻȻδһ㣬ֻһ΢ЦȻ󣬾ѻͨ뵽Լ֮ڵɲǡ
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ܣѻ֮ͨŭôܻǿĽ㲻ܻ˻֧š
ѻͨ벻ףҶܹ֮ԼԴԴϵǶȻЩ֮òģǳɾ͹񶼲УмȡվǱȲսʱĵǱдǰ㣬ֱӽԼرҶһֱһ޵еֵЩѻ˿δͣЪĵӦøŶԣҶշųĽ˿ļ󣬼ȻδҶյû̫ࡣ
ҶտѻͨЦҺʱйˣ
⻰Ȼ˵ͨûжҶյȻɳӯǣ˵ͨȴѻͨף෴ģѻͨףô˿ڣȾôѻѪѻѪ˿룬ô᲻ж
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Ūĸоѻͨо⣬ֱ͸Ϊһз·ԼƿأʵˣҶոûжδΪ⻯壬Ȼ壬ЩܹĶȻûá
ι㻹ôҶյЩ֣ǲ붯֣ұҪˡ
Ҷ˵ţȴ˵־Ͷ֣ûиѻͨ˿ᣬӱѻͨ˳
ͬǷ˶ǰҶյٶȴҪѻͨĶ࣬ΪҶյٶȱ͸졣
ƤһգĹҶձѻͨĸǰͬǽһĹ죬ѻͨعʱҶѾվԼǰһ֮࣬ƶɽѻͨݺݵ¡
ʯ
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ңҶƲƲ㻹ǻһ鷳ͨ
֮Ϊ֮ݣ˼ǽжݣݸľΪΪֶΪνҲ٣ǣһ֣Բƾʧһ㣬ƫƫѻͨʧһ㡣
ҶԲӦ䣬ѻֱͨº鷳鷳鷳ȴͷۣΪѻͨԼһ֮ڵС磬ôݶȻܣǵ˺ܣѻͨҲԼô׵һͬС
Ȼ䣬ѻͨҶձһҶձȥȴƣҶջ֮ʣѾٴʧ
Ҷޱ飬ĿܣƺҪһģ˭ֵܹľá
ԴˣҶЦġ
ȻģҶϣ˵ѻͨ棬Ȼǰڤ
ԶΪˣнս֮ģȻƲˣĮѻͨĴڣѻͨ켴ŭգǵøԼǸ壬Լȥ塣
һĹҶն˿ѻ̲ͨסͻȻҶͷԳӰһҶյǣȴƼ䴥Ҷ֮ǰĪĽ۱ֳѻͨСϣ׾ٵıˡ
Ҷ۾̾ôҲ˻ȥЩõѻ㵽׻Щʲôǲ򣬱ȥˣο˷ҵʱ䣿
Ҷ⻯ʱҲ֪ǲΪʼԵʣ˵ԵҪȱ˹ЩҶܹҶգǻ˼ȴǰֱףѾִ򲻹ңϽ
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ֻѻͨسֵĺܿ죬ʧɲǱֻ̳֣ӰѾҶͷʮ׿⣬Ȼľͽһá
浱īҹֻôѻͨ۾ȻһʲôֶΣұһƣ
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콣Ȼڱ
ȻǴȻὫǲ֮ϵƸƿȻὫƿȻҲὫƬҹƿ
һ֮Ǿ޽ӿ񷣬漴ѻͨƬɫ֮ϴ̴Ƭɫʱ̳һ󶴣ͬ˺ѵƲһ㣬Ƭɫ״ƣһƿһ޴Բοӡ
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ѻͨĹЦЦҹлصţԵĸ̶Ƭɫ»ۣڻ㽻һƬѸٵĻָԭ״
һƬĻһѻͨ쿴ҶյƬĻͬԼӤ꣬ҵҪΣ
ҶִӣգǻǼѲı
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ѻͨ뷨漴޾ŭСýȻǰȴһֱδιȻԼһֱСˡ
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ҶսȻһǽԻȴҶոܵʹѻͨ쿴׼ᣬ̳˻һҶյϣǽѻͨؿڱ˳ͬʱŵ׹䡣
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424 
ҶմϢţɢȥƬڵˮҲʹ˻飬ŶСȥ
Сɰߣѻͨʱʵ˿Ҷ߹ĪֽܹնɱѻͨﲻþǺģοǸ¥ûʲô飬ֻ뵽ҶոոΪ˾ǲųɱѻͨ죬ʱְЩ漴ԼڽѧҶչǽĵ˸۸Ҷա
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ʲôҶս˾¥䣬ֵڶСǰҺôȹ㣬ôҵģ鷳
СŹӵûʲôԼҪҵģѵҪ˵ǿôһˣòײŵĸ˶Զģ˵ˣŪЩ鷳㣬϶ˮﲻʲô취ⶼѾˣ
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СҪ˵ȴǰűƿ¶ȹܽҶյʱһ㣬漴ߵҶոǰ΢΢һҾ˵ңлл
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428 սͼ֡
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ȴҲʱҶͻȻоؿһͣʲôæҵǰȥɲûʲôЧΪҶĮλãҶյıͻȻ˳վʬɽϡ
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Ӫկÿÿս󶼻Եĵͳѹ֣ǻЩɮʬ壬ȶᣬûʬеԣعʮ֮ϣعڵĻصɽϡ
֮ԣÿս֮ԵĻ裬ƸǸ߰ǴӲȥİʬ壬ڰ޶ԣܹսҫЩȥİֻͬҪսⲻɢֻأú޳½صƬս
ҶջصӪկ汽εȥſڣʬɽվǲҶҪߣֻܼǴӵ񣬶汽޸ո뿪ճҶյ
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ճӰȥһ㣬֮󣬱ÿӪʵĲ漴ֱʧ
Ƭ̺汽ˢɾصӪʣЦǳ̳Ƶǰƣ˵ձֲǵʹ͡
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汽޵˼ѽֻҪ뵽ܹսҾ;ѪڣǰڲΪ˴ڵô
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û˵ҪǴʮ졣Ҷ汽ޣӪկʲô𣿡
汽ԥһ£ȷ죿
ǵ죡ҶյһֱǸʮͼƵ첻ˬΪʲôǸҪǵƯΪʲôǸҪǵĴΪʲôǸҪǵĸߣ
汽޺Ҷգǵɵ죬ȻΪ˵ͳ˧˵ǳνȷУֻҪ㹻ǿ󣬻ǻɱһԳΪµİԣΨһģΨһģʮ֮ɽһ޶ˣ쵱ȻҪɵƯҲߣ
ֻǣҶȴ粵Ļᣬص汽޵ıȻǸ첻ˬôô죿Ǿ۶ɣ
汽޾ȵ˵죿
ţҶյҵˣ
汽ɫ䣬Ҫӱôս֮ˣ
Ҷɨ汽޵ڸҿЦбҪӱôҪӱЩɮɱң
汽룬⻰ͬѾɮҶյУܶɮڣɶ֪Ҷôһģһ㶼޵İޣֶβ̺ÿοսܶѻһԺյʬɽЩɮΪ
ȻˣҶյȻҪӣ˲ҪӣҶղЩɮ޷ɱҶյġ
б뿪ɣҵȥһЩ飬ҶԺҪ顣ҶտƬǽ޳ҲҽǣڱҪˣ֮ǰһЩΪ
汽һļǾʹߵɣҰ㽫Ǹ۶ϡ
˼Ҷյǣ⿿˵ģðЩ˳ֻҪܹƿһӣұ۶Ǹ졣
ã汽޵Ұȥҡ
汽ԵΪǿҲͣǿİ𾴣Ҳ׷ȻҶҲǿֻģܹѰİ޲̫ʹÿƲ׽ԵȻ汽ࡣ
Ƭ̺汽ޱٵİڣԼжʮˣּΪģҶյĿҲǺܸȤ汽һ˵ȭ
ϻ˵ˡҶձȭллλ
ллôôǡ
ǣôûûȥЩͷӪƣؾȥΣ
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УУһŻӪʶˣȺͺ¿ûط˯ȫܻʮ첻Ǵô죿
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Χİ¸߰ȻԴҲǼȤ
Ǿ˵˵ʱô졣Ҷĵ֦˲ͼǲ棬ﻤǴҲƹȥɱӪأȻһ·ɨնﳷ޻ϡ
ףסа޲ôƿأⲻԵˣ˵ֱɱȥ
ҲǷ׷׸ͣ˵ŷϰ޵磬ô޴ӲأҲսԸսζûУϲɱһ·ɱȥ˱սҶնԴҲֻ˾һȺ׳ա
˵Ҷֹҵ˵ƽʱҵȻҲôػȴǲΪ֮ѵΪҵСսһοսҲǳǰͷģ
Ҷ⻰ҲΧİŷΪʵˡ
ҶռֻΪ˸ҵսңĺȥѣѵǳȥ֮ΪЩͺ¿ǳӪػĲôʱЩվں󷽵ĻһʱԮ󷽵ɮҲ˻ǽذΧڰΧ۶죬ȻͻΧǹؼһ£ǳֻʮˣʱǧɮϰٵĻΧǣǰʱ˱ľ棿ʱҪսľ棿ս᲻ܴ̼Ѫڣ
Χİ˷ܵصͷظߺ
ҶյԣΪǾͲڳʱ˷̫ľӦõһʱԷӪأȻôսôսô
Щδ壬׷׵ĵͷӦ
Ҷյ⣬֪ҶʤֻҪսʹãǣǵĿ꽫Ǹ죬۲Ǹ죬ǾʧߣûǸ죬ǾӮңǰʤҪʤҪ
Ҷ˵ĺ֣أҲҪЩ֪Լ֣أȺһɱʲôܣԣ֪Լ̬ȡ
ԣս׼սҶյҪ˭ɱǱӦʲôˣǾͱҲ
Ҷһŵӡ䡣
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Χİ̿ˮʵصͷʾԼ֪Ӧô
ҶȻҲԴ˺⡣



430 ۶Ǹ졾
޳ս²ÿ춼Уʱ쿪սʱ죬ʱ졣
ȡڰʲôʱսǴˣҪսˣҲսˣһ޹ؽҪͷһһƣ˶ԷҲսˡ
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ҶİںȻЦŨҳЦȻЩɮΪ衣
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ЩɮӪг¾޿ӣ޳ЩɮսȻսΪԶȶԷս
֪ڼصս޳ٴչ
ɫɫĺܿıݺײһ𣬰޸Щɮٶײһ𣬻ű档
Ҷǰڵһ
ܶʱҶնǳڵһģܶʱҶնԵĺֻͣܵõ޵ϿɣֻҶճĸǰͷΪһʼվ˰޵롣
ǰҶʲôûΪʲôҪ
Щɮ޼ǸǰȻƴļһһﻹվǰͷȻӦõһǣЩɮҶһɵɲǣӱĪըĽĳϣѪҺϣ䵽ҶյϣͬһһŵĻ
һ֮࣬Ҷյ磡
ԣһ޵У
ҶվôǰţҲһ֮ڵ磬Ѫʬ壬ȴԵ徲ޱȣΪûܹ߽磬һ֮⣬ЩɮޱȾĳűҶա
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汽޺׾ҵҶյټʵΪ̫ҵҶΧһû˵ģĽкܶʬ塣
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޾ͲǲսֻǲԸм裬޵ĸ߰ǰսǣⲻǲᣬܣɣһֻ벻ѣ
Ҳʹ˶Լͬţǵʲô
ҶռǰţӪѾĲԶĻսںѹֻмһ֣ǡ
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˼˿壬ͬʱҲǰС
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һ޵УҲûô׵ƿǷ⣬ǣҪҶյĽ䵶Ҳ𿪡

ҶղڽԷˣҪǰԣЩ
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Ҷûн£һѾˣսǣҶûнȴԽ轣
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ģҲģǣ߱ýɲǣȴ־ȻÿһǼٵġ
˿̣Ȼһ϶
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Ǿ߰ɣҶտ˿ǰĲԶˣǾһˡ
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Ȼû·Ǳ㿪һ·
Ҷս߾٣ɭȻĽ˲䳯ܵͬһȦһȦˮ泹׽ңЩӿɮҶǽɲǣȻͬʱһͣΪǸ˲ͬʱܵ
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վҶոǰɮ¶һ˿ΪǺȻŵһѪζ޳ѾŹεѪȣȴһȻǺܿͷΪʲôǵͷȥʱ򣬱㿴ԼѪģ۲ĲƲ
˭ֵܹ磿
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Щɮǰ䣬ͬݻƵĸɲݱ紵һ㣬ɢء
Ҷһ֮ǧˣ



431 ۶Ǹ졾
Ҷһǧ˺Щɮ֪Ҫʲôˡ
ǱҶһճһƬĵطЩڱ˻ɱǵӪʣȻЩڵĿǵӪʣ
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޽Ǻս֮ͽ佫Ǵʮ죬ɽȥ޸뽫Ƭ޳мսοҪǴʮ죬ôֻʮˣӦȫ׵Ľѹ
ԣЩɮܿ׹ҶմȺҪǵӪЩʲôЩʲôأЩɮ֪ȴ֪ǵóѣΪǽǸŨҵ衣
ЩɮܿͶ󷽻δüƵ޳ɮȥҪҶһˣǣǻˣҶһɱǧɮҲһ·ܹһԷӪڣǣЩɮȴ٣ֻǳӪڣֻҪܹ²һһնɱȿɣվʲôġ
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һĻһĻϳ֣Ҷߵİڽ٣ǿΪսԣǰҶյһС
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̶̵İ׶Ժܶ˶ԶԶת˲ִܵǣǰ׼ȴվɮҲվ˻
ЩԴӭϣ汽˳ȥҲ˳ȥûԸߵһԼԶȥҪսҲҪʤ
Ҷǰţֱһˡ
ЩɮƺҲԵķҲǱȾҲΪҶǸѾԽԽЩɮһеҶգȴôǰվǱ
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ɱֻеɱնˡ
Ҷյǰûصɮ·һȻߵ˾ͷ
ҶڿǸ죬ؿǸ죬ΪҶվվǸĸǰֻҪֱסȻܻС
ǵôҶտϧ֮һˡ
Ҷ֣ǸȥȴҲɲǣһ䡣
Ƿ⣬ȴҲǽ⣡
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ɲǣҶϽȻ޽ȴѾн֡
ΪҶջн⣡
ӭǵɫĴȱҶյĽⶸȻɢ
ɲǼ䣬һз·𶼱ɱ



432 ۶Ǹ졾ġ
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Ƭ̺󣬽ɫķɢ߳һɮˡ
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ҶյץǸ죬ָʣĽնȥصײǵף漴ҶյĽⱻ飬ǵҲɢ֮Уǣʹ˸ģ
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µױԹʳɾƬҳսԵļžҶյԼǸ죬ȴҲ˿̣һŭĺմһֱɽϣ䵽Ƭ޳С
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ţƬҳպȻѿһ޴ѷ죬ǻɵպȻĽâ䣬һֵĸɽѷиֳǸɽ֮һģӰȴܹ˸ܵɢŭ⣬䣬ǵӰǰһץ
һץ֮
һֻɷ۶ɵĽɫֺȻĴеѷ̽˳ӭƮյڤӣӭǲڤӵԹֻ꣬ɫĴֻһץԹ㷢ʹĲҽ֮·Ͷȵĵǰ㣬ȼȻֻɫָ˲䳬ȡ
ҶĬɫҰףڵԨǴڤ߹ϣǾǷϣǰֻɫֱ뿴ĶǽɫĹâ̺ŷ

زԣգĲɷ
ˣûеڤˣȻҲûڤӣ
ӶûˣҪʲôڶˣ
һδսȰܵĽҶĬԼĶҲɲǣҶĬȻܵΧڻۡ
Ҷճˣ
գĲɷԣزһֱһֱûгɷ𡣡ҶտյΪܿգȻڤҲղˣ
Ǳڵڤ֮ˮȻȥӭ˷ݺݵֻɫĴײȥ漴ǽɫУ
죡Ҷȵ볬ڤӣȴԼô
ҶĬӿ׹䣬ҶոסǣڤڣڤӴ˿Ѿ˽ڲϢĽ
ҶյĽ
ҶյĽɱڤĻݹǣһ֮ӣ
ҵĽҶ΢ЦʵǺܺã
ҶɲǣֻɫĴֱ͵ɿڤӣƼʳͬҺĹԡ
ѪѪ
ɫѪҺе棬ʹ˵ɮѸٵĻָÿһɮϵعߵףǿʮĶͣΪˣϧԼǣֻҶոԼֻ֪Ǳǽֶѡ
ҶЦݣ
ڤӶڴ˿̴ʣڵĵգеѷȥ
ֻɫѹ䣬סڤӣΪڤӴ˿ǱȻǽȻ޷׵סǣֻɫ뽫ڤӸȥմ䷲䡣
ɫķһ䣬صڤ֮ϣȴɲǣڤӵĺˮȻֿͬѸٲǽɫƣ
ۣ
ɫѪҺ˼䡣
ֵȴδ˵ֵ
ʼնն˵ģ
ԥƬֻ̣ɫƺȻ˻ȥǵеѷ죬ʮ졭
ҶչЦ
ˣΰʮ֮Ȼˣ

ЦУǸӭչĴȻѡ
Ҷ۶Ǹ죡



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սͼÿ궼Ὺͼǣÿ꿪ͼĵطΨһԿ϶ǿ϶ڽ֮ڡ
ǽɫĹâͬʱսͼδ״򿪣Ȼܹ֪սͼķλǣǽɫâǵķΧ⣬սͼٵĵطӦǲǻҰ
˾ǰ̤ƬҰģĵط³ǡ
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ǣΪ¥ʮǣչɶƿǰģ˾ԾȻҪҲҪ¥ʮǵ𲻴ӦԣȻ£ֻʵˡ
սͼչʾʵĺûᡣ
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ֻλ³һ̳˿ȴǸǱ
ԴӽǻҰ֮ǱڲϵıӣΪʼն׷ţߣ׷Լǹ
ǼһȫںɴߣƲףΨһԿ϶Ǽһǿǿֻܡ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
˾µĽŲȻֹȥ
ǸǰվŸˣȫźɴϴߣЦʱߵĻؾͻᱻǣߵͻ᲻ϵĿϣ졣
㵽˭˾һ¿ˮ³ʲôԩҪ˸Ͼɱ
ǰĹ˿û˾˼ֻ俪ŷ죬漴ǵ˶
Ȼĸɴ࣬ǹԼȻȡһϽָֽһǷֽȼ漴ӹķ㻯˵ǹ濳ɱȥǣǹӭЩУǲܲϣ漴µ˼ƽ
ĻʵѾظΣʲôֶΣǰĹ涼ںҲʹ˾޼ƿʩֻܡ
ڣĻظš

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ԶˣҶոճһĻ˾£ǹ档
ȷЩ˼ġճֿܱͲľ͸ټˡ
ŶҶյ˵ǵ˼ôãôãȻûԼǰĲ飬Ǿ߿ܡ
ճǿϸɵ˿ǣͲױο³ǵСһֱǱģƲ޶ȣҲֵΪ档
ҶյԣҪˡ
ճһѡ
ҶָָԼΪʲô
ճҶǿЩȤҪ˭ġ
ҶյΪʲôԼȥ
ճΪճ
ҶտЦΪճ˼ԣС²Ҫ֣ǵȻֻҶն֡
ѾñԼսͼϵλƨɺͷ
Ҷ︹һ䣬漴ĻַųһգԾ׺󣬱ȻǾ߹ſ£ǽµɲǣǹϹŵĺɴ˲ըǹһѿǾ߿ģҲʹ¶һͭܣȫʣˮһţ͸ǵĹ
˾ȻһãȻȻδô£ֻǾǰ׷ԼľȻһ߿ܡ
ȴҲɲǣԶ˵Ȼһͺȣ˭
ţǰƮɢţ÷Բ鶼ܹ˷ޡ
˾ŶԷ·ͼƣʱȵ͹
͹ڽشʱ䲢̣˵ڽسģȴڽŶȻҲպգǽһ̳ڹĺķ͹ֶΰԵ»ڣײҲԶ˾뿪³ȴҲ͹ĴţһڽоǸŷɥĶ

Զճԭôǵ˵Ҳ˼֪Ϊı
Ҷյ˭
ճǵˣΪǽǿţӵ壬ҲǹΨһ޳󷨵ˣȥո֮ȴδǰսͼȻˣӦɱսͼǰʮд˵ܳΪ
Ҷյ˽ѽܿô
ճߵĵطˣĴҲͶˣ˶ѣ߰ɡ
ҶյͷתճŽ⸲ǵУȴʲôǰ㣬ƵͻȻͷֱ̧һƿգ
ǽϣҶ⻯ѧһŽͨڤ㲻öȴÿǴ˭ʹ
һ˲䣬ǽʣǧ֮գۼţ͹վĸ֮ϡ
͹ԼĿܼһģĴ磬ȫźɴϴŹߣֻǣ֮¶һ˫ɫѪͫǵϵĽԼɫһݣƼ仯һƬΪܣǵȥ
飡
ഥɲǣǺͬʱըѣΧϯ˾²̧ͷĿ͹ŵĿ֣ԼѾѣұϲϸ΢Ľۡ
Ĭκ͹˼һۣǸȥ
˾ºò״ӾѹдлǰԮ
ճҶյ˼ô
ʨӲ൱ȫǣʨӱϾٲɱӣʨӵĶʵڹСҶգ͹ʵҲСսͼͼǼʢ£ܶ˶ԼֵսͼЩпܵսͼսͼˣȻϣԼǰŲŲΪˣǲϧһ飬취ЩвԼ˻ɱ¶͵Ϯ壬á
ǻţѾȥʲô磬µĶʼġ
ֻ˾£͹ȻûʸвҶգԣճҶʲô˼
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ճȷǺû˼
ճ˵û˼ȻǺû˼˼
Ҫҵսͼˣ̤ɲǱСĽ䱸ԼΪ˵ĵ꣬ҶոճȻǲãֵǳֵֻͼŸ߹ڿյսͼڴ֮ǰһеһжǶ۶ǰĲֵһᡣ
пôҶտصĽ
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Ҷյ㾭ôΣô᲻֪
ճÿζһģô֪пΪģпľģҲпģÿοķʽͬȻ˶Ծͺû˼ˡ
֪ǽǼˣǼˣǣ㲻ÿζǿһ㡣Ҷ̾˿û˼
ճܶ鱾û˼



434 ɽ
Ǿ䡰û˼ƺħһ㣬ܿͳҶպճĿͷ˵Ķ֮˺Ȼ˵ĸ֣ƺҲһû˼飬֮⣬˶ҲܵһЩ仯
ûоȣҶյұΪǴȴоԽԽȡ
ճûвһˣӦսͼĵһؿ顣
ҶȻҲ㿼飿
ûô򵥡ճĿӦƬ̣漴
ճȫʩչʱٶȴǼģҶȻҲֻǿסת˲֮䣬˱֮ܳأճȻͣ½Ų˵ĲԶŸˣ˵ĸѣήɸɰͰ͵ģڵһ
ûˡҶǰ۵ֻʣһѣѾ޷Ρ
Ҷջ䣬Ǹѵļһ㳹ױѵƬȻɹζɢԭֻʣʧȥʶ껹Ҳֲ֧˶ãʧȥʵڹڴÿһ궼Ӧйᡣ
黪ڸ۷塣ճ˶ԣֻЩȶѡ
ҶյָоЩ̶ֳֻȣ»Ѳҡ
ճΪȻѲģֻǣȴǱˣսͼɲֻΪһ˵ʵҲֻΪܹģǻۣǱͨľȵȣΪûʲô⣬չһЩܹսͼĿ࿴ĶսͼϵλܻܿһΪ
Ҷ°͵˼ҵЩ취ǲĹҲͨ˵İ취
ճа취ȻãҲսͼĿ࿴ǻۣǱľЩ޷۾ģսͼҲܣʲôܹ֪㵽ͨ·ʱıֶһңսͼڻԶĺܣʡЩܹǺõġ
ΣҶŵľƺ«뿪޳ıֻССģȴܹʮ׵ľƣЩҺֱӴԴȥԼܳҶҲˬˣΣ
ճԥõҲǸ취
ҶյҲ
ˡճȻܾҾ߹ȥ㹻ˡ
ճĿƿֲһóһƬຣˣȻǿֲģҪԼģȻճҲˣ̫Ǳˡ
ҶյνԼǷǱ෴ģģǺ⣬Ϊ֪ƾսͼǰԼΪһսԼʡʡЩĺá
ȫʪ͸ǱӲ֪᲻սͼǶӡ֣취ȷǺЧˮܹ£ƵȻҲܣܾ֮Ҷռ㲻ҪĹҲֵܵȡ
һֱάʮأ·ϼ˲ٱѵĵùЩ˶ֻ黪ڸǵΪҲǿᣬȻҲڵһضȥʮ֮ǿȵĸоɢҶղ˷ѾˮԼ£ͬʱǰһʯɽ
ճ̧ͷҲǵòǻҰɽ
ҶյµĿ飿
ճҲ
Ҷַ̧ųһ⣬ʯɽȥȴҪԾɽʯȻ顣
нơҶյǵڶ顣
ճǾ߰ɡ
ճȻ޾壬̤ʯɽҶЩţȴԵĺ̹Ȼͬճ˵ǰ㣬ҶΪҪǻ߲սͼǰֻ˵ǸֻβߵƯõսͼϿɣĿ࿴
˼䣬̤ʯɽ
ʯɽ͹͹ıȴʯףΨһͨ·Ȼ˳׶ϡ
Ҷղȥʱ򣬻Сĵĵ̷һ£ȴЩʯײ֮ҲͷȴҲʱҶպȻճԼԶЩ
ҶձܵļӿŲȴüһӿٶȣճȻԶЩȻҶտŹ֣ȻȫʩΪʯɽ̣ȴҲɲǣճ׵ĸԶ룬ʧˡ
Ҷͣ½Ų૵
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ι
ҶһԼͳȥܾȴʼûճĻشҶձ֪Լʮа˾þˣȻճ᲻ԼңճпѾ˻þþеֻҶնѡ
ҶոоЩ⣬ڽΪһֽĹϵԷҲЩ⣬̫żԴͷĹֺ󣬷ҲΪЩҲ֪һϾҶ֪һ𣬶ЩĿȾƫҶΪƧ֮ڣ˻һдڤеıӰ㲻ҲԴ˴δйԼиڴ˵ҶĬνڤӽҶһغҶĬΪѾٶ˯
þ˵ҲһͨС磬ΪҲܹСնǣֱİ취˻þ᲻ᱻսͼģ
Ҷ°죬µĴǲ̫ģþסսͼĻþҲУֻҶȻճҸ棬Ϊøİ취ȥþ
þ󷨻֮ģǾǲû󷨣ҲûĻþþͨΪٵģȻв֮ȥþķճĺ쳾ն˺쳾ȥֻҶղԸѡ
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Ҷճ˼ԼɽʱһУҲ֪˻δߵʯɽѾʯɽҶղδпþˣֻճѣΨһĹŹ־ճԼԶȥ
ȵȣԼԶȥҶպȻһ˿૵ԽܣԽܵÿ죬ճıӰԼԽԶԭˣ
Ҷ͵׹漴ټʯɽ϶Уȴǻͷɽ¶ȥţһƬȻʣߵɽʱ㿴һƬƺճվ羰
ʯɽȴߵģӦߣҶռճԼԶȥһ·ɽȻԽܱճԽԶ͸֮ҶղŲɸ̾ʵǸܼ򵥵Ļþ벻͸ǿµԶʯɽʯ֮ϣɽɽж˲϶£
ճعͷüô˾ãþʵڵСҵܺ쳾ˣȻ͸ЩСϷ
ҶոЦ漴ʲôʱ򿴴ģ
ճҸûϹɽ
⻰ҶպܴԼǿܵɽ׹뵽ճڻϵǷຣܻóĻþȻ򵥵úܣҶյҲǰƣϾʵԼóбսͼԼȽ
ҶյǷƺʱʯɽȻƣߵɽ±һ˾ĪĻصҰ֮УٿԼĻʲôʯɽ˵Ǻֻǲճ۰ˣȴ֪ж˻رʯɽס
þϵӦǷӦ۲죬ȻľҲһĿ飬ԿΪûжߵҪ󡣡Ҷո̾սͼҲ֪ıȷס



435 ľţ
Ҷոճ˳ŻҰǰУ̽ȴгȺӣ಻˽ӣ֮ҲȻǼΪŵĹŻһ
ֱǰһأһ·ӱţ˶פǰ
ҶյǻҰô
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ҶյΪʲôӣ
ʵǾϻӵԭȻǹ˺ӣΪվˣһվŶͷһվͷ԰ѳŵһͷȻǹ˺ӣ˱סˣֻ˵⣬Ҫô˼ǿҪôսͼĿ顣
Ҷղ˼ǿΪճʶȻճʶȻ̸ǿ
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һ˱սͼĿˣһһ£Ҫ취ţȻǰùŲ˽ƣҪƹ߹ȥҲҪΪӲ˶شһӹǵĽֽģڽҲýĸ֣ҲеϹսͼȴԷһնʹҲӲЩ˻ͷѰ·УЩǲʵפǰ
ճôô
ҶյȻܴȥģδȤЩô
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ãҶյڶ԰ҡ
Ҷ˵ͲٹճּǰȺ
ιããҪȥ
ҶƼŽΧ˸ƿֱߵǰ˵ŭӣȴҲв˺ؿҶգҪôӲҲܿҶյı£ȻٲвֻȴǴ㿴ҶյЦô˶ȥѲƫԣȻҲڴҶʲô취ܹţĿУ«Ҳ͹ȥˡ
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ϵĲ˵Ѫĸоеô
Ҷȴǲ֪вУǸ취ΪʲôҪţΪӣԣ⿼˵ѵӦòôţôӣȻ߲ͨǱɺӺˡ
Ҷνɲȥͻصϰ·ն˱ǣˣҲ޷
ǺʵҲʮ׵ӣߵʱˮչҶյؿڣҲδʲôŹ֣ȻǳƬ̣Ҷƽƽĵ˺Ӷ԰
취ã
ЬЬϽɺӣ
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ǺӰһͷʱһƬ֣׷ѧҶյģɺӣҶճһ㿴ճѾԼǰ
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Ҷձ齩סȻиԼһƵĳ嶯ʵǸܼ򵥵ĵ
۱ɺӵˣҶյҲЩοԼҪǰﱿĶˡ
ճ߰ɡ
Ҷյͷճǰȴǰ˲ףճȻ̧֣ԼһĨ̻һò
ҶҲճΪҪΪ֪ԭ򣬲Ƭ̵Ĺ׷һ˴ߣյҶոǰлСֵܣղллˡ
ԼҲҪɺӵġҶյûʲôֵлġ
ܹ黹ҪлģûĻǿɹ˺ϵЦӯӯ˵ţȻϵһüλ֪ôƺ
ճĮٻӡ
ϵӦһճʱûȤǰٻǸҩɣרֲҩݣҩϻŲ裬֮ûʲô֮սͼҲǹ
ҶյҴӰ
һüϵЦ˵˸Ϊļһ£Сɣ
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Ҷյߵһֻ࣬Ѿǰͷ΢ĩıһֻĺȰˡ
ԭˡһüϵ˵ǲĻһͬΣ
Ҷտճһۣû˿ıʾͷԡ
һüǸ˼ˣΪֻ黪ڸǵӣδ۷壬ԼĻ˵սͼĿ鲢öҪΪ黪ڸҲǺ޻ᣬȻͶȡ֮ӣҪͬʱһü˵ļŷǳ㣬˻˷ճΪ۷壬ѾվǰҪвסļһ⣬㼣ܹ鲼ֹһü˾ˣضطȥκεأʱĸҶոճЩȤζЦҲڵӡ
˰ʱսͼһֿ黹δ֣һüȴǺȻͣ½Ų
ǻҰǰҲģ֪·ܹߵÿһЩҪҪ
Ҷ·
һüЦŴӦһߵǰͷϱߣò˶ñǼһϿȣϿȲģֻ˰ӣ㵽˾ͷֻϿȾǸ«ȣڿխҪֻһڣߵұڣûг·
Ҷյ˵Ľ·
Ȼǽ·һü˵ɫȻǹĽ·
һü֮ʣϿĹľʯ߳ʮֱֳһĿҶոճ
Ҷյô˵
һü˵ԹԽϵĶҲܴ󷢴ȱһ
ճҶյȷÿ궼ôˣ֪ԼսͼֻΪ˳˻٣ϾˣҪôΪףҪôЩͨͨȻҲһЩʵڣȴűնˣǶĿЩϡ
Ҷ̯֣һüƵҿһ˥Ķ౦ô
һüߵ˵⣬ԸԹԽǾֻܵүȡˣ֡
սͼǰ飬һüȺ˵ʵв֮ϿʮȴûһΪ黪ڸ֮£ǵһۣʵ㲻ʲôǣȺһ󣬵ҲС
Ҷ΢΢ɨճһۣһ︺ֶϺϲŭҶֵֻ̾Լ
ǰ̤һҶҲķϻ˹ָʾǾǰ
ȻöԷЩŭһѵԴ岻û׹ԼѾΣ֮ˣ
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ճЦЦ漴̯ƣƼһǣŲʱƼһڵƬ漴ֵݵҶյĸǰ԰ɣӦģԼ˼Ҳţ⡣



442 Բ棬Ȳ
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յȦƳɲǣҶձоԼȻһϡ


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ɫЩȻȻҲ˷ǱӲʵĽʹЩԥԥ컹ҧҲ뿴Ǳ˵еĽǲô
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Ҷ̾˿ýƽԼĵ֮ȫն飬ȴһԶΡȻѾһ޵и֮ˣҶձʹգһ޵ܹ鲻ã޽ܺնȥ
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ճվƬɫҹĻԼ飬ԴˣȨָǵĹÿ˶Լ뷨ÿҲӦԼ뷨ǹƽģЩ˶ҲӲĨɱ˵־ҲԼ־ΪԼȷ飬һ㣬ҾԼȷģҲ
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ȴǹЦţսͼŲֻһЩ֣˰ĽһµĶأ÷Ƿ²˵Լȫ֪ȷ֪һЩ÷
Ƽ両ֳѪɫսͼһĨЩֱͷųɫĹâ漴·һ㣬սͼζƺڽ顣
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ܵĵ֮ӿҶϯȴײϿַɲǱʵķ顣
ֻ֮ķ֮ԴԴϣҶ߸ÿַնһƬǵѷӿצгҶӿңЩ֮׳ҲѲԶɽö࣬Ȼڵ֮ԣҶһȺ˸ΪζȻҲΪ˸ľԸǡ
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һ࣬ճ֮ʼû廯ԸƾǳֻǲϵĻס죬ͬʱԼָ죬޷˵ƾȥֻǽЩǿ⣬ǷΪȻǼΪ壬۷ɵٿ죬ɵٸߣֻҪɲգɲǳͬҲͷɲƾС硣
ƾȻҲۣǵһθоԼֿݽ֮ǸҶնһ漴ָƴ˾磬չ˸ԵС磬ҪӦճ֣ǰƾҲоЩ֧
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ҶյȺһﱾǹǵֲŵ֮ӵи֮һʳʳ˵ԼΪбҪܱɰ˰뻨ĹӣҪСıҲҪǸȻͻᱻңЩһڵĵ֮ƺѾˣԣ϶ʳˣѰƶǶûЧǿѸ޲塣
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ˡЦǲ֪ôõ֮ǣ֮ǳҲͬǿֱ֣֮ǾŰ꣬ʮ꣬ʮİ꣬Żѣ֮ҲеǶ֮ҲʮѣֲȴǶʮİ꣬㶼ǳڵĵ֮ӶʳıҲң
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ٱ֮ףƽǰΪٱӣһ˿ţʱԽΪΣΪʼնһ˿֮ͬװΣսνĵֻͨһ;ǱսɱС
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ڶǱ޽һȵ޴󣬸Ϊصľ޽ƺľ޽ʹЩСϸĽУľ޽ʲôӣԣҪʹȻն˵ǽľ޽ʵƵǼصĵ
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˵ȻθߣҶŭ漴Ƕ֮ӿ׳ҶպݺݵĳҶ̺ܣнҶձоƥеľӱصĴӿ䣬ǵѿӣǽҶոֱǶͷ
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Ѿɥʧǣ˵ǲ壬һֱް˻ʣȻʶѾ֮ռݣҲҶԼ˵ģ㽫ֲܹ֮ʱõǿҲ·һΪվһ죬еĵ֮Ҳʳ
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ҵʦսǵˣȴҲԽѣʶԽʵôҲ񽻡ΡȻɾҽķϣһؿɺá
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˻࿴һۣͻȻģǾ׳˱ɾ
һԲֱӳ֣ٻЩͻأҲɾһ㣬ȴҲֻɲǶѣ˵ɾǰ£ɾȻعҲνֻʴǰһǣһֱ̳ӵ˵ļΣ˸˻ȥͬҲ˻ȥһ˻Ĺơ
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֮ɾ˵α񣿡
ȴǲ˾ɾʵȴǼǰʣҪסɾֻǣ֪֪֮Էαܹó֮ʳɾĻöԷóѣֻҪסԼȻ̾ͻʳ
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ŽȴаͲʲôձܹյģȻôʸ񱻳Ϊħ
ħڣαѾ飬Ӧǰ뻨ĹҲֵͬ㣬ħڵ˲䣬ħƻţƻƻӤ꣬ƻԷڵĵ֮
˹ſڵϣ˵ǻδħʣǷˡ
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ֵֻ֮ĶնģֻҪ֮ˣܲϵȻһ취ǺĹ֮֮ͻήֻǣ취ͨҲգǵ֮ʳܳɣĵ֮ݽߣԼɸʬˡ
ǵ֮Ȼ꣬ɾҲɲƣɽ䶯ĳҲܹŹ֡
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һȫûʲôŹ֣ǾͨľҲֻǵӰʯͷȥܵľͰҨҲֻˮھͬǰкû˼ʵڿ⣬ʲô֮˵ֻһӰʲôã
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ʱȻ˻һȴ˵ãԱȥȥ
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˶Դ˶֮ͬѿһαȻҲѿ⡣
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ԣΪ棬ֻս
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Ϊһ꣬иµŮ˳ɾ͹
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עɡԪʮһǶţ̫ˡ
ԪʮСȻЩ꣬ÿԼҪʱҶǻߡ
һΣҶ

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αִǰ˭֪绹ôһȺ˵Ĵڣǵĳ֣Ļ̿֡
Ļֲֻ̿ڽء
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˿Ǻߵɳ̲ϣȴǶӰ
˶ˣҶܹŹ֡
ߵԶۣԶ˯ΪһֱںȾƣľƺ«뿪ߣǾƺ«ľƸԶȲһ
ұߵڳ棬棬Ƭ㣬˴л˵ЩĶǸĨ֮ƺʳǣȴԵĺ˹ģʱֻһСĵܽ֭·ϣʱʱĻȿ
ˣһ˷磬һճ˭֪˷簮Ⱦƣճ棬ǣվˣһֱǸ߸ϵġ
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αǿҪе֮ĴڣҲעԽսԽǿ
ǼΪõϢ˭һȺѱɱͬʱԽսԽ׵ļһﶼ᷸𣬶ǽбαѾֻ֮ǾԲõˡ
˵Ҳˣ֮иʧеǣЩαͬǲҪżҪؾҪҪҪҪ
αǲ֪ƣɱħͷǹЩԭֻΪɱˣ˵ƾ޹ɱ˷ķһôûУƫƫЩαΪɱ˶ɱˣǵ֮һ
Ȼ˶Ļ̻̣һ֧ԱĨȥζŰ߼ЩһпԱ̲Աձ࣬սܼǴûй飬ЩαһȺȳ棬֮ݲ
⵹Ҳûкôα磬ʹ˼ǵʱǷֿڽ֮ġ
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Ĳҽ֮׵ż˺󣬶ڼϵĸ첲˿ȴѾ䵽ϻΣֻһҶձն׵壬첲
ʹĴϢðΣ׵侲Ǽ򴦵˿ڶȻһ֮ۻΣһ첲ȻɣȴҲǿܵɶϱá
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ɽ̫ļңθȻ֮أ˭Ҳ׽̫Ӱ˭Ҳ޷ʤ
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Сӣܡ
׵̷ǰ׷ϣʧȥСӵӰֻԽԽ鷳ɾ׵Ҫ׷̫ƬľɲǣͷȴȻֳ⣬׵üһֹͣ׷ϣȻԾ𣬻ӳһţӿ£ڵϡ
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һǰô¥ɱְɣֶ׵漴³ҲգϷ򿴿㻹ܶãҲ·ˡ
׵춪˶ϼ߽ľصɽ֮䣬Ѿ˿ڣȻЩ˿ڶȴҲϾ˿ڣһ޲壬һ治޲ģ˿ڴٻһ˿ʹ׵콥ȥȻûоԵһĥöԷֽ֧սȴ̫ķʽ
׵ȻҲһ㣬ұ̫ŪĲ䷳ǣʱƣ׵췭Ǳ̹Ȼ߽Ƭɽ֣Ҳ׷ϣ̫һԼܼţֻ޷ҳڰˡ
ôصǶĶأ׵ܿȥľϣֽԼأ
˵䣬׵Ȼĳ֣Ƽһһ޴ĵǰȥɷУǰһƬľпǴ׳ɱ㳯·䡣
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ΪϷһ·㣬ǿ㲻ܣʲô鶼ûô׵Цǰһŵ֮ӣĵҿһ·϶µ֮ģȻǳĵ֮ǳĴǣֻֻһĴѾ㹻ˣ˴ɽ϶Ѿ˵֮㻹㣿
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ôɲǣ̫ȻоԼµһɣ֮͵ĸֳ˳ƵıҪԼĽȥ̫ǷӦ죬ǵ֮ӿֳɲǣĺԾźȥ֮ܿľ֮δҲ׷ӿ
ʵϣЩ̫йֻ߰ζܵȥ·ȫҪЩӹͬʱѹΧľЩľײϣľƽЩܹ̫صĵطҲһһʧ̫ܹ˳سȥҲ޷ǰǰˡ
Сӡ׵쿴̫Цĵϵ
ߣϼһΪԼӮˣ̫ЦΪֻֻһӴܣ˶ô
׵΢֮⣬ΪԼʲô
ȷûȵҲǺƽİֶ壬츳ƺҲƽƽŬΪΪҲжǱԣЩ޵ţЩӵļһֻҪͬΪͻǿö࣬ǽڰ졣̫ȻЦָյΪֻôߣúúÿƬգ
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̫ǱϽ̥ǰıһĹֻй㹻ģйҲͬҪ÷Ƿɣǹʯ׸ѣο׵ѾƲ

׵ֻüһһۣҲҲ
׵Դ̫Ҳ˿üȻ׵Ѿɵˣܵĵ֮ûпήµ֮ô׵Ŀή̫ܸɵ׵죬Ҫɵôĵ֮ȻЩ룬㶼Щĵ֮ҲǰöԸġ
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ңҶȻ̫Ӱ֪ʮа˾̫ɣ̳۵㻹뽫Ҹɴ⬲ɡ
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ҲǲȥǻزȥҶտЦɽһУӦڽ˰ɣ
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ȻҪġ⻰Ҷ˵ĺǹֻεֻڻûֳܹȥ֮Уڽֻ̹г֮ڸߣңϵһҲôš
Щαһֱںڰ֮еģ֪ǵĴڣαģϮظҲʾŹȥزصαʽ̨ˣЩαĿʲôЩα񵽵ôģҶջǣʵЩαȻǳսйأȻˣЩα񶼹ĳˣҶҲԼ֪ıҪˣԽԼ֪һж̫
һȻ̫ĳС̫ãȻһĹҲûܽҶ˵һиԵЩ͸֪롣
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̫ࡣҶյϵϹܣҲŬԼɾ͹񣬶֮зһУҾֻҪǰһо㹻ˣЩαϾǺܲöԸҲϾȥ飬һǿԿ϶ġ
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δҲδֻεķƺЩ
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Ҷߵ˵Ҳ˽νҲʲôöΪһ˽Ҫõ㣬أȴǺǣȥ˶òϢֻأֻԶˣҲá
̫ͷûҶô죬ʶͨǶǺܾη̫ǲϰָ飬ҲͬҶյ˵Ϊǵһ˽Ūȥֻڴ˼Ǹ
ȴҲʱ̫Ȼͣ½Ųûʲôԣ
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Ҷյڸô죿
ûȵɽţȻٱ߳ȥ̫åɽ鷳ˣǹطһɽһɽ߳ȥģåɽ·̣϶ô׽åɽڵģǽ뽻أֻҪɽţ϶·ܹȥġ
˵㡣Ҷֵ̯Ҹߡ
̫ɽ֮ػǺϤҪǱҶտһѣҲڻ·΢˱淽󣬱ɽŶȥ


ҶԴӽ˲ؾ¥󣬱㼫ֻǻȥһɽˮժ˸ЩիˣһֱҶս˲еĦɡ
ʦҶҵǴԼɮ룬Ҹ뿪ˡ
ɮŵʱҶյ۾ʩȥĶ
Ҷճ޳
ɮʩɾˣɱԽ֮·˸һȴδ｣֮ͨʱȥ޳ĵطԲ̫ĺôЩŬҲ׷ѣǽɱֻ
ҶյʱԸʦĽ̻壬ҵʱѾʵˣǰЩӴʦҹңҵϷһУ˵Ҫһϣȴôʦˡ
ɮҴĶ
ϣֶҪеģҿκζøŬ۲ܵõ㲻ȥ׷ϣôϣΪҪҶյԣҪЩʲô֪ԼʦԵǰ㣬ʲôˣˣҵһҪǳ񡣡
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ǣҶյ˲ȻҪͨ˲ڣԣصľķģȻҲ˹ڰ޵ļء
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˵Ҳɲ飬Ϊˣʮ޳ΪΨһľΨһŭ´ˣֻҲΪһУð޸쿪ս޳սδͣЪΨһľҲô
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ҪĳԣҪҰᡣ
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СүɵȲôãҶһ䣬ۿ޽һ޴̨ϴһԾԽȺ䵽ǰͷ
һǰͷİ޶ʱҶռΪȵŶȥء
Сүȭͷǹء
Ҷ̧־ͳ޵ϺȥȴǱԷƵ䡣
Ц뼥Ҷռ䣬ȴҲɲǣҶնȻȭͷǰһͣ㽫޸ɳȥصˤڵϡ
Сүûյ飬˭Ҫǲǰͷģҵȭͷ
ҶյƶʱΪʵİŰΧĦȭƵĶҶա
СӣһǵҺ뿴ȭͷжӲ
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Ҷն˵ֱ̧һȭŶԷȥڰ޶ԣǴĵȭͷ⣬һжԣҶҪƻأ֤ȭͷӲֻҪȭͷӲǵ
ӭΧ۶İޣҶҲνֱֱ̧һȭͷԺһȭ޸ɳȥţҶȭ֣˳Ʋһȴһɽһ޸ײɳȥֻǣһȴǸݣ޵ɳȥȴһǽڡ
գۼˣҶҲΧİޣֻͨԵöԷҶգڰ޶ԣȴǸΪ˷ܣΧսİޣ˿ҲԵԾԾԣʮ˲ΧҶա
ɣҶ˿δɫΧİƵһϣ
ҶմӱȴҲһ֣ûýܿȥԽŻ˼ޣȴҲİڣҶձֵԽͣЩڱԽȤҲͬ֡
˿ҶƺǰʯͷԼĽţȴ֪ҶյƵģȻЩ鷳Щ޶ԼȻЩڶԼȻһλҲƲԼ
ס֣˶ߺȻըװһȴͻȻĳԣ漴ҶյƺҿԽս



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̤¹ǰʯף޿ںİҲͲپ˵һҶո޽֣ѾвٵİѾ˭ܹʤڰ޶ԣ㲻սǿ߽֣ͬҲܺ׵رȼǵ顣
ʯ׺󣬱Ҷȳ֣ȴҶҲ΢ЦŲǫãͻȻҶնȥ̧־һȭҶյš
һȭƺȴѶܣȻҲռֵıˣҪҶչƽһսҶ΢΢һԴʹ˱ܹҲǱܹһ˲ʽ֡
ڶȭβϮȴֱֵ࣬ȡҶյ·Ҷ̧ϥǵס͵ļ˳һȻѧҶողŽһײɵӣҲһɽҶո
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˵ԼóȭŻ治ǴģҶյȭͷȴǺٺһЦǴһֱǽҶյȭͷҶվһɢҪ¹ȥޱȻ̧ţý𼦶ķʽСȵסҶյȭͷ
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ӵԵİôֻͨԼ˵ҪҶյƴȭţȻͨҲΪ˼ҶջȳڣҲǲٱȻ䣬һƬɫĹԱſ
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СӣͨΣٴνҶһȭ𿪺Ҳ׷Ҷյͨȭ̫Կ罫ǽɡ
Ҷߵʲôûˡ
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ؿ䣬ȷʵս޲T
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ûսԼսһֱվڱϵ޵ȻݼȻս
죬ݵأݸĸٺ٣޲TȴǻûʸҰݡҶյҪ޳ǵİս޲TҽԼȻҲϣ޲TܹԼϣ֪ΰ޲TҲң
Ҷ˵ȴǽԼĻ˳ȥһȦһȦɢֱ޳ǶĺǡҲҡָǲϵ޳ǵϿڻ졣
еİڶȻÿ춼ͼս޲Tʶһλȴδа޽ֵûаԸ޲Tս֮ǰ㲻ԼӮֻʶһ޲Tı죬ܹʹʹսһѾ㡣
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ʱǹȴͳţȺʵʯű㻺򿪣޲TӰ˵ǰ



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޲TģǸ׳ˣȫһɫ֮УͬҰʵòҲΪ˿ûѰ׶ҲΪĴΪȻܹԼķûεġ
Ҷյʱ޲Tɵһ㣬Ȼܹγ֣Ȼǰȴҡͷ̫ˣģˣԣҲܣֲǿ̤ϰ޵飿
ҶҲͷǣ
ԭˣ֪ΪʲôҪˡ޲T΢Ҫҵ񣿡
ҶͬҲ޲Tܾսɵͷܶԡ
޲TɨҶռ۵ʵƺѰЩСİսӦлὫնɱԣȴңǸкȰ㻹߰ɣҿԵǰһжûҲ㲻İޣû˻Ϊս㡣
ãȻˣûߡҶ۵ȷҵĿģǣȻҪȻҪΪǿģ̫ûȤԣ̫İҲûȤ
Щ˼޲TҶյЩϲˣȻҪսôսɡ
޲TϺȻӿƣܵİڶǺһֻͣҶԭأֻǣѪȴԵЩ겻޲Tϵ˻š
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ΪޣȻֻأȴҲ㲻񣬵Ҳݣң޸Ϊ󣬲ûͳһߣв뵽ַս֮УҲõ㣬ȻңûκһһսдԱɱԣ޵ȷ࣬ȻҲױ𣬵վûвսȴҲԴΪ֮û߸ϵҲûбһսʹվҲΪƬİ֮ء
ҶյվĦ˷վ޸ΪʥǱԴΪӮ˭ܹĦص޳䣬ǱӮܴ䣬ǱӮڻزģȻҲԣɢѲдϵļһȻҲûʲôüƽϵģ֮⣬ûκιֻҲԣõĦֱӴᣬ֮ҲһҲԴᡣ
ԭˡ޲T·ܿҶյ˼һ㣬ЦЩ޵ô
ҵǿԵҸЩ޾޽飬ңҲǵһ̤վҶյѵ㲻˼ôЩҲ뵽ⳡսҪ֪пвǿػĦģȻֻҪѡ񲻽ⳡսģҲ޷ǿ󡣡
ܹܾô޲TȻЦָҶյ㣬˵棬ҲȷЩ˼ҿʲôɡ
Ҷյô޲Tʲôʱʼأ
ڰɡ޲TΣ
ԣҶյʶǰվ·ôھͿԳˣվɲǣϷʼ
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޲T΢ЦȻ󣬺Ȼŵ׾һƳ̧ͷٿʱ޲TѾʧԭء
Ҷ뵽ĻУȻʧƽƽȴҲԼսҶ֪֮ŲҲűʤһӮ濪սಫҶյӮʵ̫СԣҶֻⳡս಻ԤأԼиĻȥӮ޲TҶȴûбֵ´ĦͿӮ򵥵˵ҶմⳡսһЩУЩܽҶմʮľɾһһɰǶǺõġ
ǰվ·ҶȻҲѴȻҲĽսҪֻҪһֱߣܿվڡ

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ιѾʱˡҶε춼ˣôûɽ
̫ҲĨ˰亹˵Ӧѽ
̫ɽֻǼΪϤģҪɽǱ淽ȻǱƣֻҪ㲻ĵɽֶǣһ·ȥȻûǽĹ£̫һֱоԼɽߣȴƫʼտͷߵûɽ߳ȥ
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ҶնڽƸ󷨵һ㣬ϾҶ֪ĿȾҲȫ˽⣬ΣΪۣͬΪҪԽƻǵܰ쵽Ǹܲ˿֪ĽǼܵˣǶԷΪҪǻҪߣΪȻǻˣҲֻôȫ̫ܳûôοҪΪֱӳ˵ĸǰǸ˻Ǹ˶׾ٵ飬Ҫ鷳
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ⲻǴȷôҶյҲ֪˭ĵ˵һܳɽģףЩԡ
ҶպȻͣ½ŲĻܣоԼƱ˸סһ㣬Ե̫Ҳɫأ˵̫Ϊһ֣ⷽľ̶ȻҶ֮ϣͬʱ͸ּܵӵĸо
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̫ͷ˴Լʮףֱ˶ŵĸоʧ٣˶оһᣬʹҶո̫ɫɹŹЩ漴Ĭٴǰߣͬʮ׵ӣǱ˶ϵĸоͻȻ֣ȻҲţȴâ˸оЩڡ
ҶյǺ߽һЩ˵أ
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˶һЦ漴Ĭıǰȥ



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ԽǰߣǱ˶סĸоԽǿҡ
ҶһֱԼԲεķʽ̿ԼΪĵİ֮иӦȴ˿δ̫ϸΧϸڣԷȻҪǣȻǵƶƶǱȻڵһЩۼǲȹݲݣǲҶ飬̫۲ãȴҲ˿ֶûС
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ģҶýȺǱСүɱǰɡ
ǰȸĽ漴һ쳹ǰȸĽһһ㸡ֳƣ漴һֻ߲ʷ˱ӽ̧ͷҶյܡ

ǿҵܵܵĵĴѡ
ͷȴҲ˿ʾХ߶żĺɽֲ֪зɢ
Ҷվٽȵն
Ҷջӽǰ䣬ͷ߲ʷ˱˳Žǰ˳ͷצ׷䡣
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ʵ˵Ҳ㲻ûȸͷʵѾˣƬɽУγ׻ĸ֣ɾ⴦ؾȻлþЧȴ㲻ûþǿɷˮͷ׵ĺǸıɽķˮô߶߲ȥ
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ȸȻģ⴦ؾҵģܶ̽˵ضδƾɽ޵İҵ׵źȻҲͽ⴦ؾռˣȱΣ¥Ѹ˴Σ¥С
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Ҷ̾˵ЩαȻǳģҵһƬ֮أطѵһֱȥ
ȸüҲòҶ˵ʵ飬åɽҲ޷ǲڽصķ֮ȥֻαĵ˴ƣܶ㵽ʲôʱ
ЩһﵽǴðġȸ̾ǵʲô
ҶյҲ֪ţܲġ
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ҶվȵץαȺһɲôץЩ֮˵ԣҪƷȴǧѣô쵽ģ
α񡣡ȸץǼһﲻα񣬵αһģңԳ񣬲Ҿ˵ľЩ軰ѡ
ҶյǼһ
ȸҸѺˣ⴦ؾҪȥô
ߣҶֵ̻ȻҪȥģҲʳЩʲôҲָ׼



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׻ָʵ׵ʬ⴦ؾķΧҲ׵ʬӰ쵽ķΧȸ´˵غ󣬻ϸĵĴһ׵ǾʬΪģһݹԼЪϢΧȦ԰ֲ˸ϲֲһһ޳
Ǽһ˵Լɽ񡭡ȸҶո̫԰ָŲԶһ޳廪֩ĳѨҽˣȥɡ
廪֩Ҳͷ̫֣ȫǱ⵽ѪҩļƷģľ˿˿ԼǿĺģȸҲ˿Էסˣ߽廪֩޳ȸ廪֩ÿҶո̫㿴֩һˣ廨İӡ
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ϣͷ̨ͦɽġҶպٺһЦ漴͵ĳ־סͷĺһҿɽҲˣȥòã
ۣۣۡͷеҪʲôǵģҶǵġ
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491 Ǳ
Ҷո޲TͬʱȵȻǺ˲õ顣
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Ǳ޲TһȭĻ羹Ȼ˱仯޾ɫȻ֮оȻǵĹâԵǻһƬȴţһС
Ƭ֮оȻһƬǿգƬǿպСߣȻǿգҶջ޲Tȷһ㡣
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ҶЦĺˬ죬ֱˬ켫ˣЦᶼǣ˿ޡ
Ҷտ޲T΢ΰİֵܹסǱô
޵ĻŸǻҰһУȴͬҲһеԴΪ˭Ҳ֪Ƭ޵Ļлᵮʲô˭Ҳ֪Ƭ޵Ļлᷢʲô
ʱǻһƬȻƬ֮еǣ֮µ硣
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Ҷտ޲T΢ΰİоΣ
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ѵĻѾԣԵ֮»ûбֵҵΧĻûΪǱɢⲻҶո޲TһֵܹסƬɫʱ򣬱ǶĿ顣
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ҲɲǣǵڶĻȥĲôǿҸ롣
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Ҷջδһ㣬ǽǰߣһһ߽Ƭǳ
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ΪģԣҶղ
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ָоޱȵĳʵƺʲôﲻţԼȣԼڡ
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Ҷ֣͸Լָǰȥһ˲䣬Ҷշ·𿴵˻þһ㣬ǰһȾ޴صţһһĴ򿪣֨֨죬һ˿Ĺ˳ָԼϡ
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αŰң˱֣ᷢЩαƶ࣬ȻҲķɳ
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ȻҲ˲аҪ̽ȥϣܹҳӥżԺˣ뽫ż͸˭׵̽࣬ô׷鶼޹㲻ģҲֻܾʹ˰ݡ
ϾиҪڵȴˣǴģôЩαĿĺпأΪǿĸ֣ĸ֣ȻҲͳαɳ´ǣûûΪα֮ʳ
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ҶҲЩпԼŵʱǹһҪ˵òҶղҲܳƵеС˧ȭһ⣬ǰ˿ǷĸջٿչįŮˣǣ˸Ů˱ϾһȻҲŮ׷֪Ů˵ھʱ˹ֻҼįٸȴҲŵģҪŻÿǮĳ룬Լŵʱûгɼҵ˵ǴԲˣŻһȢӶҪˡ
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Ц߹ȥƹһҶյĸǰǶ޴ӣֱ࣬滹һС֧ţм̶֧ܹţ滹̶һСӣֻǿ;ǹеǹõˮֳмпյģС֣Ӧ޷ȡ
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Ҳ⣬ҶСֵܣЩ˵ɶأǷҲĶͣӦĴмŶԣЩĪ˵ˡ
ҶƣԼ˵ʵòãǵ;˵һʱ֮ǰɾеɸǿյģӰûһȻ󡭡
Ҷ뵽˴üëһȻʲôԼǿǵʺ󣬹ͻȻֵģҲĪɽּﻨ㣬Ƽ֣ڴ֮ǰɾȻۼȴмš
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˵ЩνĹأҶЩϣŹֵĶķģҶȥԼɽҪҶĶһһѯʣҶҲܾҲӹòʳ顣
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ҶղԣǵͷӦһҲ˲䣬һ͵ľƳɵҶյ˿дȥֱӽִҶյ˿֮С

Ҷʹһ漴ҧסһƺѰʲôƬ֮͵һҶյ˿ڴקһС۳̵İ
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Ӳôʹе㺩ȴɵҲҶƲԼͨʱ˸ӵСӸңһ
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Ҷջûͨ飬¹˵˵ѧͨ
ңҲֻһģ˵ˣײʮֲͨ׾ͨѧҲѧģʵҪѧͨĺܼ򵥣ȥǾͳˣǶʲô伮УֻҪ˵ĳڣҸ㣬ңǾ˵Ӧ
ҶյҲѧͨģѧģġ
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ݵؽտݣǧ֮ؽһ˲ɶֻտӹ֮ʱѾ˾֮ϣǱԨأȴǸΪ˵ãԨƽأǧ֮ؿΪ磬ֻһϵ£޴ȥá
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ңҾ徵ĲңҶŭȥһ׷ԣЩǴܵҲ֪ҧ˶ӣɾ˭ûƨɵģҪҽֵţ»Źأ
ͨɫЦȴֲЦҶտɾĴ˶ԭȻǻ˭ûƨɽģЩӻɬޱȣ¶Ѿ߲ˣżмֺٺٵĵ٩Ҷռš
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ûҶյǳɳ˸ʲôȻȥȡʲô
ǳɳ˸һЩǳмÿһʱ䶼ҪЩǳмȡȻǳɳǳɳ˸ʲôãҵǲ˵ÿζ͸̫ϾȥˡǾ̾ǳɳ˸ҪȡһΣҼǵһȥǰǰ飬ʱȥӣȻ˿㷳ˡ
Ҷյʲô˼
ΪԼȮڣ˶ӷѽֻȮýѵȲ˵øӣ˵滹ʧأඣֱӰȮĲ˳ۣ챻׷ļһȥӣȮ˿ҧܹڲ˰ɡ
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Ҳǵġ̫׽ǿҶյûʲôԼԼҲʹ졣
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ҶĨԭǵԼڵϵǡ
ȻԼҲСĵ㡣̫׽ǵӾܽʱܹӻеħܴĹʹ򣬴򲻹͸ϽܣħҲɾЩǳɳ˸򶼷ֻǬֻҪװ֮һͿԻˣҪǾӺ棬һصҲû˹㡣
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Ҳɲǣ̫׽ǺȻһͣͻȻͣȻѾ⣬Χ޾ҹɫǳ˸ǵĽȴһƬɵʯ̨ŵıһƬǺӡ
֮⣬ҶջһŮˣһŮˣɾȻǼģһƮҡ̧ͷǿճ
̫׽ǵ̨뿪̨⣬һֱ߾ܿӡ
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ˡ̫׽Ƿһ˦ʧԭأǿԶԶƮȥء
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Ҷյͷ޵Ļ磬ıԴǴﵮģǣһеһбڴ˵ˣǰһƬҹȴԵį¼ţΪҹ֮һƬһƬǳ׺Ƭҹһǰ㡣
̫׽ǰҶմ򷢵ҲΪҪȡǳɳ˸ֻΪȮٺڶҶʱ뿪ѣԣҶҲŻȥƬǳ֮һɣȴе˯ǺӼƮһһǰƮȥ
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ҶԵĺ˷ܣϻ˫ƬɿӹһһǳǳɵĴţӰԵ衣
ֱҶˣˣֱһɣǺһɣ˳ǳǰƮȥ
貵ǳҶպȻ
ǸоҶձ֮ڵƬҶտǻвǳ漴ǱըѳһƬһƬµǳбһ˿ֻʱ̫ΣæŵֵǱĳʲôҶҲûϸ˼˿̣貵ǳҶȴָܵ˵ʱָо
Ҷձ۾ǰһƬڵɫ
·𿴵س֮ʱһжڶģڵĻ֮ɫȻĳһ˿ǹֻССһֻмĴСȻıĴƬаƬ֮УչֳܶܶԺǿʼΪ
˹һС
ǻ֮Уĵһ磬ûκζֱһ죬̫¼ŶˣкȻɽ˺˶ˣԽԽĶҲǴһ粻ֻһ磬ǳ磬ɾеģֻرˡ
ֱһ죬ƺӭ˾޴ѣĺιأХĺˮǹɽ̨Űʣеһжƻһеһжʧɽ࣬Ѥõڴ˿̻һƺֻص޵һУģȻʱţʱǨ֮£µ罥³֣
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ȴҲһ죡
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ϸֳһȦâҶȴݵؽͨԼɽâԶݣȴֻɳʮףһűײʹıͣĸǰһεǽţͷɲȥ
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ħǰεǽڳƣĦȵ˫ͷìһ̴漴ٴǻѿ֮ȥǣҪ֮ǰħƺȻĺ˹˫ͷì֮ǰǷ˫˫ͷìħƼתţȴû̴ܹॵһཻǱ˫ͷì㱻ɣŻصĦȵС

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Ҳǰ˲֮УҶյڶѡԭ򣬳Ȼͬճ˵ǰ㣬ҶһֻԼֻŷԼˣҶˣ־Զȳ˼ᶨͬҲűˣȻҲǿԼıΪԼսԼһмˣҶոԸԼԼ˫֣ԼĽնɱ
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ΪѪӽҲֱ֪һǳɳʣµȻҶ޹ˡ
գǳɳڵʱҶҲǾòʱȥˣת˷˳̨˻ȥ

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һЩĽ⻯ͨǺܺõģһҲܶЩ飬Ҳ°빦ĥľǼѣָ׼⻯ͻȻľʲôͬһĻᣬ˵ǰҲһ⻯ͷϧõ⻯Ѱһߺõ⻯ѰҪŪõģǻ۱𣬵Ҳֻܽͷ㵹Ǻ֪ô
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С磿ƾܵսܲδɾ͹֮ӵԼС綼˵Ǿ֮֮ǰЩСˣȷԼܹסң
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511 
κ˵СжһΪʹ顣
νСԴͨ߳ģƾǰߣҶʵûаƾǰ㾪ޣնɱ޲T֮ŵõСġ
Сǿʵ˵Щ˵СһƬ֮أЩ˵СһƬɱ֮أȡСˣǣһǿ϶ģÿһӵСˣԼС綼ߵΨһΪСԼģȻܹԼͨܶ顣
ڶԿСķȻԼС֣һƬСִ񣬵Ȼ˭ΨһĴˣƾȴԼСסһôʲôֵҶյС磿
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ս֮б鲼׹ǣ۰ƾɱж죬Щ׹ȴǸվοƾܹɱȫİ׹ΣҶյС磬ֻҪһָܳİ׹ǣȻҲøİ׹վֻҪҶյС磬ֻҪƬս֮УЩ׹øɱ֮
ͬƾԲϵĹҶյƽղǰ㣬Ҷմ˿ȴԱ֮ʩƾɱãֶܹʱЩ׹ֻ֮Ҫƾ޷˺ҶյСȥֻһֱɱȥֱ׵ĿݽߣƾǿҲǿԼ֮ۻǷҲ顣
Ҷվʬɽ֮˸ƾվʬɽ·ֶԶ֣ЩǳὫȫ顣
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Ƭ̺Ҷտڵ㲻˵ҵСסôȻˣΪʲôóЩ汾ҿôƿҵС磬ҵСסģ
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ҶƲ۰ƾͣ㲻öֻͣ˵һЩѣȴû˵޵еģҲ˶ԻѲǰȴˡ
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ҶɿǳˣϣһڰƾСܼ
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ƾһ˵ţһȻ֣֮ϱһƬǳҲɲǣҶձܵΪصѹȣǳһɽһѹ޷Ϣ
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ƾȴԼСҶյ֮УķǲƬսƿҶյ磬һԾֱ֮С
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ʮҹӽҹǰַסֻȻ飬ֵƿʮҹӽҹ
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˭ܹڣҹ
ʮҹӽҹıЦڵŮ΢Цſ粽òǳĸʮҹӽҹһģһ˫̥޷˵ơ
ʮҹӽҹͺȵ㵽˭ΪʲôҪҴ
Ҿ㣬ҡŮḧʮҹӽҹӵװãǶһģΪҹԸǡ
ʮҹӽҹ㵽ʲô
ңǡŮ˵ֻڻӦ˼ԸˣΪҪԲŻǡ
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Ů˿Ϊ⣬ļǷԵģ·
Ů˵һħһ㣬ļϣһɳ˲ϯȫΪĸ֣ȻǽǿЩ֮һƫŮ˵ĸǰȴͬӤ˿޷ֿ
Ƭ̺Ů˵ƴļŲǳ㽥ɢˣģҲǲһ㣬ϢţҡҡλεķסǽڣŮ˷Ը˳ͨŵص׶ȥ
˵Ҳ֪˶ãͨԽԽģҲԽԽɭģܹͨǺ֮ļֱ
ǰźˣûѹǡ
δ˵꣬Ů˱ǽƿ漴ϡ
ŻĴ򿪣ֻһ϶ѣźȻķɳԹĴűҪ˳ͨͷȥ
סǣ㲻ܽЩһųȥ
ҪŮЦҲЩ뿪ġ
Ů˵ĻɫӰĻ͵شŮ˱ͬһǽǰ㣬ܵԹͬһֻһֻĴ֣ʵס
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ʵϣǷȷһʯ̨ʯ̨֮ϱһеӤ֮ҲСӤġ
ʮҹӽҹЩ̣ôСĺӾȻΧԹŰҲ̫ˣɢЩԹ꣬ǰӤȴҲʱʯ̨ϵӤȻع

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ӤŤͷȴ¶һĹ棬ǣ۴ͭ壬ǱֽƬһŴܹһֱֵϻŧȳҺ壬ȴҪκεĶĶĸˡ
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ǸܵŮ˵ĽӽŮ˽ӽʯ̨ʮ׵ʱԹȻХŮ˷˶Ů΢΢һЦֱǺĻ࣬ЩԹײϺĻ㱻УʧӰ֮Ҳ֪ǻ
ЩԹŮãʯ̨ϵĹӤХеԹȻ׳гֽţ˫ͫѪ죬ǰһһߵĶ̧־ŮץŮȴɲ壬ĺĻ֮кȻ޴ֱۣǶոճεɲǣ㽫˫۸سסӲı˺
ԹԵģ
˺Ƕ֮Ůʯ̨ǹӤȥ
ҲɲǣǹӤԹ곱ӿĵ浴һȦɫĹִӵӿŮץȥȻǹӤԾķƾǹκҵץӣֻҪǴŮƬĻɲǣһж˲仯ΪӰ
ڣŮߵʯ̨룬еĹӤ΢Ц֣ӤСӿһƬӰͬ޾Ԩһ㣬ǹӤһһûǹӤʧɲǣڵԹҲ˲ʧ
Ů߳䣬ļлл·ˡ
Ȼ㲻ɱң
ɱʵû˼ġŮ˵˵ΪԸֵģֻΪ˼Ըѡ
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Ů˻ͷ΢ЦΪϲɱֲǲɱˣ
ٶȻֱŮ˴ʮҹӽҹʧͨľͷŻعƵ˵ء

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ʧˣҶտӥֽȻܰɣ
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Ҷյӥ˵ǰƾʧˡ
һüʧģôʧģ
ƾ޹ʧˣʧĵطǡҶɫԹŹֵɽ
һɫҲùŹڲɽȻİҲȴΪǽսͼͼĵطҲ飬رǴӲɽʼġ
Ҷյɽѵʲô
һǵطͱˣʲô
ҶյǰƾȥǶʲô
һҲ벻ʲôɣֻεô
һʶȸҲδʶȸı£Ҳ֪ҶոȸжĽ飬˼ȥ󣬻ǽ¶ȸϣָ׼˼ҸˣԱôɣ˵ǰƾʧˡ
ɣҶᶨǿŵġ
һǿǵȥһ˲ɽˡ
ҶնԴ飬ͬʱҲӥͻظȸϣ̽ƾ١
֮жĿ˭ǰ˻˵¥ȥ¥û䣬ǰһҲɢôǹɣܹɺŬŬҲܱȵĹ¥ʮĸôǾ¥ʮǣ⻰ʵҲΪΣ¥ҲǾ¥ʮ֮һ֮¶Ŀıȸһй޸˶ȸĶĿκ˷ųӥֻҪȸԸ⣬öԷӥԹԵĽϢ͵Լ
ͬʱҶոһҲ̤ǰɽ;
˵Ľų̣ҲͰ˾յĹ򣬱Ƽ˲ɽʵΣҶոһ鶼ЩĲɽĿ
һȤ֪֪ʵѾɽˣΪĳѾɽ룬Խ˫ɽ
Ҷշ˸ۣ漴ܵȷûʲôÿģɽѾˣƾʲô
һͷҲˣƾʲôЩαҲѵõİ󻰡
Ҷոһǰɽڼ䣬ȸҲһֱӥϢһһţݶ࣬Щαͬ˼һֹͣ˻÷õĽѵõԭȻ֪
ֻҶȴ˿δΪЩϢģ෴ģǲԤȴԽǿˡ



514 칬һ
֮⣬̨
ڻˣ
Ҷջص̨ǰǴһ漴۽ϼӣɳճյǺӣҡҡͷ󣬱Ǵ߶ݵؽ⣬ɾȥ
ݵؽȻɼͨҶյΪվǲ̫׽ǣȥٶҪʱ˲٣ҲյĹ򣬱㴩صǰ
˵ҲˣһǡǽգֵҶգ̫׽Ҳ֪Ҷ꼰㣬ȮڲҶձ˺ڹԣŵְҲûȥձأԴҶչűҲûʲô飬ȴ൱Уһ˲࣬һ˲١
ˣҶչһ⻹ûһ°ɣ
ǰҶյǳɳѾȡˣȮôҲð˰ɣֻҪҲȥϹת֪ܲһˣǣҾͻˡ
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ҶҡҡͷȻĪҲѰɣ
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ٵվǼٵġҶտʬƲȥ˾ԣֻɱȥˣԲ𣡡
Ҷ뿪ɾ뿪Ƭõɾһʼ֪ɾ⣬ǸԼʵļһĹǣҶղ뿪뿴ܴܲЩɿʳЩԼ֪飬Ҳѧݵؽ⣬ڣҶҪ뿪˵ˡ
ҶնƻõĲôԣ뵽취ֻɱɱɾɣɱȥ
Ľɱĵǰ޵ˣɱȻô
ȥȴǱ֮ƻҶ̾˿ҪɱִŽҶȥ
һȺӶŹЦŴҶոǰ߹ҪкҶյĽȴȾѪȺӵڵء
ǰҶߵɵɽΧһȲ۵Ҷ̧һУƼһȦգ׹ֱ׹ڰ˵룬ĺ棬㽫ɸճɻңɽҲǺ淭ӿȼ
ҶһҪ뿪ȴҲڴʱպȻһȵϣʲô
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ǾˡҶЦһȴӦõԼŶԣΪǽҪնˣ
Ҷ䣬ȻĴ߶ݹ⣬ǽâһȹҶٴγֵʱȻڶԷ󣬾ٽնȴûնǰ˵ˣնһ׵˱ϡ
Ҫ
ֻǡסΧɽ϶ѣԲܵһʱϵʵȴ㲻øҲͳѿ֮ѣΨվںһֱδڵˣҶյʶǶʮеĿľǣҲǶʮΪܴġ
ҲҶվٽնµ˲䣬ľ͵ĻٱһᣬǵॵһҶյ䡣
ľǵıһԱֱ֮צҲǲ֮ĶұֵķȻ·磬Ҷյ͵ϮδɣȴҲ˿٣ݵؽ֮󣬱ղŶǳ
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Ҷ԰գۼ͵޽ſȥӲĽľǵһצɡ
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Ҷ԰յɲǣݵؽһӹ֮ʱǼԴѾ
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漴Ҷɽı
Ƭ̣ձһȺ콫Ȼ׷ʲôֻȰˣͷҲ㲻ʲôȴǶʮеķøΣ࣬ҶղɵЩƣԼѵʮ޵Ⱥˣôɱһ
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Ƕģа˰콫źƺպգ䵽Ҷͷǹ졣
һֹ֣ͣ޹ģҶպȵ֪֪ԼʲôΪҪ
Ҫն񣡡Ҷ̳̾ſȥ׵ǰҲѣԣȿھƣ֮ɣ
Ҫǻ˱ˣ»òʵҶΪҪն֮ģȴһǾ̳Ƭ̣漴͵ľںֱ̳ƺֽ꣬Ǿ̳ȥҶյĽűˤ÷顣
ҽˣԴ۷䣡
񱳺콫Ӧһ䣬Ǿǰ̵Ĵƶ£Ҷɱ
Ҷս䣬漴͵ǰնȥ첻ӯߣɵоڣ
ɽеɽʽɱǻᵱɽʽɱ콣䣬ΪɽҶΡȻģҶն׽δǱ޹ҪɽʽһֱǣҶճɲǣվƶ˸£ɽ۵ףΡɽͣȴԵĸСɽط֮Ȼһã
ȥ첻ӯߣɵоڣ
ǾʫҲǽУɽ֮ǿĽУҲɽʽɱУ
һնȴͬҽһ㽣ѰҡֱͬճһƬվڣȺ콫޼ɵһ£Ҫǽ⣬ȴָûеطǶǽ콫֮УͬȺһ㣬ֻҪӹ֮콫վţǱɾһնɱգ֮ʣЩ콫֮оͱӲ˺һӡ
һ֮Щ콫Ǳһնȥʮ֮һʵľҲЩ콫˿ΪһǳŹȥˣȴҲɲǣҶոδӽĽֶȻ֣
ȥ첻ӯߣ
ֻһһôܽȥ첻ӯߣôʸ񱻳Ϊɽ



515 칬
ǽ⳹ɢʱǰ˰콫Ͱ͵ֻʣʮˣ⻹Ϊ֮󣬽׶ˣʵϣȥ첻ӯߣɵоһȻ޴󣬽ƶչֳȴþͱɽǰʽɱкãΪһսʱʹõģ˵Ļǲ̫״С
˰콫ɱ⣬Ҳ̴ŭȻ֮Ҳûʲô˵ģֱӴժ´󸫣ŭغһ㳯Ҷտɱ
ҶҲȻ壬޽ӭϾһ
˱⵴ǽɽϵĻ涼Ϩ
Ҷոܵһ˿ѹδΪԾСû¾һȾƣҶպΪɣʵǲģҪľͬһϵֻΪ̻ˣĸǲܴģ
˽Ƭ̣Ҷ·磬ǾʵǴĿֲҶҲͲӲƴһжȥӰƮһɽƵ˾Ĳ档
ٺ𣬻һҶֻڴ֮ǰҶձѾΪݵؽ
Ȼǲͬͨ׷ҶգֻǣۿſҪ׷ҶյɲǣݵؽҶձĪĵ˾ıһžննһڵͬʱѪ
ʹŭͷٸȴҶգҶձֻݵؽ⣬֮ھı˿һ
һأҶȴǸݣһն֮ҶձֶȻ޽ǰɨֱӽǰɨɳȥȾסΣѾѪ׽Ⱦ
˭˵ֻͨܣս洦ģҶ΢Цκͨûкûֻʹðˡ
ȴǸҶյٸҶȴǱҶݵؽ˹ȥǾһ׷ҶձУб塣
ʮห󣬾񸫸գҲԵЩ꣬Ȼĸ߾ٴ󸫺ȣȴҲԼͨ
žĺǸâʢţҶձܵɱȻǿƾϰٱĸӣһȦ֮󣬽ҶΧסĺ䡣

Ҷһ䣬ûͨѸɨһۣȴǵȻǾǰң£еͬһǰ㽫ҶոΧסûκε·
ҲɲǣǺĵȻѾҶյĸǰ
Ҷ̴߶ǿſ̻ͼƵٻҶͷųѸһƬҶո
Щ䣬նȴ˸գҶѾڻߣȻȻδ⵶Ӷݳȥ϶ڵİΧ֮£ϵɢʹҲ޷֪Ҷղĸ䡣
䣬ȴʼնֻգҲԵЩķңȴδ취ҳҶգЩĸ죬ҪƬնȥȴҲΪǵĿԺǵȴǲơ
Ҷ׼˻ֱݵؽΧֱھͷ
ټҶտž̾һ·ߺã
Ҷսžǵջأһ䡣
һ춯ء
һ׺Цһ׶
Ϊ˽Ϊ񷣡
ܵ˲۵ҶյĽ⣬ۻΣһ޴ƽžǺȻն¡
һ󣬾㱻ն˷ֱӰʧ٣Ҷյ˾һʹ죬ûǰش䵽·ȼյĺгʹ
ʧȥ˾ʣµ콫ȻɾҶݵؽ׷գۼЩ콫ڽ¡
漴ҶɽЪϢ
ɣһ콫ֻӦǴ޽ˣҶȻҲҪܹս
Ҷ²ȻԼյʱ䣬ƶ˾ͳһƬĺӰ콫Ƕൽ࣬ͷ˸ľǸһϮףͷƹڣֳеն𹭣һ;޴ĺȮͷӥǶɣұҶȴǲʶһ籦վֳֻǹֵ̤ӣȻԶ٣мˣҶҲϤȴ̫׽ˡ
ȮҶգ̿Хȵ˲ɣϽ˵Եɣ־ܣܲ飡
׵ȮһۣȮ̲ҶԣʵĽͱ
̫׽˦ҶյΪʲô
ҶյΪն񣿡
̫׽ʣΪʲô
ҶյҪսҪô
̫׽ǵ㵱˵Щ㶼ڲƭҵˣ
ҶյҲ㣬ʱɱ˿ɱˡ
̫׽üͷǰ
ҶЦҲб˰ȴްȻްôͷȻزͷǱȫն˰ɡ
˫Ŀâէ֣ȵ
һȴҪҶ񣬵ǣҶȴ΢Ц˿Ӱ졣
Ҷյϻʡʡ٣ͬΪڷΪƾҲѹңô㹻ʸѹסô
ŭȴҲ޵ĵ䲻ͬ;ͬ鶼ǻȻǻе̳ͬˣλԣȴһǵңһǷңҲûѹҶһͷѹǾЦҶն޲TõԿǵصصġ
̫׽̾Ϣһˣûʲô˵ˣ£ȥն̨䣡
̫׽󣬱˦˦ȥȻԴ˵սûʲôģжͬڣ̫׽ǲҶջܷ˻ˡ
̫׽ǵĻǰ̻һе籦һ͵ϣ㣡
籦бѸٵıų߲⣬Ҷ䣬ҪҶո籦֮С
ҶЦ־ٽһն㽫籦ϵ߲ն飬ƺһѪȴԼ籦Ϊһ壬ǱܴҲЩСˡ
ϺͿ˰ɡҶտм΢籦ȼƹŷģз棬㾹ȻҵĻСүô˰ٵİ
ˣ߸̫ӶʱŭлǹҶһָȵ㣡
ҶЦһ̳ı£
߸ҪҶԾȥȴҲʱһ첲Ȼ߸ǰ
߸űϿһۣʲô˼Ϊң
Įݵؽҽ̵ģΪŰȻ
߸мĹ̵ġ
ҶŭҸɣȫҶǹ̵ġ
Ҷа߸ļҾ춼ʺһ飬ʲôᣬҪ¶
Ȯҵļҳ裬ǵ鷳ȻҲе
䣬Ҳ߸粵ԵĻᣬӰȴ͵Ļݵؽ⳯Ҷո䡣
Ҷնڶɲ˿ɱȻǴ޽ɣҲݲҶ˿С
ॣ
׼˶ֵɲǣҶҲȻٱۻӽ˵ıཻһǱм䵴ȴҪҶոʱΪ޴е콫ֻܷ·쫷ϯһ㣬ӲҡεףգۼǶһƬ



516 ս
Щ콫ԵǱҶȴҲʵܣ
ʵӯ޽Ϊ޽ȻҲǷʮ㣬ǳȺأѰཻײҶռ㲻ʤȴҲٻ䡣
ǣ˿Ҷյֱȴ΢ţǱ޽Ľ漸ԼؿڣһҶձ·磬ȻһܣȴǶʤһ
ʥ鴫
ҶտŶһ䣬漴̻ݵؽ⣬ֱ
һݵؽֱ£ȻϤֻ˿ȴóԸԼ
뵽˴ȮһۣŵȮϽԴţҲý⣬ֱ׷Ҷնȥ
ݵؽⶼǼ죬գۼͶ֮䴩ֻҶյݵؽԶݣȴᱻθסֻҪҶͣ£̳ĸǰʮغҶҲǲٶߣֱվƶ˿Ŷ
ôҶյԵǲ̶ʱ֮ڱܽݵؽز
ҶչЦ̵ĺ¡
ȮʱҾ˵׷
̵۵󣬱죡
Ȯʱ˵еǰһָͦҶյʱǳӲģǹԹԵܰɣ
ûŶҶն񣬵ȻҪеն⣬ȻҲҪնġ
Ǳ㣡
һ˵ţһ߻еҶҶҲǲ壬ӽӭ
ʮϼ䣬ݵؽҲǻײҶյҲʵڶе֮˿·磬ȴҲɲǡ
һӥХͻȻһֱڶͷӥ㶸Ȼ䡣
ҶһϽܿӥ˻ȴδȮȴǲ֪ʱѾĵҶյĺ󷽣ҧҶյСȡ
죡
Ҷպһȴǳ˻һϮе޽֮ϣ㽫Ҷոɳȥ
ҶղŸȥʮ׺ΣŶҲôȻҪͷæô
˿Ϊ·δҶ΢ȮӥѸˣұ㶼˶սˣܷ
ҶյǾһɣ
ҶյҲû̶˼Ȯӥͬıһ㣬ûʲôòõģȻܼҶҲûʲô˵ˣ޽ǰһɨǷɳһŶȥ
ȴǲܲۿǽնԼϣȴҲնеɲǣðһ̣ĪıһŶǽһն顣
ҶҲǺűХ̻ὣǵһеĽϡ
˾ҶЦ
˾ʮ䣬ܹͨԻˣȴǻ޴ӿƣѲȻǻҶҲûжƻó
ҶյסеɲǣȮӥҶշ˶
ͷ޺ǴҶδǣסʱǾǰȻҶһ˶ûضȥǣֻҪҶձǣסͶǣҶգöܹڳҶһ
·Ǽ򵥣ҲǺãҶҲ޿κΣΨһİ취ֻжߣȮ֮ǰҶձ㻯ݵؽ⣬һɽ׹ȥ
ָе˸־ɽһָȵҳ
䣬䣡
Ҷջδ䵽ɽϣɽϵľǶȻ֦ҶǻһͳҶվҪҶ֮ʽҶո¡
ҶպٺһЦȴǲΪ⣬ѧŶӺȵգ
ּ̧䣬ҶձǷ߶ǿ̻ŵͼƵӱǺâʢһ߱ҶյƼ˳Ƿɾľ֦Ҷ֮ϣܵĻ˲ӿգۼͽһƬɽͷյͨ졣
˵Ŀ϶ҶܷŹһ䣬𺣼䴩󣬲ؽɽ֮С
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𣿡üǵ𣿡
֪Ҳֻ޾ˮϨһƺû壬Լ˲ϨǻҲˡ
ƶˡ
Ȯӥһ䣬ݵؽ⣬ɽĻ׹ȥ
һǻ֮Уоѵ壬ŸоЩ漴һӣƿǰĻ𺣣ǵǰȥ
˵ǰ˰ףȴ΢΢üȻ뽫ҶոȴôѰҶյټɲҶǲҲ޾ڻ棬ԼԼ޷š
Ҳã뵽˴һͨ취ۣ
ŶһȣǶǰյĵֻ۱㻺򿪣ǵֻ۾֮Уһжޱͨ͸»þƣҲûκܹӹǵֻ۾ɨǰƬ𺣣ǻ𺣱ͬ͸һ㣬ȼյľȻѬͨʯȫĿɼ
ǣȴûҶյټ
ⲻöüͷҶѵܹӹͨ취۲ɣԺͷֻһ˲ţ̱ԼĨȥ˭ҲӹԼͨ취ۣǡ
Լûܿ
кȻһ˿̧ͷտȥƼйһȦɫͷ
ͨ취һǺڵͷ㶸ȻըɫĻ滯֮Ŷ׹
趯еһһӰµĺλ䣬ȴԼеԽǺԽԼϺȻѾմȾһ˿棬öŭ漴һݵؽӹֱӴƬ֮·ӶݳһȼŻɽͷΧĻ֮󣬱ӱժ𹭣̧־պըĵطһ
һ᳤磬ɳǻһ⣬ſжȥƽոһ̴һ㡣
ҶտҲһȻܶ㿪ͨ취ֻۣǶΪڰлգȻ˺յĺͷտȻҲͲֻǱֺٶûǰˣԣҶҲδȥֻǶķӦ죬ȴصĻᶼҶգѾһ
һұ㻯⣬Ҷֻһ۱֪ԼԶ㲻Ȼ㲻ȥȻֻ뾡취䡣
ॣ
һ˲䣬Ҷձ㽫޽ǰһȫ޽Ľ֮
ҲɲǣļҲǻнȴһĽҶҲǱǾ˳ȥò֮ҶջϢһͷһȴϴ
ҿ
Ҷֻüһ䣬ڹϵָѾɿҶеɲǣǻƷͶ
һֽҶ˲۽⣬漴Խʣɿڸǰʺȵɽ
ҶɲǣϵĽɽһɽַɳͬǧɽ£漴ӭ⣬㶸Ȼ۶ɵɽͣһ䣬ԣ
ɲǼ䣬ǿбֱ졣



517 
Ƭ̺ײľɢ
ҶձɳȥʮףҲǴɽͷ䣬˶ǱȴǶ˸൱
ŭݣȻĽԸĽһűǾڸ𵴵ʹǿۿ𹭣½ȥһȴһ
ңôƴ˭ǰޣ
Ҷһ䣬սǰ޵ԣȴ˿ѷɫ޵׺ҶҲֻӲӣʵƿյٶ̫죬ݵؽⶼ죬Ҷղɻݵؽͨǲ
˫ȻʮҶϱ㸡⣬ȴ˽ղͨ
ۣۣۡ
뷢ĸǷΧСҶվʣµ㶤Ҷյϣ󣬾ղֲסҶ漴ֱ
Ҷҧʹ漴̴߶޲塣
ⷽɾ͹ЩƣѰİģ޳ɹǺλΪ飬ˣָȷǿһЩۿɼٶȣǼϡ
һ߻ָ壬ҶҲǲԵģҶձǶȻٽ
ᵱ
ҶһȣĽɢ·׹ȥֱƶصĺ䣬ţɽͷ㱻ǽնĶȻըʯ׷ɣֻǣȴӰ
Ҷռ붼룬һݵؽȥٵı£ҶҲѧ˵ģô᲻֪ܹʱߣҪ˵䲻⣬Ȼǹ䱳
ȻҶջؽɲǣǵһ϶е˽Ƭ̣Ĭһƣʹ˿Щ롣
㲻ˣҶպЦ΢ƺȳʱС˺ܶѽ
ʱһҶձƵĹǺȴҪȾ˫ļһΪأ±ײȴѾҶĪˣǱǶЦˡ
ǰȻܣҶԵ޹ǣǱȻǺˡ
ԭ࣬ҲǶ񱾾ǲþսҲ𹭺ޣϾÿһٶȸܷǷû൱ı䲻ɲʲôԭ򣬶ҶնԶǺϢ
ߣ
Ҷյ΢ȴһȲ粵ҲֻͣǽеǰһͦҶٴ̡
Ҷջӽһɨ׵ٴνһ漴ٺٵЦѾˣȴδ
ĻƣֱһЩǷϻ޷Ǿ񣬶Ϊ⣬ȻδҶգʼն׷Ҷմ˵ʲôδͽЦѣǣܿЦˡ
Ҷϵȣ
һ˿һ˿ͬϸߣҶյϲͷųܲϵƮңֻ˿ߣȴڲϵ׳š
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ҶպȵСˣ
Ҷջһǰȥӭ϶һ䡣
һ죬ȴƴֻһеԼ˫۾ǱǾѹ΢ҶȴһЦȻ˥ˡ
ˣҶպȵǱɣ
սδ㣬ıҲǸܵҶյ
ҲɲǣҶյıȻֳӰȴѾﵽ˼¶ɵԳţॵһеһ챻Ҷ޽նء
µĽ˳Ŷļӹֱնף¶һڣѪϴ˿
ҧгݣȴǲ˺͵Ľŵն˳
Ҷõݵؽ⣬ݵؽǶĿұ죬ҪݵؽߣҶջûʲôжǣôᣡ
ΪǶǶʥԣˣ
սܵڶԱսΪʹ࣡
ԣնҶٴ¡
ॣ
Ҷպɵĺὣ׾ٵĽն£һͣ޽㽫նѹȥڶļͷ
ֵþ壡ҶտŶԣҸʹ죡
Ҷ䣬Ŷ޽͵˳Ŷ񲱼ĨǰĲ֮ǻһѪߣ˫漴ˤ
䣡
Ƕ񵹵صɲǣбһԵӥХӥҶո䣬Ҷҡҡͷץһʯͷմȥӥĳ򣬽ӥ
ȴҲɲǣҶպȻСһۣͷһȴȮݵؽﵽıҧ
ҶնӣָȮëȻһĹͷݵȮߡ
Ȯ죬ҶտԣʹΪʲô
Բ𣡡ҶձסȮĲӵҲò뿪ˡ
ȮǿͷҶյ˫΢΢ȮĲӱ㡰һֱŤϡ
ȮԴȴÿԼҧĹƨ⣬ȮɾҶոеˣǣҶձɱʶģʶģ۴ԼõģԼõģֻҪɾе͵ɱһֱɱƻãɱԼܹ뿪Ƭõɾ
һжǼٵģ
Ҷҧ˵ĸԼȻǵǰ뿪
Ȼɵ˶񣬵ҶҲ˺ۣǱҶչǺҪ׻ָҲܹգۼȬΪ޲ƣҶձҪΪۣԣҶȴû뿪ɽɱȥȼŻߣѾճɷɸ
ҶҲ֪ɸ˭ģûɸѾճӣ㲻ҲˣҶ˴طڳһ󶴺˽ȥ漴ڵص׾ָ
һ⻯ڹ¥ɽùģҶոожõģȻ⻯׷ΪϢɽҶһѻյĵǻһƬȻ˶Ҳױҳ
Ҷ߸ոնҲǸܵ䣬󾪵ͬʱ̴콫ȼյɽ˹ɽһۣ㷢Ȯʬ壬ڶͲҪԣȻ϶ˣֻҲûƼҶյӰ
߸̫ӵô죿
ѣҧгݵҪˣɾδ棿ȫɢȥѰмҵ֮󲻿УʵЩ
Щ콫ӦһɢȥѰҶյӰȼŻɽȴҲδƣҶܲԹԴԭصȥץġ
Ҷմ˿̽Լڵصףһ죬һҲ˼
Ϊ޽ȻǺƺûеҪ֪ɾڽоǵһܴҪҳȶģƺֻܴܹƵ۵ǼλѰˣȴԼ˵ĸնˣҶЩ˼顣
Լ̫ǿǶ̫
ҶղţȴԳЦЦҶնԼţŸԴ£ԼӦǿ࣬ӵ϶ԣλҲҪȰ֮࣬䣬ҶȴöʵԼҲʵңԼѹ׵İ˲δãҶվЩŹ֡
ȴҲʱҶպȻҶ֪Լ˵һЩþθķнһ˿Ȼ
ԭˣҶ䲻Ĺ˹ЦҪɾҲ̫ѽ



518 ֮
Ҷڵص׶죬ȴǴѰ졣
òҶǲѾɹɾˣȻôһֱҲأֻҶԼ֪ɵ뿪ɾҲͲô鷳նˣԹ뿪ɾôֻҪ̤ţ̻صڣ˽˴˵ء
ԣòնɣֻҪնеǸѾưûɾ
˵ģҲڵ죬ҶϵѾָ˰˾ŷ֣ҶҪնɣĵһĿǡ
ȻòҶǷѾ뿪ɾȴָ콫ѰҶյټԼУҲҶҪԵʣȻҲ籦סҶգֲ̫ߣƺҲͲôˡ
һ˲䣬ѾճɻҽɽϱҶյϢȻҲܵˣǣδκжΪж֮ǰѾһݵؽ⳯Լ
Ҷǰԥľٽ
Ҷ£֪籦ҶãҲ籦г׳󣬶˫һһһɫꪳУӭҶջ޽
ॣ
Ľ
һͺȵϣΪû籦һǴô
ȻᡣҶЦһôֻһǰãѵҪȶʥܴô
⻰˵ɫһ䣬û籦ɿսȴôȶǿ
Ҳɫļ϶Ҷ̻ӽնĳ䣬Ǳ²Ǹ˽ɫ·ɣ޽ȴҶյǿʢҲǽ֪սʮϣէȻ䣬һʱһ⡣
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519 ɱ
νҶΪҶжǿɾежǿģЩɽһĵɣʥɣɣһֲóսĽɣ㲻ǻþ٣ҲҶյĶ֣ǻþ֮еȻҲҪҶ
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һ죬ǬȦ㱻ǽȻ飬˳µĽصն߸̫ӵϡ

߸̫Ӳҽһͷߵ۾ǱҶһնϣҧ־ǹҪսҶȴѾݵؽ⣬Ȼ߸̫ӵı
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ҶŭһǱѾΪȵڷսٴδ߶֮£һαһأƶ𣬱㽫ݶƷɣ



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ҶյܺõȻΪĹţΪţԣң㣬кܶˣûĻҾͲڣ̸ʵҲϲԭ˼䣬Ѿˣ˵˾͸׹ֻأҲĹأٻ˼ǻĹأֻ취ԼվıһЩĹعܲҡ
ҪֻܿҲвʡϼӵǣѾˣ֮ϣ֮£־ΪʲôҪ˼䣿
վ̫̫įҶյ˼ͣȴЩ᲻øĶΪˣҲվĵһЩֻվ̫;ûʸ˵⻰Ǿֻվĸˡ
ϼӵûվıߡ
ҶճĬƬ̵ܹҪԵġ
ҲԣƢԡϼӵ˵ܸˡ
Ҷս޽ºǰͬһȻ˱ýˣôȻˣȻ͸ö֣ȻҶô뿪
ǣҶն֮ǰܵһбͬѵˮѿѺۣһһİȴǶԷδҶն֣Լɢ˻þ
ϼӿҶ΢΢׵Զվıߣܹ鲻ĵģԣȥԣţǻġ
ϼӵӰɢ䵭ֻգۼĹʧ٣ЩƬ֮Ҷձ㷢ܵľﶼɾģֻǸԻͶʢɾɾ
Ҷվڹ¥ǰ¥ɻֺ룬ȴǰĹʣ翣û죬ҲûûƼ䣬ҶյĲԶһõİʰ
ڻˡ
Ҷ̲쳤Хһйһ£Ȼص³һ漴ζǻþеֱֳ֣ϼӵӰ
оеѽϼӣҶվ͸оЩŹ֣°૵ܸоϤ·ʶܾˣ˵Ƹ˭Щ˭أ
Ҷפԭ˼ϼӾǸþеķòõģƾ˸ʲôҶղɵЩգ֪ʱͲܻþԷˣֻҪһܵĻԷܹ¶һ˿ߵģԼҲܿʲôҶܾöԷϤ㲻ǺѻԹĳУҲһģĥ˭
ӦòܰɣѻҪûþңкпܣԼǹȺңȻɾϤܲĻþҲӦü󣬲ɾϵôҶƵϼӣŮˣѵǽ£òҲѽ
ҶҲ£ԴըˣҲͲٺ˼룬ԼѾˣɾҲûҪȥڵǸȥħҽ£ԼѾЩµ¸ȺĿˣҲֻǲµһЩҪ֪벻Ҳܼ򵥣ֻҪҵ±㹻ˣ



522 Ҷ
أ꣡
ЩαĪıʵƾҲǺȻʧҶոһڲɽ˼Ȧ޹ҲǵȻľʹȥһֱȨ׷ŰƾڰƾȻʧǸⱻˣȴҲʱһͷӥϢҶͣĸϻذ꣬һ¥ǸҶͬС
Ҷѽ
ҶտС㣬ɵָŪСȴǺȻıСץסָ
٣ҶЦܺѽ
ԪʮԹؿҶһۣ˵ԼӺģô
Ԫʮ֪Ҷ˷ܣԼŵʱ򶼹һţ˷жˣ붼ò˼飬ͬʱеźãȻ޴룬źԼϣãȻ޴Сôأ
ҶӦɣ
ԪʮͷֻҪĶ飬ʵҪ˸ߵĶ࣬壬ʺ֮飬ֻҪ츳Ϊ̫
϶ģ㲻˭츳ܲȥҶ˰ԼҶӵСҾƸôһôģԣֶûɣ鶼ܹܾá
ԪʮСʱֻһ˿һ˿ĹǹĶˣȻ᳤ĿЩܲ˻⣬ʮң˼ѰʮСʱԼˡ
˵Щʲô˼Ҷ֪ǰֵСһﻹûء
ҶƵϴβ˵õôкͽҶ󡣡
Ҷ֪ôСཱུġ
Ҷͷߵô֣
̫Ǿͽй
Ҷҧһţֱӽ쵰߷ɳȥҵ޲Žй̫̫幷
ԪʮЦͺѽ
ţ򵥸ɴࡣҶյϲ
ڱϰֵͶȥˣ˺úϢ廹أʲô
ǣҶս˸ϳȥŮӹƨ£Ͻ
ҲߡùҶյĲӵ˺úϢҲˣʲô
ҶոҲʶѾãȻЩ֣оôԼϵһѣ׹лҪԼ˵ǶҶ֪տԪʮ뿪
صĴҶյôˣǲǻ£
һȥתתɡ
áҶմ󷽵ûʲôǲ֪ģһɡ
óҶˡ
Ҷһ˼٣ϽĶ
Ҫǵôг£õ³ӥϢҲûƼҶɵӰǼ֪ûҸҶ֪꣬ԪʮǱҲûš
ҶɫЩѿҶɵΪѽ綨˼޵ǺȻǿ˵Ӧ黪ڵʵ黪ڸ۷Щ࣬ǣԸαĻҶɻƵģȻµ֮ʳαҲʧȥ̣Ѱαֻ»ҶɵĶ֣¾²ֹ
ҶճϢô
õȥ¶ˣһȺ·ɳǵķȥֻʱδϢ
Ҷյͷ㶼ԸˣҲûʲô˵ģϢһʱҡ
õͷ漴֪ˡ
Ҷյô
õʱûУߵʱ䣬αأȴǱˣȻЩһˣ˵µĻǾŵȺ˵ˣ˵Ǹģ˵ܵõӻֻȽǰڰΧפˣҲɣ
Ҷǰʹѽ˵ԼҶչҲûš
̫Ҿͦã㻹⻯ΡȻͽܵݣʵҲ򵥣˵սͼʱ;ͺˣҲ˲Īͱļһ
̫˵⻰ʱЩ⣬ʵж֮˴˺ܶ࣬ԼŬޣǻһı£νֱӽһ꣬òٵϷ嶥Ȼж˷ġ
ҶҲû˵ʲôЩ֮˲⣬ֵܵα͹ˣңҪĵԲЩӦҶɵ䡣
ԪʮﵮǼΪ˵£ҶʧٵȴҶһذĺܣԼĴӪҶɳֵģʮа˾žӦαҲҶ̲סȺαԱ˳ŵģϮҲˣúõϮҶʲôȻֲܱ֮ʳҶҲûʲôرıû¡
˵ҶȴҲֻܰϢҼαй߶ͻȻ֮Щαʧ٣쳣ʵûضȥ
ȥգҶҲʵԪʮÿ춺Ҷ󣬿ʱʱЦСëҶҲ˼ǧСҪԼְֵģԼȻҪְˣȴǳʱĲ˼ҶҲǽ˷Ǵĵ׵ĿģΪʲôҪأҶԼҲ˵Ǻܿģ
ΪҶյ飬ҲǱĻЩΪαϯҲ·˲䱻ɢһ㣬Ҷ˵Ц෹Ψһ̸ʱǰжһλҶ
ΨһЩСƵĿֻܾҶ֪꣬ȻҲǲģǲϲҶСֻԼСܹ鲻Լģһ滵ô죿ԣҪúõǵԼŪһϧҶ֪һŪԾֻÿҶҹҹϸ裡
Ҳ⻶֮£ɻˡ
Ǹһ뿪ȥҶģδȴǻˣ׼ʲôϢ֧û²ԼҶ֪Ҷձȥ˸ոջصĹɡ
ûȱ첲ȣɫҲô˵ģҶնʱĲ٣û˴ûսûսȻҲʹƽ
ôҶڹµҶɵϢô
ҡҡͷûϢ
ҶüһϢûУ
ɵҲȫϢ˳ȥ̽ӽΧ̽Ҷɽصʱ䣬ȥɳһˣҶ뿪ʱ䣬·̵ĻܹǺϣȻӥʱ䣬ҲҶʧʱˣȻصʱֱʧʱգѾֳһƬƬʮа˾žҶʧĵطˣһֱһƬطѰ˿ǡ
Ҷսӿڵûҵ
̾ϢһǸҾˡ
ҶҡͷͲ㣬취ɡ
һѰҵģҲ֪һ󣡡ɵͷӦһ漴ʲôһ㣬ҶռҼŸϻġ
Ҷյʲô£
α񣡡ɵαеһͨ棬Ű겻֮ҲõҾھӦÿˡ
Ҷ˳ִӹӹһֽ㣬ǰİװв˵˶ѷϻҶҲϸģֻǴſ˼αϣԷѰһдҶֻһۣ㶸Ȼס
ѪʶΪåɽ춼յ
ⲻ˵Լô



523 α
ʵ˵ҶղȷӦ˵Ҷյ⻯ңԷû˵Ѱҵĳˣáʻݵġ
ǣ˵ľҰɡҶƵؿֽѪʶҵ⻯ĵطҲåɽǵصʯյô
֪ҡҡͷ漴ҾºҪ
ҶЪϢȥһ¡
ûʲô󰭣һȥɡ
Ҷյͷ̸ȥ˰ľã漴˽ø̫һԪʮӻţҶҲ̫ģҶ֪Ҳ㵽ָ׼ͷ˵Ҷɵ飬΢Ҷȴ˽һҲˣһ۸ǰԼ⻯ҲزסԣҶҲͽ⻯һ˵ˣȻһѾ֪ˣǽһҲûʲôˡ
Ƭ̺󣬴룬ҶҲȴҿѯʣ㽫ֽ˹ȥο漴һһô¡
ȣһӦ֪ӥվֵطҪӥʱҪɺܾãҪһЪϢʳĵطֻӥһӥսģֽ㣬α͸һ֧Ҵ֧һ֧Сѣڽǲûбαٵû֮ԣҲ²ż㲢Ǹһ֧ģǸеĿΪΣӦҲˡ
ҪҵıӦþҵ⻯ҶյѪʶ׶ЩȫԵϣǴعҲȷåɽ֮Уǲ춼յ
ò춼壬ǲյͲ֪ˣǵطôҲ˿ɿ
ҶյǾʮа˾Ŷˣαֽ˵ıҵ⻯
̫Ҫ⻯ʲô
֪Ҷյ˵⻯õ⻯ʱ򣬴Ҷо⻯ܹŹ֣Ѫ⣬ȴ޹ֻҪܻѪеľ磬࣬Դҽ⻯ǻɹһ˵ʬ壬ʵϲȻαñݣҵǾͦеģһƳı
ֽ̫ȴαд˵طǾܣһһֱ壬ˣȴǴعѾ˷ˣعǾͭײȻˣڶαŪģĳЩԭǽŽͭײģǴصʯΪXXɧңײɽͶǴʯ֣ȻǾͭײҲǱ˸ˡ
ɵҾΪʲôҪҪң⻯ʵ˵ж֪飿
Ҷ˵ǽײĴӵصʯʱҾע⵽˺٣ʱΪʯ̮ԵʣҪôĴҴҪôᱦǵʱûвȥͭײľˣȻȽۣ϶ᱻ˿ҾӦû˻ر⣬һԣʱ껹ûʲôڱҲССϺע⵽ǿͭײıǴߣҲû֪˭
õͷͬ⿴
⻰ҶոΪˣҸ˵ǿͭײĹȻҶմӵصʯģǣǹײĿ֮Ҷձ㽫ײĶôذ꣬Լȥ׷ˣõʱҲ֪ͭײʲôҲûüҶ֣̽ҶվѾˣҲȫǼϡıǳСĽؽͭײĲȥĳŪŵͭײĸ˻ģһ·ȻһЩˣײȻҲ˼
Ǳ˵̫ͻȻ˵ȫǷϻҾǹײû˼Ҫ֪ҶõôҶѾŽȥϣǰαҪɰбȥҪϻ˵ײıҶմˣôأؼѾ⻯ˡ
˻ȻȷǴ⣬رҶڱȻȥϣ⻯ҡġ
˲ɵٴοҶա
Ҷ⻯Щ鷳Ҳ֪ģֻҪ˾ͻѪһ⣬֮ǰһֱڲصĺܺãҪôǱ취ȥˣҪô׵Ȼ⻯ܣѾҸˣ֮ǰûڵĻ
ҶոЦһҶսӹȥƾ֪
԰ƾʵҶոһ֣벻˼ܣҪ˰ƾҲѣԣ⻯ܣƾҲѾ֪ˣңƾš
鷳ɳƾںƸȺαһġ
Ҷոһͷ
ƾûµֵ֮ȶϾҶոһ׷˰ƾôãҲսأƾȴʼûжù֮ƾѾαһ㼸ʣƾҲһֱڰαɱˣЩαͳżиȻûдӰƾе֪Ҷ⻯ܡ
ǣӦڲز˶áɵǼƾαֻǺûǰУǣżҲܿͻ鲼أƾ᲻֪ȻҲܲЩαȻֻѪһܹϣȴҲѾ㹻ˣȫ˵磬˹ޣ˭ѪҲѡ
õ겻ðˣα²Ǽˡ
ҾáһͻȻڵҲ⣡

꣬Ľ
δֵαڳµĶͬɲ²ǰ㣬ǰżӥڰڳ˽вд֮С
ֽдһУ̬ȶ࣬䳰ȷһȻֽź󶪳⣬Ҳ˲мĪ֮󣬽ֽ˺ĩ˼࣬˭ҲĴЩα
ʵģαѾȫ񹫵еͷȲ̸αڽɱ˶ˣ˵ҶսǴɢȥ󣬴ҶЩվαݵЩе֮ǡ
ЩΪµαڽд¾вѾǳΪ˵𣬸οΪʲôҪ磿ΪֻʧˣΪʲôֻʧˣΪȺ쵰ЩĴֻܴ磬Ĳпᣬɱ˻߱ɱ޾֮²ŬΪʲôҲкܶԭ򣬵ԭ򼸺û⣬ǲԼ޾еᣬǡ衱ģ뵽֣ú֮ݶѾˡ
ڣЩһﾹȻǰѰҶ˵ĵһӦ٣ޣ
αͳżͬʯ󺣣ûѡӦЩαҲû³ڽмŰ
ǣҶյĸоɲô
֮ǰǺҹ
ܿģĳ
ٴγֵĵڶӥЩӥԴͷͬα񣬳ȴҪ֮⣬Щŵԣα񽫲ټϮеĸ֧ǰҪҵҪġ
һЩ˶ҡα˷ߺ⣬Ҳ޾Ŀ־壬֮Ĵ˿־ͷһ㣬ܹαŰôȥαѰҪģҲǲܽܡ
ǣҲֻ˵ѡ
Թֶ򵥵ܻ⣬ǾͲ֮ΪԹˣԷһ򵥵ŵԶҡˡ
ȻΪҪǴ˶ŵ



524 һ
αŵȷһЩ˶ҡˣֻһЩӲдСǱ΢ֻҪܹȥܶ鶼ԸҲԸΪðգǣҡ鶯ҡȴûڳͷ
ΪЩûж¥ʮûж
ҪɫرΪһ֧ͷˣҪɫжҡЩûб̬֮ǰǾòҪκεĶЩα𼣣Ҫǰα¶ϡͽӡҲαЩͽô죿
ʱ¥ʮɳ˷꣬һһţ¥ʮǵľҲӰŽһе
Щ˼һƺ¶ܸȤҲȥ¥Ǽڰ꣬ЦٺٵĽһݸҶյ
ҶսӹǾһȴ¥ż㣬ݺǼ򵥣˵һƷ¥Ѷ¥ʮǣαż顣
һһƷ¥Щ⡣
Ҷյô˵
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һһƷ¥ƾһӵġ
Ҷյڰɣ¥ʮ֮еҪô
һ˵ԹЩһƷ¥ƾĹϵУңһƷ¥ھ¥ĩʱôҲֲͷƫƫȴˣܸоЩΡ
Ҷյȥô˾¥ʮеִ顣
ȥһû˻ȥġ
ҶղǱ΢ˣһƷ¥ƾϵУ°ƾûαǲ˵һϵܲһƷ¥᲻Ҳδ֪ҪȥһƷ¥ʱһѸˣӿɾʹˣ˵ˣα񲻿ţҲα񼴱ŵֻҪŶ㲻ҽҲòֵ֧ԭ򣬵ǣһôҲ˵ƾܵ꣬ΪʲôһƷ¥У
ܶʱֻԼҲֻܿԼ
˵ģ뵽飬һƷ¥벻ǻΪʲôҪͳûż㣿ҶճһµƾҪˡ
һƷ¥ƾϵУȻһ֪¥ʮǵҲ֪ܲȻǺ磬ȻɵðգһȻһƷ¥ƾҲ֪Ȼ֪ΪʲôҪù
Ҷ뵽ĿֻһǾͰƾ̽˵ΪԼ·
꣬ģ
αĵżܿ㴫˽أͬڽжһ㡣

αĵڶŵ
ֻҪܹõǼ˵ıܹϵ·˵
Ǿ޴ջ˭
Ϊŵض˲ɧֻŵϮеĸô˶ɻ᲻ΪȻһֳŵǼ˭֪Щαõ󷴻ô죿ûЩα񣬸ᷢô飬ͺñűڶԷĶȥԷףԷȻ᲻
ǣͲͬˣ⼸˵룬벻룬еķ˸ǰֿɵõʱжܹģжܹܾ
ûԶĳޣֻԶ棡
Ҷմ˿̾仰ǸУ¸Լ޹أԼѾɾ͹ˣҶ治ظ˵ԼҲһᶯġ
αĵƸ˿Ҳе˴ȥĳ¥ʮǵ̬
ܼ򵥣Ǿ仰ĻǼٵģαŵڶһĲֵ
ȻԤеĽȻЩαѾȫ׼
ҶոһĲ²ⶼˡ
ʧѾõİƾˣ϶̤ϵ·˵ǣͬʱҲҶ⻯µݸ˳ȥ
ƾе֮һ
ڽ꣬ϲƾģƾģ°ƾģƾģŸָָĸй٣ֻһǿ϶ģ˭Ҳ޷ӰƾĴڡ
Ȼ޷ӰƾȻҲ޷˵Ļ
Ȼıæµ
ɽͷöþһеֶθԴҪ֮УеҪ֪Щ̬ȣιɺŬҲȷƾŬڽؽϢŰǿӴ͸¥ʮ֮Уɵ޹أӵеʱ̫ˣϢҪͨջ۵Ĳܽġ
ҪôơҶտŹɵǺ̹ȻſԼºЦŵô֪¥ʮǵĿֱʾͺˣǰһλ¥ʮ֮е¥ô
һŲ裬ҶյԼЦһ֪ˮˣԼãҪСһ
һСһȻҶһҶҲʶֶԸƾҲ飬۳ں滹ڣԼӦҶջذһˣ顣
ССĵ٩֮һҲֱԲҸ㲻죬ҲûŹ㴫ȥЩţһԥɱ㣬۰ƾ˵滰Ǽٻα˵滰ǼٻⶼֵһԵϣûгŵֻܹЩαŰֵһԣһܺùˡ
Ҷ΢ЦҽЩԼ֪鶼Ϊɢȥˡ
һԣ֪ЩŲҼ贫Ŷ£һѡαŰأҳŵǳˣһĵطǾǶԷĿǲֻ˵ֻҪصѣõ⻯ĿģǲֻΪص죿ģôΪʲôһʼôҪȵڣ
ǲҡҶЦɢȥĴŶģЩαҪԣҪɱˣ֮õһʼŵ潻⻯ǻôɱˣŵôĻαǿҵķˡ
һҲǸ˵˵ԿɲˣǴαŵгģȻһʼôˣǵȵɱ֮󡣡
ⲻҶյû֪ҷųȥȻܽһ㣬˶ΪЩѡ
һͷԣҾþ¥ʮǻǻ㡮ֺܶˣѾǶҡˣҵԽԽȻҲῼǸ࣬ѾҡˣҲ׳֣ڵɺ⡣
һڿһαżʱ޵˵»αĴٽΪ⣬ָıȷЩ͸
ʵһһ㲻̫סһαȻ˵⻯ǱȻҲ֪ΡȻͽܵǼٵģҲˣƾӦò³ҶˣΪʲôҶСݣ
ɲҲη壿ϾıѾˡ
һ΢ЦҡͷҶյأ
η塣Ҷյ˵ǰƾһƸֵˣη壬Զη壬ηҲ취ȥȻͻΪӴ˴粽ǰԣⲻɡ
ɵʲô
Ҳ֪ܹɵģҡҶָڿƾȥӦûд
Ҷյ⻯ڰ鲻Ѳ飬˵ŵױ֪ٿŵڣ׾֪Ҷյˡ
ҶյԤҲܿˣƾȷд



525 
꣬ģ
һƷ¥¥ͯ棬ԼѾҵҶС䣬ҽ˸ϸ̣ϣΪش룬ҶСȡصİ
ⴿǷƨ̫żһˤһƷ¥ټ˰˰ˣĸֳȻҲ̣в
˵Ϲ˭᣿ҶյǲΪ⣬ֵ㿴˵ǽذͽԼڴλϣ˵Ϊ˽еˡ
һȻʵһֱʣԼôģҪҪ⻯ȥ
һ⻰ʵĺҪ֪ʧȥһ⻯ҶնԲʲôڣʧȥ⻯ҲɢֻҪ⻯α͵سŵŰأôܹϵ·ȻҲʧţ鱾ģɼһζĲЩαسŵǶҶնҲûкôԪʮҶ֪̫꣬ã룬ľȵȣЩҶչϵе˶ܵ
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һԣܿеԵɣ漴ЦЦԽԽȻ˿Ц
׳գһЦЩǾһȺ׳գ
αóֻһԶѣǲгδ֪ǣһȴҶСҶգҶѾˣڰҶð˲ͨԵĦȣ
һҲ˰ƾ͸òµҶСҶգȴ˵Ƶԭˡ
ΪҶǹ



532 һƬڵ
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ħأҲܵ͵
ħУҶôãҲֻɾһѣΪԼһִٳɵģɾ⣬Ҷնڡħ۶ʱֻǶţûˡ
Ȼ滷йϵȻҶΪ˸ָԭΪ˸ָԭɱ¾ɱǼҳ㷹ǣħǲݣһղαȻҲɱˣᱦȵȼ˵ĹܹϻεģúնħĿںţħߣδʧ֮ǰŬϣܹе񣬵ħҪɲףҪƳ̫ˡ
һħ˺٣˻ױɱȻʹԸħ˸٣γһѭյĽħ٣ܽħ˸٣ܹ̤·ͨҲܵ͵˭Ҳϱ׷ɱš
ȻħҲûô޾ɣҪħħɱ˸춼Ȼ飬ĻʲôħľҲܿ죬ƾΪȻʹȥˡ
δħǰħܵ͵Ϊǲ鷳ܹħҲһͬʣߵĺܣٳһƬרħ硣
ҶҪȥıƬħ磬Ƭڵ硣
Ҫȥҽ£
ħɾһƬߵĽ֮أ˵ǾսԵʣľγƬ߾ˣֻҪԽܹ߽Ƭڵ硣
Ҷߵĺ˳ûκε鷳ԭȻΪѾûˣȻҲûħ
ħ޼ɵģͨļʹ˰Լ˽෴ģħһȺ޷죬ΨҶļһһȺһΪԼõһУȻʲô¶ɲ
ȻˣŷϵΪһ˽õѡսôħħôŹĻأ
ʵϣɾвٵùǱ꼰㣬ħǵùΪȻûվһߣȴҲû֣³Ҳеֵ֮˼
ֻħڵսʱ㾡ȫģսħħ֪ܹõ󣬼ħ뵽ⳡ֮Уⳡսű׵ıɲʰ˵һеһеħһг׳٣ûЩħĲսҲһսǰңó˷Ⱥħ䡣
Ҷȥ߹ɾҲҪħˡ
Ҷ߽ħɲǣܵԼɱԴ
Ҷڽߵɱ֮ȻڷΪɮİѾܹѹȥڲӰ콣ΪɱӰҶյԣǣ̤ħɲǣҶվ;Լȥһз·𶼰׷һ
꣬Ű
̤ħɲǣҶվͲɸܵЩԼľЩȡ
Щ˼ء
ҶձĿվԭأת죬ķʽľƽЩȥˣҶջЩ̾ħĲҪ֪ħɾһѾķ£Ȼ
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һƬͬҵɾһһɽ翣ֵħˡ
һǣ
ħһǣޱȱߵĳǣվҲѿ御ͷֺĳǽЩ߲Ѿ䣬ÿһźظѹ֣ЩЩɭϣҶսţ߹ǽֵܸо߽ʵϣΪħѾûħˣЩħţｫǵãΪûԼأҲܲ
ϧЩħںƺͱЩȤĻֺǳذˡ
ҶȦʵûҵʲôĻԼȤģֱɽ
ɽܹ죬ΪɽȻڳǳеġ
Ҷڷʱ򷭹һЩĸǣҲмɽ˵Ǻܾǰħǿħսһħɽħ֮УʷǨɽҲΪħʥɽֻǿħɽסɽϡ
Ҫɽʯ
ҹ֮أ
ҶղΪսôҹģ𾭸жûмأҹǽħģɽϣʯ
ҲǵЩħ֪ܹսԵԵʣΪǿҹٵġ
ȥʯȥҹ
ڣҶҲҪȥʯȥҽ£ͬҲҹ
ȴҲʱ򡭡
ҶոܵԼȻ
ǸоҶ΢΢죬ʬɽ֮˵ǰɾйô˿ֱĲңҲûսѵħʲôǶõģ
ҶղҵԼʶҪȥƬڰɫսʬɽ֮̽ȴڽɲǣҶշƬսǰʬɽҲǰǶҲǰ
ǣսеһɽȴô
ɽһյƣסҶĬ˿̣΢ĹâƬս

֮ţҶĬҶյ̽СԴֱ˳
Ҷյûһǳ⣬طҲûˣŻСѻǻݲݣңҲѾϰҶĬˣÿνҶĬܻʹ˯»ȻĪðһ
ϢôҶտҶĬóˡ
ҶĬƲƲ㺦ġ
ҶЦЦЩСԴɷҶĬȷĲ࣬ؼʱﵽĳЩԣҶĬʱѹҲǶҶʵ˵Ҷնһŵơ
ĶҶĬӹĴ˸ǷҸо
ϣħҶռ򵥵˵һ䣬漴ȵط
ҶȻЩѹȥħջҶᣬȻҶΪ޵ԵʣպпħվħһжҶһ˿ѹʵϣҶվóħȻ˭ﶼеᣬҶĬȴ
ҲҶĬԴֵܹĸоܹҵѸٸգҸоԼܿĳӯҲôѵģӦ˯¡
Ҷ°ĥЩƣҶĬһֱǴۺǵģԼ֪ԼǶ˶ãֻ֪ܾúܾãԣҶһֱҶĬۺǣԵô˵Լ´ˣҶĬʵħ
Ҷ뷨Ҳ㲻ùŹ֣ҶĬʵֲܿڣҶɶҶĬܹóۺǾ̾ѣرҶʵҲΪǿѾɾ͹񣬶Դ˻ǺܺȻΪҶ֪ѰҲһ㣬ҶոΪݵ֪ԼҲǿۺǵˣҶյҲģȻҲӦ֤ҶĬĲ
ֻҶĬҲԼʹվǸա
ô˵Ǻ¡ҶյֱȥɽϵģȻкôǲٶﹻȥɽϺˡ
ҶĬ˳ҶָʵĺɫɽͣȻ㲻סһϤĸоҺȥɽңʶĸоΪʲô



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ҶĬƬ̺۾ȴԴЩãȻȻĿӸӦûܹҶĬɽϸܵʲôʶĸоü٣ҶĬɵЩãȻ
Ҷ̲סԼƲʳ㲻ʵħɣħ᲻ǰĵط
֪ѽҶĬԴŬػһ£ȻҡͷֻǵԼۺǣȻһֱڤӰڶɣ˺ܶܶ꣬أѾǲˡ
ҶĬ벻ҶҲǿ󣬱ҶĬͺܺ棬ǰҲʹҶĬֻǵõһĴ𰸣µıǨ̫ãҶĬѾǲЩˡ
ΧҶյҲʲô
ҶĬҡҡͷȻָɽȥǶɡ
Ҷ㣬漴ͷã
ҶձҪȥɽΪ֪ȥǶȻܹҶĬɹʶҶҲûʲôõġ
˵ĽֵҶոҶĬɽȥ죬ٶȲ죬ҶһֱҶĬ࿴ܵһУܴܲʶĸоҵԼĻ䣬źһֱɽĸǰ
ɽܸߣɽܴȴֳïľɽ֡
һ޴ʯɽһʯףʯ׵ľϸһ֣ᷢЩľȫʯģŤţһֱͨɽ
Ҷ̤ʯ׵ɲǣӱ㶸ȻסҶĬƮԶ⵽ҶյĲףʩʩȻƮôˣ
Ҷɫûоʲôף
ҶĬԼûʲôѽ
ҶռѵĻ̌һЩأ
Ҷʯ׵ʱ򣬱ܵǧ֮ѹ·˲һɽһ㣬ǣֻҪҶմʯ뿪ѹԼϵʧӰ١
ǽ֮ˡҶճһµҪϱóֻǲ֪˿Ⲽµģŵġ
ⶫͨ˿Ⲽ£ҲһЩؾĵطֹŹ֣ҶնԲûʲô𣬺Ȼ޷ס޷ߵɽ
ҶĬƵôûио
˭֪أҲΪǹħԵʡҶЦŵ٩ߣΪǰƮ
ҶĬһֱƮŵģ˵ŵĹ꣬磬Ҷ֪ûʵŵʱûʲô𣬸ûӰӣҲƮ·ֻʧȥĹȲŻдȥ
ҶĬƲƲҶһԣʹĻرҶյĵ٩漴ڸô죿
ȻǼߡҶյһȽߵ·ѣֻ˻סңֻǣҲɽķһЩʱˡ
ʱⶫҶոҶĬԺû壬ǿģҶܹߵһѾżįȹ£ôһʱ䣬ҶĬǲ֪ۺǴ˾˶ٵ£ԼļóһֵۺԽƣʱԸû˿壬Լȹ˶¶ǲá
ǣҶһһ׵ʯס
Ҷվһ飬ʵ鲻޺ôѹţҶղòĸֵȻһһӡ̤ȥóģҶպܾδͻȻһ˿ɳѹ£ҲٱǿЩ
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ÿҶĬЦǻĹΣҶĬƺ˯̫ˣ֮Щ·ͣµһ˵ĹҶղʯ׶ҲǺܿֵһ𣬶ʱ䣬Ҷһߵɽ£һ˲
˲еĦȸѾ޳ˣҶѡȻǰޡ
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ǬŸҶյȻôģĦȸսҶնоʡ¶ûлٵĹر޵ıָͬưɣ޵ʱҶվ͸оЩ鷳ˣǬŵҶոеΪȻҲҶնڻ費һĹϵܷ񲢲ȡڴˣҶնԣֻҪŬܹǬġ
ҶڿĿİǬŵ޳ɵʱ޴ʯǰ
صʯˣ
ǰʯضѹ֣һ˿ԼʯΧϡĺ
ҶĬָоŨˡ
ҶյǾǽȥʲôɣ
Ҷһ˵ţһƿȳصʯţҶĬһ߽ʯ
ҶǰһƬҪ˺ϱʯ׳ۣ֮ƺʲôûУҶոҶĬĵĹÿһ䣬ֻҵһʯǱʯҲ֮ҶĴҲûŻػǰ󣬶طҲֻķʯѣεĲȹȫʵĵģʲôӣһյĹˡ
ߣҶռȥһš
ʯŵ棬һµʯţͬĺضΰҶٴνƿǰǿĴʽЩı䣬ֻڽĸ޴ķΪ֧ţԵĸΪտһĿȻͬһʯҲһûаǻء
һǿյģҲʲôҶյǻǰߡ
ҶĬͷѵõ֣صǸоƺԽԽˣӦԽԽˡ
ҶյͷʾԼСЩ漴һʯš
˵ĲǰҶƿһһȵʯţ߹һһĴÿƺǾƵģһΨһͬÿһ붼һʯÿһж̣ӰƲţֱ
һʮ
ƿʯŵɲǣҶձ㿴ǹƣּ䣬һкɫ۶ɵһֱӵɫһͷȴǸһ˫ˡ
£
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Ҷղʲô⡣
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ҶѰȥŷʯϲǿһ˵ģһŮˣһʮҹӽҹһģһŮˣΪƬɫΨһĹ
Ҷǰҹ
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Ϊ󣡡ʮһҹǳ֪֪ΪʲôҪ
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ǳԸҶյʱҶձܹҹǰУǳǲԸҶյĵ·Ҷձֻܸһҹг١
ʮһҹǳȷֲܿ
Ҷոоһ˿־塣
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ʮһҹǳɲֻܵĺɫĸΪŨңǳԸҶյĵ·ʱֻܱʣºڰˣһһıǺڰʳ
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ССĺСֻ֮ѣǣѾ㹻ˣΪûг׺ڰ
Ҷվֻӽڤӱƾն𣬴̴֮ɫϵʮһҹǳȥڤʶɲǣʮһҹǳΧĺѸٵڤ֮ǰ
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ҶղϴϢţҶĬҲЩۣƵĻЩƮҡ
Ҷյôŵסô
ҶĬֲܿƺôڣÿʹöҶĬ˯ܾãԿҶĬƺѰлһԣҪҶĬЯֶս뱬ǿս̵ʱڽսֻڤڵǰ·磬ʮһҹǳǰЩ԰ףҶձϾǽֵڸնˡ
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ŪЩʲôԼŪˡʮһҹǳЦʵʲô
Ȼ䣬Ҷս͵ӿĺѸٵҶյȫҶմ֮£ŬֻǺ·̵Ҷոε
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ΪԼڸҹսʵȴڸսʮһҹǳҶյܹսʤǣܹսʤϣô
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أԪܣҹɫģ
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һֱܶʱƣڽ֮ȻǺΣյ飬ԣͨŴĹʹ򣬴򲻹ܵķֻԼܿΣգܹڽлĸá
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̫һӱ׼ˮϯףսݣеʳˮŲ٣ӻһҲûʲôԹҲҲҪʳ޷ǾԺܿ񻶰ˣҪȴڡ
ЩԼȥҶռȴǽҶɸͻذóǵҶ֪ȥ

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פٴУĺŽǱ죬ЪϢ˱ѣ漴Ѹٵӿ˳ͬʱҲ˵һʱȥ֪ͨЩĸ֣һ˲䣬פе˱㾯ؿɽϵˡ
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̶ʱð亹乴ЫģǺӦöֽţҪǲЩ乴ЫЩӵʬҲͷӥһڵĶը鷳ɾʹˣҪ֪ͷӥʬȻܾ޴󣬵ϾֻһͷѪܹȻΧСˣ乴Ыգ۵ĹѾһƬ˵ҲǧһڲϵĴӵصӿ鲼פء
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էţһɫľһţȻչ壬һԾ޴ĳſɲǼ䣬бɫ谵
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548 첻ңҲҪ
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Ҷյ㲻棬ҲΪ֮ս˵ˣһеĻǡ
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˵ãҶչƣ漴мƨ¶
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Ȼذ꣬һﲻöԸҶ˵һ䣬漴ŵͬ룡
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Ҷ֪ҶһСĵ漴˱һȥ
ҶոҲǼĬ˶ûг֣ǵ˵Ӱʧڵƽߵɲǡ
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ҶտǽЩ˼飬ǽ˲䣬Ҷ֪ԼһδУȴδ뵽ԷһȻԼ
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˵Ľٶ쵽˿ֲһϢ֮䣬ǰǽӰвϴĽ֮
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Ҷȴδ׷վԭ΢ЦǸˣʹ˫¹ҲһԵġ
˫ֽȷָ죬ͨҲؽ٣ǣҶ벻ͨʮԼĳֲҪҪһΪʲô˵ȴԼңոõҲֻǵֶѡ
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Ҷղһ䣬漴Щ֣ӦòʶԼ⻯ҲͲ֪ԼҶղŶԣȻˣΪʲôҪַʽԼԻ
ͷҲֻҶһŶѣԭʲôҶڸ֪ʲôĹСĵرܹЩϮǣҶȴۣǻӹĹ켣һһȻԺｫЩʻΪһһַ
Щֳһ仰ʱҶҲǶȻһ
ʮҹӽҹ׽취
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ת˲䣬ҶҲ˼תԴһӿ벻׵⣬ȴҲ޿κΣְ취ԼԻʵҲЩ鷳ˣȻ˵̫ϸ
ȴҲҶ˼֮ʣӿĻͻȻ˹켣Ҫ֪ҶտһֱŸղ򹥻Ĺ켣ܶܵģ˲ϾԼ˼Щ⣬⻨깥Ĺ켣һ䣬ʱҶոŵһѸٵĻݵؽһţſرܹǻϮ
ڿһȴӿĻ裬˹·ߺȻҲµ֣ҶսһһԺм£ƴ󣬱Ǽ򵥵֣ң
Ҷտޱ򣬶Է΢ŵҶյͷҶձ³ָ߾ٹ

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Ҷһһ⽣ʼڶڱǺصƳŵȻ׹䡣

콣еı֮ʱһ֮죬ȻѿƬͬʱҲ׻Ƭɫò԰֣ȻӴһ֮ҲܵһЩˣȻҶȻˣֻǣ֮ҪϷҶȻҪŽⳡϷݺãʵ֣Щʵ˵ȥңô˳ȴ
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Ҷյ⣬ԷҲ˴𰸣ҲΪʮҹӽҹϹٻΪԼĸףͬͷȻһҪα
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ϧҶտϹٻҺͬͬ鲢ҪԸ㸸㸸ףʲôϵҵ㸸׵Լðɡ
Ϲٻҧ˫漴͵һԶüҶմ
ҶһۣĿ֮⣬ҶֻЦЦ㿴ǶԶҴ̵˸ǰ
Ϲٻʵ֮˵м䣬ȲΪ£Ҳǰһĸ֣Ȼӹ֮츳㲻óڣδõ֮ǰֻԪӤڵʵ޳ǣڽ֮⻹ܳΪ֣ڽ֮УΪֻ˵ӹ֮ţӹҲֹһŮҲδʹϹٻǰӹǵ̸϶ã㲻ԴûΣգҶܺãʵʲҲ޿κε飬ԣϹٻϣ죬˽ãҲڣصһ죬Ϲٻ㷢ԼΪĪǣΪĽ֮ˡ
һϹٻΪģΪԼһжͷƬģŬ
ڣϹٻٴε죬ϣԼܹҶգԼĸס
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ɲǣһĻ˻֣ǽɽ֮ϱɳʮɽڿ֮漴ɫĽ⳯ʮߴ䣬ڼ˲䣬ʮ߶Ȼ
ʮߵĽܿ죬˼Ŀ죬Ϊûܿôġ
ֻĽ漴µļʮɽڵϣϸȥֽܷȱڣǱģֻȴܿ壬ڻЩɽʮߺٺһЦӰȻһ̣㶸Ȼһı͵һһı̳ȥ
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һ϶ȻҲǱ⣬ӭʮߵĽ˿ѷɫƬڿһǸԱ˻һ룬һָΪָʮ߶Ȼ̳



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ԽԽõġһʮߵһܹ飬㲻Ҫڶ
۽һڽߵԶˣǱΪɾҲûһߵԶһ޷ǲɾˡ
ʮȴǳЦţ˿Ϊ⣬ҲһĽѵֻǺὣɱһ

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һüȻΪĽĹϵ˫ȻǰľȴܹظܵԼһȥʮߺȻѾйļɱشףֻǣйֻƬ̣Ǹоɢ٣ȻҲʹŶԷƾȻɲǼָˡ
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Ҷ˵ֱ֮ӽһڼϣֻݵؽ⣬ֱԶɶݡ
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ƾ΢ü̫ʮôҶԶߣǹϵ׷ȥ



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ԣҶƵʲôãҲŪֻǳһɣ
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Ҷһ룬ǻȻ׹漴мΪԷóһ˿ԣԱ˶Էܹķǰ׳հֲʲôҪ٣Ҿ͸Ƕ٣ܰǳô
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ʮߵŰƾʲôҪȥˣ
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ƾüԼȻóӦǰһ



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ҶյǵЩ϶໨ЩɱסǹǺѣֻҪЩ鷳ǱӦлᡣ
һͷⱾҴ˵صԵʡ
˵ŻʱҶһƬʯ壬ݵͼıʾЩʯ嶼ǿյģ·һ״¯ȥԼյɣʯ󣬵ͼı־ͱн̿ܵȦΡ
һҴ̽Ѱ˵ʱЩ̿ܶҸɾնˣȻн̿ܣӦЩ̽ĵط
ҶյͷѾͼıԵˣǰʮ׾͵ÿԼˡ
˵䣬ҶպȻо󾢷էüһһõһߣͷһȻһλεĳִǸˣǣؽڴŷ϶ҲǽӲ¶档
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սʱ۾ԷжģǣΪﵽ黪ڸ֮ΪܹӦĹϵȻӦеĶʵҪ۾ȥ׽Էķ࣬ڽ̿ܶǺõģϲ˿Ȼ޷ӦҲǽʹܹȻҶոһĹϵȻΪ֮ڵĻﶼǣҲҶոܵ˶Էʱľ磬ſܹ
һ˵ŻʱҶѾǽ̿УӦսȷЩ̫ϰߣǿܹӦҶճɿ죬ǽ̿Ҫֻǣǽ̿ܵľҶЩʹִ࣬ұۣҶջǸоС΢΢飬ɼǽ֮̿ܵ
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Ҷ̾ٽһ뽣̿ܵķ϶һǼ׵һЩ漴һ㽫Ǹ׵˳̡̿һɢһѵ̱ڵϡ
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ô˵Լ겻ɢҶôض治ǣǻᣡ
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磬ҶƻڽصĶСðƾʮ˶ǿƿ棬ֱ׹
ΡƾָҶոһ˿̣ܹܲ˵ġ
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ҶվҪ
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ҶһһοˣʮҲģǱ׶ƵĹֽѾһʯϣһĽ죬ʯҵػζʯм
˲ԾȣǾʮߵĽ޴Ǿǽʯ̣ʮߵĽһǣȻֻҡһ£˿δѿļ

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ҶץסһļݵؽߣƾĥһһĻϾ⻰Ҷ˵ƾʮа˾ŵˣթҶյƷɲӲһ˵ǿż֣ΣƾҲҶȥֽҶոץȥҪߣҲ͹˲һǻǼˣֱһʮֱ֮࣬һҶյĸǰ
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Ҷն˵ŰƾһǴǳܻڰƾĸǰȴǱҶǽһֱ˦ɣصĺʯ֮ϡ
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һҲԣߣƾǱȥļҲ֣Ҷձƾ֡
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ҶղĽҲؿÿһȴһǰɵرܿΪҶտǽӰɲǣѾ˸ǰһҶָôܣ
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ʮɸ˵ЦţȻ㽫סԼĿַķ飡



567 Ѫ
ʮɸ˵ЦţȻ㽫סԼĿַķ飡
Ҷɫ䣬ҲûַָܹסʮߣʹÿַʮߵжȻֻôɲǣҶնѾˡ
ΪҪֻһʡ
ȻֻһʣǸȻһ֣
һдҶϵƶ䣬ɱܵĿҲ·˲ᣬ˱㣬޴͸ɭϺ֮⣬ţҶǰǸһֱ㻯ɽʮ߶ȥ
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Ϊһ̫죬ҲΪַʮ߸˿У޴ɶ㡣
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ϣʮûκĶֻǽǱŹֵ׶ǰٺٵЦźǿģƺҶյĽԽǿԵԽģǱ׶ĽǰһͣӭһֽĽ⡣
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Ҷ˿Сү㵱ӣ

Ҷջ䣬ǽʯϷ΢죬һЩѵʯ飬ţǺ¡һǿ鱻ʮ߿δѵĽʯȻһ飬׵ѿʯ̮
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ʮ߲ĴЦҶȴһʲôģû£
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Ҷ̧գ漴ƣĴʺѪҺǿǽǵƫһЩҶյĶ죬ʮĶʱԳҶյԴһ͵ը룬ᵥֻϲһӣѪˡ
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ǽɨȴһһİ»״ǰ󣬱һƬʮ߶ȥʮȴ΢ЦţЩ⣬ʮ߿ûһֽǰԲҪֵĽкɨ㽫ЩɳȥܵĽʯ
ҶȴǺͣЪ˪ǽ㵹ҶյƼ䣬ϵķ漴һģֱ߱˪Ҷղһ߽ͣʮ߶ȥ
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ʮȻҲͨȻýΣȴ˶˶ԸӰİ취ı潣ıǻýֱӽ߱Ϥ䡣
ֻ߽ɲǣҶͻȻԾסǴ˪ʮߴȥ
ǵڰ˱ҲΨһǱ潣
ʮ߾ٽȴڽഥ˲䣬Ҷе˪Ȼʧ
׾Թ϶
׾Թ϶ޱ仯Ӱб仯ɱŵȱ㣬ԣҶպʱѰ׾Թ϶Ӱɱںһ𣬵ǣڵʱΪãҪںһʹҶնҲΪѣҲʮ֮гɸĴεĸʣҶյΪȻʱܹ׽֮ʱѾֵɱˣĲôõˡ
ʮȻֵҶȫԸĶ֡
˪ͻȻʧʮߵķӦҲν죬̺ὣֵֻǸս±Ӱٶվһģ˪ĽиǱŹֵ׶һƬ𻨺󣬱һʮߵأ漴Ҷձ㶸Ȼʮ߲ɵˣֱײһ齣ʯ
ʮ˿ԼƣЦÿģֻȤ
ʮߴЦţԼƣʵϣҲȷҪں˿ڴȻѿƵĵ֮ЩѿƵĵ֮ʮߵ˿ڱѸϣ㽫Ҷյ˪棬ŵҶոϽ˻
ʮѸϵ˿ڣҶҲ̲ס㵽ʲôģ
ʮ߲𻰣ֻǿԼؿڣƺ⡣
ȴҲʱһȻֹͣƾľ鷳ˡ
һ˿еĲмΪǿңһѣҶ̿ܣŷֵĶʵСǽʯŵϵַҲ˼ء
װŪ
ƾһ˵ţǳѸٵĲһȴǱĳӰһӿ
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ƾһҶȴڿˣ֮ҲǴ󾪣ʮʯֻǴǣ˿ÿʯ֮϶ƣȴԼѿġ
⣡Ҷպȵѹסˣܡ
ҶպȾܣĻܵʮߣһҲҶֻһһظܵΪ˲Ȼ˵ҪٵΣռ󣬶˵תͳ
ƾһسɴ磬һĸǰȴǻδüһǱҶһ⹥򱳺ܹ֮Ҷһܻʱͨ
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˽ҡŬ壬ǵĲѾվȶΪѣ˵ǰܳȥˣʯѺµʯѹˣƮĽΪŨҵѹȣͬʱΪʯѣǵϻŵַҲѸٵɫʵĵҽһһĻɰ
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߶ͨѪɫ
ǼǽǽѪɫģð׹ĥɵĹǷ۹ճ˿ķģ͸˿аĸоѪ֮ϺܵĽ⾹Ȼһ˲ɢɲǼ޾ɱ⡣
ɲǼ䣬ɱȻǰƳϯ
Ҷ³ѪɱͬһشһؿڣҶոܵ
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һɱոսѪеǱѪȻ쳹

Ҷһεס䣬ȴֹסǽУ˸оͷѡ
ͬʱǽڶɱҲٶϮҶǿѪƾɫ׵Ҫ͸һ㣬һľĳӰڵϴһϺۣȻҲһףʮߴ岽ͬɱ塣
ʲô⡣ҶղǵѪҪˣ
һЦǵ伮еļشˣǵ伮ϼŵŶұһý㱻ţΪǱý죬ԽѪ֣֮ڿǱýȴҲǱ׽Щ²ǿ⽣˽ŵģǺ⽣ŽŸˣ漴Ƹʮ齣ʯ˽ѹʵƶԷ˽ţ֪ܲרŶͽңôýڣã⽣ڣĻظ̿Ҳһֱ׽
ڡҶտ˵ʲôã취
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ٽһŲӣȴֲļѣܶûܣȻǱѪǾʹ뿪ɱⲻڳǣڴ˵أǧؼգ׽ȻҪɱˣǰĸùһֻҧֻܽ⽣ˣǽ⽣Ϊá
㲻Ҫ˵ô򵥺òã˵پܻ٣˵ܽҶտɥ漴Űƾ겻ɢӣں˰ɣȫ
ƾȻɨҶһۣ˭ܽڣģҪòã
ʮǺٺٵЦ漴ǱѪȥ
Ǹܵʮߵ춯ǱѪٴɱȻεķ磬ϳˣȴҲɲǣʮߵ϶Ȼ⣬סɱ󣬼ǵǰȥ
Ҷ޵ˣɵѱƽ
һҪǽ㻹ô򣿡
ŶҶջȻʮѾѲˣõǱѪԼһˣҧվֱӺСүţǽҪˣ
һ̾˿ҲǽžĳӰǰȥǰƾʡ¶ѹվԭزǰ͸ָõǽˣ˵޽ƾõǱѪҵõǱѪϿɣҶֱײˣֱ˰ˣǽǰˣڻٽǶ֮ѡһٽñýףýἤǱѪķٽἤѪķΪңΣֻƾ֪⽣Ĳ˵һǸǰǱױ˵ҲǼٻ
ǰɲǣµһɱεɱȴҪ˸˺һ㣬ҶողϽǱѪɼĲᡣ
ʮף岦ɱӹҶǵһٶȵģΪȻ޿κε⻯ʮǿĲ󻰣һҲӤ꽡ȫҶֻ֧⻯ܵɱشȻΪãҪҶձľɱ깥ɱ֧Ųסˡ
ѣҶմŴЪҶͣ½ŲʱʮȻߵѪصıϣȴҲɲǣѪϵǱȻһƬɫĽ⣬Ľʮӿ˳ӹʮߵ壬һһĽڡ
ʮߵգۼʮߵ˿ڣǳҲһƿһֱؿڻ䣬ǣ˿ڳֵɲǣЩ˿бͬѿƵĵ֮ţţǷһ㣬Щ˿ȫѸٵľͻָʮ߷·δܹһ㡣
ҵģҵģҵġʮ˻ҵģ
Ъ˹䣬ʮ߿Ѫ֮УǱѪȴٴηųɱ⡣
εɱȴ˿ɱȴ̿ȫʮߣʹʮߵ΢΢·ҪˤѪأֱӱɳȥһ㣬ȴ˰Ĺʮ߾Ӳĳ˹ȥԼӸվֱٺٵЦţܻصţԵЩ졣
ҵģ
ʮٴδ󺰣漴͵ǰ뵽ǱѪһ֮͵סǱѪ

ʮץסǱѪɲǣƼ㲻ӿ̣оסһŻ𣬲ϷƽţǱѪĽԽȴֻһǣʮߺǽľ޿ɵֵǾ˲鲼ȫʮߵֱӵɳȥһˤѪء
ʮԣͷԼ䣬һȻֱӽնأʮƺǵֲѵӾȻһֵָĵ֮һӲְǶѵӸˣ˿ڽӺһ󣬱һһϣֻصȴصЩֲҲûôϣһһ˿ڱС
⵵ڶһѾѪأӭѪɱ⣬ȴԼĽ֣Ҳò̾һǱΪڽ֮;ߵԶǸˣһĽ⳹ױʱ򣬾ǱҶոʮ߻ҪǿңӲĽѪɢɱ˻ȥ漴ǵǱѪ
ǣһѪʱȴҪʮ߸ΪһЩָһǱѪͷųһһʹȴֱӽ˻ȻԾӶǾĳӰӲһ֮˸ʮһ³ֱӱɳѪأֻһʮǰӲоԺǰ֣ĳӰӲǵһûˣֻǱɳȥѡ
ſڵϴڴڵشϢţʮߵ˿ڻûϣû취ӵһҶպνֻҪܽǽѪγǽˡ
ҶտɥҲȥ㿴ҹȥô
ʮߵ³ѾܺڹǽжֲһȻû¶ˣҲζõǱѪǱѪҲϿһͬбĽһȻǱѪ͹ͷˣȻ͵ͬԼ˻ᣬٴǱѪϵõµĻᣬҲͬǱѪ˵Ѫˡ
һ³˶һƢģҲҪԵ֣ȻѪȾɱľɱпܽ⽣õֵ˾㡣
һһ˵ţɨ۰ƾʮߣ֮ˣֻҪõǱѪԸƾʮ߾û⣬͸ˣָ׼ܽ˸ĵط
ҶնȻҪһǱֻǣҶµȷҲЩ鷳ΪסɱĳѪضѡ
ҧҧҶҲԴ󷢣͵ľ˪Լϴȥ



569 Ѫ
Ҷһ̽ԼȻѪֱʹҶ죬ѪҶϵԱ㶸Ȼһ֣ţ˪ͷųһ˿˿ڸϣȴڰνɲǣҶպԥһԼ䣬磬ﶸȻ쭳һѪѪ棬ҶմڴϢţϵ
һҲһ㣬漴̾һҶչݣ⻹һμԲеķʽԼԣЩ˵ȷˣԽսԽףԽˣԽΪͣ
Ժ¶ݶģȻʣֻܶԱ˺ݣܶԼݣҶȻֶԵ˴ӲԼҲݵˡ
һֱʮҶѪȾ½󣬿ǸѪ˶Ȼ˪˿ڸѸٵıֹѪҶջ˵Ĳᣬ·ЩҡΣϵɱȴȻ
ѪŵɱӭҶգȻҶϵɱ⻥ཻڣ˴˷ֲʤɢ
ʱҶҲǿѪ֮УѪˮ䵴һȦһȦֱǱѪ֮ǰҶձס
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ҲҶϽɲǣǱѪŷ
һ̰һ⣬ȷΪҶɱĹϵɱ൱ΣҶڱƣѹΪãһҶӦ׵õǱѪϿɣǣ׸һԵȣ
ȻǱѪܾͬҶա
һ֣
ǱѪĽΣڵϵʮ߱Ѿܺõ˵һˣǣʮǹＴӱضϣҶտôȻˣǱӦö㣡
ǣҶղܶ㣡
˱ͬǱѪͷԼѪͬʱҲᱻѪȻζҶˡ
Ҷղϲĸоԣ֡
Ȱ
ҶŭϵȻһֱȴҶҲƴȫս˲䱬˳ĵȵ
ͬʱǱѪ֮ЪһεĽӽгֱӻҶϵ漴Ļۿɼĳ̶ȣǵһһǰƽҶյ֮УҶҧгݣȻҲŬֹǵˣǵһһĽӸп漴Ҷյؿڡ
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ϴڽڣʱ򣬻˷סҶյԭҶյѱٿݽߣ㱻ǱѪ̼񷢷裬Ҳȫƾ轣ǣҶյƸָĲˣٴ񣬻˷ҲȷԼܲҶգôһ֮󣬻˷絹Ǿýڣǵطͦá
ҿǻؽڣɡ˷ǵطڵصף㷢ڣﶼҲûνˡ
ҶյͲҲǹطԼصף
˷⽣͵־ҪôƳΪʬֻ֪ɱ¾ҪôȥɣҲʹЩ
˷⻰˵࣬ûиҶտЦ˼ʵϣȷҲͦ飬ѪȾѣȥûľ⽣˷粻ҶʩѹҲϣҶյġ
ҶյͷǾͽڣûɣ
ǻȻһģ˼ҵĵ̣һпܱ򻵣Ȼǵһ䡣
һȥɣѪȾѱߺҲûʲôֵһĶˣңΪѹѪȾѵĵطҲȥǶɡ
Ҷյͷ˳ץסһļͷһݵؽݣ˷ȴ뽫ǱСĵĿסŸҾĸ·
ڣ¥ȷǲԶƬ̵ĹҶմһ䣬˷ȴҲǺܿβ
һǽȥһὫڷ˷ֻһܵʱ䣬ѪȾѾôѹոѪػǿ󣬵ǣʱϵľ֮Ҳ޷ѹ⽣ˣô
Ҷɫصصͷ֪ˡ
˷һǾȥɣ
ѪȾѵˮȻһѣ˷ԾץǱѪ㽫䳯ŽڣڵǸض˽ȥҶҲǲ󣬲û˷ѣԼԾ˵ض
˷䵽ͷһʯ㽫ڸס漴һھˮ־ӡǿʯϣȻһԾֱ˾ʯͷ
ڣнƣѪȾʧȥѹҪƿҲôףΨһȱھ¥ͨԣ˷罫ͨڸҲͨʱҶոѪȾѸ˽ڣ
һͷҶոѪȾ˳ͨڣ֮УΪǵڶˣҲ·صɲǣҶձ˳ַų𣬽ܸ
ǱѪȾѾҶոǰԶŹڿУҲûһʱ乥Ҷգֻ͸һ˿Ѫ⣬޾ɱ
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573 
Ҷջ˵꣬ǱѪȾѱѪâʢһҶն
ҿҪҪҶһ߱ܿǵİ
ҶµǺܾѪȾѣһûѪأʧȥѪصѪȾѵ˲٣Ȼͬ˷ԣ˿̵ѪȾѸմѹнѲãԻδ׻ָҶ¿ûбƾ׷˸£۷֮ڣʵȻǵ佣ڣʱܹġ
űܹѪȾѵļҶһİƺʲôȻѣѣӦǴƵģҲӦøұŮӦøұε˧ǸѽһشĽ׳аȫС
Ҷջδ˵꣬ǽȴǸʢէȻʮ磬ͬʱѪȾҲٵڿУȻҶնһѪɫҶմ
ॣ
ҶҲԥܹ֮󣬱˳Ƴ˪ӭһģ֮󣬱һԾܿѪȾѵĴ̻
ðɣЦ˽Ҷ˶佣ʼֻһԼʮ֮ߣһķâҫŽԾ壡
Ҷ֪ǰѪĶ鱦ǣ߳ΪҲΪֻҶյĻȻûܹ˵ѪȾѣڿд˸ѪȾѱҶմ
ȻûִѪȾѷ·ͨһ㣬ҶմĽܿ죬ҲܺݣÿһǱҪȥ˿ûԥȴҪҶոɱ
ɱ˵Ĳܽɱ
ҶյҲ˪ɣƬƬ滨ѪȾѽʮУ漴һնཻѪȾѱ㱻ɳȥֻǣҶյüͷȴĺ˪һۣȴǱնһȱڣȻ˪ȻҲǱ鱦ǰе̳ƷʵȷѪȾѡ
Ҷḧ˪Ľ̾һˣϢɡ
ɲǣҶձ㽫˪սٲײ˪ѪȾѵĶ֣ϵĻ˪Ŀǽ飬˵ҶҲϲ⽣ģʵ˪ôˡ
ȻսұսҶտѪȾѵ㲻ϲɱôҾɱɱɾǱԹԵظ߰ɣ
Ҷ˵֮䣬ϵ㶸ȻɢĻҳǽϵʯмһһܾӹ֮ͨУ·̨һ㡣
Ҷ΢˫Ŀȴﵽͨͷ˲䣬Ȼ۾
ǽڣ֮⣬˷žƺ«ǿʯϺȾƴԵĸӹȴҲǺȻһ˿âЦСӶӵԼСˣе˼
ǽڣ֮ڣһƬѪâǰӹ֮ܵ㶸Ȼģ
ǲĴأЩ죬ѪζȴǱѪȾģΧ˲б࣬һһİ׹ʬɽѻţ̧ͷ
ѪȾڿգŷһһĽƷǳġ
Ȼ䣬ѪȾѵĽų⣬Ǻ䣬ѪȾѵȥȴǸµŮӣǼѺܺ죬ޣѪŮӵƤȴܰףͬѩĺƯȴ͸ɭȻü£ѪɫĺӣռСȴ˿δƻУƾޡ
ѪȾѣ
ҶյȻѪȾ̧ͷŲԶȥʬɽ֮ϣҶЦٺٵš
ѪȾ죬Ҫ˵ÿһ޳飬Ȼǿ˵ģѪȾȴȻǲ֪˵ұɽʱɱˣ㱻ѹҲû˵Ҳ֪˵
Ҷյʱ㡣
ѪȾ䶯źڣ˲ٵʱ䣬ſĿİĵ㡭ɡΪҡˣ
Ҷյվֻһ˱ɱ˵ģģȴǻģӦűȥɱˣǱȥɱˣܹҪһ˵ġ
㡭ԡѪȾѿҶյ㡭䣡
ҶմЦ˭䣿ұѳ񣬼⻯ͬһսҲָûʲôҲģҶӵеĶûʸӵС
ѪȾƺѾӦ˵Ҷظ㲻䣡
ǾɱɡҶЦɱˣ䲻䣡
Ҷ̧ƣѿһһߵİ׹ǴӵصץЩѵıѪȾѶȥ
ѪȾ֣¶һ˫ƣֱͬŸһĺƣȻģǺƴƾձһѪѪȾץ֮󣬱Χİ׹ÿȥ
ѪȾѺǿĺǿЩ׹üһͱնɱʮߣҶղ磬֣ƾձһ̳ͷڴڵĹȻܱƣȻҲܱ׹ãԣѪȾѿɱֻҪҶղ粻Щ׹ñɱ
Ҷվôʬɽ֮ˣڵغžƣͬϷһ㣬ѪȾѲϵĳնɱЩ׹ãһһ֪ƣĽЩ׹øնķ顣
Ҳ֪˶ãһ죿һ£һꣿ
ҶղںС磬ʱ䵱ȻҲ˵㣬꣬Ҳһǧֻ꣬ҪˣԱκӡ
ոһɱѪȾѣҶպȻЦɱǲǺûŪѪɱһɱ
Ҷִ̧˸ָЩΧѪȾѵİ׹ñƾյĳѪ⣬һһ׵սʿѪȾѷΧȥ
һУҶձĵĺȾƣƬʬɽ֮ϣЦӯӯؿѪȾѼɱͬǲ֪˶ãҶԼŹǷ벻ʱʱӦøѪȾЩӡ
ƺɱҲǺܹ񫣬̫ˡҶڿд˸ָǲɱްɡ
Ҷյ˵ܵɿţǷ֮İޱӵ˳ֱֳѪȾѿȥ޴ڵնƣ޵ǿȻԶЩ׹øѰʿԱ⣬ǸǿҲΪºҶջóİȫ޳ɵЩŪģΪ½ɴ죬Щôܻ
ʵһһһûʲô𣬲ַֻһѹƣöԷԵԼǿ󣬲ͶϣΪ˻ȥΪãڶ˸˵ͱȽϹ㷺ֻƬݣΪ׷棬Ϊ׷棬Ϊˬ׷棬һٵݣǾ˿̶۶Ͷã˼壬ӵӦöġ
ҶվԵһ֣ԼûʲôϣˣҲܴܲĹѪȾѣܴҲԲǿʵѹļչ֣ʤˣҲѴѪȾķڷڶ֣ҶվԼƵģܼ򵥣ɱѪȾѾһȾѪɱ˵ǻܶθڣҶյıڴˣҶѪȾѻԥԼϥһƻȥˣҶɱҲòѪȾѵϿɣֻ˵ҶյʵǿԣҶֻõַͶá
ȻϲɱˣұɱɱɱɱΪֹ
ѪȾѵıҲҶ⣬˷ܵ΢ЦȵĿü٣ѪȾΪսұģͬҲΪɱ˶ڵġ
ȻģҶջһݵؽ⣬䲻ѪȾѵ󣬴ӱסѪȾѵ֫סѪȾѵ
ôɱˡҶ૵һɱһô죬ҪɱҪɱ⣡
ҶɲǣѪȾѵ󣬸߾ǱѪǰȻһն
ɲǼ䣬ҶոѪȾΪģһȦѪǵӹһֱ쵽ƽߵľͷ
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574 һ裬һ
ɽɻ
Ǿսͼ֮Ҳûٵֻ̣Ǳصɽơ
Ҷվɽףǲɽидɵĸ±Ľϻͷб
ȻѪȾѣҶססԭҲܼ򵥣ΪҶܹɱˣƺ޻Ϊ˶ܴѪȾɱˣʵǾô򵥣ܶҪѹѪȾѣҪѹеԣҪѪȾľҲȻһýһ׽Ҷ뷨ԣѪȾڱұɵһɱˣЩҪѹѪȾѵģҪѹѪȾѵģҪѪȾģȫ˶˴ۣҶǵһѪȾѿԴȥɱ˵ˣȻɹˡ
ҶסѪȾѣ˷һҲд󶨣ѪȾ֮ǲɽҲԴһˡ
ҪɽȻҪɽ
һվҶߵɽͷҲСǻѣǽϳĶ
˷üǲãƺѾݶʱˡ
ǲɽɽţһϰ¯֧㣬¯ǰͷһײߣʿ۵˹ǰСĵŲ豭漴õĲ赹豭֮ŽˮǡҲڴ˿̣Ҷߵ֮ǰ
룡̧ͷЦּˡ
Ҷյ֪ǻ
ŵƾȥʱҾ֪һˡ
Ҷ΢룬仰˼ȻԭˣץסãץסңұƳҲãҪʮҹӽҹȻǾͲ˦ƾܻذꣿ
Цҵ˽⣬㲻ǸСˣңͦһˣȻ뿪ˣȻὫ˸úãԣ˿ٻȥǰҲǿճһˣֻ֮ҪƳ꣬û·ˣȻԷһڰΧҲЩþˣɷģЩģֻǲصЩѣϾЩǺ鷳ڰеˣǲ⡣
Ҷյͷǲ⻰ϾԷǶһ٣ûаƾƣҶջǻ뿪ģʮҹӽҹץϢԼģԷȻ֪Ὣ¶Լ˵򡭡
뵽Ҷղ΢̾һǲôŮΪУˣҶҲǣϵĲ豭ˣȴֻһ裬δСЩɣɲǴ֮
ЦһԣΪֻӴһˣҿк𡣡
ҶȻŵ˼ȴһȻпܵĻŸϣҶһȥ
Ҷյ˵費أ
ЦαأҼҲԸĶѣû˺Ȳ裬ҾֻܻɽȥˣʱɽǶԲһ˺Ȳ裬ҲȥʵǳԿţΪ˶ࡣ
Ҷյͷ
ֿһһ˵㣬۽Ƶڶ˸ҳƵһǡҲýºȱ裬۽ɺãȻɽţûʲô֮ɽͣͷƣġ
ãһ룬漴ɴĴӦҶռͷȥɣȱ裬ҲܸȤõʲôһ۽ɡ
ҾãⱭ軹ȰɡʱԶǧ֮УǡЩˣһʣ֪ɷ񣿡
˲ȥƼԶһƬɳ뵽ſһȺ޳Ϊ׵һͷʨףбһŮˣ䵽󣬱Ȼ䡣
Ҷջ׵ôˣ
ȸȥ˰꣬˵ˣұˡ
̧ͷ۵Σ¥󣿡
ȸϹеͷѣôȱô
áŵе裬̱ϲŮ飬˴ٻҲ˼롣
ȸЦű˿ڵȥɣһȥɽۡ
ҶԥƬ̣漴ͷãҵ
ҶƿųɽȥҲӣֻĿ뿪Ȼԣһ裬Ȼֻһˣȸ㹻ˡ
ɽ˳ѵʯ׶ϣֱɽŴȸʧ˷˿ھƵȻ֪ȻǸ壬㻹Ҫȥ
Ҷյѵȥ
˷̾˿˿ھƺ󣬱Ҷ˳ɽߣԼɽʱɽһµͬһ裬ĺվżαҶյҲʶԼǼֻǣʮ߲ڴ˵ء
һⱭ˭ˣ
Ųɶǰ˸ǸⱭˣž۾˷Ǽȱ衣
ҶտŻ˷ЦѽȲ衣
ߣ˷žƵߣ͵
Ҷյͷ΢СЩ⼸鷳ģһˡ
Ҷ䣬ɽУŲɶԷҲӣĿҶնȥ˷ֵǰ豭㽫ˮһ
ɡ˷ҲϲȲ裬ʲô¶
ҶղĻ˷磬ǼαڰǰԼԸˣôԸ˷磿ʮ߸ƾδ֣ǲҪԵ鷳ǵǱɲúȣңǱúȣǱһˣҶԼǶԷӦöϣҶȥɽ
Ҷûеʮ߸ƾȥһŮˡ
Ů˺Ưȹ绨ףͬŮ˵ĸǰһһ衣
Ҷ΢̾Һʧ
ҧ촽漴ĲȥҶգһ¥Ȳ裡
һҶյʶⱭ裬Ҹúô
Ҷ̾һɱ㣬㲻ҪɱˣɱЩ˻᲻ģֲЩ˲ģɱ㣬ô
ҶӹɱǾɱɡ
һͷ֪ˣⱭҺ˰ɡ
һǰɽ䣬ǲϸϸƷһڣȴǼΪ㴾ѵõĺò裬漴ĿҶո
ʮҹӽҹ顭֮ʣԵҲ֪ǹҸģĲ֪
Ҷյ֪֪ѾҪˣΪѾˣҵǺܺ棬Ϊʲôαһ𣬲ҲҪΪѾһˡ
΢̾㲻ġ
ܹҪġҶյˣȲ衣
Ҷ˵㲻ٶǼɽȥɽʱҶҲǿνĵ·ﱾսͼͼĵط˿ȴһڵУҲΪ·ΪҶո±ǴƬϵġ
ͷɽͬϵ㣬һ׵ĲߣŷߣԶٽͱڵĵطվһŵˣڿͱڵ·ͱڱǵҶһɽնġ
֮⣬Ҷջ˰ƾʮߡ
ʮǸЦӯӯģԵЩûûΣƾɫ£·ûпҶյĵһ㡣
ʱתӣҶЦò
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575 
ƺֻǰĿҶգȻǰ£ع
Ƭ̺ҶĶԭûұʲôĻͲֵˣһֱ㵱ˣҲ𾴵ˡ
𾴵ֻһǸ˽㴨
ܶǰҶʵҲɽΪˡ
㴨ЦЦʵҲû˿ұ¸ɱҲΪʲôĴţҲͦãǣұˡ
ҶյûỨ٣
㴨ĵصỨ򲻻أ򲻻أʮҹӽҹͲأʮҹӽҹأͲء
Ҷ룬оһͷˮ̾Ǻܴһ֡
һ֡㴨һֱԼ飬ֻǣЩʱܻЩ⣬ΪЩ⣬ʹҲòһЩƻĸı䣬ỨҲҸ˲ѪҲȥʹ𡣡
סҶվٱȲ׹
ûҪɱ㡣㴨ЦЦ漴͵ѵ֣Ϊʲô֪ôϵ飿Ϊʲô֪ôȥϣΪʲôҪսҹ
Ҷ˼㴨ҪȥϣΪΪߵĴڣǿ֮һҲ֮һֶȥģԣҪȥϣҲҪһƿսͼ򿪵·ˣԣ취ýңһУսڽ£ΪһЩƻ飬ҲòһЩı䣬ǣұԼˣҲòıģ㡣
ңҶԳЦʱҺƲֵһᡣ
Ҫ㴨ǻ˵˵ɣȻѾȥˣȻӦ֪һУôô
ҶյûµĲǵ˽
㴨Ҳûÿ˶ԼĿҿ㣬дôΪԼĿŬдôͬ㲻ҲһŻص˼һã᲻֣
Ҷ룬漴ʵᡣ
㴨ԣ²ûж˾Ҳ֪㣬˾̰ģ˾ʧˣǸʲôϵҾҪ㣬ҲԼʸõ㡣
Ҷյȷôûϵôڸֵ˵ˣָƨ¶
ȻǸйϵġ㴨ȿڲЦߵ˼Ҫ˼䣬ֻҪڣĹɴڣͲƻ򡣡
ҶղмĻǸŵѾ˵ˣܲЩʵģ
㴨Ц֪˵ЩûãΪ㲻ֻԼţа취ԸҺķ£Ϊġ
Ҷյ֪Ϊ
ȴֵ㴨ˣɵ֪
Ҳ֪ҶյǲµģܱҹҲܱǵߴ·ӣδ뵽ҹһģҹͬģҹȻˣָô죿õİ취ҳһµһԸǣһµԼΪƶµĹ򣬼Ȼ˵㣬˵Ȼˣοġ
оݣ㲻ǲ²⡣㴨ֻֻˣѵûһֱʧ٣ʲôô
Ҷüʲô
磡㴨ûûֻأȻһ죬佫ҲûȻعޣȻƬ޵ĻУᵮµ磬ôʧˣΪʲôҪʧΪֻҪһֱʧսԣʧܱ٣Ҳڱƶ˺׵顭
һ룬㴨ȿڲ裬ĵ㲻ʧɡ
Ҷյ꣬˭һ
㴨Цⲻ˵Ļ
ðɣȷſںԶѡҶյԼΪô
У㴨еǴģǣϾҲƿֻأܸһұܳΪµҲ˵Ҫԭ
Ҷü漴壿
㴨Ц⻯õ˼
ҶյѹҪץҡ
ֹˣֻ˼ԵҪΪҲغҵģңܶǰұҵ˼ˣҽӡʯģȴû뵽һ˼˼䣬ɺϵõˡ㴨ЦЦȻ˸ӵûỨʱһΪչģ
Ҷ룬漴ͷǱóϵģỨʱ򣬳ȴʮҹӽҹ֮⣬㴨ҲǶչ˵ģһֱԳݸҶղٹա
㴨Ӧʮҹӽҹ˵Ứٹ£һжʮҹӽҹڴȻˣƾʲôڲͬҪҸգ
ҶյһֱΪԼ˧츳ޣгΪֵǱʣֵ
㴨ʵһ㣬漴ɵĹЦһֱҶպ˼ܶܶǰ˼ܶܶҶ˼
ðɣ㵱츳Ҿ޺ˡ㴨ЦȻʥ޵Ҳ
Ҷٴü޵ԼԼô֪˵ԼʲôĶô
һ룬Ҷ̻ڵһ
㴨Ǳǰ޵ʱұ֪Ƕ֮ˣȻ֪ôõģܹ֪޵ںδǼʵ˿ĵ飬ǡǰ壬ǶҲ࣬Ƿǳأ
ҶյͷռҵȷƵˡ
㴨Цһ
ҶµУ
㴨˵ȥ˵һˣ԰ɣ
ǵαĸˡҶƲʮһۣ漴뵽ʲôüһҶĬյƣ
㴨ۺǣڶӣ˼ڵ˼Ǳǵ
ѵҶ૵ѹѾͷôֲѹѾͷܻôãõԼ벻һУѹʮһҹǳϤ
ԣĺҪ㴨Ҫұ뽫ɽ
ҶɹЦѾˣô֪һ㣿
㴨˵ĻôЩһֱ߱ĸأŬһеˣֻҪۣһܶԸ
ҶղмֻܹĲˡ
ⲻҵĲ룬оݵġ㴨Ц֮ˣ
Ҷüʲô˼
㴨ֻʧδ䣬ԣߵĴڣ֪֪˭Ҳ֪Щʲôǣ֪֪ȴ֣ΪԼµģûƻأ㲻ҳ֣վǳˣЩ֮ˣҪңΪˣµԭȻΪһһжȷģֻҪҳɹʧӦûһ˵ҽΪµ
Ҷ֪֪̾Լ
㴨ЦôҰɣֻҪҳΪµ㲻ͬʱص˼䣬⽫ҶµĵһΪµĹ򡣡
ҶҡҡͷḧߵĽϻҵĽɱˣ



576 Ȼսսʹ졾һ
ҶյĻشޣȴҲǳˡ
ΪҪɱˣ
㴨治䣬ֻΪʲô
ҶյʲôΪʲô
㴨ѵ˵ĻҸĻࣿվһߣ飬һ죬ɽ绹˼䣬Ȼǵ綼𣬺ðɣ㲻㳤ԺδǣֻҪڵڣĹͲܸı䣬Ҳܻȥ˼䣬ҳΪµܿܿþȣҲԸص˼䣬ô
ðҶЦǾΪɣߣȥҸˣˣҶɰɣƷ֪Ϊµٺòˣ԰ɣ
㴨üһȴû˵
㿴ʵ˵ĶǷϻһжֻΪѣȥõ㲻𣬶ڣ㲻Ѿ㲻㡣ҶЦḧϻǰĲһأϲ˵òȻ˵ЩȻķϻˣң˵ĺֻܶ࣬ԼȻֻԼô㣿ô㣿
㴨̾ʮһ۵ƷͬʱҲ
㴨һ˵ţһڿ黭һȦţҶձӤ֮ȦһӤ㴨УͬʱӤĿܵɫƺȻͻ谵һЩĳİɫĻꡣ
㴨Ƕ
Ҷյ˵ʲô
㴨㱾ڴˣһ壬ϧ㱾ϣֻһ⻯ܶð޵ҲΪ⻯ƣҲ޷ð޵ڴ˼Σ̵ֻ˼㻹̫˼ãң˼Ͼ֮нΪСġ
ҶЦв
㴨ʵˡ
Ҷյһֱ˵Ĵʵνʵġ
㴨Ѿ֪Լڼΰ̾̾Ϣһ漴ҴӦģˣ㽫Ϊµ֮һ
ƾǰӹ㴨ĶҶЦҲǰҰˣǰֻվϣ㻹Ϊ֮һ
ƾĮұ͸վϣվĺܸߡ
Ҷ帧ϻҪɱˣҲɱˡ
㴨ǰ㽥ʧ漴㸺վͱ֮ǰƬƺ
ٺ٣١һֱδ˵ʮ߷·õ˽һ㣬ЦžҶиһζܺŵζҵģҵģҵġ
ʮߵĽǣһţ㵽ҶյĸǰҲɲǣҶĽϻǽбһĽϻһමȻһէȻҪҶճ֣ӭʮߵĽ⣬÷顣
ɫѪҶǰȴɲǼɱɱ⡣
ƾǱû뵽ĽѪˡ
ҶЦԸңҲܿģ⣬ѪƺˣѪȾѣ
Ҷʱʮ߱غҵģҵģҲҵģң
ʮ߸û˿η壬ȻǵԼѪȾնɹһ㣬ֻǷĽţͬʱҶսЩ񲣬ľٶҶȴֲˣӦñ㴨ʮߵˣӰ죬ʮߵȻЩ⣬Ұǰƾֱж
ҶץѪȾѣḧҴӦ飬ȻڱɱɣɱĿЩ
Ҷһ˵ţһǰն
ɲǼ䣬Ѫâʢ

ɽɽš
ſзȣʵϣ׿αһ⣬ſȷǸܺˣȸţʱ򣬲ʱŶǡôȡ߲豭Ȼ̺õĲ豭ϲ裬͵ȸĸǰνġ
Ȼ˾ôһһĺţŻЩȸģͬ겻һ㣬·˵Ļ
ƺЦұֵôţѵöൣһµô
ȸ˵ģȥô
ᡣЦǣɱңȻȥʵҲ꽫֮ʱˣҲ㱻ȻͦˣҲЩë׾սҪɱңпܵġ
ȸĺܲʹ죿
ŵ˭ԼЩֶŪ˲ˣŶ̫ʹ࣬ʵҲãһţĻͦãҲͲ̫ںˣľѳ۵£Ҳ̫ں
ȸͷܹűʲôҪ
ҲǸйµˡЦǿŮͨй£˵һ˵ô
¡
ʱĴ֮Ÿȸ㲻ɵͬʱ̧ͷɽķ嶥
һǽղŵĻջɡŵ룬ӦûգҲûҽˡ
ȸһԵġ
ŵ㻹ȥɽģң֪ΪʲôһֱŸһԼϲ˺Ȳ裬Ϊڵȡ
ȸŶ
ŵҴûܸ޹ͨǺ˲ɽûй޸޵ģ׺ˣǴսͼɽһնҲп־壬ı˴˵أԣҪ޸ޣرǿѾΪ˵Ĺ޸ޣҪʱ䣬ˣڵȣ˵Ŀɶԣ
ܶԣȸȻ֪ΪʲôҪҵȣңҵȵˣ
ȸʱܵĵ쳹죬漴ѳһһ޴ѷ죬ţȫʯͷƴĹޱӵص˳ҵñеĲˮһ㣬УһͷѪĴ֪ʱǻԶĵƽϣһȺȫѩ׵ѩĳ֣׿Ųɽš
ɡŽһ˿ݸȸΪȸմȾһЩΪĲˮȻóһµ˿ϵĲˮȥܺΪʲôʱȣʵûôӣΪҲҪʱ䣬Ҳһֱڵȡ
˵֮ܵĵٴ𶯣ȴǹޣһһ׳ĵ֮ڿвϵ趯мܵΧʯ޵Ĵڣ̾ȥҪʳֱֻܹӳȸΧĹ޻ȥʯͷ޽ˣֻ̧ȭ㽫Χļҵϡá
ȴǲ⣬᳤֮ҳĺܿ죬ֻܳܶ࣬ǿȸ΢Цδ˵ٻȷЩãԣҪ£ٵˣֶˣ֮ǰұڴ˵˵֮ӣȻЩʹЩ֮ܿٵĳɳҪһЩʱģԣҲڸʱ䣬ҲڸԼʱ䡣
ȸⱭ޷ȥˣ
Ѿ౭ˡЦ룡
ָո˵꣬ҪȸԸʯͷģ˱ǵ֮֮Уشȭͷ׺һȭ֮ܽҳһ̱ࡣ
Ǹȸͬޣͷʨ׵޴֮£Ҳ췢˻漴ĳ֮֮Уüݣ÷צӣ֮
ԶȺѩǷɱɳ뵽֮ʱȻ̧ͷХ죬б۳һž޴ĻƣıĪĴ
Ȼսսʹɣ



577 Ȼսսʹ졾
ô˻ô
˷罫Ǳ󣬱ϷʵĿŲɶʮ߸ʮˣԶһЩǸͷ׳Ҷնʶ˷͸ʶˣȻ˷ϲʶҲˡ
Ųɶ֪ҲǾ۾Ķ֣ԣǱ׼һЩ֮ϲ
Ŷʲô²¡˷Ƕô
˷ֱӾһĴһȴּ̧佫ǸպȥĲˮ˳
Ųɶҡͷ۾ƺ̫Сˣǻöô
˷ܸʲôϲ
Ųɶֵ̧۾뿴
ŲɶɲǣΧĵѿһһĵ֮ȴҪͨĵ֮ϸĶ࣬Ҳ˷磬ڵӣܿľŤ˷ͬʱγɹŹֵķġ
˷Ц󣿡
ŲɶҲЦ룡
Ųɶ䣬ܵľģȴǶȻ任
˷ЦȻǻȷ֮ϲǾСҡ
˷˵Ǵʵ֮ʵ󷨵Ҫҵ󷨵ȱݣһԣ˷粢ԷԸԼʵϣΪǺҪʤǿǰ׵飬ȴʤǿŤתƵһֶΣԻ˷ʹûˣͨľÿһվڳżǰ֮ľȻǿ󣬵һԣ˷ľ軹Ҷ֮ϣϾҶܳ˽µĸŮ˽ҶմȥϣҶյͣڻ֮ʱδܴȳĴţټ򵥵˵Ҷճ˵˷гʵֻʧš
һԻ˷жã
˼֮䣬ܵɽľʯѾʧ٣ȡ֮Ǹʵǽڣضѹ֣Χưܵ߷䣬һȺ׵ؤڶʳʳǰӲİͷֻǣǰͷ˿Ѿ˻ɫ캮ضӲʯͷһ㡣
˷üһ
ʶܷǣҲ˽гɷǣΪʵһǣҲΪһǣﻨƵأﹶӲд
ܶܶǰ˷绹ûгΪܶܶǰ˷绹ûбΪ۾ܶܶǰ˷绹ֻһС
ʱ򣬻˷Ǹؤ
һܷйӲдؤһȷﻹؤ

Ѿˣˡ
һֱĿҶȥɽֱҶʧҲδعһŲɵһ
ͷǸϹӣ
һºȲǸϹӣ˻İҵϹӡ
㲻ߣҲΪ㡣
һЦҡҡͷƺʶ
ʵֻΣǵĴΣǼ˵Ļܲʮ䡣
һԭˡ
ǰ㣬Ҹûǰ죬Բų֡ҶΣңҪȥȵģҲҵѣõѣֻǣҲ֣ܳԼĿԡ
ܸӡһȻ̧ͷˣǿĽ⣬Ľо
ԳɻȻʲôûҲûƼȴɲǣɽȻⲪһɫĽ𣬷·Ҫƿɱ¾ĽڿвϵĻص
عͷٿһʱ򣬲ɶ˼־ֱͬδ֪һ㡣
ʵ֣δŻС¥һĸ֣ϱߺһӻ漴εЦЦнһã
ɻóһ򻨵ľһ
һӹҲ㣬ƺҲս⣬һǵȥģԣϷôǸܼ򵥵ϷǰԼʦܾ棬Ϸܱ٣Ҳأ˭Ūˣˣ˭䣬˱ﰲĺȲ裬ˣܹҹȥ
Ƭ̣漴ͷԣ
һЦǱˡ
һǴİ׾ָȻ۳һ⣬ȴδ˶ǿ˺÷飬ǽ˽ɵýһߣͬƬһ㣬ֱͦͦ漴һ̧һ˦ȥܵһһǷ
վԭΡȻȴӿĻ򻨣ţɫĻͻȻͬΧƶ𣬵ĸǰһ֮ǿ㱻˻ȥڿж˸Ȧɻһĸǰ
һֻӳһЦȻأ

ǲɽķ嶥˿ѪѪɫɡ
Ҷʼձ۲ǽѪȾжŵģҶջδĳֹһҶ˵ˣѪȾɱʹ죬ǻиóֵûг֡
ҶտŽ㴨ɽΪ棬˵Ϊɲ⣬ʱҵΪֲ̫㵽жԣһֱܺж
㴨Цأ
ҶյյʱЩ˵뷨Ҳ黪ڸǣ黪ڸ۷塣
㴨ЦɽϾСطĸ־黪ڸǣȻп͸ĸֶ黪ڸ֮ѡ
ȷˣҶյͷôҽܷҼմ֣
ˣ򲻶ˡ㴨Ȼ֪Ҷ̽ЦЦ㲻̫ңҴ򲻹ġ
ҶպΣ㴨жԼһȭ޻ϣ㿴ƾǵڶӦó֣ȴûгֵˣƫƫ˭ҲӰƾĴڣΪаƾϰƾ
ƾعҶյĿһ֪Ҷʲô
Ҷڵȣ֣ƾ֣Ҷձ㲻ҾȫȫȻζȫԸ״̬ҪһĶǼѵ飬ƾȻ֣ҶձȻԿȻˣһʼСĽ䱸ĺá
ƾֽ䱸ĿҲûҶյ̫ã˹ǣ㽫Ķؿȥ

Ƕƾؿڣƾ̲ҽһؿ֮ӿỊ̇İɫԹڰƾؿڻƶɣƾؿҲǺܿĳһ󶴣·Ǳճһ㣬漴˳ؿѿĴ󶴣ƾ㽫Լһ֣ͬʱÿһ֣ƾɫͰһ֣ҵʹı쳣ɫֽ
Ҷպ֪ȤվԭûҪߴ磬ŰƾûиΪһʱɵһõѡ񣬵㴨˵򲻶ѵĴ򲻶ֻҲͰˣ˭ɵӣ
ԣ㴨վڰƾǰҶ֪Լûлġ
Ϊ㴨ǿ
֮;һ㣬ʱ򣬼һ֣ܲԷΪ²ԷжǿӤ꾳黪ڸǣӤ꾳ʱɸܲԷΪ²⣬黪ڸǣ飬黪ڸǵʱ򣬻ǸܲԷΪȻֻܲ²⣬飿ǻ࣡
Ҷ²µΪΪºǿڣҶղò²㴨Ϊܲ㴨ΪǱ˵㴨ΪٸԼһ̤һż
ʱ򣬰ƾҲѾ׵
ڴڴϢţƾ´δ˵ǱؿѿĴڶҲʧ٣·δֹһ㣬ƾȭͷ漴㲻ϵľ⣬¶ЦݣȻǼΪ⡣



578 Ȼսսʹ졾
սɣ
ƾҶһһٵ˵ţȻ翪һ̧Ҷһƻ
һֻǵһƣͳѣǣƾһƻɢȴɫԹӰƾƼɳǵصҶն
ҶղǱȻ֪һΣȻǰƾѾ˶ЩԹ꿴ǹȣǲǸһãȴδ֪ˡ
ͺһҶûжѪȾѵ˼ǼǽԸʮߣԼȴӭϰƾ˫ָһɽָ漴ǰһдһɽ֣
ɽַһ˲仯ΪǰӳӭǷԹ꣬㽫ЩԹնķ飬˳Űƾȥƾܹں󷽵ɽϡ
¡
ҵ
ǲɽͱҶոһ˿ӹֱƿӵ棬һɽɽͷֱƽʯ˳ŶɽͲ¹䡣
һҶռϷ硣
ƾȴ˿Ϊ⣬ǿԼ˫֣ڸܶȻоǳĲһƽֻ̽ˣ̽Ҷգܹ̽ԼȻ󡭡
ƾȻʧ漴Ȼĳ֡
ֻƾֵʱ򣬺ȻѾҶյ
سɴ磡
ǽ㴨̸ƾܹͨӿռ޾ͨŻģڣƾҲᣬɵҶͬҲᡣ
ǰƾֵɲǣҶͬȻĻݵؽ⣬ֱڿն
ƾҲ˿ʾظҶգƺҪɵǰһ׷һӵľ󣬵ʵһ˶ûӣڽ棡
˵ӰǺ֣ȻʧȻֺȻ֣ɿĹԷȴֱԷӰɱܹʮϢ֮䣬Ҷոƾ˶ʮУȴûκһȭһŴжԷϣʵ̫죬˵Ӱ쵽ֲ
¡
ʱɽȻһҶղɵĻͷȥ㿴ʮ߲֪ʲôѪȾѸɣĨ֮󣬱ֱӴɽ͵ұ֮С
Ҳǳ϶ƾץסֱ̧һӡҶյؿڣҶֱӴӿȥ
飡
ҶǷ嶥µĵֱһ죬ǱҳһƬѣҶʮ߱ͨ۾ֱӾٽҶԾǱŹֵ׶´䡣
ҶոϽܹһ䵽һԺ󣬱һкȵ
Ǵɽ͵ѪȾٴλһѪ⣬ɶں䵽ҶյУɢŨҵɱ⡣
ˣҶЦḧһ½ֻ֪Լɱ˵˰ɣڣ
䣬ҶָһѪȾű쳹ҲɲǣѪҲյųŨҵɱɢ֮嶥ĻѸٿήϸʯ˲ɻң

ȸڽս˵ǵڽսȸΪǿޣԸΪսȴǿȴֲôǿ޷ãˣվڷ嶥ı㲻ʮߣӦţԣҪõ֮
˵սܾңҲֺܻ롣
ȸԴԴϵµĵ֮Ҳһ䣬һƬ
׳ĵ֮ӹȸǵضȥӭϵȴһƬԳεޣڰĶסЩ֮ײеľһ𣬷·ϵķɢٷɢٳ
꣡
ȸַߴڡ
һȺѩĶǰŹ˪ѩ˵󷽣µѩվһģ˻ХţոɢȥĻٴıƼ£֮۵ŵߣ۳ΣһɡһסŵͷԱ˺
ʱɽҲһʯӶ͵ɽ׹䡣
ЦҲֻ֣ͦǲ֪˭ʤ˭
⻰ĶԣȴòȸңҪȾȸȴδŵģֻǳϿһۣڿбʻ˼ơ
ţһӥХͷѪӥӿи䡣
ȸ»ǿģѾΪˣͬʱӵ̫޹ƵѪ
ǽѪӥ³䣬ӰδȴѾɢһƬĹâ漴ǽɳĽ׹䣬ÿһͬĵУ׷ȴҪЩѩǺıҪǿӹЩ֮ɾĽȫն顣
һ̣ͷѪӥŵĸǰǳǰնͬһ޴ĸһ㣡
Χĵۣ֮ŻһǽȴѪӥһնѣֻǣǱվں󷽵ȴǲ֪١
أ
ŵȸ̧ͷȥһﾹǲ֪ʱƵ˲棬վһ֮֮ϣ߸
ҵ޷սԭ֮ʱ˲ӣ˵Ӧαеʧ֮ˣҲûбǲᱻģҲͬңԣҪķȻֻһǾǿ󡣡ЦָָԼԴҵʶǳǿ󣡡
˵Żʱ򣬽ѪӥѾչŷ˶ȥȴҲɲǣŻǽѪӥһۣҲֻһۡ
һ֮ͷѪӥȻֱ׹ڵ棬ʹڵ
깥ȸüһ漴ȵ
ǰΧ֮ʯͷ˱ǰȥֱײ֮㽫ǵ֮䣬ϵѪӥıϣ㽫Ѫӥ˻
΢Цһвٳ֣ΪҲûУʯͷ˲ӵ꣬Ȼ깥ҲûãˣȸǲüֻҪ飬ˣޣȫлǣ깥ʯͷֻѡ
ţƺҪȸѲĶࡣ

һɶǿɫľǰط衣
Ϸôģ
þغܼ򵥣ǣܲסԷҪѾŪأǾͷǳѣΣּþɳȥȴֲ˿٣ͬǳѣΪʵϣϷһɾ֮õģֻǰϷں
һϷȻ֮죬ķǳ֣Ҳһ֪ѶҲͰˣȴһ벻ĲٿҲ¯ࡣ
˶ԼıһЩͨΪ̫ʵŪЩȻٻ˲Ҫκý飬ֱսģǡþ⡰١֮һ򻨰򻨰꣬һֱսģʱˣЩȻͬһ㡣
ǾĻصԼǰκζ򻨰ѾӭȥһǾ֮ϣֽǾһ˻ȥ
һ̾һ֪ѶˣȴûûˣʵһЩͷۣЩʧߣҶչգһҲķһʤȴҲʱɽ±ϺȻ¼޴ʯɽ䣬ܿı㲻ټ
Сڷ嶥Ҳս˰ɡ
һţ漴³һŷľҲǲ֣ҪЩⳡϷ
ָһһɳֻǣһصĽȴǰ򵥣ǿþɻǰʱǵ㱻飬ȴδɢһΪǾȥ



579 Ȼսսʹ졾ġ
˷翴Լơ
ЩСҲûǰƣЩģȴǳ࣬ϸСѺۡ
˷ٿԼ
ܺȴܾЩСңǳƾɣȻްģǼвʲôйƳӣҲͷɹˡ
˷ߵһߣˮ￴ȥ漴㿴Լ
ϤǳϤȻԼȻûвϤĵϤĽֻ֮⣬۶ڱǶоֵֹģΪȥЩСЩۣȻҲࡣ
˷ȷţԼСˣ˵Լģ
˷飬飬ҾƬأֳܷģĸĸȴû֪˷Լ֪ܷǱгɷǣǻƵصĵطҲŮ˲Сļ˺ӣȻȻεõܻõȻزˡ
˷ȻģˣңӲҲãı˵ˣһʦڶճ
ֻûʦҲûճ
ӵЩʳؤСƺʤǸͷĴСͷųѾſµСؤ˼ţ漴ҡڵ׼뿪˷ʱ򣬱㲻ȥ
ù
˷ȻŶԷҿ
һ̣Ƶ˻˷ؿڣܸɴı㽫˷Ƶڵϡ
˵ǴؤһЦҿ˭
ؤδ䣬һŲڻ˷ϣ漴ȭͷ£žĳŻ˷ʹ򣬽˷ıͷĹǴӵؤƺˣͣŻ˷һڣȥ
˷Щѵӣ˿Լ˫֣ȻЦЩ˼
󲻹꣬ʵҲˣֻһ㣬㲻һ㣬Ȼ˷һЩ˼
ǡ˷Цľô棡
ıʹǵ飬ȷħķ˷罫ڱϾֻǸؤ¶޽ͷȷǻ˷ҪĻ䣬ǣ˷粻ںһأôԼξٹڶأȻͦһΣͦڶΡ
˲˷뿪ӣԼЩ
ʳʵ̫ҪʳؤҲʳҲǱгԵܱûԵҪöǣҪڵĻ˷̫Ǻ޷ֵ֣ԣҪ
һµ꣬ŵк˵ɲǣ˷Ȼ˽ȥõ⣬ĳȺԶš
СӾȻҰץסǵôȣ
ǵţغţ漴Ż˷׷ȥ
۷ΪҪȴ˿̵Ļ˷ҪߣߵĶ࣬Ƭ̵Ĺ򣬱׷˷󣬶˵㽫˷ϵһͨᣬһỹһߺţֱЩڵϣѾĲҲԸ˷磬ץ˺÷飬һ˷һӰͷȥ
˷Ҳ֪ڵЪ˶ãϵգϲޱȻӻקһű£¶ʱȻ֪ץʲôҲ֪ＴҲԼԣǵ׷ʱ򣬻˷ԼľͲһ¡
ĺ˼˷ĮȻĽЦ뿴ܱĶ˼

ѪȾѽϱĽǿҡ
ȻѪȾҶճΪ˺󣬲˼ҰԣҶյ뽣УȻֻСһնٵѪɫ̿
ǽɽŰƾʮ߶ȥȻ㴨ҲδŹ
ҶձҪһɵ
ҵģҵģҵġ
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صɲǣʮߵȻǰ䣬Ȼ֫ŵأӿĵ֮׶̣˫ĿѪ죬ֱϽֳһƬϸܵƣʮߵȫ
𣡡
ʮ˻漴Ҷ
ÿ죡
ҶüһʮߵٶȺֲûʹκεֻͨǵһԾȻݵؽҪѷɫǰӰһ㵽ҶյĸǰǲƵ˫ҶؿڴȴǱǱ׶Ҫ
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ҶշӦǸ֮Ȼ䣬ĽҶմӿصڵϣ漴սҶյĲӣһһǰȥ
ģСӺȻô
Ҷץҧ̣ٶȣʮ߶ҪȽڣʱǿľٶȣʵ˾ȡ
㴨Ҷյʵ㱾Ҳ㣬ֻ֮ĩϧ㲻˼ϧˡ
ͲҶҧСү㻹ǲèˣ
ۿҪʮϵǰҶ͵ľѪȾѣǸݺݵĴ䣬漴Ǹڵϡ
棬Сүúõ档Ҷ³漴ӵȵս⣡
Ҷϵǲܿһ㣬Ȼͱޱȿ꣬ϵĴһܴȥһӱҶϱֱ
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һҶ̧ȭɨȭͷɨǸ֮ȴӲĽǸķ飬ʮ߳ʹҺһ㽫Ǹѵĵ֮˻ȥȴڿҡǸǸѸٵֳ˻
ⳬҶڽڣ֮ʱѾˣȻҲûʲôþȵģʮߴ˿Գ֮ȻӦøΪֲŶԡ
ҪֲֿǱֻһ취ǾǶʮһɱ
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ɲǼ䣬է
˫ͷìֶ̾ͻһǰʮ߱ĵ֮ǰӿȥǰһǽȴǽһɲǣǵ֮ϱ㱻Ŀһţ˫ͷì㶤ʮߵؿڣֱӴ̴ؿڣʮɳȥ
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˫ͷìк󷽵ͱڣֱӽͱڸ˸ԴͱڵһȻһʯмʮߣȻҲһɽ֮Уȴǲ֪
ҶտŰƾ㴨ǵһ˭ڶ



580 Ȼսսʹ졾塿
Ƿľ˵ڿǾڲص
ǺͨĽǣʹýȴͨˣһ¥¥ųڽ֮;ߵԶǸˣԣͨĽҲĲôͨˡ
򲻸ҵǾ䵽Լǰ֮ʱ򻨰Ȼӿȴδ˦ȥǺһУǾ뿪
һ齣Ȼ׶ԸĶֻ࣬ǣȴδ뵽ǽԼǰ󣬾ȻͻȻըѣֱӻΪһʮ˵
һ΢ЦȻĽȻѰ
У˵Ͻȴù˵ϾǾһʮ˵㲻ö㣬ǿŹһһҲӲסһֵľ
Ŀ΢漴һ΢΢һұˣǣˣ
ȷˣΪ˹ˣض޷޲壬ɱĿֲ֮ԣٳˣǣˣӲǽ
Ȼ߳һµĻӿŻһǰնӭʮ˵ȫϤն飬漴ǵ⾢һã㽫ǿ𵽿С
һҲȷЩ⣬û뵽һ֣ǻɢʱӹһĸ첲ͬĵڸһƵģѿһָ˿ڣй
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ָһֽǾһȥҵЩ죬ˣֻܽҩϣ޷޲ңҩϣҲ̣Ƕָбۣ޽ϵĿܡ
һҲʶ㣬ɱ
ͷǣ
Щ˼ãɱ˾Ȼӵɱ֮塣һɵЦЦ漴СˣóЩ汾¡
׵룡
ұ㲻ˡһһ̯ĳӰһƼ֣һȵͨ飡
ɲǼ䣬ȵͬɾһϱǿ䵽һǰľ㱻ŰƷɵС
ܵǻɽɽƣʯʯǣʲôһ̶ޱ˷â¶ı
ǽ磡
һС磡

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Щ֮һ޼ͬʱأʹİеԴײŵ棬ɷʹࡣ
ȸͬܣɲǣܵԼӤ궸Ȼһ£ȻҲ깥޾壬ֱָӤ걾ġ
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ͬʱЩ֮ͬһһľȥѸٲЩزޣ̰ĿʼʳȡЩ޵֮С
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ŶҲѾԣ޶ѾֻҪõ֮Щ޵ȸ㷭ˣٶʱڷʲôˣһأȻٸȸʱˡ
Ů˳ǼΪûзȵ飬ǡǸĴһֻ˵Ǹˡ
׳ĵ֮նȸݺݵĴ䣡
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ҵģҵġ
ʱɽͼȻǱ˫ͷì̴ĴУʮߴ󺰴űִ˳˫ͷì֮ǰ̧־ͳ˫ͷìſȥ

ʮߵƼѾצӣҰޣһצ£˫ͷìײһ𣬲쳷Ħ֮ഥĵطϱŷŻ𻨣֮˫ͷì㱻𿪣ʮҲ󵹷ɳȥֻһֺͦܿķ
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һߣͷ۵İȴʮ߳ȥ
ʮΪԵʣͬҰһ㣬Ժսʵޣײһ֮ǰ޲ʮ߶ʮһǾٴֱ۾ͳʮߵԴȥʮҧֱҧڰؿڣȴ˲һţĺײС
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ҶյģܳŶǶãڻš
㴨ЦڳŵסҲɱҡ
ҶҺԣ
㴨㲻Ҫʮҹӽҹˣ



581 Ȼսսʹ졾
ǵżżζʱпܳ
һ֮;ǿҲǴ棬˶֪츳սͼ֮ǰһжûбĻ֮ǰ޵ĽӽϣΪµȴΪһʱĳ嶯˽ţһʹԼΪֱӴ˵һӦþʹ˱ϵһ˱ϵΪȻܹޣɻѣʹ࣬ǣһվˣԼԭеĽĽٴվ۷塣
ҲøһʹС硣
һżȴʵҪΪ뿪ٳԼС磬ΪⱾ飬ڻ㿪ٳԼС磬ζѾվǰֻҪԼԸ⣬ʱԳֻһǲңҲֻ˲ʸ񱻳Ϊ
һʸ
ܵصѹȣ
һСЩŹ֣ƺһжûиı䣬ûлûһµģֻС磬ǣֻвŻֲܵΪܵһжˣеĶǽޱȵĽʱܽնɱ
һ磬ֻнԿΪɳ
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Ҳʱһÿǰһ㲻ɽһֱ֣һߵǰ
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һ䣬оϵѹȻɢ
һСͬһѣѺۣ漴Ϊмɢܵһз·δһ㣬ȴҲܲԽĸˡ
ȴҲʱǿɫľӿƮ䣬Ľűߡ
һ΢΢ףЦˣ
Ĭ˭ҲϲʧܣԼȷˣƾղ˲չֳ磬ƾǽС磬ƾѹԼã֪ԼһžԵĲࡣ
ֻһԸɱѣΪҶ˵ܲɱ㲻ɱ
Ĭ䣬һȻ˳ɽȥ
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ܷؤۼ֮Ϊ̫䣬ûסȻҲͱؤ˿̣˷ڵȡ
˷ȵʦһصŮˣҲŮżȻܷǣ֪ưܵԺؤľ˽˻˷磬˻˷ʣŻ˷뿪ڲڵؤҲǻ˷һΪҪ֮һͬʱҲǸı˵֮һ
˷֪ԷȻҪûħǱһٲðأܹΪ˷ˣ˷粻ںӲԼ㡣
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صϤ˵ĻҲһģһǣȴûԼ˵ⷬ
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˷裬֪ǼٵģҲҪһ棬ΪΪҪˣ֪ҲǼٵģһ棬ȴδȴ
֪ôԸ
ʹ꣬ҪĨȥĻ䣬³ڰƾǰ˷ܸܲһվһϣʹħֶڻþеϣ׾ܶȥȻ˷統ĵؤʱ׶ȥΪ˷ΣξܹǿȻ󣬳׵Ĵݻٻ˷еΣ˻˷
ϣ˷ħ
꣬ûд˷뿪ô˷ֻΣ
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ԺﶼصŻ˷Цеؤڿ˷磬ҲڿŻ˷ǺƷħһЦ
Ҳʱ򣬻˷ͻȻĴݶ䣬Ű߹ȥ
ؿǰҵĻ˷磬ȴҲɲǣ˷ȻߵؤŮĸǰﻬһľ͵سŮĲϴȥ
е㯶ʱ˾ȣȻعʱ򣬻˷ѾľŮĲʮ£Դǻһ㣬ֲ˷磬¼ŮƣȴѾĲˡ
˷ĬȻؿŮɢͽѾĲˡ
غССͣúݵġ
˷ָָԼѡҪôҴߣҪôɱ
ЦˣЦĺǲмȻ߻˷磬˷ɱЦǰصĴ𰸡
˷֪˴𰸣ԣȻٴγ֣ǸľֱŰشȥȴ׵Ķֱס˷á
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˷ȴǲֻǿԼƣܵԼˣҲˣƾճӤ꣬ɲǼ䣬ֱǸܵľ۾
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Ϊ˷˵زߣҪɱ˰أԣ˷ڵɱ
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ǰѾħĻ˷磬ȴԵޱ侲ֱֱ̧һƣ˿ԥаص䣬ͬʱҲ˰ص壬һƾͻ˰صӤꡣ
˷ɱ˰أɱûһˮûһĺڣûһΡ
ضѾȥˣԼںôں˵˷ЦžƳɵһնû˼ˣҿ
ƬպȻѣһ޴ĺɫƾ˺ѣܵĻȻѣ˷ص˲ɽصɽ䣬ŲɶΪ׵ļαָؿȻǻƣҲ˵Ĳᡣ
Щ˼˷ƺ˿ھƵܹЩԼ飬Щ̫飬ԣҺܲˣǼлɡ
˷ҪԷԲã˵ȻֻǣԷԸŲɶȱŻ˷͹ȴ˲䣬һĨɫĽӹɽϱȻļžֻмͷ๾ĴɽϹ䡣
˷Ц漴ɽȥ



582 Ȼսսʹ졾ߡ
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ǵ֮ɾĴ̴ȸؿڣ뿪һ󶴣һ
Ų΢̾Ǳ֮УƣҲһЩܻȥΪЩ̫ǿҶգһ˷磬ǣЩвȸʧȥȸʵ㲻̴ֿ֮ܵؿںǵ֮ȸڣȻҪãȸᱻ֮ɢֻʣ»Ʈɢؼ䡣
ԣ΢̾ƺڸпȸһ㡣
ȴҲʱ򡭡

ȸȻͬˮһɢˮҺڵء
Ų¶Ȼı飬漴ؿܣȴڻͷɲǣǵϵˮҺȻӿŶȥͬһӣֱӽŸס
ʱȸӺ󷽵ѩȺ߳
ˮ۰ɡŵϡˣȫˮҺɣܹûΣҲ׼Բˮۻģ
ȸĮȻԷһˣ־ܣҿԲɱ㡣
ЦҡҡͷȻɽ⣬һ˲䣬㽫ϵˮնѳأˮڵϺ»۳Ρ
ŵ˵Լ岻̫ʺϾսǲսʵȴ깥ҵĽҲǲģԣ㸿סҡ
ȸȴҲ⣬ֻ΢̾ϧˣ
ۣ
ʯ֮䣬һ֦ٺȻĴֱӶŵ壬ͬʱѸٳֻз˿ϸ֧٣ɽһѸŵ塣
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ǵ֮ϺȻӿһССĹİһССĻ֦ٱǴǹİ볤ġ
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뵽˴ȸĿȻĵ֮ȵιЩ
Щ깥лָײеЩ֮û֮Щ֮Ϊ壡

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ҶĿϸݣٽٴ̣ȴ֣Ȼ¡һһ㿴Ǿ޴屻ײ˳ȥصײ棬ӲҳһӣǶ˵
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ʱʮߴӰľҲǳҶһ˻漴Ҷͳʵʵıһķײ
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ҶպὣأѪȾѵĽʮߺײһ£һЩ漴ҶյؿڣҶ˴ľͱʮ߸ײɳȥ
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㴨ʮߣ֮УһȴѿƵһʱᱻҰʹΪˣ㴨ʵڲòЩֶʮߵϡ
ʮߵ߹㴨վҶոǰΪ˽죬ȥ׼ǾʧܵģЭǰӦңҷǵȥ˼䣬Ὣ˼㣬ƹ˼ӴԺ˼䣡
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589 µա
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ȥϯأǧһ󣬿ƤҹѾ޷ֵǿʼѰµ漴㷢֣ЩǶҰëƤɹ֮󣬱ů
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ˮˢŵ棬ˮڤеİ׹ˤ÷顣
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