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1 δ̵
Сֵܣ⿳Ҳ̫ˣһUųʮȻǶֵģҲֵֹ۰
㿴Ƴˣ֪ܲˣҪǲãҲˣַƾɵU̻˻Σһ
̯һΪѣ˺þú󣬲ŴͷɥЭʮǮ߰ɣҡ
ʱ䱦ַʹӸ̯ʮǮỤͷҲûصľתͷ뿪
ַ꣡Ŷ룬ɿյģĸûؼңչϺ˷С
Ҳ֪ܲãã̯ȥ˷ϵỤַ
U̲ԣֱַӿ˵ԣֻһֱӽһװ档
ʲôİĽ棬ַһֻĻдţ̵ڰװ벻Ҫرձĵ𻵡
ֱӰγU̵ģַȴǲҶˣֻôĿŽٷ֮١
ˡδ֪װϺ󣬻ٴһתһĳĹվ
ңּվ˭ַݺǲмĿһվ׼ԣһ̸Ĵںȴסˡ
2115ܳҩʽ½̵ꡭ
2115ꣿҩַݾԼЩңģ⹺վһģ
뵽ַݲ϶ĸĵˣĵ£½һ̵꣬˭ૣ
ĵͦģȿ˵ɡ£ַҲûżرգǵЦ
ȫˣ󷹣ϴ·ů
ǿҩĸıʣֱﵽ˷ֵ
һһֻڿƻõӰеĶַǰӦӲϾĸо
ףȡһСַݲǰһΪһʳдȡ

ҪԣԥƬַ̺¶˾ģһ£ֲҪǮ
ʹĵȡťַݵȴҳת׼дһջַ沢ûתǵ˲ˡ
ȻǼվвӡĽ棬ַݲһָ
׼ʱѾĻȴͬһ㣬һȦһȦɢһӵĻ˳
ĳַ֣ݾһľ˺˺üý䱸ŵϵǸ
ˡϵĶַ͵һʣͰ͵⡭Ǹղǰʳ
ȷϺַȫĿ϶Сȥǰʳ
⡭ַݴֱ벻ףôһʳôӵĻܳġ
ѵվһģ۹ŵѾָվϵĻϣַݵĺʼԽԽء
ܴ¿ͬ췽ҹ̷ַϵʳȴģⲻؼ
ˡٴһʣַɫ˵ǰһжģҾ벻ƣ벻ţ涼а
ַݵԸܼ򵥣ǾòǮȻףϰٷ֮ʮԸһ
ǰҲֻ룬ǶĸֻͨˣԼҲ飬ҳɼҲͨ
δ̵Ǹ޵⣬ֻҪĺãƸֿɵãʲôҲ赲
ֻһܼѵ⣬ǾûǮ׼ȷ˵ûδֽԪǮ

޾֮·ַǧ֮£ҵһ׬Ԫİ취ǾԴա
ԴգǽԼõĶԵг۰ٷ֮ʮļ۸̵ֱٷ
Ȼʮֵĺڣȴûе̣ԼƷַΨһѡͨ˹׬ʽ
ѡʲôૡַɨڵĶǿȥҲûʲôԪļ۸
žַ͵һԴվôǼԴգõȥ·𣿡
ֱ봲ףַݴӴϿһ˫潺ճϵĺӣ̫ûǻҳ
ϵĻҳɾַݽ仺򿪣ȻһСĴָϸĽ
ҪɣģЩ̯ˢһΣַݳż񵽵ġ
ʱֻӺܾûؼװ㶫û뵽һ򿪣һȴС
ż񵽾ԼģֱַӴ˼ңȴȥһֱڴ£Ҫǽ켱Ǯ͸ˡ
Žصǰַעһʺţֱӵ㿪˻ս棬ʱٴưٴγ֣Ե쳣Ĺ졣
᲻úײǡ͵ҧҧֱַӽУȴ
Ӻ󣬵Ļٴת̸ȷҳ棬дż۸Լȷϳۻȡ
ַȹעȻǼ۸ϵͳʾһǧԪԤϵļ۸
صİȷťʱҳʧʾ۳ɹַһǮǮҲ˲䵽ˡ
µˣȻַݵǮѾ㹻꣬ʲôȴȫûмƻ
ڤ˼ַݷˣԺɣǮţõĶ
¸һߣַݷ۾ʼƷĳ̵ѡԼҪĶ
գַݻǽĿŵ˸ղŵ˵Ʒ૵ҩҲ֪ǲ˵ô档



2 ҩˮ
ҩ˼壬ЧʮϸĻԾ˼άȱûκεĸá
ǿҩַݶʾʮֵڴֱٷ콢ꡣ
𡱣㿪ҳ󣬵Ļ϶ʱ֣һں󣬻֣񻪡
ûǴҩĳƷ˾Ҳ⸨ҩղַĻǿҩȵȣҹ˾ĲƷ
ַţҹ˾ûбϵô򵥣Ϊҩνÿҵ֮ء
ĳЩҩϳۣЩҩ϶ǽ۵ģֻĳЩ˲ܹʹá
ȻǽַֹõļʷǳСҲپᣬ򵽳õҩѾˡ
ʮͣҩзɹҼѾ죬ѾΪزȱһƷ
ͨĻҩȻˣʮԪͿԹһ֧ĳЩճûռҩ۸ȴޱȣͱ縨ҩһ֧ۼȴߴǧԪ
˰󣬵һַݾͼٸ߿Ϊ˸ԼԼĸһҧҲҪһ֧
ȷϺǮ˲۳һ֧ܰɫҺӵĻб䵽ϡ
СĽ𣬹ڵҺڵƹ¾ͬʯһ㣬˸ҫ۶˵Ĺâ
һºַݲûãΪҩи֪ǾǷº˻˯Сʱ׼˯ǰٷá
ҩСպúַٴνעŵ˳̵꣬ʣǧԪã׼ѡһ
ɡԥƬֱַ̺ѡ˻ǿҩϾǸıǮ
ϵͳĿ۳ǧ˰ٶԪһƿɫĻǿҩٴδĻͳڷַǰ
ӺһζʱڿУַݲ˳ӣΪ֮һ
Щ촽ַͷеɫҩ˿Уֱ˿С

ࡱɬζַݲüͷҩҲ֪ģֻҪЧþС
˻֮һͬҧĸоַݲٴüͷ
ղѾһηûǿҩڻ΢ʹУֻҪһͺá
ôûӺַݵʹȴûκԽԽأ۵է
ʮӺַݷһʹڼֲסֱˤ˵ϣҵʹ
صĴϢڵ˰ַݲųĽԼֻûʹޱȡ
ַѾͨΪʲôԼʹл˵ϵĳΪԼδЩ˵Ҫ࣬ԲŻ
ʹַݸ֪תƣʱһɺζŶζıУӡ
̫ˡָһ˿ַܲˣŴȫ򿪺ֱӳԡңʱˮ
ˬĴԡַ߳ݿʼһʹʱ⣬Ǿҵ
žСʱһַݿѾϵԱʣ¶Цⶼǵ֧˰ɣ
ûǿҩк֢ģıǣľƿַݲŻᰴ֧Աʡ
ɡ̾Ϣһַݼҳһ֧ʿʼдԼǿĿ£ҵ꣬ûٶϹʡ

Ȼ룬ɫַڿˣ˼ԼҪʲô׬ȡԪ
ַ֪ǸִˣδδûκεƣΨһƾǱһ꣬ѾĶ
ԣʱַ׬ǮҪִͨ˵ҵδϡ٣ûеĶ
ȷĿַݵһ뵽ľǹ棬䱾۸͸ߣÿ궼ֵַ׬
ֻòԣһûôʽһδǾ൱Ѿȫʧ硣
һѡǾѰҵһЩܶ࣬δȴǳϡٵĶͿĽ⡣
ַ꣡ڤ˼ʱ򣬷ȴǱ˿컪ĸ׺Էܰһͬ˽
裬ǻˡһƣĸĸַݰ¶ģһҪı״
ţҵ𣿡һ߻Ьӣ컪һѯʵ
ˣͷİɡַ΢΢һЦĸĸĺӵѧϰֻԼĸҪעЩѡ
ţǾͺáַݵļ컪Сݣһ¾͸߿ˣʲôҪĶ͸˵ǻᾡġ
ţʲôҲ˵ɽ亣ζ첻Ѽ⻹СӵġԷܰҲ΢ЦַݵԴ
áĸĹذַݾůůģȻǲûԼΪһȴԼ޾Ĺذ
ųһصԭɣַڳʱ˺ü롣
Ըĸľ棬ַֻͷ͵ǳԭɣҵöԵ㡣
Թַٴλص˷УU̿ʼѯʲôǮ
Ʊϡеıֵ͹򵽵ģ۸̫ͣòʧԺǮ˿ԡ
ʯַһȥִľղؼֵĶδַ״ЩɲǼ۸൱
ˣʱɡЩ͵̫Ѩַݹص˵ԣ֪ЩǼģĳһܹ˳ˡ
ֱɵͷַСĽƿ۸񰺹ĸҩˮ˳ٴһǹɫʺšӣһڽ븹С
ȴƬַֻ̺ͷۻһ˯ˣҲ˵˹ȥ



3 һô
ûйĸܣһַֻͷޱȵѣǰһЩǵĶĿ
̲סеļֱַӽԼĿα˳ʼжʱ಻ĵطȫӭж⣬ֻҪЩӬͷСֶ·ӡԺУô
һСʱֱַӽ鱾һأз˳ĴЦѧ԰ĸо̹ѡ
裬ȥѧУˡԹ緹ַĸ˸к㲽ѧУȥ
ݸ磬ϺáһߵſڣͼһɫȹŮЦȻ˻֡
һϮںŨܵĳ־йƤټЦݣʮӡ
Сٻ硱΢Цǰȥк˲Լͬû˵ǰȥ
ŮҶӨٻַݵھӼ÷һͬһͬ֡
Դӿʼ飬һֱӰÿһͬ·ѧУϰѸع̡
һ·ϣ˶ûжԣֻĬĬţֻھһʱҶӨٻȴͣ
ݸ磬ȵҺҵϰһCDȥʵûУܿͺá˵꣬ҶӨٻСžͽꡣ
CDͻȻַɫһϲΪ뵽ԼҪƷʲôˡ
ʲôطʲôص㣬һ˶һֱڣǾǿȵ׷塣
ÿһ׷嶼ռȫԼżCDΪ٣ǸûκѧὫԼ㻨ǮһżֵʮϰԪCDͱ˵ҶӨٻ
һԺżǶѾɻиԣҲг
󹺵٣CDļ۸񲢲󣬶Ҽ˳ҲͣȫܹҪ
뵽ַвӿһϳؼҲĳ嶯ȻʱѾôˡ
ĵȴһᣬҶӨٻһ˵Ĵ˳Ȼ󹺵CDѾ֡

ٴβǰУֻھУſڻҵʱַݷ˽ŲҶӨٻн롣
Ȼ˵Ĺϵֻ˿ĻЩԷﴫ
ַȻǿԲںҶӨٻ϶ܲˣ˲ŻֿŽУš
еѧϰʮֵĿ޷Ǿǿ飬ԾԼ಻Ĳϰ
ַݵͬҶӨٻôŮڷʱһۣͻࡣ
ַݵѧϰɼڰһֱΣһⲻ󣬵Ҫصѧǻǲܵġ
ֻӵиҩˮֻҪŬһжԱпˡ
һԼλϣַݱ鱾ʼĻãӲĿĿ
ƵĿĿַȴЩѣתͷһԵҶӨٻСٻܰǰѧϰ¼ҿ𣿡
ԡҶӨٻ΢Цŵ˵ͷԼѧϰ¼ݸַݣָ˱¼ϵļ¼ĶӦЩط
ллŪַ֮һͷѧϰУͬһһ㣬е֪ʶ
ҩǿ֮չֻ֣ҪһεģַݻǣǰĵطҲɲéٿ
ʵЩĶԵҶӨٻֱ̣ŪΪֹ
̡ϿַҲδѧԼĶҪǲԼǰǷȱĶǽµ֪ʶ

ݸ磬緹ˡöĻԴַѾĬĬѧϰĽڿˡ
ûзе鱾ַݿڵСٻԼȥ԰ɣ¸Ҵͺá
ǡðɣעϢҶӨٻԥŵ˵ͷҲûȰȥǶһ߳˽ңУſЩ͹ȥ
ÿӢ˰ɡҶӨٻ뿪ַݲûͣ£óӢαʼѧϰ
ͨѧһӢַһĿǿЩӢĸͻоԴһ͡
ʮӺַȻķе鱾Ц⻵ëûĵ
ˣַ֪Ҫ뿼صѧѧӢǱزٵġ
žӢֱĵϣַݲյͷǺá
סַͻȻδ̵꿴һֽоƬ
оƬҲǸǳΰķֱӽд֪ʶע˵Ժ
ȻǿĹܣҲûиģǾڹעʱ˵ĴԻͬһҵʹ
Գʵ򲻵ѣһָоַݿۣùһ˵ʹ͡
ʱٿɡ鲻ԽĴ˸ַݲٴ뵽ûǿҩǹɾҵʹС
յĸоַҲȥ飬ֻվ߳˽ң͸˵
ݸ磬Ķˡֻǿһ羰ͼһϮɫȹҶӨٻһСڴ˻
лл鷳ˡҪ֪ѧУǲܴģҶӨٻð˲ٷգһлӦõġ
԰ɣҰ㿴ʦЦŽӵݸַݣҶӨٻվſڣεĿʼ˶ڡ
ַ죬ȴûнлл˵Ϊ֣Լ˵̫ˡ
˴Сһ𳤴У˴һԣСʱݷޣҲӰ롣
ַֻԼ֪ǰԼò˧ҲûӴļѧϰɼҲԶ䲻
ַһֱӡ֪ҶӨٻҲϲԼȴҽǲֽ˺
ȭͷַа¶ģ׬һͰҾ
ٴıӰַ˸ελ£ʼڵĳ



4 CD
һѧϰʱַƴĶ֪ʶҪ벻ҶӨٻŬ
˴׶԰һֱжӰ룬ѡĶĴѧַҲֿ
塱ѧ˶ʼʰԼĿαһǰһѧУſȥ
Ϸֿĵصٴβ磬ҶӨٻԥĿڵݸ磬ôô̿࣬ǰ㶼ǡ
Ϊ㰡˿̵ַ£עû仰ϣ˳ھͽʵ뷨˵˳
šַݵĻϼƮҶӨٻգͷϸӬĻشһ֡
ҡԼеĲԾַŷӦЩʲôϸһǺȴʲôҲû˵ҶӨٻҲûʡ
һ˰У˶ûٿڣֻС
·ûоͷؼҵ·ǾͷȻǲᣬվҪֿġ
ѧϰ¼㣬͡һСЩַУعٻӰȻԶ롣
һġĬһ䣬ַݴԼҵĵԪ¥һ㾶ֱ߽˷䡣
ǿỤֻ˳̵Ľ棬ַղCDؼʣ˻س
CDĵ̲٣඼ǵǵģղʵCDȴ࣬õһҵ̣Ҳֻٱʲ
ȥһַݷȻױ࣬۸ͦߣ͵ҲҪԪʮ
ַݷˣʮİսЩ̵ⶼߣϾ۸һ㣬˭᲻ϲ
˵ڿ֮ǰַݱҪһͳƣͳƳʲôCDЩ۸ߡ
ڵûôǮԶڻԾͱ̵ʱڻ棬Ȼһ㣬ֵͶ뾫
Сʱַ˹CD඼ǣMJԼȵȡ
Ҫ˵۸߰ģЩôCDΪCD٣ϲķ˿඼ңCDĿ࣬Լ۸񷴵᲻
Сʱַվ˿дݵֽһĳɾ͸С
¾㱸ֻǷ硱ֽСķ˻УٽԼʮѹǮĿ˳ַĵ

ڶһ磬ַϴԷĸ˸кͳˡ
ԥҶӨٻԭɣַʶľ˵Ǽȥ
ϰ½CDƬַȻΪ͵ģҶӨٻֱߵϰǰ
ܵ˽ӽϰʱ̧ͷЦݵĿַݵСӣʲôֱȥѡͺˡ
ҪһģҪŻŶգ۾ҶӨٻָԵַݵ
ַݻҡҡͷӿ㶵н׼õĵ˳ݸϰϰ壬е࣬ϵĿܲҪȥֿȥŶ
Ŷ˳Լ۾ϰϸһüͷ̧ͷٷ֮ʮҶУʣµģֻܰңܲҵҲܱ֤
û£֮ңʧ֮ϵĶҵپҶٰɡַݵϵCDĿɲ٣ЩCDҲʮϡ٣֮ǰѾ׼
ã绰ɣȥҡϰ˵ͷȥַѰҵϵCD
ûãϰͱһصֽӴӲֿ˳˲ͷϵĺˮеҶҳˣһһǧ࣬ôۣ࣬һͺá
ǾͶлˡһԼַʹˢǮһCDȥ
ʮֽӣǷǰַҪؼң;϶ϢΡ
ǿҩǿַһͽ˼ң̾ҩǸö

ĲỤťֻһϤĽַǰ
Ҫһ̷̣ǳ򵥣ֻҪдһµϢһԪУҲΪмٻԼάȨϢϢд
ַݸеǳ⣬ΪڵδѾǸˣôͨ룿
ύֻǼӣַݵΪȥCDĵ̣ѾͨѾԷˡ
δĿƼѾҪװޣϵͳѾȫȨҲһԪĸɡ
ϸһ˽ַݷδҵģʽѷ˸ı䣬ѾһҪڵǰͳϢѰҿݡ
ַֻҪԼCDͨݴŵ趨ü۸ֻҪ˹򣬾ͻ˲Ǯʮֵķ㡣
Կɡҧҧֱַӽ̨̺ϼܰťʱɫٴγ֡
ȷһCDУϵͳɺһ۽浯ַݷһԼļ¼趨һг۵Ͱٷ֮ʮļ۸
ȻַݿˣСǮںʱ䣬CDеǣֻȥǱġ
ֻҪһεľ飬ǺȻɣַҲǸ鷳ˣԺһһѵĽCD˽ȥCDȫ趨۸
һСʱַڽCDϼϣ˸ھǵǮ˰ɡ
ֻһδƽһ׬ȡԪˣַݻһ⣬ǾôԪʵĽǮַݼҪٵһ⡣



5 ̿
ҩַݵһ뵽ľЧΪĻҩֻ˲䣬ҷˡ
ȷҩĻǿ϶һۣ´ȥûκ϶Ϊʸ
ΪԼİȫ룬ַݾݻҩĳ뷨ԼԺ˵
һһַݷǳյģǾǳ̵Ķʵ̫ǰˣһǳĺţô
ǿ˵ɡʵڴ򲻶⣬ַݸɴĿʼ˳̵꣬һЩƷҵЩС
ȵȡַڿɻгʱǰһ֪ԼЩʲôˡ
ַףɻгĶδ̭ĶŵҲܻͦǰţԼһԵһЩö
ȲĽɻгַݿʼһһҵĵѰһЩֲҼ۸񻹲㰺Ķ
Եһ£ַݷɻгеĶӣʺƷҲ١
򲻷ˣַڷԼĿ꣬һרӪʱ̵ꡣ
ַ֪2028꣬ҲʮԺ󣬵ԳֲһθԵĸ£еĵ̭
๫˾Լ̷׷׵գеҲȥҪ̺һЩЩͻһĲֵ
ˡַЦݣΪһĲ·Ѿǰ͵̤ȥˡ

ԥĵ˵̣̽һµļ۸ַݶʱЦ벻ƶѰ
Ҫ֪һCPUļ۸ɲͣ͵һ鶼Ҫİ٣ǧС¡
ҵ棬һִǧԪȫCPUȴֻҪԪһ󻹴ţӲ̣ڴԿȵҲǰײ˼ۡ
Ҫַ֪ʵлʮǮһCDܹϽǧԪCPUĻٸ
ٸCPUһֻ٣ҲʮǮ޴󼸺ֱַӷ
侲ַݲ뵽һ⣬Ǿôĵһгһһɧҡ
ܶ࣬Ҳ̫ƽȻ鷳ϾЩ·ġ
ˮַݵĶֿڵԳģ׼ȥԸԸչյĻͲõȥˣգԼ͵õȥѯˡ
ˡһϵͳһͬʱַ֣ϸһȴһϢ
ô죿ʾƷѳ۳ɹϢַ¶ϲûԪã⹺CD˿ѩ̿
뵽Ǯ棬еַ֣ȫϲţԪ϶ԽԽࡣ
һõδַݹصԣ潫ͽ󣬲ϹԳǸȥ
ΪһĴУÿյʮֵľ޴󣬶ַݵĶͦ磬ʲѼǧ
ҵĹϵ㲻ûڼնһļҳһᵽַݾ뵽ԼĶ塣
³߽Գǣַݲûеʱ䣬Ǿֱֿĵ̡
˵ǣֿڵװһ̨ԣַ΢Цǰȥ壬æૡ
СݰԵһ°Ұ̨װ㡱˸Ǹɫֿӿٶȵװ
ûµģæһַ˸£ȴæꡣ
ӺֿæͷĻ˲ַֺǰСݣɶǵԻˣָҴ绰ͳˣ
ҵûҡҡͷַһɫĵҶһ£̫ˣȥ˵ɡ

Գ⣬һһĿУַԼҶ£ϿȺ
С˵ɣʲô塱ĺ˿ڿȺֿڵ
ģһͬѧҲģ˲ƣҪҿż۸ͦʵϵģʶҪҪϾˮ𡣡
Ŷȫж٣۸ôһᵽֿʱ˾Ȳѯʵ
ȫµԭװڻж㲻ˣһҿ϶Բ£۸ĻԱг۵ɡַݵĻش
ôĿֿ㶣Ǳг۸ɣ㲻ҵİɣ
㣿ַʼ磬һεôʱ䣬˵ҪǲҪҪҾҲˣҪҾñ˷ǵǮ塣
ҪȻҪɵӲŲҪֿʱˣֺ²ץסĻͲǸϸˡ
ǾͺãҪٸд嵥ģ˼ҵҵ㾡дֻҪܳ£ҲģȿǮַ˿
Сӣⶼͷˣ˵ɣܳԵٻؿۡٴһַݵͷֿЦ
ܣôܻ˵ʵݣҵ˻ؿۣⲻͦõ𣿡ֿħץַݿյͷ
Ҳǣ͸д嵥ۻ˵ǰ棬Ȼֶҿ϶飬ʲôطԾģҿɲҪֵı飬ֿһĵ
飬⣬ȻϵƵôһӴ⣬ֿòԴ
ַȻҲһ㣬֣صĵ˵ͷ壬ͷİɣҶ˵ʲô⣬ңҿԸ𡣡
˵ˣֿ˵ʲôԹԹԵдһŽݸַݡ



6 ҶҾ
ϣַݳ˿ϲĽŽ˳͡
ֱֿʲν󣬽ϵĶ۸ʮңɼַݻǷǳεġ
˵ַͻأľ˵ǸֻֿǾһ£ѡš
İɣҾԲԿġӷŻضУַһɡ
Ȼһ⣬Ѿ˸뷨Լ׬ǮҲԼ׬貧塣
һ³ַݾȲľԼȥŸһߵſڣͼһٻӰĨ˳
ϽǰȥַݽҶӨٻСٻô˭۸ˣ
ءҶӨٻû˵һͷ˽ַݵĻУʹ
ַĬȻû˵ĴҶӨٻĺ󱳣ʧ̽ѯʵСٻˣңôˣ
ߺ𣿡ĬúҶӨٻڳֻԵЩɳơ
áȻҶӨٻģַ䲢ǰУȴڡ
ݸ硱һ˵ĺҶӨٻڵ֪һֱԸ𣿡
֪ǻЩۿַ۵С㶼ǵԸⲻһֱŬ𣿡
ǰֻҲֻԸҿܵˡ˵ţҶӨٻͷһıˡ
Ϊʲôַݾסˣ֪ҶӨٻСѧϰʱ䶼Ŭѧϰ赸ķľԼ
ۿžҪ߿ƾĳɼԼ֣ȫܹ˳ĽôܻͻȻҪ

ʲôѴ𣿸ңܰﵽ㡱һץסҶӨٻ˫磬ֱַ˫۵
ڰﲻ˵ġҶӨٻҡҡͷȫҶС
ΪʲôҪ˵˵ô֪Ұﲻ㡱ַݶʱˣĺ
ءŵģҲίģҶӨٻֱӶڵϣľȫϳ
ҶӨٻζģҵһֱҲ˳˳ˮϸǡһλǮȫȡһǮһԽĻ
ŷƵʱ򣬶ȴˣװ˵ζϵĲֿͻȻϰĵζȫջ٣ҶӨٻĸΪʡǮûҵգЩʧֻһ˵ͷϡ
Ҫִ֪͵ѧУÿĻλϣҶӨٻڿνһƶϴһǷһʴ˵ǽǮѧˣǱʴ
ַݷһΪϾͽһǮˣȻ࣬Ѿ㹻ҶӨٻҶȹΣˡ
СٻҶӨٻעַ¶һõЦݵǮ㲻õģҿԽǼҡ
㡭ҶӨٻɴ۾ַݣҡҡͷôǮЦˡ
ַݼҵҶӨٻ֪һȻô˵ˣҲϣ
ûЦַϵЦݣɫޱĵ˵½ңҾһ쵽ҡ
ĿַɫҶӨٻеȫɢƭԼģҲůůġ
㡱ҧһҶӨٻصĵ˵ͷڵַݣܾΨһϣ˰ɡ
ȲҪκ˵쵽̸ֻҪסһ㣬Ҳƭˡ
ãҼסˡҶӨٻ˵ͷо˿˿ģԥһº󣬵ҾȻȥˡ
㡱˵ţַٴǣҶӨٻ֣һ·͵˵Ԫſڡ
ֱ࣡ʱһʪ촽ַݵգûַݷӦ촽Ȼߵֳ

Ļص˼УַݲŽסյַע˼ϡ
ǲǸץסλ᣿·ϣַݳ˷һֱ⡣
ȻҶӨٻĸôĵζ⣬ǱȻп·ӣ̵ַͨ깺δĵζϣ˺һ׬Ǯ
˫Ӯ£Ϊʲô뵽ַ¶˾ģ볬̵󣬿ʼѡʺϵĵζϡ
ˡСʱַǰһΪѾҵ˺һζϡ
ζϲˣֵʮԪһһֻаҲ۸񰺹ϣȴεռ˵ζϷһ
ַݿֻۣҪ޲޺óԣһһǼʮϰٰòַݾ֪϶ǾƵҵġ
ۿ٣ΪԼģַݻǾԳζǲҲá
ֻһʱ䣬ַݵCDѾ˽Ԫ룬һζǺѹ
룬һװĵζ϶ʱѹݣֱӱ䵽ַǰ
˱ݵ飬ַݲסĲ²δѾûг˰ɣ̵Ҳȥˡ
ַݿ˵ķ㣬һø⣬ֻҪһ̨ԼɣʵƷûκơ
ݴ˷㣬ִЩɼͦĲҵҲ⵽֣֮ܳЩϵεľƵ꣬һС͹Ҳ꣬ϾͳɱԱ㡣
ôһҲˡЦҡҡͷַֽ߷Żصǰζϣ˼ŽʲôԵģ



7 
ԹرգU̲غúַݽζʹһ˺ǲ֪ʲôϵİװȴ˿
ҾͲţܵסӡ˼κַ͵ҧҧֱһС׼ֱпһڡ
˺䣬Ӷʱ˺һȱڣһʳָ󶯵ζ˲䴫ַݵıС
㡱ַ¶еϲ٣ûһһĳ嶯
ߵ˿У˿ʳģֿ˿ǰϣַݾһŹǣⴵ컨׹Ͼζô
ŹǣҪľǳϣϵḶַ́·ֻʱΪϡ
Ƭ̺󣬶ʱһַ̿ˮζٴδֽȵ뷨
СʲôóԵģôô㡱ǡôʱַݵĸĸؼˣһŵƢζ󣬶ʱ̲סܵѯʵ
Źǰֻ϶ѣζôַһæµţһ߽͵
ʲôϣôûζ㡱Ϻĸ׺Էܰ¶ȵ
һȥͬѧĸҵģ˵ϲҾԡǰĸףϵʵ̫ˣַݿɲ˵
ԭǵúúó¶˿˿зڵʳԷܰĻص˿С
СķݼͲ󣬶ַԶһûг̻ζûþƮ˳ȥ
¥µĻãŲζԼ¥ϵĶʱ䶯ˣ׷ײζԴ
½½ľЩҵַݵļУԭ󣬶ıʾԼ볢ϡ
ԴҵĿַ˽ֻҪˣһЩǣڲˣô
ڣһŹһѼꤣֻһŹڣַݱ֪ЩԷ顣

һ磬ַݴȷϸĸѾϰ󣬲ӻص˷У׼ʼж
ڳ̵ԶģַݸͲõȴֱµϵͳС
óŽַݿʼɨûкͿǽǰġ
ϾպģôԼͣⲻҲ
գװӣַݵķɨҲͣЪóֻԼ˹ȥ
ַֿѯʵ壬ҪĻˣҸԼȡ
ô죿ԼȡУҰɣֿһĿ죬Ҳø׬Ǯ
ҼңֱС˵ַ꣬ݱҶ˵绰ֿԼȡҲ⣬ҪԼ͹ȥĻ˷Ѳپ
ֻǰСʱַݼҷžͱ죬źֿԼϵˡ
ַݵͷֿĴŷѯʵ
ҷɡЦһͷַпЦҲ֪Լϰɶʱܸĸġ
ҪĶˣ飬Ʒַָָֽӵ
ֿ˵ͷк˿ʼ˻ǿɶˣǼһ֪
̵ӲٻַݶԴ˿ǳģٻῪģΪǴû쵽İٱ⳥Ϳ쵽ˡ
Сʱֿվû⣬涫ѿŸҰɡ
ַҲ˿ԼĿűԼҶɫ壬˵ʵЩô
ȻǺöҪ¼۸ˡֿٺһЦԼֶûҪ˵ٻ
ȻǺöǶ壬˲˵ͬĶﻹ١
СݣҲ֪ĵôЩֻԵôˡûַ˵ֿ꣬ҡҡͷ廰
Ҳ򡱣ַ΢ЦżȻֻԵô࣬㻹ô˰
۸㣬Ծ۸ǰмǲ㲻͡ٺ١ַֿǸˣȻеĵ
СӣڸװǾȵĿַһֿۣһȣϲ

ԼҶַȲҸ󣬲ѯһе
ȷϿǽʮַݻһЦҪ˶ãֵĺ棬ͻ㡣
ȡƬַݲûֱӻؼң˸ͽĲгһЩ߲ˮӪƷҶӨٻȥ
һԣ׷ȻӦҶӨٻҪԸַȻ
һַݲţ˿ĸоŮĸ㡣
˭ѽݸ磡ŵҶӨٻһվŵַݺ󣬶ʱЩ
СٻСݽ˶û˵ҶӨٻĸҶеʱߴٵ
ŶŶҶӨٻγѣַݵһ˫Ь任Ϻһͬ˿
ƣԵޱȵأַݿĳҶеһǰ࣬ʮƶѾʼѻ
ҶӨٻĸӳۿЩ󣬺ȻǸտ޹ãһ˶Ʋı֮С
Сݰǡӳ¿ַеĶ󣬶ʱЩɵ
Ҷ壬̺áǹĵͷʺúַݲ΢ЦŽ͵ģһҪҶǢ̸
ʲô£һۣп˱˴˵ɻ󣬶ҶӨٻǵͷв֪ʲô
ϵ¡ֱַӽ⣬Ѿ𿪰װŽͨӵƵζ˳׼ȷ˵ǵζ⡣
ֻһ˲䣬ޱ˵ζҶ˵עرǱŵζҶе
¶ɵɫҶеץһСصζϷŵģϸźַһƷ
ΣҶɲַݵһЦжԼĵζϳġ
ȻҾԻֻڸծۣûҲûǮӪҶеʮȻҡҡͷ
Ҷ壬ҪǮֱַ˵˵ôϻ˵һ⡣
ʮʮҾͿתʮĻҾͿһڽζƹȥҶе϶õ
Ҷ壬˵ģʮҿ㣬ôӦһ
ʲôַ˵仰Ҷһ˶Щţɴ˫ۿ
Ĭ˰κҶеɬСݣҪ֪ʮ򣬶ʮǮһѧȥôǮ
ʮھУҶģȲ͵ģҲģԼ׬ģҲҸĸ֪ҵǮǾͼ̸ȥ



8 ̸
žડҶǶʱ֣ҶеһڣһޱȻĸо
һԼŮͬȻԼ̸⣬һھʮ򣬶Եûģ
Ҫ֪ܶʮ˽ļҲƣֻһͰܿˣоεļѡ
˲붫ɽŮԼŶҶеԼֺγǣ
ԾǰЩ޻̸֮ҶеҪ붫ɽǾûκεѡֻѡַݡ
һһ֧̳꣬Ҷеվַݵļǵ鷿ȥ̸ɡ
áַݽ鷿ҶеŲˮݺúݸַһ
Сݣ֪ʮǲóֱַݵ˫ۣҶеڵ
ġַݵʮҽģʣµĶʮҵͶʣ׬Ǯķ֡
ҶеʱһҡͷǮģģôķ֡
ҶֻǸȵģ֪չǼң⣬ܸɾѾ㹻ˡ
Ҷ塱ַЩĿҶеһۣɫ֪㲻ҳԿҪ֪лҪҪôȥķֲûʲôףҶӨٻںҪǮ𣿡
ҶеĬȻַݵԲںԼŮǰ;ǰѾôҪ
ǼѵѡҶеҧСݣҶǷһ顣
ѾûҪټȥˣַҲ΢΢һЦܰﵽҶӨٻңԼҲܴлʲôģ
ʹĽʮתҶеĳһͺַݲŻص˼С
ö˵ƵζѾȫҶӨٻһңҶеҲܴġ

õص˼УһȣȵһַͻȻһҽУҵû
һ뵽ǶѻɽҵַݶٸͷޱȣˣҲò˭ѧ
СʱַڽһҵԾ㶨в˶Գ̵ĸ̾
Ҫ֪ǰôҵַҪҪ죬ȴֻҪСʱһʵķԾ
Ȼһжù鹦ڳ̵ַ꣬ô̥ǵĸҩԼǿҩ
еıʣַ˼ԼƿĿӢģ׸ô죿
ʵղַһСʱͿģӢһĿ͵Сʱ
ҪҪоƬԣӢַݱʾʵǲѧʹ࣬ܵࡣ
ʹлҩˮʹ𣿡һᣬֱַӵ½̵꣬׼һоƬԡ
񻪹˾ļоƬרӪ棬רַݾȵķ֣оƬõľȻǼŻġ
µĿ˿ԣǷ׷Ӣԣ̫ѧˣȴԣòѧ
ۡַݲЦĵȷҲԣѧҪˡ
ģַݽתصӢרֱµһоƬѡѺ
Ҫ֪оƬֱģҪ׵Уͨݴ˵Ժ
µ֮󣬶ʱһ鱡оƬһͷ״䵽ַǰ
ַѾ˵ֻҪоƬͷĶٽͷϵ磬۰¿ؾС
ֻ븨ҩͬ䴫ʱҪ˯вܽС

ϸİ˵ϵȷַ֮ݲȥԴͨɵ˴ϡ
һȫƽַݲŰť
ʱһǿҵĵӿַֻûһ飬ֱӻ˹ȥ
˻Ҳ֪˶ãַĵֻԴըһʹ̡
ʹڳḶ́Ҳǲܣ˰Сʱַݲͷժ¡
ȲӢ̲ģַϲķ֣Щԭһ㶼׵ĸȴǻһ㡣
˼ξӣַݲĵ˵ͷȻûнӴˣҿ϶ԼĿǿ϶˿
ֵˡַ΢ЦŽ鱾ŵϣȻ˲ٵʹԽ쿪ʼͿȫĶӢ̲ġ
ٴεϳ̵꣬ͷ˻ַݼ˵վǶı⣬ֻһ˶
߷ŻصоƬϣַݲɫһϲѾԹȻȷЩʹ࣬ȴŵ㡣
ַݷһ£оƬߴǧ֣ճѧϰЩרҵԵ֪ʶУֱǸѧá
ֻôöȴиȱ㣬ǾÿһֻʹʮƬ޵ĻԴͻװˮƿһֱӱű
ʮƬоƬѾ㹻ַʹãϾһ˾ޣȫѧˣܲõҲǸʺš
صоƬҳַԼĵУ׼ûԡ
ַݵCDѾ۳˶ʮʣֻǱȽŵCD۸񲢲ǺܸߣҲΪԪ롣
䣬ַݷֻԣҶCDģеļ۸񻹸Ĳ͡
Ҫ֪ЩCDδеˣҲóˣԼղصġ
ַ˵δĶֻҪķһʱ׵֡
ַݶЩԵһһظŵһڽҪCDҵ
ֻǹһᣬַݱõ˻ظ˶˵ֻҪҵǮ⡣
˿ĻܲϲCDּ¼ַݲŹر˵ԣ׼ͽCDϰ壬ȥҡ



9 ף
ٴν죬ַÿѧϰѧؼҺŻʱһĵ̡
мŬڵѾҪƽλÿµԵ˶ӣֳһƬٵ̬
ڸ鷽棬ַҶӨٻ֮һƬȣĶˣֻһ˻ṳ̂Ժ
塱Ͽ𣬰ʦƴƽ߽˽ң˵һַݵλá
Ī񿴵ַоһ͹ǲ̫õԤпܳˡ
һ׿ԵĳɼˣɼļУƴƽӱɼߵͿʼˡ
ҶӨٻĳɼȵĵǰʮڣַݵĳɼֱûй
ˣɼ͹ַͬѧ¿κҰ칫һˣڿʼϿΡ
ͻȻһƬžַֻݸоĵ˵񶼷ŵԼϣоȣлɣҲֻ
ֻһȴ˲ͬмŵԼǣһ֤ڵ
õģûµġдһСֱַֽӵݸԵҶӨٻһᶨ
㡱Сֽ˻ֻȴ˼Сַ֣ݲһЦ
Ȼ࣬Ѿӱ⣬ַǧָһ˾͹
¿ƴƽʰļݸַһ󣬱೤׻칫ȥ
£¹ţַݲûףȻҲʦѯʣһ칫ȥ
ַ뿪Һ󣬶ʱһƬ۵Ļ޷ǾֻһǾַǷס
мַݹϵ㲻ԸӴȺȣȴԵޱȵơ
һȺСˡҶӨٻûдֺŲۣΪַݻ֤һС

桱
ַͬѧѾµˣҽ칫Ϊʲôɡƴƽ˷Լ۾һĵ
֪Ǳҵ𣿡ַ΢΢һЦ˵ԼһΪ뷨
ǡһַԴϲĻƴƽʱЩѿû뵽ַݾȻôΪġ
ûƴƽڣһԵ׻ȲĿڵַͬѧİ칫ң㿪ЦĵطʦΪ˴׵⡣
ƾʲôΪףַ֣ݶʱ¶⣬ɭĿڵ
û׳ɼôһ¾ͳңƾèı£׻ҡҡͷһмģ
ַ꣬ͻȻЦˣΪʲôƴƽỳԼ
ͬѧ˵೤׻ǸСˣݲñ˱㣬ɼһۣݲñ˱á
ַôһɼƽƽȴͻȻﵽͷϣܲŭܲޣ
Ĳ£ԭΪַݳɼ˵ƴƽҲðŰսе칫š
ǺЦɼþͽףʦҲμӿԣɼã㲻Ҳ˵ף
㡭ֲʦ㲻ףóҵһΣˣǾס׻ǸޱԸˣַ˵Ҳǲŵġ
ַݵһЦ׻˵ı⣬ֲֻƽĶעַôܴӦ
ַһޱ£޼£ֻ֤һԼôˡ
ڵѲͬС̣ԾͷԼеŭ⣬ĳַݵĿ
㵱ɵ𣿡׻¶һЦݣַݼ˾ףȴʲôø
ô죿֪ΪʲôһַԴ׻͸оһ飬˵Ҳûղôˡ
ǸʦҵǸȫҵǸַ˵Ǹһն

ַͬѧˡ̬չһƴƽֵ̫Բòվ
ʦ߷Żصƴƽϣַһһһ˵زҪ
ƴƽûпڣĬѾ˵ĵ뷨ΪעĽʦ
Ϊʦ칫ңڰϿ϶׵Ļ⣬죬϶ܴȫУ
˵ƴƽѾǽͷ­ַȴҡҡͷʦӦõģҲ㡣
㡱һָǰ׻ַ߰һҧҾףΪҵĸҪҵǸ
ַǼĻΧԼʦעҶ׷׵
׻ͷ亹էַ֣жûѾһ롣
ô˿ţѾﻢ£ԱƲ֮£ֻҧҧȾͱȡ
㲻ףҲһӮҡ̬׻ڶӹʦǵԾ󣬿ʼ
ৡͬӡˢһд׻Щķңַݲ˼ģ϶д
һڿεʱѣַݾѾԾϵıһţĶһԵƴƽʦҴˡ
װŪǴ𲻳дİɣǲмĿַһۣ׻ҲдˣǱ˫֣һϷģ
ַͣ͡С˾һԽ˵ԽֻùӺݺݵĳŻͣ
ƴƽûй˵Ŀַ֮ݵԾ㿪ʼ
ַһɣҿ϶ԼԾ˵ٷְȷԲᳬһ׻Ӯڳ˵Ρ
ַ飬׻ȴǽޱȣԼˣᶪʲô
ڣĵȴУƴƽԾŻϣַݵͷַͬѧʦǸҴˡ
⡭ת׻ϣƴƽڵ׻ͬѧˣ½ڿַͬѧǸɣһԺʦ˵һµġ
ƾʲô˵ˣԾû꣬ƾʲô׻䣬ɫָƴƽʵ
û˻ϲָţΪʦƴƽȻҲǣü׻ûԾָһ⼸ˣӦǡ
׻ĴָƴƽַֽݵԾַ̯ͬѧĳɼ֡һû
ž׻ʧȥȫһƨ˵ϣɫ԰׵ⲻܣⲻܡ
ַ˵׻ֻǸʧߣѾûȤֱתͷ֣ǵøҵǸ



10 ̸
ЦҶӨٻżַһڣ׻Ӧã˭С˵ģˡ
ȷӦáַ΢Цŵ˵ͷ˵ĹϵȷǵСϰߡ
ǽεŮѣַа¶ģԺҲԼԼߵܵһ˿˺˭۸ǣٱ
ˣҰѧȥҼһŶַʱҶӨٻһ仰˼ء
ãǾȥҡַȻ֪ҶеԼΪϵ£ҲƴǣҶӨٻȥ
С鷿ȥ̸ɣҶݺˡַݽҶеʱ
Ҷ壬㲻ôġַ¶Ц֪ҶеһֱԼϰ忴ַУȴԼδ
֪ˣСٻȥҵɡķһ䣬ҶеĽַ뵽鷿С
ݸַһˮҶеʼһطҲ̼ҡ
һóһļУҶеݸַݵе̼ҶǵĵζϱʾȤͳƣϸļ˸̼Ҹļ۸Լ㿴ɡ
Ҷ壬ˡϵлһַݲŴļϸĿ
ʮӲַüͷļУҶеһʱŵôС۸⣬ҿԼȥ졣
ҡҡͷַݿڵҶ壬֪ķ˲پҲ㣬ֻ˵ĵ鷽˴󡣡
ŶҶеɫһǫѷɫַݵС˵Ҹõĸ򣿡

һCPUǮȴǧԪļ۸񣬶һƵζ϶ʮԪһȴֻԪļ۸Ȼַ⡣
ַҲ֪ζϵļ۸ȻͨĵһӴ󣬵Ԫһļ۸ȴȫ⡣
Ҷ壬㽻סԥƬַָ̺нûһԪһļ۸Ļ϶
ôᡭҶеʱһɻһԪһ۸Ѿھеζˡ
ȷˣǵĵζм˴ϧʳģǳɱͽԪҶǴӹ˻ģļ۸ֻпû׬ԡ
ַݻһתɫص˵䲻Ļǵĵζϣƽ˼ҸòǵĵζֻǽᣬԼߵţϡ
ζϵļ۸ַݲû˵ٻԵ䷽ģ̺׵ʳģһζϣִ޴Ѱҡ
Ը߶гǵζϵĳ·±ɽկҲһӵֻδĳ̵ꡣ
ҶˡЩö˵ҶеǸˣַֻҪôһ£ܷӦ
ৡļУҶеǷѾ˾ļ˺ƬͰ
СݣҶ۹ִ̫ͣҲٷʣµ½ҰɣһΪ׵ġ
㡱ַ΢΢һЦҶеľѾУԼһĴ𸴡
ˡַݴҶе˼һ£ҪҶİæ
ã˵ɡ׻˵ծ಻ѹѾˣҶеҲͲںˡ
Ƭַ̺ݻڵҶҲ֪ǵĵζ϶ɢװģԼûУߵĵطǾͱҪоİװ
ƹʱ˳עһ£кʵİװԸ۵ĻǿԳǮ
⡭ַݽŵʱˣǾͽҸĸϰ廹㣬𣿡
ףһעġҶе΢Цŵ˵ͷȻַݻ˼
ַôǮһһΪĸĸ֪󣬿϶ԼӵľȣΪʲô˵ҶеʣֻҪͺá

ڶһ磬ַݼӭһȺͣСʱ󣬼ӱߣַҲнˡ
ˣʱˡַֿݲ
ôһĵгѾһټĻɡ
ַѡ֣Ժ׼ˣΪѵʱѾȹҪðκεˡ
ջ˼ַͽȥ⼸Ƕѻ˲ٵCDҵCDҲĲˣ׼һ㡣
ϰ壬æૣҪCD𣿡ַ߽̺΢Ц̨ϵļƵϰк
ַݿûڵһȥҲˣҽĻ࣬۸Ҳ˲١
ϰ壬ҲҪҶҵˡַݽƵ϶ʱЦݣһֽ˳
ַݴսϸ̽һ£ͷϰЧʾǸߣҲͦˡ
ӶͳһŵӣַݵݸƵĶٰæһ°ɣ۸Ǻ
ûͬǰһƵĽͿʼżǮε˿Ӻȴֹ
ôϰ壿ѵҵôˣ𣿡Ǿ飬ַݰ뿪Ц
Ȼǣֻǡ˵һ룬ƵٴֹסһصģôҲʹ졣
ʲô˵ɣǡʵַܲݲ̼
㡭Ƶʱ˴ӣ£ڽԼԥȫϳ



11 ղؼҵƷ
СʱַżƵƾһһǰͣ
ˣ³ɡͦú󣬼Ƶкַ³ָָһԵš
ô·ǮǼϰ壬ʵ̫ˡַ¶Ϸʵ
ôһҴҵҵҲ˵򵽴CDˡƵ˷ۣǲĵ
ٺ١ַݲûзȻƵǮյĺһ㣬˵Ķģλַ׬ˡ
ƵһֱŤһϢһרҵղCDڼҪǮдCDۡ
ôCD𣬵ֱֲӸַݱԾнѣŽ˹
ˡߵǰƵ壬ֻƬ̺űӦһ˵ԭϼְɡ
˳ôʯ̳ɵ·棬˲ȥһЬ󣬲ŽС
˿ƬڽƬԼǹӵļҾߣԼӵװ޷ַֻص˵ʮǰϺָо
ðַݲŴͬʱ⴩ļ˹̾װ޵治
ȻˣҵһʱҲһ˼Żعò˵ΰϷѾ˼Ƶͬĵͷ
һɣĸ̾һλʮ꣬ͷȴһһɬѾ˼ӪȴҪΪ˵ġ

ôѵҲ׼ӰƵ¶Ĳɫ
ǰҳϣҵĲƷ꣬ҲǱ˵ģԥʹ㽫Ǯ˵һжɽһ죬
տʼĻΰ˵ĺǷϣ˵˫ЩɣԵЩ緢
ﰡôˣı£ȺıңҲһܹɽ𣬽һиƵǰȥο
ΰˬһЦ˵Ǿͽϼļˣﶫɽһ죬뵽档
ţôһġƵصĵ˵ͷȻǰӺġ
ˣȲ̸ֹס⣬ΰתַݵϣ̽ԵѯʵСֵܣǸղؼ𣿡
ֻǰɡַݻҡҡͷ˵ǻԣġ
Ǿͺã˵һѴģеĲƷԵͼۿ۸㣬㿴Σΰ˵ĺɣϸһĻȴʮʹࡣ
һղؼ˵ԼһĲƷǾͷһһ˶ĲƷһͬȫ絶
죬ַݿǹ࣬ǵģԼνCDƣԼ׬Ǯ
ôַݵĵư٣˶ڵﹺֱܹ֮Ĺġ
ַݵĵϧCDԽԽ󣬶ϼҵ̫Уַݴʧ˲ٵԪ۲ѡ
ڣһܴӵذCDĻַǰôܻ᲻ĶֻΰĶɶƷһܳԵ¡
νأֻм۸񲻷ƵĶܹ֮ΪأΰǰǸĶٲҲǷƷ
һĻҪǮԥƬַ̺ݲŴ̽Եѯʵ
ϼѵķϣһڼһ򣬷CD㶼ߡΰһָĵ
۸ַݴ˿һܽܣٸһ㣬ľͽܲˡ
Ȼڿٶ򣬵ַٻһãϾζϰװŻǮૡ

ãĶֵһҾҪˡַҧҧ¶˾ĵ
ãСֵˬ죬ھͿʼʰʱһǮһԽȫΰȻᣬҲʡȥ鷳ϷЩϲɫ
һСʱ¥ϿⷿڷŵCDȫռװֽУ˿
ȻΰͦˬģǸƭӣ֮ĲޣַݿʼһһŵCDʼ飬ۡ
ȻǲܼˣַֻԶ֣ϼԼΰҲֵУһ󣬱ܵһ
һУȻҪ˽һУôַݶCDղҲν˽ʲôĸС
ΰCDܶ࣬һƷиһЩϲɼľƷ۸ǲơ
ЩCD漰ϰļ۸ַܲأܿЩۣǼֽȫܼ꣬ۡ
һٶʮ򡱣ַݸ۸񣬶ֻ಻٣ϸ˵׬ˣҪֻҪһת׬ʮ
ַݿɲǸɱȡѵˣЩCDֻзŵ̵ܻȡüֵ
CDŻֽУַݲ΢Цΰȥû⣬ھͿԽˡ
ãҿšΰٴĿֽһۣһظģ
һֽǮһֽϺַҲûҪͣΰ˸󣬱㽫CDᵽϼֵĳϡ
Ǯתˣ´λĻᣬֱҡŵӶתϼַֺһ
Ȼû⣬´һ㡱ϼֶʱϲЦտһ˾׬򣬻б׬Ǯ
ĽCD¥ϣȫϼַ̣ܵʱǿҲ۵ĹǺ
ĺһˮַͻȻһΪ뵽һܣеͨĻԺɾͼ򵥵Ķˡ



12 ˲ֿ
ŹƷCDصУַȽǰĿͻŽCDϼܡ
һкַݹرԼĵ̣ʼ֤Լ뷨ܹ棬ɾţˡ
С˵жᵽһĶָֻҪһͿԽеĶȡ߽еĶŽȥ
Ȼַݲ磬δ̵ĴڣȴϣֻҪһ̨Ժ磬Ľȡ
ԵƵַϸĲĵȻųϾЯ㡣
Ҫ˵ַģС͵ĵԣܱЯǾ͸ˡ
գһֱʽĵַݵע⣬ϸһ̽󣬷涼ǳַݵ⣬ֻһ㣬ǾǼ۸ЩҪԪһ
ʧеáĬַ֣ʹ˶ֻƬ̣ǿ;µֱʽԱϡ
ˡ׼ԵʱһϢʱַݵע⣬ϸһȴ˵ԼʺŵȼԹ򵽸Ķ
ôһ˵ģַݶʱǰһȲĵVIP棬ϸ˽
ԭ̵VIPƶȵģһѶȣʮԴơ
ÿһĶۣͱ˵ַݵһͳһЩ̹򲻵ļоƬԼҩˮ
ַֻݵĵȼһֻĳЩƷҲǳڴ
Ƕļ弶ܹ򵽵Ķǡһ뵽ַݺ޲ͽȼȥϧǣûôԪݳޡ
û£ȵζϵ˿ǳ¡ַҲǲپᣬصԺ󣬽עֱϡ

ǴԵʽǳĹӣֱ޶Ĳ
Ҳַݵ⣬̫ߵⱻǣҲ䱾á
Ƭַ̺ݲŽСĵĴϣַǳ
ϵͳƬַ̺ݺָͬʱоԼֱһ£֪ϵͳִа󶨡
Ҫ֪δжעصľǰȫҪأͬʱҲҪֹʧ
ͱַݵֱԣˮˤԷǳߣһ󶨾ֻԼһʧĻԱҲɢһԵ粨׵Ѱ
Ƭ̺ϵͳ󶨳ɹһĻʱַǰʾ磬Ƿӣ
ַݿԵһ㣬ʲôطԶѰҲƽ⣬ҵʹõӡ
ִ簲ȫˮƷȽδǼֱûñȣעַݵĵԿʱӡ
ҸҪһ㣬ĻĤ󶨵ģ˼ַֻԼܿ˾Կ
ԥĵȷť˲ѾϣַݿɵĲٿء
ӴU̡UУַ´˲ָʱһâԹỤĻϾѾʾˡ
淽㡱ڰװĳַݲ΢΢һЦȴ˳
һ׼ַݻһҪ򳬼һռ䡣
ҵѿͨҪʮףҪһǧԪһ꣬ʮֵĻ㡣
ʹĸǮźֱַ̬˴湦ܣʱи֣һӷС
ʧַݵȡťʱһӵСͼ˻Уʾſȡ״̬
ȡʱӻصԭأҲַɫһϲЦⲻ൱봢ָ𣬹
̵Ĺʵ̫ǿˣַ֪Լ俪ĳ̶Ȳ֮һȫõĻı硣
ı̫ѣַҪֻǸıԼٸıͥԼԼ

мҪĽ׶Σ߿֮һʮŬΪôһ죬ɼĺû˳˵һ
ֻ߿ַ˵ѾǿпޣμӲΪԼΪ˸ĸһԼɶҶӨٻԼ
ԵĿַ˵ѣҾҲֱʱԲҴ𰸡
ԼĿַݶǵһҿ϶Լֻϱ۷֣ȫԡ
ڣһƵĿԽַݷбʸˣ˸аڽˡ
һǰȥ˾ĽǳıУַ߳˿
ĸȫַݶȹθ߿ģַݵļַ£Ҳû
ַݵһ̤ʱ򣬶ʱһȺΧѯַݵĸܡ
ķ䣬Χŵ˼߷ԽԽַֻ࣬ÿǹ˵Ӳļ˳ȥ
ҶӨٻԼȴĵص㣬ַ˸ط£ֱԣʼ̽
һƷCDϼܣַݵĵһڶ죬ղؼҶɢҲԽԽ࣬Ϊ˿ɹ۵롣
㿪Ǯ棬ѾﵽλδҲСʲˡ
ַݲòһ޴⣬ǾгıͣCD⣬϶ԽԽҵһ׬Ǯķʽ
ַڤ˼ʱȴҶӨٻһһ˹һͷĻС
ôһỬ㷢ַ΢ЦĿҶӨٻ
ǿɰСǣҶӨٻַݵ˫۵϶ûã¼ȡ߿϶ˡ
ܹͺãҲˡַҲ˿ҶӨٻԸˡ



13 
˰ɣǮ½㸸׾ͺã㻹ȥʲôٹȥѧϰɲǸ𣿡
ؼҵ·ϣȻǹ滮ٵİţַû뵽ҶӨٻȻȥһٹ
͸ַһۣҶӨٻɸֵҵԸÿ춼ȥѧʦҲҪϢѧҲֻһ
Ҳǡַεͷ׼ȥʲôûʲôƻ
ƻˣȥפֻưЩ̫ˣҲҡҶӨٻ¶Цҡҡͷ
ȥҲȥַɫ΢΢һҲ֪פʺĹֻϰĵطʵڲ̫ȡ
ţҲſհһһɣҶӨٻҰο
ʵҶӨٻǣַһʼǾܾģֻ룬ļ֣Ҳֻñʾ֧֣Ǽ
һפַݾòûбҪ׬˼ǮҾưɻΣա
ҶӨٻҵһ԰ȫĻȻַݿ϶ֹȻᱻϲΪİȫô
µʱ䣬ַݿдѵʱӻȳɼ⼸ҶӨٻҹȴҶеĵ鱨档
ڣ˳ɼԲѯʱˣַݵĳɼһνŻ˸ĸֻһ־֣ʵĳθ߿״Ԫ
˵˵ַݲøĸɼǾܣɲÿ챻ڼ
Ϣǲֶߣַݵõ߿״ԪϢͬһɢ
ÿҿѲҼҲСſڣõһֵϢ
ַݿɲͷ⼸춼һֱڼչĵ⡣
ЩӲģд־Ըʱַڱסʵĵͷۻ󣬲ڽ˽ҡ
ַݵĳɼκδѧѡһЩ֪ѧҲ֦
ַܾͨͨѡ׸еһΪʲôֻΪ˲ҶӨٻֿ

İףַһûһڵǰŵӰ¿
˵˷ʱ䣬˷ʱ͵˷⣬ַݾ绰Ҷе龿ôˡ
ɺϵǣûв룬Ҷеʹ˹ַ΢ЦŽ
Сݰʱ𣿡ҶеϤͲдЩζַЩ޿κΡ
ʱ䣬Ҷʲô𣿡ͷֻһ˲֮䣬ַݻǻص
ǾͺãʱĻ½̲иͻҪ̸̸
õģû⣬ҵٸ绰Ҷϵ绰ַݻһΪķװ
һСʱڳ⳵˾ǹַݸǮ˳ſڵĸ֪Ϊʲôˡ
Ȼַݲûнָߵֻ֪ҪһǮһơ
ֻϧǣַûУֻܸҶекԼȻ´ö롣
ֻЩҶеݵλ࣬ôĻġ
ӺҶеӰſڣСݣˣҽɣϰȼˡ
áַݵ˵ͷȥҶ壬ôܽ
Ҷе΢΢һЦһߴ·һ߻Ľľ˳

ѰҸߵƵԼǼǳѵ£⼸ҶемǳЦ
ҲһЩ̬ȷǳ̸ֻô⡣
ΪôˣҶеû뵽ǣȥһʱϰ塣
ʱƷţţζȻǾλϰһԳԷҲƷһ顣
ζȻסԴҶе뿪󣬱׷Ǣ̸۸ҶеԼѾˣֻϰַݣܴ⣬ԲŻôһ
ԭַݻȻҲǰ̾ҶеȻӴһεǸͲܡ
ȥʹ˼㽵ĿװΣĸַݵĶС
ϸһֻǰи̨һŮ質ܴССĿ
ţţ飬ֻһ͸ַݷǳõĸй١
Ǯ˾ǻܡַݲа̾ҶеĽŲ¥İȥ
ȻǸַ˱ûʸ񣬵մǸϰĹ˳Ľ롣
ˡվΪεİſڣҶеţڶʱһȴԳֵɡ
Ҷеƿ˷ţַһȥֻһŮɳϣ˽󣬲Ż
һɲǵַݲһֻþǰŮһǸȴΪ֮
µգԵ÷ֵģһϮɫ۽ȫ˳洦ֵȣ·ħ㣬˲Ų
ԺԭɣַĿǰǾ欵Ůӣȴ΢΢һ˿ȣҶеǵͷ·һۣͻŲۡ
û뵽ҵĺȻ״Ԫɣҽһ£ϰΣֱӽΡһЦǰ󷽵ַԼ֡
״ԪɲܵԣԲҲû뵽ϰȻôһŮ
ҲҽˣԤףܺ족΢΢һȣַһֻѷſ
족չһЦ˲ķַݿľһȴ˲ָ



14 ߵ
ÿƯŮ˶ԸģŮ˸ˣΪԼߵıǮ㡣
Ҫ̽࣬һ˶ɲǵʧȫռС
ַһṳ̂ëͷСӣȴǵֿסθе˾档
ⲻַֻ֪Ƿ˸ҩˮޱȣı֣ȻܹܺõĿơ
ࡱһˮηֱУƵַԼҶеǰ
롱ûйԣκ촽̽һڲ裬ڻЩ̣ü
ַݲ裬ԸʲôֻǾúܺúȶѣҶе裬Ų豭ͬ
·ϵʱҶе˵̸еȫȫַݣֻһͬöѡ
ַݲû̸⣬ȴ֪һ㣬Ǿ˭ȿڣ˭ͻ·磬ֻǺŲ裬ȴȿڡ
ܸܵĵżῴһۣ漴ŲҶе۴ޣ͡
ǺǡʱҴţһˮձȻһЦΪ͵Ŀ⿴ַݵ״ԪţɲǰģѧϰϣΪˣҲǺϸˡ
ллĿ佱ַݵȻһЦ豭ٵǰ˸ƺһ
ҲǺˬһ豭Żԭλ󣬲ЦݵĿڵ״Ԫʱ䱦󣬽ҲͲʱˡ
ǳȻЦݣλָһԪļ۸񣬲һ
Ԫļ۸ַ϶ʱһϲһȴһ
˵˵ɣʲôǸǻǻ㲻ܳȻǺãܳɣַƨ˾ǡ
ܼ򵥣ǾԺǵĵζϣֻܹӦҼµĲҵܽܵĻǼ۸ɾͻήŶ
ҽܡǺԥģַݾʹӦǹ̬ȣҶеԼζһ

ַݲǷˣղڵȴʱϸĲ̽ΣԼ
γ۾ңҵĴС㣬СͬŮеĽ㣬Ҳеżѡ׷
䱾ҲǸŮӣڻûʮʱҵоƵҵ֮һÿһǶ߳жҵξƵӰ
ֻŮܹŮˣٳɫҲѲΪԼҴٵǰ;Ľ
ϵǣܾǳ˶ƾŹ˵ǻۣһ˾۵ҵš
ֻЩ˺ܶ鷳ʲô¶ӣҲǰѸ͵ͷ
ϲûдκεϢַ֪ԼǸڱͷ
ԣܴӦַʧӴгЩֻ䱾ļֵ
ַ˵谭ʱ䣬˺Ļܽɳʱ̣òܹεĺ÷ǳ㡣
Ѿ̸ףЧҶе⣬ַݵģȨ
Ҷ壬¾Ȼȥɣе̸̸ͬǩַ֮Ǹ
ҶеȻóͿ͵˼Щ̸ַЩʲô˸ǡ
꣡űϣڶʱֻʣַˣԵЩ
ˮٴαˮݣַϸϸƷһں˫ĶΣ𣿡
ž豭е䣬ǣӴʱƬˮԼƬɢһء
⣿ʲôĲģֻһ˲ʧָֻʽЦݡ
εĺܺãַݻǴпһ˿ӵı飬ȻвʣǺ⡣
֪㲻ϣ֪ΨһܰĻᣬ㲻ץסֲ˶á
ͻȻĴЦ·ЦЦ㣬ַָݵңƾ㣿㻹ֻǸѧɣʲôң
ǺǡַݵһЦƵĿΣ˵ݿô򵥣л˵˵룬ǲ롣
롭·йһ㣬ֱ̱ɳϣַȴпŨŨĲʡ

˭ϣԼɵģҵΣȴעɣΪ˼
βģĽ˵ľˣӵ˵۾Ķ
տʼƾĻܵϵⷽ㻹˳˳ˮĳһ˿սкһжˡ
ֻҪӴʱ򣬶ԷǻѡԵӣһԭܼ򵥵£ǾȻһ¡
ܵȣĿͻȴǲܵȣǾٲά衣
տʼҲĵ˵ķǳɽЩ˵ȴǱޱȡ
ǰϹˣó壬жĿȴֹҲֹס
֪ټȥҪһ꣬ͻʧȥǰһУֻܹԹԵ
ַݵĳ֣ȴǰһȻ֪ţҪһӮҪһУҲǻصԭ㡣
鼱õΣַ΢Цſڵ˵ɣڶ谭ģʲô
ȻҪǾӦóԼĳ⣬ַʲôȱȱǮԼ
Ƚε谭ͨźýǮԼһɳ졣
΢ԥƬ̣λվߵַݵԣ



15 ȫ̼
˿˿ζַݵıУǰǾ欵Σ·ֿժ
صĳȴûַݸеĶΪεĻɫޱء
ַݻû뵽ε谭Ȼ˵鷳ҪǾͱð⵹еһ֡
˵ԭЩǳңԶڿʼȴǸоǰ
ϷΣַݳƬ̣ҵһЩ֤ݣЩ֤ݰ⵹𣿡
ַûκεȴԽִĿƼļޣҲֻʣµҲֻܿԼˡ
ҵܲˡһвһ˿ϣ
ֻҪʥˣǾ;û⡱ַݵһЦڳϿ˲ٺö
áصĵ˵ͷο˿ŻԲôɾֻǳĽҪСġ
һעġ΢΢һףַҲ˵һͬ˳С
ðַݲŴָЩ˼ҧܲܡҸСæ
ǺǡַǸĪͻȻʧһЦһ̣Ҳžܷ䣬ʲôֱ˵ͺá
ðɡַεͷģҶеŮҵͬѧҷפĹҿﻷͦģܲܡ
ŶüΪѵҪ֪ԵĿ˷ǸҲԼƣĺãȻû⣬ĲãǾֻ˵Ǹ
ַݲûоѿһѳҶӨٻҲֻܰﵽܲܳɣǻÿԼ
ǸֵľƬŸɣֱӴ绰ͺãһᰲŵġ
ӹεƬַлллĻᣬڽε£һᾡ𸴡
˵ַ꣬ͷҲصľת뿪ûиȷޣΪҲ֪ʱܹԼ
ڴַԶȥıӰ¶һ˵΢Ц૵ǸȤġСһ

ų⳵صСַݲûֱӻؼңҶӨٻȥýϢ
ҶеѾһص˼Уַݺ󣬱Ľӭ˼С
ҶеһַݽƬݸҶӨٻСٻһϢ㲻뵱פƬ㣬Ƭϵ˾ͺá
̫ˡҶӨٻƬɫ¶˼ɫǼڳĻ϶ַһǡ
ֲƬǼ֣Ҷеһ뵽ַݲô򵥣ҲĬȻˡ
Сݣ鷿̸̸ɡҶеվַ鷿ȥݺò֮¡
Ҷ壬·ѾҺˣװ·𣿡˫ȵıӣַݳ
ҵˣǲ֪⣬ʱ䣬ҾͿԴȥҶеͷ
ÿˡַݰ˰ֻ֣ҪҶúʣǣҪǮұ۾ͺá
ôԡҶеٴγһû뵽ַݾȻ˵Լ
˵ĺһֽԼûУȫǿű˴˼ΣֹϵǳĴַȴʵЩȡ
Ϊʲôԣַһ˿İҵˣôܻ᲻㣬֮Ůҵġ
ǺðɡҶеŵĵ˵ͷͬʱȴ¶˾ģһַܹݵΡ
Ҷеַ֮ݺԥĽһתĿУԼ˸С
ͬʱζߣȫȨҶеܣԼиҪҪ
ܾҶ˵ַݶԻص˼У󽫵Դ򿪣ʼйؽεϢ

֪֪ˣܰսΪίǵĽζ˵νǸȻҪ⵹Ϻ
ַݲӭϣҪڰԼӵδƼƣ䲻ɾĶҳһɱ
οɲǸʡ͵ĵƣΪʮֽթϸôǸ٣ΪΪ
Ȼ˵ôɾǴ˾һ⣬ַҪģǽЩҳ
صҳַٴν˳̵꣬һר˽˵̵ꡣ
зֵһҵ̣ĶʣȴַҪġ
򣬸֮һɫĺӶʱַǰ֮ĶһЦ
ֻһߵĽԼһֻޱȱ״
ⶫδֻԼһ룬ŵڣȴȽ豸
豸ʹ÷ܼ򵥣Ǿǽ׼Ҫصˣٰ½ϵťͻһֱΧΧȫ̶ʮСʱļء
Ǹ޷ĵֻҪһ˿϶˾ѾעĽӸϣַааЦ
ڻмҪó绰β˹ȥֱӽнεʲôʱȥϡ
㣬ص½ӹ㳡μûͣٵľͽٱ˳ȻԼ谭ʮֵĹע
֪ˣҵϢͺáַݲû˵ʲô֤ĻֱӹҶ˵绰Щµóɹ󣬲ȷ



16 鶯
һ磬ַݳԹ緹󣬱ڼж飬׻˵鼮Ľݣ˵Щδе
ַݿĶרҵ鼮ȻЩֱͨоƬȡûҪô˷ѣоƬڱҪʱá
ʱҴҶת磬ַݲķе鼮ĳԹ緹һ⳵ӹ㳡ȥ
ʱ뽭εһСʱңΧѾǾһȺļԼȺڣ侯Ҳ˸ˣ˴롣
ַݲûȥȺѣ˸õĵطȴԼж֡
ڣָ㣬һݴһ֣վϯ̨ʱַ΢΢һЦ
õУ׼˽εݣַݲİť
ˡŵ룬һֻۼɼӻηȥΧζ
ˡŽĻ棬ַ¶ϲŻؿ㶵󣬱תͷ뿪
ѾˣʣµֻѡȴȽһԶϹ
ºַٴ˿ʱ乻绰˳Ҷе˹ȥ
ҶеѾ˶һСͰװչַַݱ˹ȥ
СݣǵζϵİװƣüĿ𣿡³֮ҶеѾڴ˵Ⱥһһѯʵ
ˡַݵ˵ͷڰװûκβģֱӽƷԼװ
Ž˰װҶеܵƤģ꣬Ҳ߳£ǳķ㡣
ַݺǰȥ˽һ£ֻȫԶֻҪζϵ룬װͿԶ
Դַݱʾǳ⣬Ҷˣһȥ˵ͨҸĸڰװҸͺá
û⣬ˡҶеظŹϣַһͬ뿪˴˴

صкַݼ飬ûã洫ŵ
Сٻô㣿վҶӨٻһַݺʱϲľһ˵ַݵĻС
һʽʪǷϣҶӨٻ˿ĵݣҳɹˣ˵Ҹôл㡣
ˡַ鲻Խһ񲻹ĴҶӨٻ壬аЦ˵ૣ
ҪַǻҶӨٻֻϻȣ鲻Խľ͵ͷСֻ࣬
˻ַһ赲еĻȣʧԼ֣ѰԼֵĵط
ԥƬַ̺ݵ֣ĴҶӨٻӨף˿ϸȲ
šܵ˫ȵĴֺҶӨٻʱһͬʱһ
䡱ַԺʱͬը˰㣬еĺҲԽԽأȻҲԽԽʵ
ϸĴַݽҲĹؽϷһ𽥵
ݣҪַݵּΣյĵشʱʶѵҶӨٻҧֹ
ַ˲侪ѣʶԼ󣬶ʱ¶Ǹ⣬һѽ§˻С
ãٴηֿҶӨٻߺŽеͷʱҾҪһε̨ˣҵûؼ׼һҪŶ
ȥɣҿ϶ᵽĿѡ𣿡ַ΢΢һЦеĻҲȥһ㲹
ûУ˵ѡʲôૣ˵Ʒζܸߣҳиǻ᲻᲻ϲҶӨٻԵЩţǰҲϹ̨ѧУݳȴһҪԵĹڡ
Ҫţѡ£㣬㲻õġַ΢΢һЦе뷨˵˳
ģѡ𣿡ҶӨٻַݣǾַ֪һֱֲ̫Ȥ
˲˵УҼңһ𰸡ַЦŵҶӨٻǰ;Ҳмƻˡ
ǺðɣȻؼˣ㡱ַҶӨٻŽɵĴӦһжˡ

ҶӨٻַݴ˳̵꣬CD̵꣬С
ûַݵĿЩδĸӵ˺ԴܽҶӨٻһ
ҶӨٻҪģҪòòɤǲö˵
Ƿȱֻһʵֹ˾ԼһЩܹĸ
ֹ˾ַûӴȴмȡ֮иžһС˾ƾ֧֣ҲܽҶӨٻһ
ֻǲãַݾѾȷԼĿ꣬ԥľµ˹
CD˵Уַҵ˵һлĸʼϸ
ˡַǰһ׸źܾúϲ˿϶ϲ
׸İֱ¼ƵϺַȴЩʻãֱӳ¾ͺãǸȴͷʹޱȡ
ѧɣԺҪõġҧҧֱַϿʼѧϰרҵ֪ʶ
ַѾùڶ֧ҩˮֵڶηõЧȵһλãѧʲôʲôǰ
ֻһСʱַݾͽĶѧᣬдºʼ
дˡСʱַͣ޸ģڱд
ûһᣬĸص˼УڳԷʱַݿڽȥԼװϰ¸ǡ
Ҷе壬ĸԵЩԥջǾסַݵĿģӦȥ



17 һ
ǲоӨǿҩַݲ˸·뵽ϴǰʹࡣ
ǿҩ޵ķã;һҵʱ䣬Ȼһ𺦡
˶ַҧšӽȫ˸Уĵȴʹ
˻ֻһᣬʹٴӿֻʹбϴβֹһΡ
ȻʹҲ֤һ㣬ǾҩǿҲ֮ûϴǰǿ
ʵҲˣҩЧַһһֲûӵ̫š
ٷ֧ҩǿҩȫûˡ뵽ַݲһ
̰ˡһ̾Ϣδһֻܷ֧ʹ֧Ϊ̫ˡ
˶̰ĵģַˣͲûǿҩܹʹãԼһˡ
ҲֻѣǿǾֻ;Ǿ򵽸߼ǿҩĴ
ַݲҹоƬһЩ˵ѵ飬ղһǿ
ַݲûУΪоƬ̫ڵͼڵȴȴԼĻԱȼܻõ߼ļоƬԼǿҩ
Ц˦˦Щ͵ĴԣַǿԼȥЩ£ȴôҲֹס
ˣûʲôֱӷֱַӽ˳˵ԣʼ鿴
ֺǴӽӹ㳡һĻĻЩûκεļֱֵַԹ
˰󣬽β뿪ӹ㳡صԼİ칫ңһֱ°࿪ؼҡ
һ欵Ů˳ַֺȴǰһΪ֣Ů˸Ͳǽεš
ʣǽˣ˼ȻǸɲһһʰ
ȿȡȻ͵ǲԵģַ˰º󣬻˵ЩʲôõĻԾû
ʮֵĽ˾ˣЩ˽ܵĻֲֻᣬַݺʧ
º̺˱ӵ˯ţҲһƬƵַݱر˻档
ַû뵽ŵһõ˽ܰ⵹εĲƵ׼ȥõ֤ݣȫܷܽͬһ򾡣õĽ

һַֻɴЩճģϲ¶һ˿ԼЦ
ҶӨٻ࣬ͻȻҲ˳ӵұòң
ϴ˸ˮ裬֤ɾַݱڼпȴҶӨٻĵ
һСʱַݽŻصϣһţȻҶӨٻš
ɣ˵¼ĸİֽݸҶӨٻַ΢Цŵ
ǡҶӨٻӹϸһʱŴ죬ʮ𾪵ĿַݵҴûѵдģ
Ȼǣһдĸ裬в͸ˡַʲôҶӨٻ֪һֻý˳ȥ
࣡һǷϣҶӨٻϲӵллݣ׸ҺϲǴһģѾȻ㡣
ϲͺáĻӦһ䣬ַݽװŰU̵ݸҶӨٻǰ࣬һȥɡ
ĵԡӹַݵỤҶӨٻȲľ򷿼ȥ
ַݸϽϣںֻҶӨٻѾ˵ԣU̲еȴš
ҶӨٻ㿪˰࣬Ÿʻĳֻտʼ̫ϤЩܵϽࡣ
𽥵ϤҶӨٻ˸ʣѾĸϽ࣬׸
ַݲûдֻվſڣпǽϸΪҶӨٻĵһڡ
žžžһˣ·һҶӨٻ׸
Сٻ㳪ֻ˼飬ĸˡߵҶӨٻԣַϷŴȤ
ôţҳĺã豾ܺѿ϶ǸšҶӨٻһâв뵽ĸ軹еĻǸöá
ﻹ裬ϲҿ԰Ҫַݲû˵󻰣ʱ䣬жٸֻҪҶӨٻҪʱܹҵ
ô˼ҶӨٻͷѾռıˣ׸ֹ˾ֵʮϰпܡ
ŶֵַݳԾˣû뵽һ׸Ȼ˼۸뵽ҪûǮҲǿ׬Ǯ
ǷڼǰַϢ϶ϲ񣬵ʶ֮ǮѾˡ
õģҪһҪ˸ǮˡΪҶӨٻģַҲֻмĻˡ
ţҪǮԺǩԼˣ˾ҸŶҶӨٻգ۾
Ǿͺáַ΢΢һЦҲټ⣬һҶӨٻٴƮȻȥ

ʱ仺磬ַݵĸĸҲһͬص˼УϵЦ£һʵˡ
緹ַѶãԷܰһ߳ŷˣһߵӣҶ治ʲôҪæģɲܾܾ
֪ˡַݿЦӣ˵ǺõĶӣŲҶе
̫ںţɲԼĸԼǸˣðɡ
Թ緹󣬸ĸٴ׼ֱӵԭĵλְһ¹
յ˻˯һַֻƤܣʱܻ˯š
塱绰ͻȻַݲ˻һȴҶеġ
Ҷ壬绰ʲôллˡһַͨݿ
лҴ绰˵ڰװʱͶˣʲôʱܹ͵
ŶͶĸַ֣ݶʱ˾ѯʵ˵ǱҪٰɣٴ绰Ԥ
˵һҪǧֻҪˣûĻʱǮҶеش
ãҵϢҶ˵绰ֱַӵ㿪˳̵ֱ꣬ϵζϵңѯǷۡ
̻ظ˵УֻҪһγǧĻ۸ͿԵ͵ʮԪһ
Դַݶ۸ʾǳ⣬µǧ˸ҪǾǲҪСİװֱôı֯ͺá
Ҫ󲢲֣ǺĲˣֻƬ̣Ҿ˺˶ʾԷˡ
һζϵļ۸ϰٽأÿԵĻ˵ĻҲǵܹܵġ
ֱַ˿ֱԿʼȡֻҪһֱӶ˸˲ֿУûлʱ䡣
ֻһСᣬַݾͽеζװ˲ֿУ׼ٸ͵װȥ



18 ۾
ٽƻĺ꣬ҲӲ˵ݽַݰݵĽɫˣȻǽΡ
֪еľٶַУֻҪж䲻Ϣ¼
˽鸾ƵַݻһνǾɱ֤ݣǾܻߵĳ棬Сǧ
Լ¼ַݾûҪټˣԾͽ˻
ҶӨٻһε̨ݵʱ䣬ַݽ֤ú󣬱һͬ
ҶӨٻ͵ַ̨ݶʱ˶¥İУݺòˮڴ˵Ⱥ
ҪĶɡɳַݽU̵ݸΣԹԵĺ˲ˮ
ŶĿַһֱۣӽU̲˰ڵĵУȲĵ㿪˵һƵ
šֻһ˲䣬ཿ㴫˵ĶУַϰߣȴһ
СǲôUˡϽ˹رգһŭ
ûôַʼ磬ϷƵΣôϣϸ˹㲻ҿǾֱӿƵɡ
˲ϵĺΣһëͷСӵ٩ôƽʱ֮ΪŮη
Ӵνһ˿ĿַݵҲǲ㿴ǹйŮĹһңǿȥͲסô죿
ĴַݵĶУ̧ͷֻ͵Цš
ַܵݵĿֹסЦŤᵽµߵַݵǰСܵܣɰ
СܵܣƺַݲΪ֮һϣðŻعҧҲСˣѾʮˡ
ʮף𣿡쾪һ޼ɵĴַݵһ͹¶ɡ
ҡߵľۼ㣬ַ˲³ͷһη֣ŮҲѿ
ЦٴδַݵԼθܵ˱ԵĿС
ðɣȻ㲻ϲСܵܣԺҾͽݵܵܰɣҲԽνŶôôա͸ַһǣٴһŤһŤĻص˵ǰСϸĿ
ҪʲôûʲôɫŮ˶ϣҲ֪ǽʲô۹⣬ֱ͸ˡ
ӴһСԭҲãҾȻɫҩ裬Ҵĵױ
ȥӺξһһĲ˼ҩȻộΰ
ۡҲͲסеЦ⣬ֱַӽеĲˮ˳а̾Ůʵ̫
ڶ˵ţٴε㿪ڶƵʼۣ㿴ˣô˷˰ųӡ
뱻ֱҰҿ϶ŮǿˣԴ㣬ֻ
ȿȡַֻⶼһһģֻԼеΡ
ڣڶƵε㿪˵ƵûĿˡ
꣡ϵṴγװɰУþַݣͬŵèһ㣬ߵԣӡ
࣡޷ַٴαһŮ͵Ϯɹ
ݵܵܣǾŶ˵ôл㣿Ҫ
޾Ȼ˲䴫ַݵĶУǱʹ鼸

ٴ͵ЦӶַݵϣͬһֻСôݵܵǲૣǿϽૣ
Ժȴ֪Ů˾ʵڶŪԼӦĻ϶׽ŪԼַѡĬ
ַݾþòΰԹһ̾ϢݵܵƣûСƯǰɣ
ǰԹκʯˣַˣʶľ񶨣ֻһ̧ͷͼǽЦݡ
㣬Ҵ˻𣿡ַݿЦܲˣټŪȥ治ұ֤Լʶѡ
û෴㻹˽æŶգգ˫鶯˫ۣһɻı顣
ҡַݿЦãֻõͷ͹һڲˮᵽһԣѲŮˡ

Cheers
ѪĺҡڱУһһŮһͷϸƷе
ͬǣŮֻǳֹȴͬţһ㣬뱭һڽ븹С
Ҳô𣬻û׾ƹ˵ʵַݵһκȸߵƣûƷеζ
΢۴ЦλһƿĺƱַ̣Ҫǻ׾ƣ
ˣźȰɡַݰ˰֣һģкȵľУܺеϡ
ٴһַһֺһ룬üһ۵ţŷУŸо˲١
мʶ˿Ļ϶ַȴԽԽ˳ۡ
αУһַͬʵѾ̫٣ϲָо
ǽˣҶӨٻǳ롣
˵һʱַͣеĵ棬žƱߵ˿ڴĿʢװҶӨٻ
ҶӨٻһߵߣǳĴƣһȹ˿ǽĳȳеĸˡ
ֻһȫʱѻȸ˵ж¶˽̰ɫ·ʱܽҶӨٻԵһ㣬ַݲüͷ
ôݵܵǳԴɰҲžƱǰַݵԡ
ǳԴףЩ˵񡱣ַݲûлͷֻǾƱǳһڡ
ǺǡεһЦҾ̫࣬еֻҪ㡣
Ҳᣬֻ֤ݺݵĽҰ£ȴأװһǫǫӵģ
ҲҪ⣬ЩֻСѣǲգС˵İȫһȫȨ𡣡
ˣCherrsøмΣһַݽеľһɶ
ȻһЦлŶ˶ˣСæӦõġ
ȿȡҵĿַݶʱɫǺ죬βεģıǺ˺
ðŻַݿЦ㣬ܱܲںȾƵʱЦ´Ǻˡ
ûЦһãȻԼ޹·˵Ķ滰ַһʱ
𣬾ҶӨٻ΢΢ЩţǽĽ׸ֳһµ
ʺɫ۵ӭһС̨ǰŵȴǾŰپʮŶõ廨
Ҳ˵ǻɤŶʺõ廨ǻȵϲлַݼαͳľŰپʮŶõ廨
ַݶʱһתͷþɵ鿴Եεǡģ
ǵģϲ𣿡βûвϣ󷽵ĳϺ΢ЦſַݵķӦ
лл̨ѸжµҶӨٻַݻһЦһ̵ŷ֣ΪѵԼЩ̫ˡ



19 εδ
ҹķڣַݲ뵽뿪ҶӨٻȵС
ֻһһַݾͲ㽫ҶӨٻǺڣҡ
ҵģܻҵġҡҡͷַݷѣɾ˿С
ĸѾְǹʮĵλвᣬҲΪӵиõĹϲ
˵ĸһӣһֱţ϶ϰߣлɣŲǾеġ
ͬһַһ߳ͣһֻ߽óŽյš
ûַͬеĹٳͬһ𶯣˷׷
λûж֣ѵʲôƻַݲ²
ַݲ²ĲβûֱӶ֣ǼռһЩ֤ݣ뽫εëȫε
֮ڳֱ֣ڰ칫ﱻ뵽ίȲ裬һ춼ûٳֹ
жʱӿƨŲɾģΣر뽭ߵĽ˸оһȥȲĻԼ
ڷˣһεëߺȲ裬һЩ˼һĻ󣬶ŵεϡ
û취λûã˲࣬ĳ˾ֻΣû˲ỳɡ
˶ĵڿ׳Լ֦ѡ˹
ǽѾעûòþļ´Լͬȫû
ϢַֺԸӵε룬ڽϯһᡣ
ǸõĻᣬַǸȦӵĽݾûκɾܾԽʮԼҲ
ʱ׼ʱߵ㣬һɫĴַͣݵǰһλװӣ롣
΢΢˵ͷַϳŻǼ飬ȥ

ҹĶУûаǻƳϣһƬģ͸¶о˵Ļ
ȴַǳһʻͣԱĵĽӴÿһλ֪Щ˶ǲĴڡ
һ۵Ĵֱͣ˻ſڣӭǸϽǰȥ׼ӭӣΪϵóԼϰݡ
ǳȴԼǷ绪ϰ壬һλɬˣǺĲ²⡣
ϰڴȺ򡭡
֪ˣȥæɡĻ˻ַ֣һŴȥ
δ߽ŵֱ㴫ַݵĶУһȥʢװеŮŮžƱһСȦʲô
ǿַݶˣͦ仰벻֣ʱʱþηһۣתۼš
˵ȥַݶʱǱӵȺ룬ͬٻһõ塣
һԵһƣַ΢ЦǰȥҲȻӭ
ˣǰŶƱ̧һһںǱ޵ĺ촽Եøӵ
ǣֻǸСɫѣҲֻΪ˲ԲȵġַݵĻش
ܻܵ͵εĻҲӵַݳΪ᳡İ㣬СȦӷ׷ڴ²ݡ
ַ˵ǴĶУֶңε˶ˡ
ɣȦӣͱҪѧӦӦαҲһſγ̡յַݵմ
ҲһΪܵĶΧ˵۸ˣͬʱַҲܵ˴Ľʼɵ񣬷·ʱ̡ܽ
һ£λǡ޷ģֱַӱθס֣Χһһַܸݡ
Ȼ޷ַȻѡ˽ܣ׵ЩǸǽʵţҲȫˣαα˫ݣҲ޲ɡ
һȦûٺȣҲûٽʵַݻЩۣԴǱΣ˸䣬׼
ǣǰôû㣬˵ʵεʲôϵ
һ㣬ַֻһֱۿļϣתͷһȴһɫװӣ΢ЦĿ
ЦУַûиܵһ˿⣬еֻǺԼһģ
˵ҺֻǺϵ𣿡΢΢ʼ磬ַ޹ĵ
Ҳš
ӻû˵꣬᳡ʱ˵ʱſǻ߽һˡ
ô¡ˡ¶ȣתͷһãȻַݺ϶ʱ¶Ϸʵ飬ַݵļǣ㱣ء

û뵽ȻҲ֪θӦԣҹһˡ
ǸŮˣڼӣ͵ܳǣͿ˳ˣܱߣʵǶ֮
ô˵εԸܻЭֻҪϷˡ
һţһзϲûɫ֣ǵЦݽУڳŮӶ˫۷⡣
ȴüͷõԺǰȥɭãﲻӭ㣬뿪
Ρú⣬΢Цߵǰˣҵ۾ɣ£ҺҼҶҪؼҵǸͺá
ʲô£ԼĲˣεһЦ˫۲мĿŰõУеôȣҲ˭Ҳҵ˭ǵء
Ǻǡ΢΢һЦصΣвϣҶδվҪһġ
Բܡɫһֱת͸һӰ˸Ҹϳȥ
Цǰȴû˸Ҷǻ˵һ䣬ֻǵͷվڰõԡ
˽֣Ҳ֪ǲǹⰲŵģжʱ𣬰öʱߵεǰϥصΣܷһ֧衣
ԲѾˡԥѡ˾ܾĴһڿַݺ󣬻ǰԼ֣ʹ˼۾¶һ˿
ַݿЦֲɵӣô˵ĶԻ֪þǴ˵еδ
ܸ֤ñ϶Ӵļ£Ӧεɻ´һʱ䣬ַЩ岻
λǸˣ֪ôһвòַݾ֪Ǻˡ
仰Ҳ׼ַеʤģ֪ݺͶûκκøУвĻɫһ
˼ܾܾ˾ɫУַץסỬ޹ǵվ̨мȥ
֪Ϊʲô𣿡ڳ˶鲻ԽĴ˸ַȴǺ⡣
ʲôҽš֣ǸϲӬɣַһᷳ£¡



20 Ҹνⶾҩ
룬ַͬľż㱻ΰŪţҺӦûвȵĽš
㣬Ǹ˸鷳ҪܵͻȻʧˣһǰģһҪΪұ𰡡
һɱƵĿĶַݣʮֵĲЩ޿κΡ
͵Цյַݶߣܵͷİɣ治㣬ģ㵲£ڶʲô˻
ǾͺáַһȻĶܶ࣬Ͼ̫Լģ治ܱ֤мס
һˣٴηַֿݶԭǸ䣬Ե˶Ƕ߰룬ֻǰɫӣ˿
ϷƵĴɫٴοַݵļ򣬡ֵܣ㵨ӻ湻ģǽõ˰
죬ʲôҶţƣ˭˭ַҧҧ
죬ֵԸϲӴЦ΢ַ֣ʶһ£ҽɡ
ַݡգĿɣַݲףΪʲô֪Լ˰ãһĲ⡣
ش٣Һ£Ȱ㻹ǲҪˮĺáǰַ̧ͷֻĶԼɡ
ǺǡνЦЦ٣Щ̫ܵˣ뽻ʲôѣܣܺԼˡ
ֻ˵һ䣬ԼûŮ˿ϣͱֱģб£ת⡣
㡭üߣ˵ĻȴǿסĶ˵ơ
ߡһʾеķ߿תſȥҲֻѣû
ȴһҲںѾˣҲµĸһ㡣
һϷʵɣַ΢µûĻ˿϶ҲԵ۶ݵλȰõͣԲŸ˵ӡ
ֵܣҲˣҵĵ绰۾鷳ʹҵĵ绰ַݵļ¶һ㶮ı飬ȥ
۾һģַȻԼѾ˿ǣصĽ浽˵绰С
飬һỹġȥıӰַ૵ϲǷ飬ȴǲòǷ

ߣҪҵ𣿡ϣɫŭȻԸղԼܵŭ
٣ҵˣĿߵӶʱóһļУ˫ֵݸ˰á
ԥĴ򿪣ϸĿκŻĺļУüͷյ˼ʲô
٣СʲôûУֻǸƽѣҪҪ˸Ķ˼Զ
ƾ̣ԶֻǸˡмĿһۣüСûô򵥡
ôᣬдĺ˰СӸĸͨˣҲֻѧѣǸ߿״ԪҲðٿаɣ
׳աŭߣɫô򵥣ܸҶײô򵥣ܿ
Ҫһ㣬ΪʲôңôãνӴСӺֻǼʱͳ£
˼ǣЩƵСṩģ鲻ԽĴ˸濴ۡ
˾ŲʮС϶ʲôǲ֪ɫأɫҲǱԽԽѿ
ԭΪɰ⵹һëͷСӣȻ˵ļ֣ðʮֵĲʡ
ʱܹڵ۶⣬û˸Ҹɫ˵衣
ȴǲòסǰ׼ҵĵ̣ҪַݵĻǼǲܵ¡
뵽ֲޣ׼ҺķצŷһþͱεڵĻĻֵַ˱գ
ðúǣ׼ҷ˼ͨ·ȴؼңǵ˲Ѵ֮ľ͵õ˶ɻ˵ϷŪԼ
飡һѽļĵϣپҵĴŴΣַݣɣǵš
٣ôСӲϾҪȥ۾𣬵ǵĵ̣󣿡
òǰһһϷʵ㻹޿ɾҩ
ٺ١εЦЦǰõһֻҪԼãǾѾ㹻ˡ

תɢȥֻ뿪ʱ񶼻᲻ԾĿһַݣޱȡ
ַ֪ԼĳˣֻеѡĻ϶ܾ
˶뿪ַͬΰᣬ׼ϸ֮ˡ
֣ݲּ򵥵£ŵҲַǰһ
һ裬ַü㣬֪ǵѣ
ŶγһɫĿַݵӴ
ǣǰڨģһһ˰áַݵͷ
ⲻ֡ȻһЦؼ׼𣬶Ҳһν¼ˣ԰㲻Ϊ档
ԭˡַݻȻûԵ޹ʵİεĽͺһж˵ͨˡ
ԺлᣬǾͶӴһ°ɣϾ˵ĵ˾ѡ΢Цŵ
áַصĵ˵ͷϰѾˣǲܽˣ
Ȼܵʲô⣬ֱ˵Ŷգ˫ۣһڴ
ַ֪ݿеĲԼ壬Ŀģھǽ⿪յ׵ʱˡ
㣬Ϊ˺ַݵһЦԼĿȷдĺöûǮҲû·
ҽΪһ𷢲ƣȤĻǲſԼ̸ȥ
ȻȤȻһЦȻ˵Ĳֻ˵ĺöҲŶ
ȿȡַݸɿһĿЦ㣬ͱŪˣ̸º𣿡
ðɡסŪַݵ뷨ɫܵܣ˵ɣ㵽Щö
ʲô׬ǮַݿɲɵӣܽԼĵȫϳѡȨΡ
ܵܣ滵͸ַһۣ׬Ǯķܶ࣬׬ǮĻ¢ϣֻ
ʲô˿ѧʲôطó㿴
ַ΢˵ĶУĳЩʵ̫ںţֻҪóܸı硣
ͱ˵ԴֻҪзΪǮˣַݲңԼû
ַҧ¶˾ģ㣬֪ҩҵûԣ
Щԣ治ôģʲôõ䷽ҿעʡҩҵ֣ζʱǰһڴĵȴַݵĻش
ܹ׸Ҹβ䷽κζáֱַӼĳһɱﵣҩѾ㹻æһˡ
ʲôһֱӴɳվһŵĿַݡ



21 оƬ
Ҹβļ֢֮һÿ궼˸ȾΪЧȥ
ȺǳӴ󣬽ǻľнˣȫĲЯܹʮڡ
һô˵֣ο󵽣һֻ׬ǮҲǮֳ
һ̣βԼǲǳ⣬ðŻع֤˵Ķģܳ׸Ҹβûκθã
һһѯʵַ˵ģ׬Ŀ϶ֹǮƣҲԴԴϵӿ
˵ǮֻǸ֣ԼҵĹעģΪ˸߲עҺͰ׼ΪԼǾͲòصĿһ
ûҪƭ㡱ַݵһЦ䷽Уһֹӵһƾ֢ҩ
Щ䷽һϻõģԳ̵꣬乺򵽵ģ
δЩ֢ѵԸΣ䷽ҲܳԲûʲô˾˽أֻҪҽǼҵ
ѽٴξһǺַݣܵܣ̫ˣľͲһ½ѵУûСŮ
޹⡱ַݻҡҡͷǸˣԼ㲻˵꣬Ҳס
ȤԹĿַһۣٴԼλãȵĵܵܣǽɣ䷽棬߷֣㿴Σ
ַĬȻֳʮ⣬ȡĻ϶ܻøֻ࣬ϵԺԥĵ˵ͷ
μͷʱϲܵãİɣҿ϶Կġ
㡱˲ɣ˲ãַĿⲻ˵Ķǳ
Сʱһֽͬ͵ǰĵļ꣬ȷûκַǩԼĴ
һַֽѸٽҩ䷽ϸдݸΡ
ֽԤϣҩЧģֽļֵֵڡ
ʱѾˣַݱ˸ǣεר£صԼҡ

Ȼҩҵٷ֮ʮĹɷݣַȴȥûȥϲ˦ƹ񣬶ϲ鷳
ǵζϵַݷǳĿأΪԼҵĸĸԼҶӨٻһҡ
ѾξƵҪһҪַϲǣǮ֮󳬼̵ĵȼˡ
ûʲôöȫװ˲ֱַֿв̽
ȣַݹעȻǻҩҲûʧеҩǰһ
һп޸ҩܹѸٵĻָԼˣǱҩ
һҩʯҩ˼壬˵Ƥ˲ͬɽʯһļӲЧǿķʹɴڡ
ԥģַһƿԪû˿׬û˿ɾʲôûˡ
صҩַٴν˼оƬ࣬оƬĿ鶼ǹѧϰģһȴҲŲۡ
оƬΪͣһ鱾֪ʶоƬһоƬ
кܴ鱾֪ʶоƬǾֻ֪ʶѧҪ򣬶оƬȴоƬ߸˵
ַݿصȻоƬһߵļоƬȻģȴҪġ
ַݲûż򣬶ϸĿ˿ļ󣬲žǷ
һͨоƬѾʹù˺Ҵûгֹʲô⡣
ַȫķֱӹһ飬˽
ͬϴһֱַڴϣۿʼе֪ʶ
úַݻ˫ۣٴǿԭɣֻһСᣬӦ˹
ڰϣַݻԼӼоƬлõӴ֪ʶ
оƬȴľ磬ֻ֪ĸ磬Լ
ǵһؾ磬һֻҪǽ̫ֻҪ壬ò˶þͻﵽľ硣
ڰǶѾеĸˣͻƵ˾磬ǾҪһԼġ
ͻصþȫʱ򣬼ܹմ˺֣ޱȡ
־ǼȫδҲ۷ĸ֣ײ֣һֱس¡
оƬֻǸ֣ûнӴĸ֣˽ĲǺܶࡣ
ڵֻ֣ڴ˵У˶ֻ˵ȴû˼
оƬĺһ׶ܹĶԼֻҲһȱݣǾϰʱһ𻵣ҪҩˮԡɻӰȡ
ȻǮԵĻǿֱʹÿ޸ҩȻֻеȴ
һδͨľȭ˵ʲôɱУܲоС
ԣĽеϢַվߵ׼ʼһ

׶ģܵĿͦ٤ȴǱ٤ҪѣҲȡ
һʼַһֺܻĸоһȴѾΰ㣬Чõġ
оƬǿ֮ʡȥʱȥԣֱҵѵķʽ
䲢ֻкôҲһ㻵ǾǻäĿģΪܼ򵥡
һܼ򵥵ľˣַ붼ûͿʼڶӹȴǣŤˡ
˻ҵʹַݲһڵϺðŻ
ȷûַݲżʼŵһҲĳԵĵڶ
һСʱַͣΪоһļʹޱȣѾ֧ȥˡ
ٴϢƬַָ̣ݼŵһȴûиоʹǻۡ
֪оƬ˵ļޣټȥĻǵûκЧ˼⣬ֻݹҩԡţϢһܹ
ַ׼ҩԡֻķʽͱЩС˵ͣ׷ǣǾ͵øЧʵķ
һܿ޸ҩ£ַݾĵȴҩЧʼӷֻޱȣһȥȡ֮һˬ
ƣȻƣĸоѾɢַݲò̾δƼ档
ٴοʼϰַݷԼȸտʼɶˣҼʱҲӳ˶ʮӡ
֧޸ҩ£ַͣⲢܲˣܲˡ
ϢƬֱַ̺ӵ½˳̵꣬׼һĻü֤Լÿĳɳ
飡þȫһֱȭһ촫ϵַתնھʮ
Դˣַݱʾǳ⣬Ҫ֪ͨһȭʮȴͨ˵
ַֽ֪ԭȴǻǿҩԺҪǾͱÿԼˡ



22 ۲
峿ģ£ַͬһ԰СУʼ
һڵʱ䣬ַѾƽ˵һܹһСʱʱ䡣
Ϊһַݺķ˴ľԼһжֵõģһȭѾӽһٶʮ
ַݸұֻ֤ҪһȭܽһӸŵڵأ
ͬʱĲֹķӦٶԼݶȣԹȫܣһ׵ĺʱѾԽЩ˶Ա
ݣ٤𣿡ַݻӺʱһĶС
Сٻԭ㰡˴кַݶʱĶϲĿǰŮѡ
ţ㻹ûʲôૣ٤𣿡ҶӨٻĵ
ǰɣѧҿԽ㣿ִҲ֮ˣԾҶӨٻ֪书Ҳ̫ȡ
ʱȥ㶫𣿡ҶӨٻ׶ȻûκȤǶԹֳȤ
ȻҶӨٻѧַȻҲǿΪľǱԼļѣҶӨٻ֮һ
Ȼʱ䣬һ£һؼһ·ַҲþûҶӨٻˣ֮£ôܻ᲻ͬ⡣
ֻǶʮӲַݾͻ¥£ҶӨٻһͬ˳ǰġ
ͬһڽֿһ֧ܺ󣬲ǣֵȥ
ݣ㿴·ôһҵ̺ҶӨٻʱǰһһʿTѯʵ
ֻҪϲҾ¡ַݶڴŲͦأҶӨٻ۹⡣
Ϊʲôϲ㴩·㲻ϲôУҶӨٻСǣЩ
УҸշ˹ʣһбҶӨٻ˫ۣǵģ
ӣ֪϶٣ͲҰǮȫ⣿ַϷѯʵ
ͻ⣬ֻҪ㿪ľͺáҶӨٻȻ֪ڿЦ˵Ļȴġ
ַȻҲ˳ӦҶӨٻ⣬һЩ˵·ӡ

ŸĶص˼УַݾȵķԼҸĸڴУһӵı顣
Сݣл㡱컪ɫ΢ַָָ֣Եλá
ַͷһתѾµһЩţˮڣӱǽ˰취ġ
󷽵˸׵ԣַװʲô֪ģ֣ôʲôҪʵģ
ʵңôǮôģָû棬컪ѯʵ
ǵģѾ֪ǵζϳַݿģһкͺԷܰһɻ뾪֡
ԼҵĶԼַݴ˾ȴȫϣԼҶʲô£ǮҪҲա
Ҷǵ𣿡ַ뽫ȫϳȻҲֻڳ֮ǰҪ¡
ǣԼɵģҶе̫ˣõʵЩ̫ǡɽɣҿȻ֡
ðɡ⿪еɻַҲһԼĸ֪µҶеԼĸ˵ģͲòһˡ
ַ׼ԺԥľͽԼд˵˳ģһѼģˣҰһҴ׬˲Ǯֽһ㣬Ҿζ⣬ǿʶ塣
ЩţֱӸֿ绰֤ʵȴѾע
Сݣô£ôҪ˿ô죿ȷ֮󣬺ԷܰԹ
ⲻǳɹ𣿶ǮҶѾˣԺ׬ǮǴˡַ΢Ц
ˡ컪üͷչַݵļСݣôֻҪסһ㣬ʲô¶ֻܷҪһƽǮǮٶҪ
֪ˣһġַݵ˵ͷ׸ĸ̬ҲȥЩϷ
һֱصܱ⿪ַֻûɣĸҲǳĸˣϾгϢˣҲйⰡ
һٷḻͣһ˵˲٣ַţº󣬾Ժֳٿŵ£Ҳܹˡ
쿴ڵĿѧҸβȫˣǼ°
ţĸ׵Ļַݶʱ̧ͷȥÿһ緢˵ʲô

ŵһβƣĻص˼У׼һ衣
ȥһļοžǰ͹µģ૵Ҳ֪˭ôĸܹӵ㡣
ţ뵽ԺֳһףȻۣȴǴء
ʲôૣ㶼ʮˣ˼Ҵ˺ü꣬ţ۲ˡԳЦЦ̧Žװţ̵ԡС
׼õõ廨ϣı˫ֻۣĵƣͶʱʧ˲١
ĺȻ˫ۣ΢΢һĨЦ⣬ԺٴθֳǸף૵Ҳ֪ǸСڸ
ཡ绰ͻȻ𣬽θŵľһԺе˼Ҳ˲ȥ
ϲĽ绰𣬵һʾЦէ֣СһΪѾ˽ૣô춼Ҵ绰ˡ
ȿȡɿȴַε⼸㲻æ´绰㡣
㻹һģ̧̇ţ㵹Ǻã䷽һҾ͵˦ƹ񣬽Ҷ۵Ŀſˡ
ԡˮַԺжʱֳ欵ΣֻЩɬ
ԡŶС뿴𣿻ɲŶ㶣üȻջ
ˡַһʣֻѪʱӿʼջǱһ˿ǣԲԵľܾǲҪ˰ɡ
ŮЦεСڿķŶ뿴ͿҶ㻹ʲô
˵ġ͵ҧҧַݲĸԼֱӰƵͨ
ˡַĿɿڴ鷢ˣһ룬Էʱͽͨˡ
ûַݷӦƵͨѾӣǽݶʱ˻С
⡭ַݷģֻΪ棬ԾͿôһۣҲôһۣκܺõĴĻᡣ
ǲǺʧֻװ׵һƬδЦ¶СҪ뿴ĻĿվ㿴Ŷ
ַɫͨ죬Ѿ˼ޣʱӲͷƤվÿҾث֡
Ը΢΢һЦʱԡֱַݲûӵɳˡ
㣬Ӯˣ۲˻𣿡ǰΧƵһȦëַ¶Ц



23 С
ҩҵˣһһͿֻΪһ䷽Ϊҽҩ˾
κæǳææµû˻᲻ϲ⼸Ӵ̫ˣҸݵλĸߣǳ
ڴ°ʱ䣬һžһױݺ󣬲ų˳ȥ
Լַΰм棬㱨һĹչȻַݱʾûȤȴǾúбҪ
̫ˣϳûãαϻ˯ˡ
ߴһ̶ɲԼǿҵĹԽδоѣС壬ô£
СɫЩÿΪǰǺ󷽵·Ѿ
˭ɫһָĴһϵһťʱһϢ˳ȥ
Ҳ֪СɫصҡҡͷⳡǼ䲻ððȻȥĻ˲ͻᱻӡ
ôᡭǰһ˺ҧҧɫޱȵĸӡ
꣡ƿţӭȥɫѿɽ㲻ð׷ѿˣǲȥġ
Ƣһôľ󡱣ɽ̾˿һ˿䣬ְֵĶԲ㡣
ʵģ°·ÿм¡ɫӵĿǰӣҧ
ΣְֻȥɣѾöûȥˣθң˵㡭
ɽĻǰְĸףȴĸ׻еů
ĸѾȥü꣬һ뵽ݣɻĴԺôᡣ
ҪһȥϷһЦĶǰˣҵĻԼˣͻҡ
ҲǲԣҲôӦһɽɫ΢һ˿ײ̰
ͻȻЦָɽ֪𣬵ҿһʱҾ֪ĿΪʲô
ܿϧĸ㣬ҸνⶾҩֻռһЩɷݣҩڱ˵ģˡ
νֻҪ䷽ңͲùˣԼҲɽɫЩѿ
㵱ɵ𣿡¶һмЦݣε䷽㣬һǻᱻƻ顣
ҷģֻҪ㽫䷽ң͸үү绰Լɽ֣һĶģ
ٴδЦȴǴ۽ǻ䣬ߵʱҲģԸ£ૣ
ûб㣬һжүүľ֪ҷҲûáɽɫӵѿ
ˡһᷳٿݣɭǸı䲻ʲôʱֻϣվ˵һ䷴ԵĻ
ûУʲôҲû˵ԺҾûԼŮ˭Ҳʶ˭һĵѾǰĬ
ʬһǰȥɽҲûֻɫĺѿʱʱðһ˿׹⣬˲ء

Ҳ֪˶ãҲʶ֮ɣεӰѾſڣʱ𣬰лиڵ
㣬㡭űƿַϲվһε󣬶ʱɫһǸһˣ
û˵ֻǻҡҡͷߵַ£ɳƵܵܣܽļ򿿿һͺá
áβ˵ַҲʣֻŲŲӣԼǿļó˺Щλá
ллλشһ󻺻Ľͷַݵļϣ˫ۡ
ʮӺַݷεĺԽԽȾתͷһȴȻԼļ˯ˡ
˯ŵΣȻҲ˾µŮܲãֻǸŮˣҪ˵ĺǻ
ĺ촽ַ΢ɲǼӿһȥĳ嶯ԽԽǿҡ
Ȼ֪֮ΣǲԵģȴʮѵãַ˽޵һսʤ޲һ档
ֻһͺáЩɬ촽ַ΢΢ͷ˵С쿿

һ£֪ġ
ô֣μַ̱ݵĻУҵĴŴеַղܡ
ҡƬַ̺ݲͻȻԼûȡεǳ֮Σ
û˵꣬αһָ֧赲סĴЦС͵ǱˣǽĳŶ
ȿȡ˿ַݳɵЦѾ֪ʲôˣֻԼò׬ˡ

һ裬ˣζķΧַ£ַֻȴһֱͷŲ豭·豭űʯһ㡣
ԵʮֵĳĬ˶ĬĬĺŲ裬ȴŶԷڣַ飬ȳ
ðβСӣˣֲ㸺Ǿͽҹ͵Ǵûз
ҡַݺ˵һḺĸ֣һ뵽ҶӨٻЦȻݣʱС
췢ʲôΪʲôôġַЩȻֻתƻ⣬ԼղŷǼ¡
֪ɫһ䣬ɫ֪ԼҪһߡ
˵ɣ˵һЩַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷһģ֪ξʲôֻҪǽѣǳ⡣
ðɡɫ΢ԼַɳϣʼĽҸͨһСʱаҵĸĸְһֱæһֱչңǲҵ·ˡ
θտʼĽַóһֱ廳ԼĸףҲڱԹһֱæµĸףԹ鱧Թǳ˵ѪԵϵġ
ǵƻ·ε̬ȫת䣬ҲɽԹνİ֮֮о˰ɡ
ɽղ˻ΪνҩξַܾݲûһЩϧԽȥһҩܻɣҾúֵǮû˿׬Уҩذٱ
ҩذٱ⼸ͬħ㻷εԺ仰Ȼ٣ȴǱǧ黰
СΪʲôҪ˵ôҸжĻЦȴǴ۽Ȼ䣬ֱַܵݵĻУٴԼĺ촽



24 ۾
һ꿪ѧݷݷѧǴȫسǰԼѾõĴѧĳЩ˿Ĳ⣬һ뵽ʶͬѧһ㱯Ҳѱ嵭ʣµֻڴ
ַҶӨٻҲһڸĸгǰ۾ķɻҲǳĲᣬ뵽ֿΪ´θõᣬҲûôˡ
Сʱ󣬷ɻ۾Ļһͬ߳ͣƺŮ˵۹ģǸеٮٮߡ
ԶԶģַݾͿһӣд֣ΰŵڴ˵Ⱥ˶ʱ
ûλص˵۾ص۾صңλΪ֤ԼҲΪǰټƱңƿ֮¡
̼ǵ죬˴ֺƵĿַݣ¶˾ĵҪص۾ҪҲûܹȵҡ
Դַֻܱʾ֧֣ƾεҵͷԣԼԼṩȽһңټ򵥲һ¡
һ˵۾Ҹνⶾҩҩ˵۾Լȫ̼أЩĵлɳˡ
˵ĹϵһֱζΪ˱ӣԭǳַݵҲòӣҶӨٻῴһЩʲô
٣ߡԶھѷַ˵Ӱ¶ζɫ
ַ֪˵ζϵôܻ𴩣ֻҪԼıְͺá
С壬鷳ˡС˵ַҲûκεĲʣǣҶӨٻ־͸˺󷽡
᲻㡱ӣҶӨٻ֪˾ͿҲ룬ҼʱҲԽԽ١
Ҳ᲻㣬㱣֤ÿڶᵽѧУȥһġҶӨٻͷַݱ֤Ҳ룬ȴǲò롣
ãǽġ͵ȵСèһҶӨٻַһ£϶ʱ¶ɬı飬ϾôˣЩŲġ
Ǳģ˵˧ܶŶǧҪ˧ѻˡ˹ҶӨٻıӣַ΢Цŵ
ǿ˵ŶҶӨٻ͵ЦСĵĹ۲ַݵı֣Ц
ߺߡַ˫ָĶȻͻȻϮҶӨٻһһߵҡ
ҲĲҶӨٻһ߶һģַݿû׷Ź뷢ЦŰݣ§˻УԵ˵ֻһ˵ġ
ԵϲҶӨٻһЦͷַݵĻУ˿ʤ

ҶӨٻУַݻ֮𣬴ѾʻҲ˾˲ԸջĿ⡣
٣˵æ뵽ȥһˣʱ𣿡Сͷɫǫѯʵ
û⣬߰ɣˡСļַݶʱһɫıİĳȥ
۾Ļ̷ǳŨĳУȻﲢûжôлҲûжôĸУÿһλһᵽԼǵ۾˶᰺ͷһԺ
о׻˵ģڶ˵ԼǮڵ۾˵Լٴ仰治٣ֻСʱ·ַ̣ݾͼ˺üյĳ
ֱӿ˵ңСֱַӳϵݣֱͨõĶ㣬ڴ˵Ⱥ
ܾˣԼɡ˵꣬СתͷɫĶܣʱ̱ž衣
ƿţȴǿյģַɻʱȴоһ˫ֱ§ס
СˣûУﴫַݵĶУĶڻûܲ˶
Ȼˣ롱ֱַת§ڻУֱ˵촽ȥȷ˵Ĺϵֻ֪뿪
κַݣɫ΢ȻСһ۾۸㣬ૡ
ͻֻҪ۸㣬ôҶСνӴôãַҲѧһǾֻ޳ƤԼռˡ
ѧŶνһЦǣַݵߵشǰָ·ܿܿطеĻҲ˲޵ԨݽӮЦǾͲĴҪеĵ˶ȵŵס
ᵱһɽСŽЩͬϰַк󷢣ЦģһԼ

ۼΪһˣǻδĽҲƹƬء
ֻżǳ֮ߣĵĽܳǣ޲ܹõһĻԱŬţôһˣһעһŻԱֿɵá
֮һȻԱģô⣬ھ֮һ
ͬһڶԼİĬĬĺžƣĴ֣ȴϲָо
꣡ű˲ƿðòü˼ʱ򱻴ϣ׼ʱȴ˾Ȼߡ
ʲô£ҪԳȥˣҡúᷳ˻֣һϲӬģ
ȴǺ⣬ߵǰ󣬵ͷ٣۾ˣ㿴ҪҪȥҵ鷳
Ŷüë٬Ժвһޱȵݣ鲻Խüͷ
Ҳ֪˭ȥϢȥԱϢ㷺Ȧֱͣһ㡣
ȻⲢûжʲôʵԵ˺ԼǸǳĴǰ־ηˣڶЩӡ
ðʮֵŭЩ޿κΣΨһģֻеȴȴʱַһ£Щͨͨ졣
֪ˣȥɣҪһ㡱ü˼Ƭ̺󣬰ûǾȾ䣬˭ַݳ£ȴԼ׼ҡ
ַ̫أҪ̽һ²Ÿҷĵĳ֣̽ѡҲúһ
죬˵Щʲôȴ˻ȥǧַݵİ취ס죬ȴǲҶ˵һ䡣
ĬĬ뿪˷䣬Ÿϣٴ˼žУü˳ĬС
úһһļУһŮ˵ϣַڵĻ϶ᾪȵķ֣ȻҶӨٻ
ϸĿϺ󣬰ǷһĨζЦݣһŮǼһ϶ϲɡ
赶ɱˣµı֪ʶöıνо֪ôܴﵽõЧ
ַݣ׼ý𣿹žķͻȻ˰õĴЦЦļ



25 ڵŮ
۾У԰ַϴһ󣬱У԰еĻ԰ȥ׼һ
ôõʱ䣬ַѽһ׶ȫܹĽ׶ѭ
ͬʱҲоԼѾԶʱܽ룬ҲܻȴЩʱ䣬Ҫһ
٣ԲԶһŮӵĲѾãַݲЩ档
ȭɡǿĽַݲЩѰԴǰ뿴˭
Ҫ֪˱٣Ů˸ٵĿַûмԺķǳǿҡ
һͷβСɫƤپ¶ֳӢһȭӳһ־УǾԭɣļĻ𱬵ĳ档
ֻһַۣݾͱˬӢ˸鲻Խ̾һü
Ůӷǳľ裬ַݳֺӥ۰Ŀַݣ˭Ϊʲô͵ң
ֻǺѣŮˣһǵһμԹһ£ҽַݣסڡַʼ磬һε
Ļһ䣬ַݣǼ׾ȭ
ַݲû뿪ȤĹۿ֪Լľȭȣ˭һЩ
Ƭַ̺ݻҡҡͷ׾ȭȻҪַ࣬ݿȴǻ
ҲģַѧϰľȭǾ˽ʱ֮ģԶܱȵġ
Ƭַ̺ݻҡҡͷȴǱ׽ˣ¶˲ϲɫ
ȭҾиģַǲмı飬Ǿơ
زʶҲֻüܲΪַһͳȥһٰɣ
ţͻȻַݰڳһƣʼһûмľȭ
ߣȻҵľȭУҾҵȭܣ㻹Ҳôм
ԭΪַֻǸͨˣڿҲǸӵĺʱûκι˼ɣǰһֱȭַݻȥ

ţܵһɾַһʶ̧־͵³æֱӱһɲ
㡭ΪʲôͻȻϮû˵꣬ͼһǹȭѾϮ
ȥַҧҧŮˣԸŮ˴ˡ
һĹ켣ȭֱַӱܹĹȭһȭؽڡ
ߡֻؽһ飬Ҳֻת˲ţûжɶ˺
һγԿҲ׵ļеĲٴγȭצַݵĲӴץȥ
СƤַȻϵУץĻ㲻ᱻƷҲڲµץۡ
Ѹٵһ¶ױܹһץ͵ֱٴһȭ⡣
ҵдʹֵַȿɱϴضˣðŻع
˵ûǵɣô͹ˡַݿЦͻȻϮЩͷԡ
ߡһûлشַݵ⣬ٴҧѡ˽һĲݵģ
ιιͣ£лú˵ַ˺󣬵ɲģһ򵹾Ͳֵļơ
ȥַ̲ס˾ֿڣŮѾˣΨһģǽƷ˵
ַݿȭ©Ҫ˼ܽƷ
ʵȴʮַ֮ҲֻռЩϷ֣ûô򵥡
ףʵַݵ̫ȱٴ򶷵ľ飬֪ȴҪһ
ѾȫмܣѾӽתΪط
ʹ˰ַ֣ݿܲټȥȴһʱģַݲŲðա
˼вУһƬȣַֻԽԽɣȴǴ㺹죬ʱܡ
ȴǾǿ䣬Ҿȭļһ䡣
ܾȴѾעȭݶҲַݲһأֵܼڣѾǺܲˡ
ڣ¶һʽϵַǰһֱץס˫֣˱󣬾Ǳץס÷һá
ҵĴŴ淴ַݵ˫־ǯһ㣬˫ָεס
ʶԼѾ޷Ҳ˵ֿ֣ȴôҲ˵ڡ

˱ưκ̲סˣҧſңȻ
У뱣֤ſٳԼַݸղҲǴ׾ͷŹ
߰Ŀͬһֱţǲɿڣַֻ֡
ò˵Ӻõ񻰣ַݴ䱳ȥֱ۵ľ̵ͦβ
ʱʱҲһ£̵ͦβȻҲҡڣַһֱôԼܸܵͽȥ
ҲֻѣҵĻһݣַݿɲôһ鷳
ʱ㲻룬һ˲ָⷢ˴󣬿ʼ˾ҵ
˻䡭
һȻж
úҲˡ˲ץ
ɫǣſңһַݣȴҲˣװױռ˱ˣеί֪
УӦٽб˷ַ֣ݸӲҷˣ˿ѾЩڣѾزֻнʹˡ
ءһίַݸһϸһȴ͵ᡣ
ԣԲ𡱣ַɿ֣ȻտʼĴһŮ˸ŪޣǾĴԵǸҲǱá
ءõַݵĵǸǵûֹסǿ޵ĸˣ뽫Լܵίй
Ů˾ŮˣοǸĵŮˣװǿѾ͵Ľޡ
ĶԲ˺𣬴Ҳȭˡַᣬû뵽ǿ˹ȻŮ˿ˡ
ûַݣʹʹĿһᣬͷҲصľԼȥ
ַݶʱɵۣԼȭܻһ㣬ȴʲôûַھθͷš
ַ̾˿ԼԼ⣬˼ֻǸŮ˶ѣһˣͲܴȵ𡣡
ǽյķţַݱʾЩ޿κΣֻõ´лᣬټǸɡ



26 ԩ
ַԶ룬ȴûִһСԴʱ߿ʱɬӰȫʧȴֻ졣
˵είԼҵģǸȡֵˣʹ˽ҹ־ܲˡ
˼Ƭ̺ʱǰһ뵽һܽѵһַݣֲԵֵ̫ķ
𷿼еĳԿףֱԼļиȥȥһ֡
Ǹ׵ľңǸʱ˺պմ󹦣ԲŵԻһԺΪӡ
˿̣һһ͵Χ壬˲þͽ
ȻʮӲ¶ɥүүͲܸҵһ㲻ã
ͬսһ൱үүҡ
үŹԵĹ϶÷ǳ˼ȴ¶ɬΪЩӣѾ°ٱˡ
үӽʱǲϵģ˭ҴϵĻһʹǱزٵġ
Ծܲȴǲòϻ¶̵ܽ顣
԰ʲô£ǶҪȫԸܸпɳ֮𣿡
ˣˡСװĵͷǸ˵ûףǱضֵһƪۡ
Ǿͺã뵱ꡭû뵽ǣԼүүѾݻУּ˵
а֪̾Լүүһ״̬Ǽֱûûˣʲôʱݣֻˡ
үү硭ӿҪʱһöŮſڴԼүүĻ
֪Լֻһ˸˵⣬ǾԼǿɰ˵á
ûԴ磬үүү졣
ۼС㲻ȥѧУôֻˣǲүүˣҿ¶ϲƽʱ谮ԼŮģһͻЦ档
߽쿴ǻԺۿʱȻŭһƾͽǰ̸ĳ˷飬үүǲ˭۸㣿ҿ˭ôĵӸҲ
үӿǵɽʬйģƽƵʱ򻹺ãֻһŭǹɰɱйԵʱ׹ѡ

үүŵˡԭһ²Ұף֪϶Լүүûƺɱ
ŶŶʱŷĲ״ϽѻɱЩ˼үүˣãû°ɣ
û£û¡ЦȻͬɽһȦôҶԼү
û¾ͺáļֽŵϣɫүүĸļһ۸㣬ȥ
ûûǱɳ۾ѡɲʵĻش𣬱Ͼдȣɲˡ
Ҳ֪Լүүֺأַ۸˵ȥ϶ҲһƤ
Ŷ𣿡Щɻ󣬵ѡԼŮҲԼҵƻڡ
ˡ¶ڣԸϽתƻһӵģȻҲʹľȭȴۼҵľȭҪࡣ
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˶һۣӶԷп˾ȣΪԼҵȭ䲻ǶģҲ˵һ
ַ֪˵뷨϶СѣΪȭǧЩֲγɵģҵȭȻ׵ҳ©
ô㲻ǺŪǵİɡԴһĲԸš
ȥԣҴǱޱȡ˾죬һģϸĻȴܴ۾пһ˿
ûļıʹԼѾͻƵĸȥַݴһ
ȿһڶҲ˳Ϊˣֱһãٺòˡ
ȥȥɣңǼһģͣļסĻǾͲҵˡ
סȥĻ鷳š¶ɫΪһʹȻס˿Իд裬ȴﶯֵ֣ĻǺ鷳
Ȼ֪һ㣬ԲŻὫԼͽȥģû뵽ȴԼ
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͸һۣ¶ĴյĶԣС𣿡
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ַݾˣû뵽ȻôּһԼİϡ
ԴַݱʾֻһֿԣǾһ꼶ģһͬһ࣬νԩ·խĪڴ˰ɡ
ѰλãǽΪͷַݺ¶Сħı顣
˿۰Ͱ͵ĿŮ˶ϣԼԣԼ˫˫ܡ
ȴǿûһۣǾֱȥֱַݵԡ
ַͻȻܵް̧ͷһȴ˾ΪΡ
ٺ١ڨڨЦЦַͷԵͬѧɰû뵽ǾȻһġ
ǰʵͦСǻڴ֣û뵽ͳͬǲǾǺԵ֣΢΢һЦ¶һĨϷʣַһС鷳
飬飬顱ַݷ·ɨһȦҺͬɫӵĿԼ
ν˶ӹţʼַȴĪ˲Ҳ֪˵ֻԽĨԽڣɲǳصġ
ðɡ뵽ַݶʱйһĿЦͬѧʵڶԲǹһ㣬ٴϵĵǸԭв
ˡһЦĿַݵҴûôұҪ
ԩ˽ⲻ˽ᣬ㿴ûֺαˣַʼ磬һε
ߣռұˣ㵱ȻԸˣҿɲԸ⡱һһĨ
ռұˡһ⼸ַ֣ӶʱԾĿβԺֲ뵽ǳԵĴС
åǻı飬ʱЩʲôŭͬʱôһ˿ɬ
˼ַޱȣЩʲôȴǲ֪ʲôԣֻѡ˳Ĭ



27 ֵ
ѧǱزٵȻľѵַԭԲμӣͬѧ̫ѽڣԻѡһѵ
ףѧͬѧжӣ̫˰ɣվĶǳɢ
ȴôһһŮȴվıֱ·̫ǺӡƵģûһΡ
תͷ˿Եַݶ¶һƵЦݣȴǺ飬ֱӽͷתһߣӶ
ַݲӣ֪ǲԼˣʱ޿̵ĲԼܡ
ַĿϳԿľֻǾ˵ĶԹıԼĿ
ɹ˪ɣܺõģ֤һ㶼ɹڡӿ㶵óһзɹ˪ַĵ
ߣΪһзɹ˪ҡַһۣȻ˵źݻǽɹ˪ӹ֡
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˶ԼһΪƵĽ̹٣ܲԸǾ͵ÿˡ
ǼϺ󣬱Լӹܵİ༶ȥַĽ̹٣ȴǸʮӡ
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ͷһŮ˸٩ַȻЩҲѧı壬Ļ˵Ҿʹˡ
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Ƥ污εʼ磬ַݴǰԼȥ׼ϴ˵
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һǻ͸ˡЦ˰ԺиֳַǻЦݣԹ
֪Լַݵʲôϵ˵ˣһ㣬˵ѣ֮仹м̫顣
һʱԵЩãð󣬲Żع૵ૣеͺãһͦȤġ
֮ͨ¶Ц⣬óֻԼҸ˹ȥ׼Լĺ˵
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ŶһŲ̫ȷ˵Щʲôѵ磿
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ȡ⣬ģ˵꣬ЦĲЦ̲ס
ҡһֿڴʱˣû뵽ԼľٶȻַΪǶȤ
һŻȻ򣬹ֲʱַݻܾԼѡӳʼԶԼ
쵰Ҹûꡱ֮ʱˣһҪݺݵĽѵǸɶļһ



28 ҽ
ȫ嶼Уʼ
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лӦġַգգۣһıӰ



29 ݱ¶
Сٴһǰһţַԥ˰󣬲׷ǰѯʵʵĸңǲ磿
ɫһ䣬Զֱַݣͷתһߵǣˡ
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һҪɰԶȥıӰ¶ڴ¹غǰ̣˭Ҫţˣ̨ףɵĻʲôҲò



30 ݺݵĳ
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һ⳵ַݱ˾֣⳵˾ʱ¶˹ɫ
ɫַѾһΣ˲Ͳµ⾩϶һǲõĻԱƣҵξԲ͡
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬ķݲûԻͣȴǳ˹ɫ㣬˷·̺ܿĵ̡
ͣк࣬ͨĳҲͦ࣬ɶһֵ࣬ͨǮһ׵׺ֵĳƣȴٶǮ򲻵ġ
ãʾһ»Աַ߽ںſڵӭ΢Цֵ
ԲûУģ԰ϵȷһ¡ַȻûֻ
Բǲ״ϢģĹͣԵ绰ϵŶӭСɿĻش
ô鷳ַݲüĴ٣ȡ֣ұͲģȻȥҲͲǿˡ
ӴⲻַôȥѵûлԱ׼ת뿪һϤ̶ִַݲŲһͣ
ãַɫһ֮νдľԼǰȥ
û߳һӰʱַݵǰǰõĹߡ
ãĹû㡱Ŀǰߣַݺ
ٺαߵַǰ¶ǫѷЦݵⲻǺþòһиûҲܸҽȥȺȾƣ𡣡
ַüͷ壬ù⽫ĸҧĺأȻһ衣
ַݲûиһֻۣɫĿǰߣڿʼ졣
ɫ΢䣬ҲǸϰ֮ˣȻ֪ʲôĻַݿ׾ͷϵ
ֻҪľ߲û˺һ¶Ϸʵ٣ɲܶŶȻ鷳ġ
Ⲣѣһ־棬ַݲɵȻе˼
žشߵĲԣصһƣȼֱӽ鷭ڵء
һΧ۵Ⱥˣû뵽ַݸﶯ֣һ˵Ĺϡ
ſڵӭСҲɫһ䣬һλææȥ
ޡһڻѪĭ˳ûзŭҪƴɴЦݵַݵǰ
٣Ǻαૡõ̾ϢӱַȥȴֻϵϷʡ

Ǽһôûò˵Ѿͬ𣿡˽˰Уȹϵϰ߶ţԵʮֵĽ
ʱѾʮˣ˵Ļ϶ֱӹˡ
ڿһֻüȴţѾҪʧȥģȴһδõĻ
Ҫ绰ãʵЩȲˣͳֻ͸˹ȥ
ãǼһ𣿲ǷҵĸӰɣ绰ͨЦ
ûߵҾͳ𣿡ЩѽȻַӦ͵ˡ
Ҳ֪֪֪ĵ绰룬Ҵ绰Цôͣôõֻгַ֮ͬݿͷһˡ
Ҳ֪ҡҡͷͻȻһ뵽һ£ǾԼûַĵ绰
ɴ룬ʱ뵽һܣ磬˸ĵ绰룬˵᲻ſڱסˣ
ʲôʱһ㶣ַݵݱǵģͨһȻҵЩϵһ۾õĻԱ
Ĳ²⣬ǾԲдԼ̫׵ãִ򲻵ããֻãǺˡ
ˡͻȻ𣬲һԼٵŮ٣ſиַݵˣԳѣģϿȥһˣͰͻˣǵĻԭҵĴ
꣡˲䱻ӭСʱ˺ޱȵӺ󣬶ʱŵֱ£ΪǰиͬҲǴЩүڶûˡ
٣Բ𣬴ˣԲ𡭡ӭС㲻ϵĵͷǸʱ̹עɫ
û㣬ȥſڡɫɫǸӭģǸַͻİÿġ
ӭСص˿֪ԼǱסˣҲٵ飬ſȥ



31 
ſڣƽǼ˵ģȴԵЩӵַݵѾ˶֡
Ҫ֪Ѿöûھſڶˣ׷ݵĻѾ׷ݵǰһҲַһ֡
ȴԼ˼ļҲưܣѾȫĳڹ塣
ǲַ֪ݾ˭ĵﶯ֣Ҫ֪Ҫž޴ţž˶
ַȻ֪ԼֻʲôĺԴ׻ƵһκҲͷ˭ضٱ
ãһΣĹַɫ䣬ֻ֪һѣֻ˲ʹ
٣żҲвʱ򣬾ͱ˵ڡһЦʼʾԼ޿κΡ
ܲסҧˣ˵ĴַݵһЦ󻺲ȥ⳥ʲô⳥ҵֻء
ַݵĶٴ˶¶˷ܣȻҪöˡ
ɫ΢䣬٣ȷҪôֻǴҵĹǾˣҡ
žٴδöʱĲ˺󼸲ָӡɼ
ޡһݻѪĭ˳˿Ĳһַ־Ȼôء
ٺ٣ٺ١Цַݣ֪ﶯֵˣûһܻĺúõģӶ㡣
þԼˣϴֻǱٴȴǱĴһһݡ
һжֵõģҿ϶ַﶯ֣ԾӴԻ졣
ȻҲͦĴۣԼңֵǳֵ
žû䣬ֻһɾֱִӽ鷭ڵأҵʹкûιȥ
ֻǿʼǽ鷭˲ûдʹ˷ŹǾֵУһţƤѥֱӲȵϡ
Ҳֵܱ͵ľóȥ뽫͸оһӰǰ

һӺ󣬰ͬһɵڵأѾǸղһŵİˡ
վһˣҲǽһˣʣǴҴҸ
̹٣һǵһη֣Ȼô˧ַ΢΢һЦߵǰһϷʵ
ҵʧίѾ㱨ˣǽȥɡַһֱۣǰڰûαں
Ǿ߰ɡܵԹĿ⣬ַҲǺ⣬һɾǸС
ַԶȥıӰõǴӵħ㣬ַݣҪãܡ
٣û°ɡ߼Ҵҵǰ÷𣬵ޱԹ󣬶ʱ˸
ٺ١òû˵ֻһЦת򾩶ȥ֪ԼǻˣҲ˶վ
Ҫ֪ĸ干ͬѳ֣֮һΰǰװˡ
ǿɱ˰ȻǵٵˡΧ۵Ⱥڶ뷨ͬʱҲ԰һ˿ľη
ڣ˲ǰȥȿѵСİãôĿ϶᲻ֶΡ
֪ڳֵһַ̣ݾ֪˻ǳˣٵҲǳˡ
ʲô˵鷳㾡ңܰҿ϶ɫ
лл϶ǴĿĵģԼĴæҿ϶ҲһЩʧ
ཡ绰˲˰κüŵ֪ˣһ˰ٷ֮һһŵġ
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬ȻҲȫı⣬ܵµһ˿ǣ
Ҷϵ绰ɫָһԵַݽ͵ĹҺһͬƶģΥ˹أǾ͵һĲ
ʧ϶ᡱղŵĻУַѾ³һ˿ߣΨһģֻǻر
ûн̫࣬Ͼ鶼Ѿˣ˵ҲĽͷá

רУӭһСϣСеֻһ׾ƣͼµ¾Ʋˡ
飡Ʊײ˶һڽа׾ƸɵٴϺſڵҲµˣҪ㡣
µˣΪʲôҵûµһ黨׷УַݵĻش
ҪмҪб£ԼһСѣûʲôܱصġ
ҲĨˣĿľȭ˵꣬ٴιһƵĿַݡ
Ŷַɫ΢΢һû뵽ĿľȻ˵ļ򵥣ֱǳϡ
ַݲûشɫϿҵ֪Ϊѣľȭƹ㵽УܾӢµսʿǸ󹦳
ģҲԿģͬҽľȭڳͷҿҴӦֻҪ캦ģԡ
ַݶʱɵۣԭ׾ȭͲǺܿУû뵽ȻΪԼ˴ջԼûлشô졣
ڼȥ˵ĺôɻԼǸ̰ˡ
Դӳַ֮ݾЩôҪҲգϾ꣬Щô֪˶١
ΪҳһӦõģʲôʱѧʱԽ㡱΢΢һЦַݵʹӦ
ھͿԡ¶ϲҲû뵽ַݾȻôʹӦˣжĺøвһ֡
ǺãɡڷǳĿѾ㹻ʩչˣַݲҸĵط
ַݵľȭִ̥ľȭֻŻ࣬ȫƳʽɱҲ˲٣ԲҲеӣѧǳĿ졣
ѧķǳ棬ֻԽѧԽеĴֲȭ˵õĻĻᱻƵ
ֻһСʱѾܽ׸ľȭʹãַҲʹ
ûж˵ʲôֻ˺˺üַݰһʮȵ
Ȼֻ潻ַݼȻȭǶн֮һϹлӦõġ
ˣʱҲˣټַ̹Ȼл˻֣׼뿪
ȵȣҵĵ绰ϰɡϽ׷ǰȥԼĵ绰뱨˳ַһͬ˴
һŽɫĿƬݸַݣЦŰɣȻġ
лˡĽУַĽƬ˿㶵У˻ֺȥ
ֻ֪ҹѾһС䣬ᱻȣԼӡ



32 ֻ
峿ַڻ԰пʼ˹ĳֻ˰κַȴüͷ
ΪоĵԼϰ׶ٶѾԽԽȻٶȴе⡣
ˣǵϻ취ɡҡҡͷַݻص˷УһϴڵĹ˾ȥ
νһղȻûôţַлޱܼεġ
·һһַ꣬ɫһǮ˾ʮŶõ廨׼һϲ
õƺǾ¥ֻܳרõĵȥܹ󻯵ı֤εİȫ
רõݵĿȻʶַݵģԲûֱӷС
¥ֻˣһΣһǱС壬ַݳ˵ݺֻǵĵ˵ͷ
δ˿ڴļûеһʱ䷢ַݽ룬㴫кžϲ̧ͷ
ѽСôˣһԥķϵļνӹַݵõ廨̵һڣԵ÷ǳϲ
õ廨ûյַݵõ廨ǵһյȻϲ
ⲻ𡱣ַ΢΢һЦܿεЦݣǾ֤ԼĻû
ᣬͻֽҿġĵһֱӽŵһԣͶַݵĻУ͸һǡ
ַĿ˵׵ľͷŹͷʱ˿䱴ݣεСһ
鶯ַ˫ֶʱҲʵʼεߣסǰֵԵʡ
ԽԽأϢҲԽԽȣַһҧֱӽùƱ𣬷ŵһԵɳϣ۸
βûзҲûַֹҲԽԽ󵨣ʼ¿ۡ
κĳַݴסˣǰ壬ͬƷ
ַݾþδԵʣҲ޾˹Ľַݸƿ
ַҲ˲ѣεĵͷԼ̫ˣڿǹϵûȷ
С֪۸㡱һ߿¿ۣԴԹۺ֮󣬲գգۣˣ͵ҽѵ˰õĽɡ
⽱ܼĻַݿ϶ݺݵĲϼ顣

۾׼ңһọ̈̄ǹˣҲǮһˡ
һŴ⣬ȴûһܹǵִǮùĥ˵ǻˡ
죬ԭַǷļ壬ȴΪһ˶ޱȵĹ죬ղѵģҲֻġ
һҹ֮䣬۾۰¼ַҲ¼бۣ׷ײ²便Ǻݣȴַݴ˾ƾðһ㣬۾ûֵĴ塣
˿̣һӺĳʻ׼ңмĳһˣַڵĻ϶һ۾ͻϳйһ֮Եɡ
һ̨ƶPalazzoķУֳֺƱֹסϷʡ
ϸƷһڱкƺתͷԵһλվһû뵽۾ʱ䣬ǵԼûгԿðóôһ
ӹ٣Ҿⶼص㣬֪ǣΪʲôʶһԴ֡
Ҳɻĵطɫ˰ҲûʲôȻԲٶ룬ЦˣҺѣǵˡ
쳣ûжĻٿ׽׽Ժ϶õĻرһɣֵķзҸνⶾҩǴġ
µĲٴƷһڣ컺ڵµҽҩ˾Һûֲַֻݸġ
ϸˮ볤ǲ̫żͼ֮еǴĿģҵѡ
˵Ĳ
ˡֹĻ¶Ϸʵɫڲ˵ˣϾεĿģΪοһҵ϶֣˵˰ɣ˵Ŀ϶ᡣ
˵ٴηĴЦΪʵ̫ˣʵ̫ˡ
Ͱһֱ̽˫ǣ˭Ҳѹ˭˭˲£˶뷽跨ѹԷ
ԭ˭Ҳκβ˭ַݵĳ֣ȴⳡ˾޴ı仯ʤƽѾбܲϲܲˣ

Сʱ󣬰׼ҴԺǰһӺͣ£³һҽ׼Ҵſȥ
ղߵſڣ˾ͱſڵ٣Բ𣬽հ˵ŲӴˣʲôµĻ
ȻôֱӾԺȥһۣӶԷпһ˿ΣΪ֪ס
·Լһɴ˴رԺ߽һﻨСԺС
Ժˣɶʱŷڴ󺰵ãˣҲӴһ£Ͳ´ȥ˵㲻ò
֨߹
ɺľ̶ɵľűƿõӰԺУɫƽҿɲǿҼҵĿ˶ò
ŰǱɴƵһʹĵģݵ˺ģȻǰٴŵ׼ѵ͸Ը裿ҵĻ϶˵ͻῪʼ
ֻϧĲ㣬Ļ϶ҲһڼֻСһϵ˿ڡɫȻ·𱻴飬Ѿȫںһ
ҲҲҡ¶ңϷһЦָָԵҽ٣һҽݵշǳĸ߳۾˶ҪҪ㿴Ͼб޻𡣡
ɡɫͻȻޱȣתֵֻģĿѾﵽˣҽȥ⣬˵ԺҲõ
ţһӶò¶һŵɣ˲תΪһϧģϧˣȻٲ飬ҾͲƨˡ
ΪѣһǷȰһ䣬һŮ˶ѣû˻ң˲ǵˣϵĿ塣
ûлش𣬶Ǿվ£Զ룬¶˲̵ɫ
ɣҲùҲùǵŰɣһҲһǸ˰ף
״һ˱صĶǱַݳ飬ֱ̤ɻ˿Ρ
һֱھӪǸطȫ͸ĵطַȴз˸ۡ
ɵıӰԶ룬תصڣһƽɫƽĵȴ
Сʱ󣬷ű죬һɣͷҲûصĵߣɡ
ڱƿߵӰߵõǰɫ٣һˡ
šӦһ䣬ɫҽôˣûɣ֪ҵԸ񡣡
鲻ԽĴ˸ɫдĵģҶˣֻҪһ£ƻʱʵʩ
á¶һĨЦݣ૵ַݣɣΪͰȫȵˣΡ
ƻʼʵʩҲҪֻҪһָû棬·ҹ£ѾӰ쵽һ˿ľ
֪ˡصһϹӣ˳˷䣬غ˷š



33 ı
ֹ˾ڵ۾ΪĵضΣ´ڶ࣬һ⣬ȫŮԣҶƯŮԡ
ֹ˾ӴµŮҵ˳˳ˮҶޱȣʲôݶ˦ɫ
һУȻҪ鹦һˣȻֻһֻŮ˵競ѣޱȡ
ֻҪеŮˣնΪµ˳ӵĲźˣҲģõǰ̡
Ƿģ³ޱȵңӰװױ̣˵ʲôҲ̵״棬Ҳ᲻֮
ô˵˾ŮǣûһûȾȫĺ󹬡
һУһжɶţֻҪúõܺլԼŮ
ҵ繫ϵأ꣬ǽ壬ȴǱŮأ뷽跨ĶĴ
ŮûгǧҲ٣ͨŮѿۣ۵ģһǼƷ
ΪˣרµѰЩƷŮˣռϺѡ
³칫ңѾ޽һı󴲣ȡƷһӦȫ
˿̷ڣޱĽкſλڷ·ϰߣɫûκε
˿̣һλʮ˴һļǰڵĶ󣬹վſڵȴš
ӺһĽһžУѪŵҲû
ʮӺһĸòŮ˴ӷ߳ϴſϲЦݡ
ֱ飬ѾΣѼֲ֣ȻǵõѴѵĶ
Ů뿪Ӳڴ󺰵٣ģп뽫ҵķǸĿ
ɡһõ׿ϵɫһϲʱ߽˷С
ڳζȻսŸսãɳϣлһ֧ѩѡ
ҰɣʲôûɫүȻĽ˵ѩϵ̻ң
ǮȱȱֻǼƷŮˣÿΪѰŮ˵ֻ֣Ҫ۵ģ㽱ǲŻΪԼĹ
лл٣лл٣εŮҶǾѡģһϲ¶ϲɫϸĻпţԼ¡
ϻ˵᲻ϲ˲֪ϵѩѷ£ӹĵļУķ˵һҳ

סֻǿʱ䣬ͲһϸĿаЦĻȣҲԽԽ
ĲҶӨٻŮˣҷǳϲֱӺļУ¶ɫ
ÿ˶гŮڣȻҲ⣬ڵᣬڶʮ仹ֵıŮˣʵټ
ǣŮǴȻģûоκκӹѾȫ㹻
ֻҪϲͺá¶˺Цݣ·ܵĳޣҫ
ˣ°ɣһ绰ԼȥǮɡЩĻ˻֣ϲŮ˶ᷳ
õģˡ¶ϲɫ˳˷䣬¶һ˿ҵɫ
ûŵһȡļҴҵͣȥʱͣһƵ
ĵĳŶʱ򿪣ԥľ͵˸λ¡
쵽ûУʲôӦ˾ͷñԼ۾£ȫݣ˵Ҳ
쵽ˣүҲҶӨٻܸȤܽͻῪʼ֡ĵ˵ͷش
ܺãĲ˾ĵ˵ͷͳһֻһ绰Ѿɡ
ҶˣǲǸðҵźӷˣˡݣһжǱȵģΪֻܹԼ޶
ʹȥǡĻشһ䣬˾һ޽Ĺȥ
漴³һδ깤С¥ȥҴţźģ㲻˵𣿡
˾Ļشһ䣬ӻͳһǹָĵüĵֻѾǰķΪһ壬Ͼͽȥǡ
Ҫ飡
һǹ죬ĵأʱһˣ䶪˻δɺԵˮУˮ𽥵Ϊһ塣

ҶӨٻѧУĻ԰УŽ̲ģ׼Ϣһ£ܿв٣ֻݵһˡ
⻵һӦþѵ˰ɣҲ֪ʲôʱҡ뵽ַݣҶӨٻ϶ʱ¶Цݡ
̫ˡһҶӨٻ˼תͷһȴһλСӵǰ΢΢ҶӨٻһٴֱ̾ӡ
ǣ䱸ͻȻܳİˣҶӨٻлǱ൱ľġ
ҽ޶أǶֹ˾̽μ棬Ҿ֪Ժһܺ족Լ޶дһ˿
̽ҶӨٻ϶ʱһϲѧԺѧûһԼ̽ϣӵһƬǹ貵ǰ̡
Ҷֹ˾ҵĴ˾ǣҶӨٻôܻ
ô㣿ҶӨٻǱһĽģûֱŴˣҪһȷ
޶ʼ磬һεĵݸҶӨٻһƬҵƬǹ˾ĵ绰Դȥ֤Ҳҵ֣Ӧѵ
ȵȡҶӨٻҧҧóֻϵĺ֤֤ʵΪ棬ҲȷıʾǰˣǶֹ˾̽
ȷ֮ҶӨٻҲûκεɻϲҶȷˣԲ̫ˣôõʱ䡣
û£ΪһԺܴϵǣپͶӦõġ޶΢΢һЦ޲ʾҶӨٻ͡
佱Щ̫˼ҶӨٻͷǫ佱ˣһʲôૣҸôૣ
޶ҡҡͷʲôһֱֹ˾Ҵ绰һԴȥһЩ
Ǿ鷳ˣһᵽġҶӨٻСװĵͷıʱܻһ˿
鷳Ӧõġһ޶ؿ˿ϵʱ䣬Ǹʱ䲻ˣһ£һˣ͡
ټллټҶӨٻվԭرıʾе˷ԼˣƬղأȥ
һŴ¶޶صӰаЦĿҶӨٻıӰԭ̾ϢҡҡͷǸСӰôõø壬ЩٻҲҰɡ



34 ݣ
ֻһΣУҶӨٻױѡÿ·һæµ󣬲һȺõףУ򶥺ֹ˾ȥֻΪԼԵԼһĻȴû뵽ȴȴһޱȰ塣
ǰŸ߲ãַݵӰȴУ԰УοǺһױݣõ廨Եñ·Ů鲻Խǰһ
ڲѧУڵĽṹַֻһλ·ŮѯʵŮãһŮ
ǺǡŮһЦַһ󣬲Ϸʵ˧磬Ůѱ׵ģڿǴ죬㲻úûȤ𣿡
ģͷȥһ£𣿡˰£ȻҪǫ飬ַݽ̬ȷŵĺܵͣ벩ȡŮĺøС
ãҲȥᣬʹȥɡŮٴһЦǰַŮȥ
ǳںɣŮ˼΢ЦſڵܺѯһҪ׵Ů˭
ȻԡַݿⲢûв˼ģֱӻشϵҶӨٻʶ𣿡
ҶӨٻŮʱһϧĿַݵ˧磬˰ŶҶӨٻ
ûģַݱǸҶӨٻһϲҪȻĻô鷳
ҲûѧУŶ˵Ǳֹ˾ˣȥˣ϶ܿҪૣĽŮ㽵Ļش
⡭ַݶʱЦԭϲû뵽ȴ˸գЩʧ
һ뵽ҶӨٻԼԸֽһַݲֱ࣬ӽݸԵŮ⻨òˣллôã͸ˡ
ۡŮһַݵĻӹ˧磬ҾͲӴллĻ
лټ΢ЦŻ˻ַ֣ѧУſȥ֪ҶӨٻҪʱ̣ҲͲ׼ˡ
ͳֻδ˹ȥַݿЦ㰡ܵ˸գСٻȥֹ˾ȥˡ
ûǺ£ˣ֪ļֹ˾𣿡ϲΪҶӨٻڣֿԸַദһˡ
ѧУһŮͬѧ˵Ƕֹ˾֪ҹ˾𣿡ַͷش
ʲôζʱ󾪣ʮּȵĻشܵܣȥֹ˾Ǽҹ˾⣬СٻΣգȱΪʲô
εıֶʱַһɫһƬأβϷˣԼҶӨٻһΣա

Ͻһ⳵ȫǰַݽŵѯʵ㣬Ǽҹ˾ʲô⣬СٻΪʲôΣա
Ǽҹ˾ϼſģ³ɵĵܵܣһޣҹ˾ΪľŮˣСٻȥ϶Сٻ˵ᡭ˵ȥˣΪ֪ҶӨٻĳʲô⣬ַݿ϶ᷢ衣
䡱ַֻоԼԴһըеŭľðֱӴӻͳһǮݸ˾ҿ㣬졭
˾ʱһǮķϣµҲֱӲȵ˵ף۵糸򶦺ֹ˾ȥ
ܵܣ𼤶СٻģҲǰֹ˾·ϣһҪ֤ԼİȫҲǷǳĽַݾôȥ϶Կ˵ᶪ
㣬Сٻ£ҲǸ˭ҶҪȥַѾȫֱӹҶ˵绰󣬲ҶӨٻĵ绰롣
Բĵ绰ѹػ绰дʾַݵĲٴһΨһģ
һߣҲ˾Сͬ£µصȥһºβһ룬ʾɡ
绰ͨʱܣ쵽״ʲô磬ȻҴ绰
ɡҧŭĴ󺰵û죬ڸϽܴܵ绰ŹһҶӨٻŮˣȻˡ
ҶӨٻզһɾЩϤ΢΢˼һºһ˵ӰʱԺ
쵰ôǵɷǣŮܶ𣿡ҶӨٻݺɶʱɫŭû뵽ؼʱ̣Լǰ׳յܵܣȻԼһ鷳
һͨ绰ʾѾػٴαŭֻÿϳȫ򶥺ֹ˾ȥ

ʱҶӨٻСĸ޶ڶֹ˾Уһβ·ѾڵϳֵŮǡ
Ǽ֣ǹ˾ڲ绰Ļ϶ԼļԼǷԼľ
һĹ޶ָָͣǰһǰܵİ칫ˣֻҪͷ㽫ӵнǰ̡
лл㣬ҽȥˡлҶӨٻ칫ſȥڹĽ
̤УʱһĽҶӨٻĶУЩࡣ
һǵɡҶӨٻתȥȴһ̤ſڡ
ҶӨٻѾоһ˿ԾĿλڵ
λһԣֻľͷפſڣ赲ҶӨٻ·뿪
߿ĽкҶӨٻ󴫳ɫٴǺ죬λڵߣȻҾͱˡ
Сôܺ׳ڣôҲûǰ̽
汨ˡҶӨٻӳֻ˺ֻó׼ûֻͱߡ
ҶӨٻǰɣ㲻˽ţ˯һΣҸҪһСһҶӨٻ󴫳ɫһס
ͷһȴһɫ԰׵ӣ§һŮǣ٬Ķ˵
ߣҲ˵ȥ͵ʲôҲû׳׳ӺҶӨٻЩв
Ǳ§ڻеŮͻȻЦã㻹֪˭ɣ㡣
۾ؼҵү㱨ûãֻ˵Ĵ㻹ǹԹԵĴ˰ɣ˵ٻܺúõ۰㡣
ͲԴ𣿡һЦŮǵ·УĿʼᡣ
һŮҾͳһδ׵ĻˡŮ˱˸оҲʼèͳĽ
˵Ȧİ࣬ҶӨٻû᰹ൽ̶ȣһĸо
ȦֻΪԲԼһΣͲΪνٻ󣬿һǱַݵٻ
ৡӱгһˮҶӨٻ׼ԼĲӣɫ԰׵ŹңȻõģҲֻһʬ塣
ŶǵûбŵǰһңϲˣҲһζ
̫ҶӨٻҧҲеһǺá
ݣҡ֮£۽ǳ˵εξӨˮ૵ĺ



35 һŭɱ
һ³ַݱ򶥺ֹ˾ĴȥղѾοе֪ˣķڶ¥ֻרõĵݲܵ
ΰٰȰ˵Ҫ嶯Σգַ˵һӣҶӨٻҲһӵΣգȲˡ
˾ȵУַȫ˴Уϸһ˲ŵһݡ
˭ͣ£ȻǿҪˡһŭַݳʱóϵľ䱸š
ʮ𼱣ַǶ˵һ仰ֱһһȭɳȥʱ
еɧңֱַӴ˵ݣ˶¥Ĳʱ˱¥㱨ʲô
ַ֪ٵĻһս¥ҪԷ϶ǿࡣ
ڵУַݱֱͳһƿʯҩ£׼ӭӿźĶս
ˡӦʱͷ£ַѸݶ㿪ѸٵĽƷǰн
ˡĲһӼϽıһֱӽַΧм䡣
Ȼַһȭܽһúüܲס˶࣬Ҳ˲ٹӣŽЩ˸ȫŵ
ǰһ·ûͷһ۾Ϳذ׷ڲϵҶӨٻ
СٻҪַݴ󾪣ʱǰȥҶӨٻûߵǰڶǹѾ׼
ѵӵڵأҶӨٻǾϳһĨǹȴǾֵݣܡ
ҵΣдַǿԼɫĿ㣬͸Ͻ°ǹ𣬰˷ˡ
ɿŮڶ֣ϷʵЦΪ˭ҰŮ˻㣬Σб£Լȡˡ
ַûκεĶǺˣԸӲĵװǻƣҳǹڵǰȴҲԣҪŮˣ
ҶӨٻٴξѵԾȴǱһŽӸ߷ɡ
žһƽҶӨٻµݺݵĵŮˣԾôúܡ
ˡǵеħһ㣬ַ̧ǽѪ˫ۣһɫĶؿں󣬲ӳص߽
⣬λڵҽӽǾͿǹҵžǡ
ݣˣ߰ɡҶӨٻʹޣַΪԼԼ

һˣԼŮ˶ˣǾӵȫ磬ҲǸɹˡ
ҶӨٻַݵۣ֮ŭҪȣҲҪȣҪ
飡һǹ죬ҶӨٻʹı˫ַۣ֪ݺˣôܵǹ
ںޣŭҶӨٻУû뵽ԼһʱĴѡ񣬾ȻԼԼַݶ޵Ԩ
飡ǹٴ𣬾ͬûҶӨٻһĺȻ˫ۣݺݵҧĸ첲
飡
ǹϾ˼ΪоҶӨٻѾݽУ۵졣
ӡʣһֻ־ҶӨٻϳȥûʱֱץסˡ
ſɭĻӶԴתͷһȴַһ֧ǹָԼüģԼѾѪС
㡭˲״ζû뵽ַݾȻֽԼǹıɱΣС
ž͵һӣֻоͷĿѣͬС۷ֱӱ鷭ڵء
ݡַݻǰйߣȴǱҶӨٻס֣ͶĻС
ΣѾҶӨٻĽȴһֱڲˮҲ𽥴ʪַݵ
Сٻûˣûˡοһַݼŵɵϣǹڶ׼
ɱˣַݵУһֱǸİĴŷ֣۾ȴ˵Ľӽ
ҪɱңҪɱҡַܵʱ׼ǹľٶϽһ쵰ҲۣŹҰɣҸǮҪ٣Ҹ١
ǺǡַݵһЦҷŹ㣿ǸղôŹǣ㣬ϧ
ҪɱңɱңҸǲŹģҲһβŹңǺúõ̸̸
㵱ɵѾ㣬϶Źң佫˱籨罫ɱͬ籨ַ¶Ϸʣϵİʼ¡
ˡַӲԣѾǵӣϲûкҩԳԡ
ַݣȵȡ

㡱۶ֲɣַݻͷһȴСĻ£ææǰ
Ϊʲôֹңַǹƽȣֻεֹһ˿á
ܵܣ˵ַĮĻЩίЩȴǲò˵
ܵܣɵĵܵܣȻֻǸӵܣɱ鷳ؼҪ׷ӵ⣬ȻǳΣա
ַ뷴еҶӨٻȴͻȻҡҡͷݣְɣҲû£ֻܵһЩš
ûУǹŲȻˡַǹɳںʱЩ
飡һǹԼҽ˲еѪ˿ڴ
ΪҲɱ㡱ַɫɱĲ£õһ顣
Сûܵ裬ַһٵ裬Ѿ񣬡ɱҰɱɱҡ
žһӰѸٳ嵽ǰݺݵĸһӣǴҴҸɡ
һŰƣʹ׳գΪ治ɱ㣬ΪɱҾͻ㣿ؼҾͻ㣿
ˡַüһĻֹסɣҲҪôһƣֻϣһĴ𸴡
ɫһֱӽץ𶪵ҶӨٻǰ͵Ǹһֱԭ㡣
ΪʲôԹް̧ͷɭûи˵һ仰
ҶС㣬Ϲۣһ쵰ԭҡҧأһ߿ͷһҶӨٻԭ£һƬԹ
ԭˣݣ߰ɡҶӨٻֻǻҡҡͷַݵ֣뿪
٣ҹ̲ܽϣһҵܻܵؼҷʡֹ˾Ҳ׼ȥˣתɡ
յˡַ֣Ůһͬݿȥ뿪á
˵ݣɲŽ𣬵ݸһ֧ѩѺ󣬿ڵʲôʵģʰɡ
³һȦǶ̫ǣ˿ڣֻ֪ǺͱΪʲôи⣬᲻Ϊұ𡣡
Ϊǵı㻹ңҲûұڱҿ϶ĸ㣬ᣬû۸ؼҡһ⣬ĵܵܣɰһسӡ
ֻĲģֻҪ̫ԣ˭֪ģ



36 
뿪ֹ˾ҶӨٻһֱͷЩ壬ĵݣԲ𡣡
£ҶӨٻĴ̫ˣַԣѱ
Ϊʲô˵Բ𣿡ַҡҡͷû㣬ί˵ԲˣӦҡ
ҶӨٻ̧ͷ˵ЩʲôʲôҲû˵ڣֻǽͷַݵļϣݣá
Сھͱˣܵ㣬Ǹֹ˾ղգδ˵´棬Щĵ
ַ¶ԥȻĶҶӨٻСٻʵĸң㻹벻뵱ǣ
ҡҶӨٻɴ۾ǰ϶ԥĵͷ쾭һкѾԼ۲˻ɡ
˶ûٿڣٶ˳ĬУȴãЩҲ²졣
֪ڹ˼ʲô˼ɣѾٿˣֻҪͷǼҹ˾˶Ϊһ˴򹤡
ʵȦûҵزֻǲҼеİѣ󣬽˵ļ֣ʵ̫ϧˡ
εһ仰νȫҶӨٻĵطΪ֮
Ϊһҫ۵ǣһֱҶӨٻΪ£ΪŬʮ꣬ȴҪǷŲ¡
ĲپһˣԼַݵ׸ġ
˵ûСٻŲ£Ǿͼ㱣֤ԺԲٷ顱ҶӨٻЩԥַݲȰ
㣬ݣˮ۽Ļ䣬ҶӨٻ޵ί׼ӭԼ
áַ΢Цŵ˵ͷ·ĶͳֱݸҶӨٻΡ
ʲôŮʱǰһΪǰʵ̫Ưˣر׹һʯɢâ
һһ׹ֱУʱů⴫˸оǳ
ػ׼ȷ˵㱻ʱԶебʲôʱʧÿȡ
ô棿һַ˵꣬ŮʱǰһҲϲˡ
Ǻ棬ǳϡ٣Ҽ۸ǳİͼǱҪͲҪȡ¡ַɫĵ
šŮͬʱͷҲûټȥʱŮˣϲ
ͱ磬ҶӨٻѾַ֮Щ̫Ҳֻ֪ҪԼַռҪλãѾ㹻ˡ
һߣַ֪֮ܺܶ࣬ȴʣǵȴԼ˵

ܻȥһͬһ죬ڽĲʱѹĵס
ЩᣬǻģԳԹͺ˷׷׸𣬸Իؼҡ
һصУַݾͽѾ˳¶۵ɫ
һʮ򰡡ֱӶͰַ¶ɬǿˡ
һ͵ԴѹɵģҴԴʱǱʯԼ۸ĳ棬ַԼΪ˵ǹõһٸŮһһ150Ԫ
ֻʱģΪЩԪܹΪ˴ƽǱʲô㣬ϾǮû˿׬ûˣʲôûˡ
ˡַһԴͻȻԼĻѵĽѾVIPȼٴ
ûʲôöʱ򿪳̵ַ꣬ȲĽ˼оƬ档
żоƬżоƬǹڸߵȼѧʶģַڻòֱPass
ʣµţǸйصģһоƬ棬мصο۸ʮԪ
һţͬһֵʽֵֻȴһ⣬иɱ֣оƬ۸ҲǰһŹһֵԪ
ַԪǹڣȴУػӲ˼ǹ϶Ѿ
Ϊ˱ǿɱּоƬֵǧַݶ뷽跨Ľ֡
Ժԥģַݾʹµֻ׼ھʹã׼Ʒ

صоƬַݺԥĽ˻ҩ棬ֻһۣǰһ
ҩٷ֮٣ҩЧ󣬻һڣÿÿ޹ƿ
ٷ֮٣ԤʾݣӦȵͨͨһ
Ȼʹú󣬻һڣǿҩЧǰ㲻֮ӱڸǡ
вǣÿÿֻܹƿˣַݻһԾʮƿš
ҩֻһ֣ûгַݿ¿ǿҩЩʧ
ܱûкãҶԻҩĹ൱ϸǿ糬ǿĹ˾ÿµĹ֮٣С˾ԼڣõЩҩ붼롣
֧ҩַݼŹԼõĶ
˼оƬҩ⣬ƷԼһЩݳƷ
ַݶЩ޸Уǿһͨߺǲǰһ
һĦг׼ȷ˵һԴɷУǱˮһξĦг仹лԶʻޱȽװá
䱾Ҳޱȣ޴ʾ̺ĿƼУַ಻ֱ
ֻĦгļ۸ɲˣֵԪַݹɱּоƬҪһַݲòصĿһ¡
ַԥԭֻһǾԪĦг󣬾ͽʣ١
ϴιĽذCDڿҪ⣬ͨCDҲԽԽòصĿһ⣬Ǿ׬Ǯ
ַҲûа취Ƽֱʵϵͳա
ֻ̫˷ˣȲѣ治취ֻǿǡ
գصĿһַݾĦгΪȷҪһˡ
ȻҲֹǴͱ˵ΣĦгǰʮʮӸϵҶӨٻڵĵطҲͲҶӨٻôί
ԣҧأַԺУ˹򣬶ʱһޱȣ˽ʸеĦгǰ
ûһ˲ַˣȲĦг׼Լһ¡
꣡ԴȫװԶַݸһΧУȲеҲı֤İȫ
һ㣬ַĵ˵ͷҪ֪ĦгĽɲڵЩֲͨģ溽ĸõĺֲģײµҲһֻܵ΢𵴶ѡ
䡭šһţʱķַݲЩѪڡ
ͻȻڴһԹò˯



37 ٿ
Ǹ˼³鲻Խ鲻ԽϢǿַȻѡ˵Ǹ
³ʲôҹһᵽʱȤҲ˲ùˣֱַݵԺУ׼һղŵ֤˴˳Բ
һ·СַݵСԺУһޱȵĦгҶӨٻжʱðǡ
İò㷺ԼȴǳԲѡ
ֻڼԼòԣԺҲֻ۲ţżǵĿ
˵ʵĦгоַ࣬ݵĦгֻǿһۣȫŲˡ
ʲôӡϸĴһǰĳЩɻ
ȿȡַݸɿ⳵ҶƵģʲôƷƣҽ
֣ҲǺóĦгѾȫ漣Ƶûַݶ졣
ȻǺó⳵ļ۸񣬱һܶ´ࡱַݰͷΪԺĵ
û˵󻰣Ҫ֪ԪĹִʮңǧһܣǾԹˡ
ţݸ壬һĦгôô󡱣Щ̫ţȻͰҲʮ㣬͵ƣԲֵۡ
ٺ١ַһЦָָλãţɣҴȥһȦˡ
˭˭һ治ˡĵַһۣʱһ貿ϳַݵı󣬵߰ɣҿֵܵĦг
꣡Զϵͳ˲һеʲôſҡ
Զ̶װãϵͳýšַ͵ЦԶװûǸöԼȲʮֵʵҵײҲֻᳵٶ
Ŷַôһͣʱǰһһº󣬷ǳι̣Ҳ˲˰ȫС
ˣҳˣáݸһͷַٴһΣʱһɣʱͬһ˳ȥ
ǰһֱ··ǳƽַݳһ£ֻ벻ʹӾֹٶȡ
ǿҵƱ˾һ§סַ

ӶԴַֻһȣĦгϵĲʵҲų𽥵ı任
ƹҲһɫӾֹʱĺɫÿʮ룬任һɫͬʺĹâһȻϣʮϵļٺ󣬾ͻɫâѤޱȡ
ŸռٵٶٶȣС·Ѿ˾ͷҪӵĴ·ַݲòʼ١
ٶȻĽַݳջͷϷʵôٵܲȳܲɡ
ɪָо̫ˬҪٿһ㣬Ǿ͸ˡ͸ַһۣϾǺΣҲ˸˷ܵɫ
˷ܵɫַݸоЩʧܣԼôģȻûŵҧҧҲ죬ǽ֪ͨʲô쭳ĵط
Ȼ֪ˣָ·ɣǰߡʼָ·ַҲ·߿ʼС
ôһĦгԼһԿŮߵǵ򶼻ת
ֻǴҴһƳֻһĽ񻹺ã˱·м䣬˹ۿţַеĺһ㣬˾Ĺš
ʵЩ̲ˣҲ˲ԼĶ˾ףַݻͷץҡ
Щ⣬ǰ˳ҪСʱܹͨѲַݻܷɳȥɣ
ַݲ̫࣬ǰĦг̨һɻ״İťĵȴ
ʱĦгʼҵĶͲĹӳĦгܣȷַ֮ݴ˷ܵɫšš
䡱ĦгܿʼɫĻ棬ţԼֵĽУĦгɾ޴ķ
ش׺󣬶ʱܿʼ任ǶȣַҲʵļӴţʱĦгʽɻһǰȥ
Ҳ֪Ǿֻ˷ܣǼĽ㽫ַݵĶĤƣַֻѾעˣΪ§Ѿı
˷󣬱ס˾ǶӳЯֻԼ㣬ĦгԶ룬µҲֻһŻǶѡ

ֻһӲĦгѾ˶³ĳַٴε˷аťĦгʼĽ䣬ȵĽ˵档
꣬ꡱܿʼԶײȻеľ벢ԶҲַĳݡ
ǣ̫̫̫ˡɫһƬ˷ܵɫˣֱ͸˸߳һ㡣
ٺ١ַݵһЦ˰ɣʵ⳵ܷɣһˮߡ
ˣһܳҿ϶ҲỻѾĦгʲôѾǡ
ˣԣܶ족ַݶ˶񣬿ʼҵļӵ٣ĦгĵƹҲ𽥵ı任ƣ̣࡭
ں󷽱סǰûһ赲ַݺ޹˼ɵļ٣𽥵ģ˷ܵĴȴҲˡ
ҹ䣬˵߷ӦҪܶ࣬Ħгܳ磬ٶȾ˸оܳٶȡ
ַѾٶȼٵϣʮ뿿뿴߲ʵĹâļޣõ·ҲΪṩ˱
㣬㡱ĦгĹâѾΪɫҲܲסеĿ־壬§ַݵ
ַôܻήٶȣ˿еѪҺͷϳ壬߲ʵĹâݡ
ڣ߲ʵĹâţħðɫ˿־壬ͬƼһ㡣
ಡǰڳ˳ֻһ˲䣬ĦгѾԽǰ˾һĿĹâ
֮£һַݼٳԽҼʹѾ˸еٶȣĦгҲǳƽȣûгֵҪ֢״
δƼǿ֮ͨٶȵڳģóܹʼƽȣڳ
ǰͻȻһɫַܳݼǵãǿƲĳкԥܵĳǰٶ˼βȥ
ܳһĦгҿʲôҲײ㡱ܳеӸоܵ裬ֱӼپַ׷ȥ
ַôײϣܳм٣ͼ٣ܳм٣Ҳ٣һֱһľ룬β
ַݵ̬ȣֱܳ£ȴʵ׷ϣֻüٶȡ



38 
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ûǵ۾쭳ʤأһʽƬظ򣬲޽˹·Щʢ׷̼Ķǲ
ָ·ĿڴˣѾˣȻˣʶһ£Ǿ̫ϧˡ
ɽ·ڣȴǰһؿ赲Ľ룬ַˣʵıסˡ
ͷȡºӳ£ؿĸ˵˵ҲûͲʶˣ
ſʱЩεԭС㣬ⲻûϾͷУϾͷС
ߣʶࡱͷһܶµģٴ˳§סַݵ߰ɡ
ؿ򿪣ַһ䵽ףת۾ʧǰС˭֪ȻĦг
ĺȻһɫķܳ˹ؿǰŭǰĦгϵ˭Ȼҡ
˺󣬶ʱһҵС㣬ﳵˣҲʶ
ңһͷܳжʱήˣͷȻְƨǡ
עβ֮Ǳˣֻõͷؿ򿪺󣬻Ŀϡ
СԶȥķ˸ָмٿصŮ˱
һӺ󣬹ؿԼмǳҪҪʱֻ˳
ʱľã绰Ѿܹͨܲҵɡ
Ȼõĸо棬绰һͷ˻ɭʲô£ҪĻ֪ҵĺ
¶ЦǸ٣Ҳģ˵С㵽ʲôʱҪ绰𡣡
ˣĻٶʱɫһϲĲ´μǵҲҪһʱ֪ͨҡ
õģģһġ˲ͷϵ亹һ£ͨͨ绰Ҳ̵ʶһ㣬ٶķǳء
о仰ԥ˰κ󣬻ҧ˵˳٣С㲻һģһĦгģǸˣҴûм
ţٵٴһ䣬õģ֪ˣܺĹؿͺá

ò˵ɽɽ޽ķǳģȻڶ࣬·ǳƽȸٹ·ĺã±ȫװ˷ײ·׮óֱӷɳȥ
Ҳǣ쭳ķǸ󣬰ȫǵһҪֻǴ̼
ڶַ࣬Ҳûп죬ǱŰҵٶȻš
˵ղǲǹ⿪ôҵģãŴӸղŵľлعšַһѺ󣬺޺޵
˻䴫ʹַݲһһ¿ͦݵġ
ôǹ⿪ô죬ֻļٶѣˡʹлδַĵ
ߡһԺвٴλղǼٵʱ̣鲻Խһ
ܵѾȫģҸо˶Ҫ紵ƮˣǱߣԼһ׹̶װãͷɳȥˡ
ؼĸоҲоޱȵ˷ܣɱ̼ˡ
ĬַҲ˿Ҫ֪ղǹģΪ˴̼ҲΪֱܸ۵ĸܵǵصĵط
ˡ󷢶תͷһȴɫķˡ
ʱ¶˷ܵ٣ǼһǵβǶôõĳ͸
ˡַ΢Цŵ˵ͷ׼˦һ󷽴һС㣬ȵȡ
Ŷһ˭ʶ𣿡ַ¶ɻĿûмż٣ܳҲû
ҡҡͷҲ¶ɻôܣʶĻͲȥˡ
ǾͲɡַˣɱǰֻעȴɷϡ
Ǽַûͣµ˼ܳжʱˣ󺰵С㣬ˣֻ㣬ǲˣҸǸ
ҲǻȻԭܳеĿľȻνҡҡͷȷˣ֪֪Ϊ㴳˳Ǳʮӡ
Բ𣬶Բ´һعأҴˡֻС£ܳжʱ˿Լʲôҵı

һǰһɽַݵĦгʱһ˵ľ㵡
Ҫ֪ܽ˷Ǹɽϵĳ˾Ԯõ⣬ܳһĦгȴǲ㾪°͡
ö̲סʼ䳰ȷ׷ײ²ŵĸȻһĦгۡ
Ħгͣãȡͷ˷׷ױͣӲ㶼˳
Ҫ˵ЩĴүʵǼ嶷ʧߣϤĽӰˣûʱ䵽棬ǵݶ̫ߡ
һǸŮˣԲҪصдѵʱԻӻҼ˶̶֪ܳȣǱǸ绹Ҫߡ
ԶһΣһݵλܸ߶Ϊ˵һֻǸƿͱҵүӸ쵽Ҵһȡ
Կ˶Ǽʧֻڿﳵ˵ʱȴǳ˾ɣԼ˿˿ֻرһѾӭȥиϷʮ㡣
ͷ˳ͷϣַݽһº͵ôҲҴкҺ㰡Ħгɲȫ
üתͷһõǣҲ˵С㣬ҸоܲʲôҵɣҪ㱨ɣ
ţַֺݶʱɫһ죬µûĻǽαƵ˳̶ȵס
ַȡͷµĿǣΪµһܸܿܶȤ
ǵıҲ֤ʵһ㣬㱻úҵĴС㣬㲻һλ˧ǣ
֣һСѣæȥɣҺԼ㿴ͺáڣַӻ
ţæȥɣԼԼģͲˡ˵꣬һȥַݶһգգۣȥ
תͷַ֮ݶʱ¶ϷʣǶȤѾȫܿ϶
飬ַݾǸ䲻Ƕ֣еڸ飬õַݾԲӦбҪͷ



39 һڵĶע
ַߵһԣɫޱȣַݵĳ֣оһǿҵΣС
ûõֻҪõҶԼδҲκε顣
ҲԽҵȨƣұøӵǿЩԼͨͨ죬ҲǳƯŮǾ㹻ġ
ַһĦг֣ȫУΪȨʵˣǲġ
ַݽһȴһҲûᷳϰΪı飬ǲòĿ˵Ĺϵ
˼һ¶һ˿׺ݵɫ૵˭ֻҪŮˣҵĵˡҪ㶪һǴ
СǣɫԶַָ֣ӰˣǷֿˣ֪ͨҡ
õģ١СǼæͷӦͣ󻺲ǰȥʼһľ롣
ǱٿɡΧɽתһȦַ΢ЦԵ
ţЩȣعͷȥȻ˲ԶСǣüͷʱǣᡣ
һΪૡַ¶ȣһ̽еĶλ
Ųǣ˷ˣÿ͸Ӭһ˵ġ¶ɫַȴǳһĨЦݡ
ĿѾˣǸǣûһ˿ĺøУַȴЩ棬ԼеĿԷƵѯʵʲôϵ
Ȼǡ˰ɡͷַһǰˣ۸ԼüΡ
ֵǣԼַһзûκεУǾúɣ
ˣַݶʱЩЦõûôŰɣ˵Ҳǹˡ
ߡһЩĿַһۣСǹģǸɫǡ
ҡַݿЦӣһ仰ǾŮ˵ȡ֣Ƕġ
ˣΪ˱ҵǸ⣬ԱвԭҰɡָָǰıַ̯ǰһ
û⣬жѵģҪǸҳԴͻࡱַһۣ
ѵģַݶʱɵۣҲˣԵĶֻСǮһ㲻ں
Զɵӣַݴ󷽵ǰȥݸһʵԵģҪԭңҿԴ͡
ߡٴԼСԴ߰뱾СԷ˶ȥˣһⶼû
ҡַݶʱȴǼ仰ʲôʱԶٷǸ

ɽ˸оޱȵˬ˸ط£Ʒſɿڵıܡ
˳Աܽ͵Ѹ٣ԶһһҧģֻһӲܾѾȫַݵĸС
תͷһȴıܻһ룬ǷۺɫС໺š
ǸޱȵĳԷַаԺв뵽еıɡ
ЩʲôૣЦַʱǷЦַݣüѯʵ
ûʲôַݶʱ˸ЦݵŵǾԱܵӣͦÿġ
Ŷһ㶣ͷתһԣֻЩȣЩϲ
ɫȽϰַݲûзϵ糺죬ֻóĬԼ뷨
ͻȻЩĬҲĽܳ꣬Լɣȥϸ䣬㡣
ãȥɡַݵ˵ͷڴ˷ֿɽΪĵطȥ
ڴʱۼַҲһ͵õСǼҴҵܵһԣóԼֻ
˵ʲôַҲ˼ݵѲµͨ绰Ķ󣬿϶ǡ
ַԤУǿ϶ԼѣΪѽԼŮˣ¡
ַ֪⣬˱ǵˣ綼ǻϵģһһ㶼ν
һ·ߵɽĵطЩĻٵĳŮȻַݵע⣬ò̾ǮȨǸö
ʱʼַݼĶ໥ţҪⳡ˵ĶԹ
ַϣŸ˴ӣǱ΢Цӭʵδδ߾ͣ
̸ϸ߾ͣҲͨ˶ѣټûñȡַʼ磬Լ׵ְҵʵı˳
Ҳ˳ʵĻǵɫһڨڨЦ˵Цˣ㻹ǵһɣҪҪ棿
Ŷַ΢΢ƤЦⲻЦĿǵȻʢҲĻǲǹһ⣿
ǺǣҲѡ¶Ƶ΢ЦȴЦ

ǵĵ̣ģҲбʤİַʲôֻһ֣Ǿ䡣
Ҳû룬ǱĿڵһʲôֱ˵žǡ
㣬ٵĵ̣˵ʲôҾҾʲôַݺĻش
Ŷ΢΢Щַ֪ģȻԼ淨
ԼǾͲҪˡЦȴЦٻǺˬȻ쭳ĵطô쭳ɣϣǶıˣ
ԼϰɣҲűˡַҲЦǶı˵ĻǧַףɣֻԼϳܱ֤Լʤ
Ҳãҿٵĳγ뻯ڶ֣㿴Σ
ҪۼôһȺϲ쭳Ķǣͱ÷ڣɽǵĳõģҲţԼĵ̳Լ
Ȼáַݵ˵ͷ֪ԼˣҲγǣǳȻٺòˡ
аϲ·Ѿַܿһɥޱȵı顣
ֻֻǱӮ򲻹ģٴοڵ٣ҪҪǼӵͷŻȤ˵ǲ
ȷֻӮǾʵ̫Ȥˣ˵ְɡַݺͬĵ˵ͷȻǮôܻ᲻š
ǧɣ㿴Σǳһᣬű֣ʵԽԽãŵַݣûұôߡ
ǧ򣿡ַݲмҡҡͷ٣ֻСǮǻ粻ģû
˵٣пϲû뵽ַݿȻ˵Ĵ󣬾Ȼǧ򶼾̫Сܶ׬ǮȻҲ⡣
ôҲɡַݻһָǻе̵ģȻһָĺ塣
û⣬˵پǶ٣˵һڣҶӦˡһˬĻش
ַҲǳһû뵽ǾȻ˿ľʹӦˣһ뵽ңҲȻˡ



40 Զʻ
˶Ļ̥˭Ӯ˭䣬ǻÿԵı£ŵļַݵȴĦг
ɽռţֻõȴһᣬǽԹ󣬲ܿʼ
ڶʣ˸ûһǸͲ¶ԷˣǶԼģǮĶǶԷԼóˡ
뷨Ҳַݴ˿ʵûôǮֻڿװǶѣҪǮѺٿʼĻ÷һ
˵Ķעֳ˶˷ˣǮҲóһڳһ
ЩҲÿڣ˭˭ӮַӮһûУʿַݶĶѡ
ͬʱ󴫿ַݶ⣬ȻЩʲô޷ǾԼǸǮģ䶨ˡ
ЩмĻַȻǺ⣬ʵжЩ֪ǶǴġ
ˡͻȻһ£΢ЦŶַݵҪûǴĻĦгİɣҪĻɽеĳѡǶġ
ˣҾҵĦгͺáַҡҡͷǻܳĻǱɡ
ʲôǶʱһ˿һַݺЦῪЦ
û㿪ЦҵĦгַݺǵĻش
٣ȷҪ֪ĦгܸܳǿȫûñȰǺѵ
ⲢĴ󷢣þԼӮַݣҲʤ֮䣬𲻵ӦеЧ
ҺȷǱĦгǾ˰ɡַݺεʼ
޻˵ȻԵӮЩʣַݼ֣Ҳûκεİ취ܲȡαɣ
ǺðɣȻټ֣ҲͲȰˣҪĻʱԸ˵
ٿˣҲỻġַ΢΢һЦֱ˵ԼԸ
Ϣٴδ˳ȥٴһ䶯˶ΪַǷˣⲻڸǮ
аڣԼַԼսͺˣ˵ıôҶһִǾɵǮࡣ
ַֻԼǮľԲԼԼŵ١

ʼһٻӰҴҵǰַָݵˣĦгܣⲻǮ𣿡
ٻӰǴҲ˵еﻰҲֻһ˸˵
ѣľͺáַνЦЦĹģȴһů
㡭жˣû뵽ԼһƬģһȻ顣
ַģͱҪַݸֻҧҧǵ٣ҸӰɣѱȡˡ
ַʵ̲סˣվס־һȥ
ȵֿһ£ַݼ֣ҲͲٵֿˣΪֿҲͽ͡
˵ĶɫٴαޱȣΪ˾ֻѣû뵽絽ز
һߣַһԣɿֺЩίַݣڰ㣬װ׸Ǯ㻹װͰ͵ġ
ȶûȣôȷһ䣿ַüЩ˵ΪǳΪѡ
֪ĦгܺܺãҪ֪ǵĳĦгҲϤɽҲǳãɽûֱӷɹȥȻӮġ
ַɫµĺһһס˫磬ңӮ
㡭뷴ַһ˫ڵŵ˫ۺȴôҲ˵ڡ
һӮģ㲻õģʱԶٴͶСַգգۣɫִЩЦ
ͣȻһЦһĿַݵĴ֣˸۵Ҷ£ҪľͶģҲܲš
ַһֱ۵͵ţôǼһǮõ֡
øþͺáҲ´ַݣʵʵ˵Ļġ
߰ɡַ޴ӷһѾָЦݵȥ
ԸڿʼǵһЦַ֪ʲô˵ȻȥȻǷ㡣
ԣǾڰɣôҵȼˡַνʼ磬תͷԼĦгȥ
ǺǡַԶȥıӰЦȻô䣬ҳȫ㡣

һưĲӵϣһĦгͬʱߣʱ׼ǰС
˿ͲһԵȵıȴķˣϾͽʼ
û˿ĦгӮӵϣĦг֪Բ͡
ֵܣ˵˦һԶҹٵ֮һ·̡
֮һҶٵ˦һ룬ĦгԳĲӵϣһǮյĻš
ҿ꣬һ֮һɣ˵ǲǣ
ֶַݳĻַȴǺ⣬ΪЩ֪ǵ뷨жô޴
ȻַôǴ·磬ǳǳԼϤ̶ȡ
ȴַ֪һûж⹫ĴɱɱԶʻ
ûⳡԵţܣԶʻ׵ȡʤ
Զʻֻǽ˫һãǳǿĹܣһԶ̽·ߣһԶѡѵ·нڼʻٶȣҪԼ
ٷԹԶʻٵĻЩĦг֣ĳ־ԱȲԶʻ
ַоԵţδЩ⳵־ԼܱȵģҲܱȵġ
ĦгܣͲӵϲϷֺɽϣĦгͻࡣ
ڴ˴˶ӣַݲûһʼѡԶʻԼʻ֮ٿʼ
ˡȵķ𣬶ĲҲѾǰеӡ
ৡ˲£ͬʱ𲽣ͬҵĹ㼫ٷɳַֻļ⣬ϣѾ˲١
ֳʱһƬַѾˣֻǰѾҪʧĲӵϡ
Զʻ٣ĿɽŹؿȷַ֮ҧ¶ָ
ˡָ´ʱһĦгҲʼԶĻ٣һǰɱ
ַݳɿ˫֣䳵ҲѾҪٿأԶѵ·
ַݳ׵ķҪľδĦгܹȡյʤ
߲ʵĹâ𽥱ãӸ߿ոĻͻᷢĦгɫɫ𽥵ıɫɫͬߵĲʺһԽԽ䡣



41 ս
ɽϣҶǽԵĴĻעһĦгսӵܳ
ӲӵϾѾĦгü˲ȸԾΪǶͶעǻʤȻʺܵͣû˻Ǯ಻ǣ
ֻôһˣվһԣűץĵĻеַݣȭͷͰ˵ӮҪҳԴ͵ġ
ĹãַݵĦгʼ˼٣˿̵ǣȴ幫ҵľ롣
Ҫ֪ɽ·Ҳʮ๫ӵѾ֮һַ࣬׷ȥϼѣͨ˵Ļ϶ͷˡ
ַȴûз𽥿ʼ٣ҲԽԽ죬ڹʱԴƯơ
Ħгʵ̫ˣ泵ٱõƹ⣬һϵͳҶһˡ
ǣĦгǵƹԼƯ䱾Ҳˣⶼﵽٶٶ˻ôƽȡ
ĦгУȷҼõģҪӮټʻĲӵϣǻǲܵġ
ɲһûٵĳѾ˼ޣټˣĦгȴһֱڼ٣׷١
ôһ˵ҲŵĦгٶϣٶȺ󣬶ʱ𾪵һﲻҪ
Ҫ֪ƽĦгٶȴһĹҲʮң֣Ҳ͸Ұʮ䡣
ַٶȣȻһңϵõĲӵ϶ʮ롣
ȻַƯԼ併ͳĹԣٶҲôҲ㾪°͡
Ůӿʱ򣬶鲻Խס˫ۣԿַݿƲסֱӳ
漣ǣַÿι䶼оգ˶Ѹٵȥ
⣬ĦгļҲ˶Ŀ࣬Ϊ˲ļȻǵĲӵϣƣǻ֪ļٶȾǶ١
֪ļٶȿ϶ʮңһ˸˵¡ڴҲ²ŵʱһϤ˳
Цɣ˻ʮ룬ǻֱӱˣ˲ɣĵСʯӣҲһǵҲվĻҲõ˴Ͽɡ
ܳȴǲٴվʱٶٶȣ˲䱻˦һξ࣬ҼǵõʱĦгϵĵƹ߲ɫҫȻɫɫɫˣʮһƹ⣬Լ㡣
һɫΪصૣٴվȴûղŵô϶
ˣʮǾеģΪʱĦгϵһҡʵ̲סˣվ
ĻҲеͨͨ죬ΪǶû˼ٵ£ȥõƹ⣬ҲûҪƭǡ

˵ע£ַʻĦг𽥵ıƽǼʻĲӵϡ
ڣڻʣ֮һ·̵ʱĦгһֱϣѾܿӵϵβơ
ôܡӵϵǣҲĦгڻıƽޱȻĸо
ҷģĳɼȻ۷壬ҲƵõļγɼ֮һ
ǰЩսĸǣʹͬεĳᱻ˦ĿӰӣһĦгȴĺ棬һڻıƽš
оûЩĿĵƹ⣬ȴǸǣġ
볬ҡݺݵҧҧٴλصĲţٴһЩ
ֻǰܿһòټ٣ûսһٶʮ䣬յ˦һƯơ
͵ʱȴͻȻûнĦг룬ԽԽ
ƴˡ˫˲ͨ죬һ䣬ǮԲںȴǲòں
һܳһĦг´ȥĻҲͻˣɽ⣬Ҳһǧɡ
٣ټ٣һδξյ䣬ǲ亹ֱͬĦгȴһ㣬ɻĽӽӴѹ
ٴһյĹ䣬ѾԼļ˼ޣĦгĵƹ⣬ȴԽԽҪƽС
볬ҡһ˿ֱһ̣ⷽ·߸ȫķ
ԶʻĦгò٣ΣյľٶҲǽַݸһ
ɣ޳ܡɽϣҲǵ֧˶ʱʧֱӿڴ
ȻǸղŸǹģˣֻҪӦһģǾԾǳֳ
Żƿڴ˵ֱıɱҺַݶ㿪ˣҪȻԼ֪᲻ʲôľٶ

ˡǵľٶַݱ˾ֿڣղԼڼʻĻ϶µȥˣܻںúõġ
ַ˵ҲֻھⳡѾַ֣δĿƼ
ĦгŲӵϵβŻ׼ȴʱĦгֻҪĦгһ㶯Ʋӵϵڳǰ
ⲻַ޿κΣΪܲԼЦĦгǿгԽɡ
һʱ˽У˭Ҳκβ˭·Ѿֻʣ֮һôȥַǲ䶨ˡ
ǵǳ޳ܣܿܣⳡɲǱȵ񣬶˭ȵյ㣬˭ͻʤ
ɽϣɫҲԽԽǵѾȫ˵˹ģԺҲֵط˶ĵˡ
ַ֡ݲ֪ʱĦгһɫĵƹͻȻ𣬲˹ܵʾǰ赲ӦƣǰﴦǿгԽ
ǿгԽַЩɻΪ治ĦгҪȻѾˣֻеȴ
ٶȿʼĽͣ벼ӵ˺ôһ룬һĻǶʱЦɣӮֻҡ
ɽϵҲ¶ϧɫЩ¶ΪһֱƳޱȵˣȻ˵޳ܡ
Ͱ㲻ҪӮ𣬻ҪҳԴôͷˡȭͷһ˿ΣַˣҲѲΡ
ļĦгʼҵٶȣǺ޹˼ɵļ٣ܶͼٵ졣
һΪ˶֪ǰԶǸUεļ䣬ַٶȹȥԻ嵽µ£
ַݣҪﰡǰ°𣿡źȵĹѾʧȥƽģĦгһǳҪĹܡ



42 һڵ
ȻϣĦгɫ𽥵ıãֱӱ߲ʹҫַݴڹâ룬ͷ·˼һ㡣
һַ̣Ҳϵͳ뷨Ǿǲ䣬ֱӴU״ͷԾȥֱʡһ壬˲佫˦
䡱Ͳʼҵ䣬ĦгҲѾ˼٣ӭ洵ķֱַˣûͷĻ沿϶ᱻɴ
һľٶַȴһƬȣΪᵽ˵зԽϿȵĴ̼
ɽϣ˶鲻Խıס˺Ҳµַݵ뷨ֱӷɹU䣬Ǽ̼һĻ
Ҫ֪ԾڿвзĴóֱӵµףصʱ΢ϲȣǳĺ
ڻڵǣѾûһ˹עоֻǸ漣֮صĦг
ڣ߲ʵĹâѾ±ߣ·׮мĴ˲ڷɵ˿Уǰߵ·ϻĵ䡣
ɽϴ˿Ѿѻȸ䵽϶ַܷӮıǶѾעˣעصǣηķԾǷܹɹ
߲ʵĹâųɫĻ棬ַٴᵽ˷еȤĦг£ΪƫƾŷйܣҲɵĵ档
ⲻܳɹӵУҲҲһŵ߲ʹâסˣвϵֱַˤ
ȴûκεãΪַĦг·߲䣬ȵ䵽ǰ·ϣǰš
ߴ̶ɲѾûɣ֪ԼˣǱˣ˷涼ˣԺʲôˣ
ַݿûô࣬ΪΨһĿյ㣬˿ڿϲţɵľͻһڣûбˬˡ
ֻһӲַݵĦгѾ˹ؿͣź֮ժͷֻͬһ㣬˫ĶԼ
ôҺֲܿ𣿡ַεʼ磬󿴵һԵһԼʱһ֧Լϡ
һȦ³ַƽȣ̵Ϩʱ·ȴǰ

𡱣ɽѾ۳һƬֵĺ󣬼˶ַݷԽϿȵ;˲۷
֪һС¶Цݣڳ˵Уֻһ˲ȫվַһߵģܿӮʵ̫ˡ
ߴӴĻջأѰţڴȺнڻܳ˳ߵԣƵɽɣְ˿İĵطһҲȥˡ
ãȥ޵£䲻˻ʲôܳһ㶣ͷԼܳȥ
ĳЩ˶Ի˷׷׳ĬһԲԼȥΪҲ֪ԼٴֻԼоǵͬ
һʱ䣬ɽϳܳдͷһŵܳɽ¿ȥһʱɽֻʣѾɵ۵ҹԱ
˶֪һ쭳ʤѾˣЩ˿϶ٵطҲʧȥһӴ
Ϊ¼֮һǽͣԭ˰󣬲һĽ˹ؿ³ߵַǰӮˣķڷ
㲻ò΢΢ַааЦҪ֪ھԵʵǰһıκεá
ǺǡԳƵҡҡͷɫصĿַݵܿܣûʲô˵ģ֪㾿ʲô֣ʲôݣ
ַ֪¶һ˿ϷʣɽֻʼȻô֪Ҿʹ󷢴ȱĸɣҽַݣֻǸѧ
ַݣظһֺǲüͷ·ʲôð̧ͷһŭĿַݡ
뵽ˣַϷһЦûҾεĺ飬ǰŵӸҸνⶾҩ
ԭ㡱Ǵмһ㣬׹⣬뽫ֱַַһƵᣬȻǲ֡
ˡ󷢶һɫķǣͷ󷽸һܾӵĺӡ
ַͣݵǰſַ¶һõЦݣȻûʧ
ٺ١ַݵɪһЦǵĴͰɣٲģǮûеʣ㿴
㿨ŸҡɫһѿģԵַݱʺźиתˡ
ˡʾַһƣһһ˸㣬ⳤֲû۾
٣лˣ´лᣬһȡȷַֺݽֻ㶵һţüŪ۵Ķǵ
пŭַ⻹Ȼһڶ˵ʲôԼ˵ޱȵʹ
߰ɣ컹ϿૡǵıַûȤͣĦгʹﳤȥ

ַݴû˵ķ⣬Ϊ˿Ȼżʮܳÿӭˣþɵ
·оͷģԵС·ʱַݾͽȺԸ͵˸ǲɢһͬصᡣ
Һܿġͣڳַ͵ſڲ΢Ц
Ȼˣ׬һ˭ġ͸ַһֵۣ
пŶ٣иͬͬȻ˲ֵܣһҲģַ׼һ
ҪǮǿԼ׬ģҿɲҪ˲ַݵ⣬ҡҡͷ
ô˼ַһ㶣Ȼǲ˼Ǯƣַ׼һַʽûҪĶϾǮȥò
Ȼôг⣬ǡһЦҶһ̨ĦгɣҪɫġ
ַʼ磬εҡͷǸ⳵ǶһݣǮҲ򲻵ˡ
һȻʶַĦгܳûжĦгǿңܶӵһǸеǳʧ
ʧı飬ַҲЩθеģȻǶư棬Ӽ۵ĻҲǲһ
ԲܸһΪЩ̫ǰˣֵĻкܶ鷳
ʲôĻַֻĲü˼һһǰһ
ҽһ㶫ǷһĨЦݣַݲ׼ֱ˵һظС
صģʲôͲֱ˵ַЦʱЩ
˵ûڴˣ˻ַ֣ݲٶ˵һıӰ



43 ɱּоƬ
Ļص˼УַݿûԼһҪҪǾǽǿɱּоƬ
˵ַݲҪɱֵЩ֪ʶɱˣȴܹЩ֪ʶԤԼɱ
ԶоƬַݷǳĿأȻҲԸôߵļ۸
оƬϵԴַƽڴϣż鰴˿ʼ
̸дֱַӽ˻УججĿʼ˽ؼоƬļ䡣
ȣһʽ˵ЧãѶȶַĿࡣ
ţͷϷ٣ַݿһɱ֣Ǳ֣ɱˣÿһӡԺ
еɱַ֣ʲôжܳΪɱ˵Ĺߡ
伸ͨǹЩԼķɵõ룬õĳ뻯ַݿľѡ
ַа˼Լ˴ɱĻĽԶ׼ǣôӣնֻһǾ
оƬһװַҲƽļա
ֵˡװַַݲϲֹһμɱð֮ȡԶԴַѣܹȻο
䵽ַγ˹Ӧ˰󣬲ŴӴͷ
ǽ̼ңַݹ۲һԼĻʱü
ǰַݸͲעЩɱֵļòעİȫ
Ǵ򿪵ģַüϣΪɱֵļУֹһӴ룬˯еĿֱ
ַŲһ´λãԼ˯ŵʱ˯бͨһǹɱ
ַݳ׵ж˷ĲãΪǰĲã©ʵ̫ˡ
ɲΪԼӵг̵Ѿ޵ˣǱ˯нӽֻҪǹػܾͻ飬Ȼֱӱ
ȻûʲôΣգб޻ܻǺõģΪѾݺݵĵˣҶǮˡ
һúַص˿ȻڵĲòǣǰ©ٳĲãѾǺ˲٣ֻҪһЩ;˿ɳ֮
ʱѾ賿һ绹ҪȥַҲʰɻشͷ˯ˡ
ǽչԭɣҲͬоƬеɱһҲҽ˯ߡ

һﻨ㣬ַʰСԺȥ
٣󽿺ԭĸ磬Ѿʼһĳ
ȭַݽ̸ĸȭȣҪǿ
ǱȻģΪַݸûжϰ׹õľȭȴǴʮľȭȻַݽ̵Щ룬ֻҪӦͱҪǿࡣ
簡΢Цǰȥ˸кӭģȴһİۣԼԹʲôҶ˰СʱˣҲ֪ôôͻġ
ٺ١ַϷһЦҽĿģҽһ׶֤ȭ켸ͻ
ʲô¶ɫΪȭѾʮˣѾٽıԵû˱ͻƵǸ硣
ȻȭҲܴĽǣһЩഫĹȴ˲֪
û취Ҳңֻôֵľȭַȴ˵Ҫ
Ҫ֪ÿһҵĹǲ֮أҲΪĸܴˡ
ַ֪ĹҲǴһظѧģ²⴫Լļʺܴ
㴫ңͲʦŹҴȥԥһ˵еĵǣȻѧ׶뵽ַݿܻ˱ΣĲ
Ļַһů֪ΪԼģ˵ôĺ
ַݹͲеκһоƬѧĶҲ⴫δ͹ܲڵֻҪѧˣôô
к޹˼ɣַݲŸҿڵЩ㶼õˣҵɽ񵽵ģ봫˭ʹ˭ٺ١
˭ĹС˵˰ɣɽַݵĻЦеĵҲȫ¡
ˣؿʼɡҲٿЦַɫ£ҲЦݣȫ׼
ʵ׹ܼ򵥣ֻм򵥵Ķһ㿴ɡ˵ַ꣬ߵǰһƬյأʼʾ

ȻЩ֣ҲʲôҲܿ׶ȻƼ򵥣Ļ϶ޱȣЧҲȭЧ
һ׶ַ꣬΢΢һЩϸҲֻˣ׶Ѿ΢΢
ˣеĶЩܼѣӵһ𣬲Ȼ˵塱һԾԾԵģַݲѵ
ţ֪ˣҾһɣ㿴ûʲôĵط˵ͷɲ⣬һһȷ
˳ƽһ˳Ѿʮ侭ѶҲһ
㲻׼Ҫ³һ㣬ͷҪġϸһַݲĵط
ڵĶޱȣַȴһδĵָ׼Ķ
Ҳֻ̣һᣬᵽԼĺôȻַݶ־Ķᴥ壬ⶼģҲù
ˣ̵ĽĶַݲĵ˵ͷ
ʮӺַݽָͣվ˵㺹죬ڵĴŴȴѡ
̫ˣֻʮӶ൱ҴһСʱȭһСʱҹҪһ£ҿ϶ͻܵڵı仯ϲ
ǺǡַݵһЦˮô򵥣⶯ȻܼӿٶȣҲһǻĻ
ʲôжʱһʲôõĺ֢Ļ϶ȥ
ޣȣļԼﵽޣʹУʱͱҪҩˮݲָܾҩˮļ۸е󡣡
ԭˡȻҲַΪʲô˵ǸǻĻ
Ȼҩˮ˵ʲôЩǿľˣȴǳеģҹҲֻܸٲʹá
ַڸ˼УҪֱӾͽ׹ģƹ㣬ЩǿֱܻܿӲзϡ
ҶˣһҸġصĵ˵ͷεļС
׾ͺáԼıﱻ⣬ַҲͷˣʼ
һСʱʱ䲻ַݱ㽫׶Ľ̸ȻٶѾǷǳı׼
ллһϹ˿жַֻʣ˸м׹ԼĽȼӿ죬ԼҶΪ档
С¶ѡһõĹܹԼҵĺøУַݿν׬ˡ



44 ߵ
ڸмԭɣûһû¾ַݶ죬ʮֵĲϰߡ
ֻܲɣĻ϶͸һۣʵڷ
ַ˵ѧΪȤǸ죬ȻҲʲô
òװ˷ѧַʵ̲סˣСԵôͻȻˣһЩϰߣŵӺõ㡣
ȻַĻһʱһɭǷҺòײ¶Ĳ㣬ҡ
ٺ٣ڰ㣬ܣԺԼɡ˵ַ꣬ϷŻӻ֣һԼԺȥ
ǸַݵĸֶŪЩЦãҲ˿һʮֱƣַôһ֣ʱˡ
⽫ϣֱҿȥбҪ׶̸Լĸ磬;һ¥
;УֱӲͨĵ绰ֱ˵ʮڻؼңȻԸ
ôôǲ˭۸ˣûعҶ˵绰¶һĨ
һߣȻûֱ˵Ϊʲô֪ԸǾܻԼЦԼҴҵҸԼҸȥ
үͬһһΧ壬¶һĻһᡣ
үүһߵүӵԣƵĺһԼͷǲ׳˶ϡ
ۼСôȻүүˡĸ˳㷢үӲЩ̾
СʱͬһֻڳˣѾþûͬһˡ
û£Ǽүүÿ춼ô¶㡱һֻСèһ㣬үӵḧ
ģ㹻ˣֻϧûչ˺̣ûúܵ帣үһ˿׷䣬ԼΡ
үү̲ģΪǸӢۣڱңһΪԺ¶һ˿϶̣Ҳһô롣

Ļүеһɨգ۰ƵͷЦֹס˵˵ҲŲרͷӵૡ
үӽҴɫʱЩҲסˣĹĵĵȸٸ㡣
үүˡүЩЦãĿɲϣ¶һϺɫϷʵҲµûĻһǸַйذɣ
㡭ʱɴ۾ʶľѯʣүеĽ󣬶ʱһǾǽϵ
үүƵĺһգ۾ңΪʲôܲµλַйأѵ˸ң
ûСүӺǿ϶ҡҡͷһתٴεôЩˣҪֺүүңйϢǶҡ
ͱ˵죬үүϸûã˶˵Ǹַݳȥ쭳£ԼַݸǶԶĵ¶˵˸һһҾͲµƻСйء
ЩᡱüûһԸԼÿһ¶֪Ҳһ
ȷᡱүӺͬĵ˵ͷ󵭵Ц˵ַСӻޣ۾һ£ǵˡ
ѵ⣬ʲôˣвһЩҵѯʵ
ˣɱǻҪѲˣҲʶһǰ׼ҵİãԼؼҵɡ
ʲôȻٴδһΪʶȻǺ磬˿˽˶ǳ㣬֣ҲѲΪַݸеǡ
ɣҲŻ˵С޵ıһү¶Ц⣬ȻѲصַݶϣ֪˭˭Ӯ
ڴʱһҴҵӰСԺУĿãôҴҵĽһʲô£
ȻǺ¡һۣ˵ϣּ񵽴ˡ
ʲôˣһǺ£ʱ˾ϺƵĶ
һ״й˿ٵͻҲûʲôģͽеĿ˵˳
ʲôͬʱү¶𾪵飬ǿϲ

һ״йж䵽ͨ˵УֻԼһ˱ǿҲķˡ
׹УȴԼԼңһĵƣҵĽӰܲϲ
ַݽģͬʹãԾ֮үɫЩص
үӵ⣬ҲϵĿϲһգΪ֪үӵԸ񣬸ӲᱻռˣҲȥռ˵ıˡ
ҲΪˣ׹ûоȨǾԼôүҲԼʹãӢһˡ
ȻͬˣȻôܻ뵽Ҫ̸磬ҲŲૡͷһĵ
үү㣬ˣӲ£ˣǾͲˡүɫأи˹Ҳ˾棬⾯ˣʵ
үӵĻΣΪղȷҪֶεĽ׹Ū֣仰ȴҲңҲˡ
֪ԼĸҲֶεĻүĻԳУԼϳҡ
ͻȻүصĸ̾һ䣬૵ңǰûǷ˭ģǷˣҲͻ塣
һ£ǷСӵ黹ûǷһ飬Ƿ˵ĸо治
үӵĻʮֲζΪҪĻ˲ҵͷϣһ˵ͷϣΪε飬Ϊһˡ
뵽ʱֱظүүֻҪǷģһỹģһ꣬ԺҶҲֱˡ
ãҵ֡ү¶ͣ漴¶һ˿ϷƵЦݵʵô鷳ģһ취һξͽ黹塣
ʲô취ǷζɲܣʱǰһڴүӵĻش
ܼ򵥡үһָЦֻҪС޸Ǿһˣһ˻̸ʲô鲻ġ
⡭үӵĽͣʱˣû뵽ƽʱŰޱүӾȻ˵Ц
үү˵ʲôૡһ㶣淴Ӧ󣬶ʱһߣͷ
ʵүү˵İ취ܲҪҪһ£ʵǼһͦġߺɫɫһ˳үүĻ뿪Ц
үǳȻǲܱ¶ԣͬʱҪǾ͸ϱ졣
Ҵˡʱ¶˿ı飬үү̵Ĳԭ
ȴǲ֪ʱߣʱϲɫȴүüͷ



45 İ·
мҲ֣Ҳ֪ûУһ󣬾ǰһ֪ԼҼ񵽱ˡ
׶꣬ٴ㺹죬Ҳһ˿ַ˵ʹУü
СôүĲһŵüǰе
ûʲô£үү㲻õģ׹ı׶ˡ˵ţַݸľ棬©˵˳
֪еص˶ʱüͷΪǱַݸ֪е
ǿʤżʣԭþǸѸٵĳɳ䵽׹ϣǿʤȴǳΪı׶ˡ
׹ȥ˶ϰȻӾӵʵ䵽ĳЩʤǿУָ͸Լм
һǶãһ࣬ҲΡ
ЩźҲûа취£ܹӵ׹ǾѾˡ
֣ЩɱɶˣȻѧϰٶҲҪࡣ
СʱҲѾܹ׶ҩ£ҲζѾɡ
үү磬ҵˣ컹ϿΣҾͻѧУˣټ˵꣬ȥ
Ŀ뿪Ժӣүַˣô
ü˼Ƭ̺ŵ˽Ĳ࣬ദ⼸Ǹһˡ
һʲôӦүɫ䣬ǵȻѯʵ
⡭ǳһٴνüͷðŵԣҲ֧֣Լ˼ɡ
үص̾˿ĳĵĿԣҵͦϣСӳΪҵŮСһʵҺ
һ㣿ַݣ˽治࣬үӵıһȻʮֵĹע
СʲôãǷһ˵ͨġһ˵үӶʱЩһ÷ȻһŮȾ˵СһҸ𣿡
⡭Щɵۣû뵽ַݾȻ˵ı뺷Ȼ̤
Ҳ˸ѣΪѾһ˿Ծܿһ绨ѾСһ˿⡣
үү˵ҪҪãǸԶ㣿ַݻģܲţ漰ԼãͲòضԴˡ
Ҳͷ۵¡Щ͵ͷүԵЩķҡ
Ҫȹ۲һ󣬱ϾþǲϲǼһǺǵĻٸЩ°ɡʵڴ򲻶ע⣬Ҳֻôǰ취İ취
ҲֻˡүüҲʵ벻õİ취ֻܾ䡣

ٴλָƽַÿϿΣʱ죬Ů죬ӹҲǳޱȡ
ʱٴĩַڿžʱ䣬绰Ѿ
װСûૣȻƵͲдַݲһ
Ȼˣǳ롱ַǸʵˣʲôʲôԺԥľͽе뷨˵˳
ƵЦͲдַݲͣ޲ͽӵ뻳С
ҪŶЦֹס˵
Ҫң΢΢һַ˵ԼĲ²⡣
ûɣĿҲµˣǸǼֹ˾תø㡣
֪ˣһ׼ʱġ˵ַ꣬ݱҶ˵绰˯С
һ磬ַݱԼĦгڵĴøȥҴõĵص㲻ģȻַݻ治Ħг
ַͣͣݳרõ˶¥˿ںȿȵȴ
٣ˡַݽ뷿ʱ΢ЦĴк·ǵѡ
šֻǵĻһ䣬ŮѲ㱻ɵĵַַܵݻûһֵܣͲǸͨˣʥƺΪ
·ԤϣЦݵ٣µȷҹ̲ܽϵĴ֪㲻ԭңһ˵ֻϣѣǵˡ
ǲǵˡַҲ뵽𣬵Ѿ˸ңҪٳΪѣѡ
ص˿Цݵ仰͹ˣתҶ׼ˣֻҪǩУ´ټǡ
˵꣬ɺˮȥҲûֻĿݡ

ĵ̾һתͷַݵûз£ǿܻǺܺõѡ
ѾˣʱҲܵǲܳΪѡַʼ磬һε
ʵɻкøеģĳ֣ȴַΨһĺøֱɢô󵨣ûڱ֧֡
ʲôԭʲôȲѵɣɣַеӡѾһǧɡ
ˣˣǻ̸̸İɡһַ꣬תƻ
Ҳáͬĵ˵ͷ֪˵ȥַֻмҪʡ
ϵǵļѯʵͬҿˣûκε⣬ȫȨתãֻҪǩ˭֣ǹ˾˭ģ׼˭
Сٻɣ⹫˾⳥ġǺԥģַݱ˾
¶˿˿ȷСٻҪ֪Ǽֹ˾ֵĻͿǱЩƯ˵ŮŶ
ȥˣַݱ˵ΪĶΪ˱ԼĹַݲòΥĵ˵
Լ˵Ŷҿû㡱ȻһЦֻЦȴǽ
ţԼ˵ġпɬޱȣѾ˵ҪջصĻʵ
ǾͺáһЦһ£ǵҸνⶾѾˣʲôӺã
ͺáϵ£ַݻǲǣܷġ
ϰģ˦ƹûôѡһڣġ
߶һֻǸѧұҵˣһ˾㡱εıԹַɺ޳ܵ
ߡνһվûȻ㲻ģҲˣǲǸ뿪ˣ
⡭ַݶʱɵۣûȥⲢҲɡ
վһѽĽȥУ侪Уַȥ
ôַ֣ЦſεŮ˵ĵ̣ãʹá
˲ǵĿں죬һεİ̾ȻǸС֪۸ҡ
ͻֻҪ۸һӣ⡱ַ΢΢һЦɫ
ᡭֻĶ챻ڻˣ鶯ַ֮ݣ뽫Լڻһ



46 Ĺ
Ҫ£ַȻһֱԳԹ緹뿪˴á
ĦгȥҪʱַȴǲòһεĵطĦгյ˸˲ֿ⡣
ôȥҲǰ취ǿյͷȻַݺĦг棬ͨ涨ȴǲô
ֻ취һϹϵԼĦгϸգȻͿԳͨͨ
ĻȻ˿ڽǣַҲԸƻ򣬱˸ץסѱ
ʣµİ취ֻһǾֱӹһĻҲͬЧ
˼ַݻǾʹõڶŸӮһڣѾ㹻ӻ
˵ɡһºַݻǾҶӨٻһȥһҪȥ
һ⳵ַ΢Цѯʵʦ֪⸽ʲôطĶ𣿡
棿ۣ˾ʱǰһԥľƼҪ˵࣬϶˼԰ɻгĪ
˼԰ɻгַֺݶʱһЩӡΪǰڶȥϳʱᵽ֣ԵͷǾȥ˼԰ɡ
աߺһ˾ԵЩСֵܣѵҲǸղؼң׼ȥ˼԰©
ǣֻȥѣѵ˾㻹ǸؼңַҡҡͷԹ涼û˽⣬ôܻǸؼҡ
ǿǰɣżϢʱȥ˼԰Ա˵ǿ©ġ˾Ļشȴ¶һ˿Ժ
Ǵ治ַݻһΪҪڵ۾㵽һʽĳ⳵ǻûϲǮ
ҲһɣĶȥˣͱ˵ϸ£ǵ۾Ĺе칫Ӿ˼԰лٿһֵǧĺö˵ţ˾һ˿ݣԼη
۾ĹӣһţַݶʱȤ磬˵Ĺӣĸʲô𣿡
Ȼпˣǿǵ۾㣬ҲӴˡ˾¶ԺɫַݲӸȤˡ
ϾǶͬˣпܻڽµ˽һҲǺõ

˾ַݵ֪ʼĽ۾Ĺӿɲ۵ģǴҹϵģвȦڵһЩ竡
ַݶʱЩҲӦ˵۾һɫǾǹעĲǮˣЩܳˡ
˾ϲĽ£ַ˽⵽Ĺǰźŷֱкӣӣ̹ӣӡ
Եź÷ֱӦĳɾͣӳʮ겻˸𣬹ھеһ
̹Ҳʮ겻٣ѾӴĹ󣬲ƹȨ
˾ӵʱַɫһֱЩ죬Ϊʶҵ
ҲǣھеӰ㹻ӴټϾȭĹͣܳԽͬ˲Ϊ档
ںΣصһ£ȴ˭ǲĴڡ
䱾ԺգͷҲǳĹã߷ǳѣϵǳĹǵĻ鷳һֱûûˡ
ǸԺգǸݰĻҲܻ쵽زСֵԺܽӴǣǾ;ύֻҪָ©һ㶫͹һˡ
ǰλַݷǳϿɣΪõ˲٣ȴնλã֤Ĳ
λַȴЩ̫⣬ʲôȱͲЩˣָ˵Ļǣ棬ͿȫĿ
һ·гţ⳵Ҳ˴еĿĵأַݺˬĵݸ˾һŰԪ󳮣ˡ
û߽гһĹϢֱַݵţһڹŴĸо
ҲڽѣйһŻˣ֤ǻִġ
Ƭַ̺ݱȺ߽гʱּۻ۵ﲻ
вһЩˣҲŵ̸̯ͨţѹͼ۸
ַݻܣʱЩĴԼӵͭ𺳣Ҳͬʱ̾Ź׿ԽǻۣǵĴ죬˶ǻ۽ᾧ

ΧһЩɢС̯Ȼ㲻ַݵθڣҲֻĿ˿ȥ
ַ˼԰Ŀĺܼ򵥣ǾҪչ⣬׬ȡԪ
CDɿţֻÿ׬ǮֻһԪңһڻ٣Ѿַݻӻ
ַݾϸĿ󣬷һܹ׬ȡԪİ취Ǿǳ۴
Ȼ۵ĴĹ棬ǽڹ֮ľƷܹ֡
ַݵδϡ𽥼٣Ҳǳӣȫ˳ڣǹܹõҲǳ١
Ա˵ľƷ棬֮ͨ٣ҲҲΪݳƷ֮һȻǲԶ
ַݶ˼԰Ϥ۹⻹еģתһȦһիĴꡣ
ֻڽǰӿڴһɫƬ۾ƽƽ棬ʵȴŷǳǿá
ǳ̵һ۾ҪĹǼӳ̵ֻ꣬Ҫ׼Ʒһɨ裬ʱƷļ۸޴С
ַݱԹԵĿоƷĹȻ٣ǳۼ۸ҲַĿࡣ
ֻ֮ǰѾˣЩƷ⣬ΪδЩҲУٳָһģһģǾʵ̫ˡ
ЩִƷͲͬˣδɿƣظٶκε⡣
ֻһһߵƷЩճ¯õ´
ȻһЩ»䱾ļ۸ҲˣҪ֪һִʦĴҲλļ۸
Ȼ۸Щ󣬵ַȴǺںԽǾֵ֤ߣԪҲȻ͡
ͱ˵ǼĴֻ򣬵Ԫȴ⻹ֻǱؼۡ
һȦַϸһ£ܹʮ۸иеͣǼ򣬶͵ǼȴֻҪһ򲻵
ʵַݻǱȽƫڼ۸ߵĴΪֵܼ򣬻ԪĻ۸϶ߡ
ڵһûУԿһַݾȫ£ԺռһЩƷ
¶ĺַݶʱ˹ָ̨һԵִǱʮһǮ
ʲôƹǸװľͷĺŲ裬ַݵĻ󣬲ûѱеĲˮ
ˡһĭƹЩŵСֵܣ˵ĶģǺͷİɣ
Ҫִ֪ܲΪͲ֪ԼĴʦһ磬ֱʮϰټĴ۸
һ˶ʷĹ棬ΪѾ˳Ķֵ̫࣬ǳ¡
ƹľַݲӣԹ沢˽⣬ԲŻǷѵľҲ˸ѣʱһҪء
ƹЩַݵͷҲͲˣϾû˻ὫǮơ



47 ǽ
ַ֧ݳƹȡװʱ䣬׼ٵȥٹһЩƷִɡ
һҵǸͲ̫ۣԹַ֮ݾͻҸƫƧĽ䣬װ˲ֿС
ڣڻ˽ǧҲֻϰټƷַݻЩֻۣҪܻ㹻ԪǾǻ⡣
ַ̫࣬ݲ׼ȥȡ׼˼԰䣬ָͷʲôϡ䱦һСơ
ȻˣԹ漸һϲͨܲסг̵ôֻҪϲԪԪܹһܳκмĹ۾
ȻҪԱȻͲȥЩΪĶۣƹһһԵöڵһ¡
ַݵĿЩС̯λܲҵöǾ͵ÿˡ
֪нһöװƷϰߣַݺԥĿ˳۾һܣ΢͸ӡ
ܲԷŸģ֮Ϊ͸һЩʯģԭʯԼʯԭʯԶֻۣ͸һЩʯķĲϣܵġ
͸ӹַܺݿʼڸ̯λѰţһѴ˵еļ©
ȴҡҡͷٷ֮ʮŵĶûжЩ׬СǮַȴȫϡ
ַ׼իöʱһϵһע⡣
Ϊ͸״̬µŵʯڻһⲻַɫһϲϾ˭Ҳ˷ôʱ䣬һ˰ɡ
ȻַݲǹȦڵˣ˲ԼǶġ
ַݲûֱȥ۹򣬶վһԹ۲ü۲ꡣ
֮ŻҡҡͷʯŻԭλĶ
ַŴǰ̯λǰǼװ˿ĶŽʯõϡ
װģĿƬַ̺ݴע⣬ڵϰ壬ʯǮ
ǺöȻҳƷҲġַݸһڣϰϲĽ·ʯѾȫܿȹƵġ
ˡַһͷˮֱӴϵϰĻ˵ôϻʵֻǼ۸񡣡
ȿȡַݴϣϰεĿָСֵܣ㿴ʮ򡣡
УʮɡΪ˱ҹζַ࣬̾ʹӦǺˬģֱ̯ڲѡ
ʱһֱרĿתͷַݺеľʱתΪ˾档
ַʹĸǮ֮ſЦֵܣѵҲⶫ
ٺ١ַݲûֱ棬ֻڨڨЦȴһ˿ȡ
ַһתҪߵģ˸ϽֵܣᣬȻⶫҴˣǾģֻǺĶʲôܲڲʱҿ
ðɡ˼ַݻǵ˵ͷϾԼⶫҲǴġ
Ѿʯֻתߺѹͼ۸ȴԼȳ֣Ĵһ˿СС֮£ַҲʹȶˡ

̯ʹ֮£ַݱʯիȥûйߣֻܽñ˵ġ
˸СβիԼĿ˵ƹˬĴӦ󣬽һЩרҵ߽ͬһͬ˺ԺС
Щι״ĹߣַݲЩɵۣҿȴǲ֪ô֡
ɣʵڿȥˣʼ磬ʾַݿ֡
ллδʲôַ֣ݵ˵ͷƸ꣬΢Цѯʵ
ҽΡ국һЦԼ֣Ȼģȴַݳһѿڵӣ
ֻ֮ȡźŶѣû뵽Ҳ֪ˡƵģҡҡͷ
֪ңַٴγһû뵽λޱȵĺӾȻʶԼԼǰ
Ȼ֪ĸɶһҲҵѡ
ַݻȻĻʣɶѾ֮ʣµӡ
ĸ۾ܳһĻֲܹѹлۼǴѵ
ַݲµĲĻռйɷģһǰλӣΪֻע
ַֻЩ⣬λӺ«ﵽʲôҩϵȷҪǿȴǸҪϾֻҪһٺõĹϵҲ֮һ档

˶ûٿڣַ˼ˣ˼ôʯڵĶȡ˺еĶ
֮ǷһĨЦݣ𹤾߿ʼ⣬һʹʯһ
һ̨ĻǧڡϸһθԼۡ
ǾͶлˣʮһǧ򣬿׬ˣֲúǷǰǫַ̃ⷽݿ϶ַ˹ȥȴǷǳĵȻк޾ϲС
ǰϲ־ϲĸоֻĳ֣ȴҸΪľϲ˵Ǿ졣
ԼãΧӰɣַҲѵõ˵˾ŻЦĵȴεĽ͡
Ϊûһˣһ㶼͸ָû棬ξĿַݵ
ַݲûпڣ֣ʾμĺ֪λӶԼΪλ˸ߵۡ
εһЦĶַݵ˫۵ҵ㣬ǰһͨһ޾޵ı֣ԴǰͻȻǱ˸һ㡣
ַʱұ£׼ֱܱƽοʲô
ûдַпʲôõĶֻüһʶΣⲢûʲô֮ҲǣǸͲ۵ĿŶӣȻ漣ĴҸνⶾҩ
⻹ĵطҾǣһ׸ľȭ̸һʱޣϣһͬһԷеĦгɽǣһԪĶע
칫ĶĿڶడҵľȻ֪һȻѾޱȣַݱɵȻ
һصģΪֻزõѡʲôɽͣᱻЩ˸ץš
ֻǿ͸Լ²͸ԼǲȫģΪò֤ݣǾֻǲ²⡣
⣬ҵЩֻΪ˺棬Ը㡱ʼ磬һΡ
칫ҲԼÿһ¶˸һɣַɫһʵ
ǲ룬첻ֻҪȦӣǾעһһڱ˵ļ֮£Բ˻᲻
ַĬȻλе˼Ȧ֮˿ѺãתۼͻΪˡ
֪Ϣȴһ㶼˽ǶǳԿֻԼ



48 Ҹ
ؼҵ·ϣַɾЩľսεĻ࣬ÿһ仰ֱĸо
Ǻ£Ҳǻ£Լ˸ѣԺ±ҪӵΣܱץסѱ
ڻҲȻǾεע⣬Ժ϶Ҳ˻Լйע
ַȴʼμһ㣬Ǿǳ̵Բܱ¶׽ҲܣֻҪסһ㣬ǰȫġ
ӵĻص˼УַվſڵȴһᣬҲ͵Сĵ̧˼С
ϸļһȷַݲŹر˷ţս˽˲ֿ⡣
עһַ̣ݿʼһĴϼܣȽһĴõƼ۸񣬶ЩǾƷģȴϵ˰ٷ֮ʮ˵ۡ
æµ˰죬ϵһټһϢȴͻȻ˳ַݲһ
ԭϵͳַϼܵĴһټʾԾٰһС͵ᣬַݲɫһϲ
ʣĻ۸϶࣬ûа׳ԵͣҪٰһС͵ᣬøʮԪ
ַݾֵͦΪٷҳƼһЩϲ˼ϢԴﵽĿġ
ҷǳԻһ㣬ǾַݵƷûĳٷ֮ʮѹٷĲȡ
Ŵַܲͬ⣬ͬ⣬ϵͳҲ˲佫ʮӶ۳
Խ࣬ЧȻԽãַݵԼCD꣬µ꿪ţϢ
CDȺвǮˣԿϢ󣬷׷ǰַݵµ̹ۿһۿʱЩŲˡ
Ϊδ磬ϡļ٣ҲЩĹʦֻᣬȻҲǴΪ½
ַݵеЩδһǾƷʵõǼȴ˶
ЧȻͼӰ˶Ȳ֧˶𣬽ȡͣд˾ƷƷȵ͵Ĵ
Ҳ׷ǰϵַݣлûʣûϼܵĴҪ߼۹
ַȻУȴǲ׼óˣӪòĲõģῪʼʱ򣬾Żӵļҡ
飬ַݹر˳վѾˣֻҪȴ

ڶһ磬ַݱ˳ûϴһˣǰҶӨٻк
ɫװһʺõ壬ַ̤ҶӨٻԼĵصȥ
ɺϵǣַΪ·ǸŮֻЦȻǰ˧ɣҶӨٻˣ
ַ΢΢һЦͦɣˣҶӨٻҵŮѣҪٱס
ţŮѣôûҹŮСǣŰɵ
ݣλǣַ׼ʱҶӨٻϲĴһ˹ĿǰЩĿɿڴŮ
ַݲûнͣǽõ廨ݸ˾ϲҶӨٻһڣͷŮ˰ɣ
ðɣˡŮŻع֪ȤĶַݻ˻֣գգȥ
˵Ů˭ĻߺߡҶӨٻͷһ࣬һ㲻ҾͲģ
Ѿǧַ࣬ŽǰףҶӨٻŰŰɵ
ҵḶ́ľַݶʱЩᣬڶ˵ˣҶӨٻǲôš
ַͣƵı飬ҶӨٻͻȻ͵ЦʵҾ뿴᲻ĵĸҽ͡
ͲַɫͻȻһ壬װһǳ׼ת˵ģ
࣡ҶӨٻʱһǷϣֻС㣬Ͳ˰ɣ
ˣˣٺ١Ǳ΢΢Թһ˲ߣַݶʱɵЦѡ
ˣǴӦģһ죬㶼ֻһ˵ġ͸ַһۣҶӨٻε
Ȼֻ㡱ַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷһЦˣһ׼ϲ
ʲôϲҶӨٻʱǰһ۾һգһգģ˺棬Լڴ
˵ǾͲоϲˣڴɡȻҶӨٻСѾﵽȥַݻѡ˱ء
ҶӨٻ·ߣַһ⳵˴еĿĵء

Сʱ󣬳⳵еĿĵأַǣҶӨٻ³һкĳȥ
ȻȡĺףҲʵ͹Χͣ˲ٵĺܳŹʵ߶
˿̣ҶӨٻҲȫַ˵ľϲʲôˣʱǻȥطɣĳ̫ˡ
ҶӨٻַ֪ǮǶ٣ȴǲ̫ԿЩϰĺЩȴ
õģҿǴ׬һǮַ΢΢һЦҶӨٻ֣ʾ䲻õġ
ҶӨٻ˶Ƥȴû˵ʲôַ֪ݵԸֻҪ˾ͼı䡣
һ߽ͬ˺㣬ʱһλƯŮǰдˣһ
һɫɯǰҶӨٻ¶һ˿ޣǡҲַݲ׽С
ˣˢɡֻҪҶӨٻϲǮַ˵ȫ⡣
õģ롱С¶ĽɫҲ֪Լɫַݻۡ
װģҲҪ˵Ҫһܳҿġַ׼ҶӨٻȥʱһ˵һԴü
ַû뵽鷢ˣŮӵûеõаͬ⣬ǰһơ
ٿеĳҲǰɡŮãȻɫУɫŭ˵
ַݺתͷһ¶һЦݣԭ㣬һΪ˭ૡ
ûǰòżܳУַû뵽ǾȻˡ
һЦܳãҽȨ£ɰû뵽ȻҼҳ򳵣ģԸۡ
ҾͲˡ̧ȻȨ¸ԼӣַȻҲˡ
Ȩµͬ£д󷽵ĸһ۵ĳͼۣȻǮ׬Ǯǿ϶ǲˡ
ҶӨٻ˼գֺȲ·ϰȥˣַѡԼݡ
ȨȻȫͬ;ȴһ绰ַ˸Ǹ󣬶ߵһԴ˵绰
ַݶѡųһȨɫѿǰһĵ٣ҽ㣬ҡ
Ŷַ¶һ˿죬²Ȩ¸ղŵĵ绰϶ʲôŻ˵ľ
ָָһλãַݻǱҸɡ



49 
һȨ¿ʼ٣Ҳ֪竣ʵǼеӣǲõĴڡ
Ľٻ󣬿ǣʵ˭ƿ壬˭Լ˵һ
иɫĴ磬СͱϤΪǽӰˣȻҷǳĺãʲôӦң˽ȴʮֵľ裬ЩС鷳
ԭžôɣȻ˽ΪٴۣȨʵ̲סˡ
١¶˷ߺ޵Ŀ⣬ȨҧֻҪҽҸġ
ַĬȻвЩ̾ǰЩǶҸģ£ȴдѵĳƱԻӻԾ˷ѹ
ڿǹҲô⣬ǰȨ¾ˣǳǣʵȴĵԼһСľͱԼҴ
˼˰κַݻǾΪļƲǴΪԵְɡ
㣬㹻ļܲһҳǿַû棬
ֻҪȽһҲǲܡȨƵĿַݣң˽Ȼǲö˵
ַݵͶãв˿ҵû¡
ǺǡַݵһЦȨµļǺ£ڵ㣬ûǸе𣿡
Ȩصĵ˵ͷҶһúõĶ֪ʶҾȫܹʤεʱ㡣
šַݵ˵ͷԥƬ̺󣬵ϵʽͨͨңʱж㡣
ãϾ͸Ȩµ˵ͷȥֽ̨ʣԼϵʽȫд
ַݿһۣŽ˶УԼϵʽҲݸ׼㶯֣ҵ绰
лл١Ȩ¶ʱж£ӶͳһԿף٣ŵģһûпͣںԺУЦɡ
ַһǰ˹ı־˵ֵ֪ƣȨ¿ó϶Ҳ˺ܴľģͶ״
ҾˣһὫһЩϷ䣬Ҫסй¶Ļ᳢ַɫصдŨŨв
ַҪϷǳĹأй¶ĻʧǷǳ޴ģҲǼȨĵһ̡
й¶ȥʱȡȨɫޱȵ棬óѾǹעһˡ
ַݲĵ˵ͷðɣˣϣ˵ҵϢ
ߡȨվַݹһϹ¶˵ɣ֪ԼӴ˿Ѿı䡣

ܳһǰһı·ϣ¶Ľ񣬺޲ÿľԼ
ͷİ˹ڣַȴüΪܳ治ԼĦг˾
Ǳ֪ôĻ϶̫װǧܳûһĦгãⲻǿЦ
ʵˣеѡĻַݻԼĦгǰֹ˾
һϲҶӨٻЩԾԵڶϲҲǳڴַֻݲ˵ֻžͺá
һǰһ˶ֹ˾ͣҶӨٻʱüôˡ
طҶӨٻǱһʶľͲ뿿Ϊ뵽Ǹĵˡ
յϾͽַݵһЦ֪ҶӨٻ뷨ܿ죬뷨ͻ˲
˳˶¥Աһңһѹ˾ĸ߹ԼΡ
߹ǿҶӨٻжʱ¶ิӵɫΪ֪Ѿˡ
ãм䡱΢ЦҶӨٻ֣λøָ˳ⳡλ
ȻЩɣĳ棬ҶӨٻҲûж˵ʲôЩִٵλϣַһԣ˶
鿪ʼȴվ˻ĿʼһļݸҶӨٻº͵ãһҳǩԼּɡ
ͬϡȨתúͬļֺҶӨٻʱɫޱȣôԣҲ˾
һҶӨٻַ΢Цô˲ǰģǻΪе飬ֻҪĹɶǾͺá
ҡҶӨٻŴͣ˿ַݵĵڶϲʲôˣֻϲʵ̫ȡ
ֹ˾ȻʵҵģҲʮϣתúͬתõĹɺȻﵽ˰ٷ֮ʮһ
ôĻֻҪҶӨٻǩݺͬ˵ʲͻﵽڣҹ˾ҲΪһá
ǩ°ɣԥˣⱾǻ쵰ĲҶӨٻٳٲҶʣַݲһԹƻ
һ뵽ǿɶݣҶӨٻҧҧݺͬǩԼ֣Ӵֹ˾ֻһ˵ġ



50 ·
׼ңԺеʯϣǱķ羰Ʒźе
ֻǰʱ䣬ַԼܵѾȫκãҲѾҲκεĺۼ
ֻЩӡôĨҲĨģУʱ޿̲ĥŰá
֦߹СԺĴűƿԶ޺ԺУ
٣ǼһѾɷתԼŮˣҴ˿еַ֪ݲûжôˡ߹վһԣԼ̽Ϣ
Ͳµˡ¶˵Ŀϧ̫ϧˣû뵽ַݾȻɸϵȻڣ϶һҡ
ЩϧֻҪһĤͱƣؼֵ˵ڻҽԺҲͬ
ˡ֣ߵĻȻûһԳɹ֮Ѿ˸ңֻҪ˸ңǾĻᡣ
Ҫôһ⣬û˱ãֻһ仰֪п϶⡣
õݸһ̾񣬻Ŀڵ֮ѾìܣҪľǼӾ֮ìܡ
ڱһźҲֻǼѣֻҪǶ˼ͻ
ٴͬĵ˵ͷõķĽһģһڵĺĺܴ;κε
˼Ƭ̺󣬰ôӻóһƬݸߵһרҵ˽κ鷳Ĺ˾Ǯ֧ȡʣµ벻˰ɡ
ˣ͵ҵĺϢɡ˿Ƭϵ֣¶һ˿ȻصĽƬŽ˶С
ȥɡû˻֣ٴζʯϵĲ豭ϸϸƷһڣ૵ʵĻĸо治
ĬȻֻֻ֪ĻİòֲģΪиʱȥ˼ӦԼĵˡ
ͱ˵ڣڰвٿһУ˶ѡԵĺſԾĳ֡
вΪַݸеΪ֪ǵõˣûһõա

˵н߹Ƿ׷뿪ֳֻʣˡ
ЦЦĿַݣЩԹܵܣָ˷ݲǸøлૣǸԹ㣿
ȿȡַ̲סɿ㿴ҺСٻԹ˾һϲͨŵϣҲǲ
ַһۣץסҶӨٻּԹ㿴һ͵ˣƾ̣һ˾ǻǴ´ࣿ
ͣҶӨٻӦЦḧεıգ۾㣬ǸˣʵھۣǿԻǮ𡣡
װһ˵ģḧŶͷǹȻһģһɣˣҿɲġ
ǾͶлˡҶӨٻЦݣ۾ȥô޺ʵһȴޱȵĽ
ȻһЦĹ˹ҶӨٻıӣͲˣսϣһкܶҪ´ġ
һıӰƮȻȥҶӨٻַͷһ
ϲϲ𣿡ַһȣȴѾ˻⡣
ϲáԥĵ˵ͷҶӨٻûӾȻô죬ת۾ѾΪһŮܲá
㿴ҶôãǲӦøҵ㽱ૣҶӨٻӦַݱһѽӵ˻С
ҶӨٻûзĻӦַݣԼȡ
Сʱ˲ŴŨŨĴֻֿһ㣬ַݾͲ㽫ҶӨٻԵ͵һʱסˡ
뵽ղԼ鲻ԽַݲɵĿЦаԼԿԽԽˡ
뵽ղһĻҶӨٻҲǺ²ѣҲȥˣǣַݵ뿪˴˴
֮ȴǲòֿˣһǺ󣬸ԿϳѧУʻء
ڼصסլʱַȴͻȻͣ¶صɫ
·мһĴڳȴޱȣַУȴһ
첢ûʲô쫷磬ľǱģôֻһֿܣǱΪƵģĿֻһǾ赲ؼҡ
ַ֪ԼɱˣĿʵԼھԲ³ððȻ³ܻܿᱻ˲˨ӡ
ϵַ׼˳򣬵ȴٴδһ죬һŴסΨһ·



51 ·ɱ
·ϵַɫٴһɱּţޱȵ侲
ӻͳַֻ׼ԮȻûˣΪûһ˿źš
רҵַݲЩԳĽֻŻ˶Уϸһ˼̽һ¡
ַݾ©һԼܹɱڵλãڵǸϹӣõ¶١
ַݻĴ˳ɱֲɵӣһץסᡣ
飡Ȼ룬һʱһǹȴǴӳд
ַҲѸٵĽͷ£һҲƿóסԼ͡
ͺַͻȻһ;µ󣬶ϺȻѾװһִ֧
ΪֻǸߣַֻݻһԪڳ̵ģ䴩͸ԱһЩǹеǿֻҪˣܽ䴩
321ַĬһʱ͵һҲڷбС
飡ͬʱһǹҲٴ뼫ַܵݲײ𻨡
ҲǱֱǹһŴȥֱûУһӰЩǱĴܳ㵽һ
ܵ˲䣬ַ͵ǰȥҲ㵽һŴ棬ûһ
ֳʱ˼žУ˶ǳ׵뻷УֻʣһЩֹ
һӣʮӣСʱһ֪˭ȶĻ˭ͻΣС
潩ãһ뵽˴˴ɱץס˳
ַݺԥһȥɱһλƶǰϵıС
ַݲû׷ѡ˷ûҪɱƴһʲôûԼҪ
ȷɱԶַݲŽԼջ˸˲ֿ⣬漴Щҡ
Ƿһǰɱַ֣ݿ϶ĺѿϾʱȻͻȴǲӦɱ֣ɱĻᡣ
ֲַ֮ɫһΪɱֲԵ޹ʵ鷳ǳֵģǾֻ档
ַݵĳ˲٣Ҹܸɱֵʽ𣬵˭ȴǲҿ϶

ʱĸоɲܣַȫǶŭҪҳˣԼŭ
ɱѾ뿪źȻҲߣַͳ˵绰ԥƬ̺¶Ĳĵ绰
ַݣôʲô£ͲڴԵȴЩϲ
ǷծĸоȻҲܣͲַݾ콫ԼӦæõ
ղţɱ֣ѾҸܡַԥһ£Ǿʵ棬Ϊ׷顣
ʲôһ漴˳ĬУðŵ֪˭𣿡
֪ĻҲͲҪˡַݿЦܲµ˭Ļʹȥˡ
º鷳Ҳұ֤һܲ˭һᾡص
仰͹ˡַݵһЦܲȻãܲͻĵԼȥ顣
绰Ҷϣַݲ˾Ԯ绰·ߵȴ˼ž˭
ʣַݾпܵǰòźݺݵ˵ĳޣνǲ졣
һжҪ֤ݣܲΪɣֱӳؼҽһٰɡ
֮⣬ԼҲص㻳ɶҲǳпɱֶԸԼ
ԮܿǰַҲֹͣ˼֪һв²ⶼûõģֻ֤ݣվȽŸᱻ˴Լˡ
ͬʱַҲǰģһҪӿ̿Ȼܻܿɥ
ֻһɱ֣ͽƳǼĻ㲻Ҳˡ
ԮӺܿ쿪ʼԮûþͽŴϲߣַҲڿٴ·
һлַص˼УֻſȴվһӰЩȥ
ַݺǰɫŭңǲģҾȥүү
ַݲӣүӵ˵ģȥ״ĻǲҲһƤ
𼤶ڻû֤ݣôôˣϲ˰ɣַϷʵĿЦ
ٳˣҲŲϲַһۣЩСķ
ٺ٣Цѣ֪ǾⲻȥѡַЩεͷ
ߣ֪ͺãǵĻϸңһ߿˵꣬תȥ˲һĨϼַֻȴͲ



52 ˣ
ջδһͨ绰ַݵֻϣȻǺܴ󣬵Ҳӽ˯гѡ
Ҳû˭ַݽͨ۾˭ôʹ绰ⲻ𡣡
ɱˣ㶼˯ţ㡱Ͳдûַ˲ѡ
ôҲ֪ˡַݲͷ֪޿ɺǣΪи
֮⣬ַݾû߹κˣرŮǻᵣģԾû뵽Ǳ֪θ֪
ô֪ģôһ£Ϊʲô˵һ䣬г˿˿Թ
ַΣֻʵĻشⲻ㵣𣬿ûˣԾûСٻҲһ
Ͳһͷʱ˳ĬðŴĳСӦң´ʲôΣյ£Ҫң˶Ҷһԣһоεġ
һġַصĵ˵ͷҲͻȻףЩʺ϶ԳܣЩҪ˹
ͱ˵ΣַһֱȥǻǰģһӵΡ
һҪסȻҾͣҾ͡ˣߡ˵꣬αҶ˵绰
εĻﴫַݲ˿ԼĻռռСǿɾ鷳ˡ
ַֻҲû˯⣬ʼϴ׼ʼһѧϰ
ѧϰ֮ǰַݻһҪǾǽøȨ´ȥ
Щ϶δĳ飬ǳĳǰǴĳ󣬿϶һ籩
Ȼֹǹ飬һָҪϣصĶ˷
һַݲ׼ֱӽȨ£ΪԴ˽٣ȫΡ
Ҫһַ֣׼εϣܣȨ֮پǷ񽻸
Ҫϣַ˿Ժпʼһĳ׼ȷѧ˵
һ׶ַֻѾʼʹԥһ޸ҩ¡
ǰֻҪϢӾȫĻԴͻƵȴҪСʱ
ǻַݵٶȣ޿κΣϾҩˮĻٶȻ
ҲĺôǾǻԪҲûǰôˣеѡĻַݾû粻ʡ

һȥַݾֱص˼У÷ŵϺδÿȥ
·ϣַݵ½˳̵꣬һڹһС⣬С𵽷ǳҪá
δſڣѾڴ˵Ⱥһַ϶ʱ¶ЩЦݡ
һɧ˦βͣεǰַݷ³ɫ٬ˣŮ㹲𣿡
֮գ˫ۣžȥ⻹ǵһμַˣͦġ
ʱֵ°ĸ߷ڣԱӴ˴һĻǲû°͡
رЩԱǲֹһμζЩӵܲмһˣ⻹ǵһμ롣
ô룬ַѾҡ˳һҾƵȥ
ַ֮ͣݴӺóװСĺԼЩϣг׼õһݣݸΡ
ļʲôΪʲôңβû򿪣ɻַѯʵ
һͣȥɣȨµȼˡַݿɲ˷̫ʱͣȨ¿϶ҲʣβһԾͽͣ
Ȩº£ַһ͸ΣֻһãܶණҪӴ
Լİ䣬ȨѵȺʱĽλϣȴַݷ
˶ַݲɫصҪ˵ģһܹıĶȻЩţһжġ
û⣬Ȩ¾ѾѪˣԤУַóĶͨ
ȸǿһַݵһЦ󻺻ĽװСİװֽ𿪡
Ȼһ;µķɵԼһңڴˣӶ˳
ⶫܷɣȷӦ¶˾ȵɫ
֪ģͷɻֱ״Ϊõ
ǰֻһɵ״ĶûҲûʲôװãǸʯͷһ
ôһᣬȨҲӦ˹ЩĽɵõϼš
ʵĵģûͷװصĵطûУڿЦɣȨЦַݴʲô˲õĶû뵽Ȼֻǿ˸Ц
˵šַݵһЦ󽫷ɵƽϣң
ַݴ򿪿أİť󣬷ɵȻôббķƯ˿С



53 
Ƿǰ˶Ȩ˵жܹκεĶܾܷɵУƶ϶һƳ鵽ϴһ
ȴǷɵ״ĶһֱȵڿУûκεļ
ȨѾȫͣҲź촽¶𺳣ɣָӵɫ
˵ıַȻǿУҲûнɵ𣬶ǵǻ𣿡
Ȼᡱͬ˶лعƵĿַݣȴĽ͡
ǺǡַݵһЦ˸ָ˵ģܸıĶ
ָָƯڿеķɵַݼҲˣⶫûʹκεԴȻ̫ԼǲǺܺƾʲôģ
ͬʱ˵ͷŵһֱͣڿеķɵϣ¶ǿҵ֪
˵ıַ֣΢ЦŽ͵ǰɣһ͵ĲϣҪ˵ѧĻֽʡ
ʺ˵¶ŵɫǶһȻɣԼǲǻС
Ҫ֪޴ڣþ̶ڵϣƯڿС
ҪĻǾͱܲǿ
ǰɵȴȫΥʽȻܹƯ˿УܽԼٵǰС
˵ĺѾԽԽأѾԤϵⷴʣԿԸı硣
󵽣ЩõɻЩͨϣܹĺ䶯
˵䱾ҪκԴƣ˵ڿзУƣΪ֮
ˡȨ͵һʣЩѯʵ٣ⶫܳضܹ𣿡
ʵĺáַݲ̾ĿȨһۣʵҪһ¾͵˵ϡ
˵ɵܽҴУŲָķɵַϷʵ
ʵѾˣַ˵ĺܿģǻҡҡͷ
ȻǲţǾ԰ɡ˵ţַݽң𣬽ɵջصϡ
㣬ɣҽ㡭ٿصķʽǳ򵥣ַֻ˵һ飬ξѾס
ֱӽɵУַݶЦ㣬ϼ𰴵̫졣
áε˵ͷĵϰťŷɵַҲһɾ֮£˿С

֪Ƿɵԭ˿϶ΪԼ˹ǳˡ
֪ʵ飬ҲĿɿڴһƴĶȻܰһϵжһ
Ļһŵ֮ٰ췽Ի͸Լ
ʵѾ֤һУҲټʵ飬Ľַݷ
ٴصϣַпϣЩʵƴһ飬֧һһܷɻȻҪ࣬
ַͻȻֱɨ˵ʵԭϺ٣ǲڷɻϡ
˵츣࣬þоҵԭϵƷУڣҲֻǸʹá
˶صĵ˵ͷϡΪ˵ϡ٣ֻܹˣǲΪ档
˵̫磬ǻһҪԡѾ¶ϲɫַݲٴδ
˼ǣ΢΢һ󣬲Ǻȷѯʵ
ûַ岻÷ĵ˵ͷָϵĲϵǾãⶫھϣ᲻о޴Ч
ȻǱͧʵĻͿϢĽӽз˵ȨסˣҲ¶صɫ
Ԥϵǣַʵĳ֣һΪйеģû˲õ
˵ͨ˵ǾӴޱȣǸұʲôǣⶫй¶ĻǸͱס
ʵҲôۡ˾ɥ飬ַݲοȻⶫǲܶӵУǻܷһġ
ҪģֻеȴҵϢ˵ţַݽõļݸȨ£ЩƵıܣԲñ˷֣ҽģһҲҪᣬȻǶΣա
Ȩصĵ˵ͷ˿̵ַѾȫҲǳ˾塣
ĻֶԲܸһ˹ֻε˷ַȴˣ޲ʾĳ⣬ԼԼΡ



54 йŮ
̫𺳰ɣʱնԵЩƣ˶ǴҴҳԹͣѡ˳ˡ
ȨпؼңεȻַԽͣϾɱ£治Իؼҡ
ϵϣЦŵôģҪϽң
ȻˣĽ𡱣ַգƤǺЦŻش
ԡЦַһڣǸĽ
˵ЦУεǽǰͣȺַݽŴ򿪣˻ֵټһġ
ͣ͵ЦȻôңβȥʱ仹𡣡
˿ʱ䣬ַݷֲϰ˵㣬Ե˵ͷǺðɣ
ŹνһЦַݽŹغúǵĸ첲¥ȥ
Ŵ򿪣δЬҳһ˫ʿЬݸַݵҲ֪жԿɣʻġ
ǰЬַЩȵôȷҽһЬˣ
첻Ժлᣬ϶ҲַһۣνЬӻãȥݲ衣
ʵô鷳ġַݿȴǰ˰ֵ鷳žͺ
ַҰһƤҲû˵ʲôЬϺ˿ɳϡ
ⲢַݵһνŮ˵ķ䣬ȴһνεס
ҶӨٻϲķɫͬ׷ɫƫڴɫͬαһȻ
Ŀջأַݲ˳æµǵȶ˵ӰӣвһθС
˵ҲͬҶӨٻһһûʲôˣȴûеõĶԴ
ҶӨٻԴ󷽵ַݸİַݵŮѡ
ȴܣһֱڰУ˵ĺǽеˣ˵ĲǾС
ַ֪ηǳĲƽֵĻȴΨһģǾ
뵽ַסˣɳվŵ˳һѴ䱳䱧ס㣬Բ𣬵İ㡣
ַܵݻеУεͬʱ૵ɵϣԸģֻҪ㲻ͺá
ôܻϲૡַҡͷĸεգȥ
šֻĶѾڻҵĻӦַݵǣþòԸֿ
ѵһƿѽڵأʱһҲ˷ֿ죬໥ӣж¶δĸо

ģйɾҵķѣνˮݺúЩܲ˵Сȥϴɣ⣬ˣгԵġ
ţȥɣùҡַݵ˵ͷŲ߱˿ŵ£ʼƷ衣
ӺѾ˯£߳˯ڵ˿˿羰ַݲһֱ
һ˿ϲ˿οյ˯ҲǵһδַǻоͿԿ˯·ǳķ⡣
Цŵݸַһʿ˯£Ȱ·˰ɣ·ݸҾͺá
šַٴһůû뵽ôģ˯¶׼ˡ
¿㣬νԼһͬϴ»Уתԡȥ
ֻߵһʱͻȻعͷҧԼָߵСҪһϴɡ
䡱һ뵽ǹԡĳ棬ַݾ͸оԼըˣܵĻȼա
ðǽŶַȻ֪ڿЦҲͽƾͼƣϷʵĿڴӦ
Ц׸ַһۣ͵Ц͵Űɡ
꣡ԡű˲رգַݲӣԼĺƤеЩȡ
ֻһᣬԡڱ㴫˻ˮӰӰ´µӰڵƹ»ΪӰӣ䰼͹µַͣݲ࿴ۡ
˵ҶӨٻƻһ˿ɬεľѾ͸ˮң·ֻҪһĹ֭
ֻǶ࿴ַۣݾѾȫŲˣ޲Ͼͳȥһꡣ
ջĿ⣬ַ۹۱ǣǹģðŽ궯ĸƽ
飡ѽ
ַŵӳʱԡͻȻˤԼεʹ
ַһϽߵԡǰе㣬û°ɣûˤ
ţˣվڴЩַһ



55 
ǣô죬ܲԼվ۽ŵͬʱֲַЩͷۣҪ֪ڿ϶ʲôû
ַݺֱӳȥ𣬵һ뵽ֻüȹϵϰ㣬֪롣
ԡӦһҪվŬκ󣬿Ϊ̫ʹˡ
ֳʱ˽֣˶֪ǺãֻóĬԴĿǰ״
ַȴżѣȻ죬ڱĵϣҲǻġ
ַ꣡ݲ֪ʱȴǴ⿪ԼϸӬĻܵܣҰɡ
ˡʶģַһĭֻ˫ҲڲĲš
˵˹ϵ쳣ܣ浽˳ʱַȴǽޱȡ
綼ҵŮˣʲô͵ҧҧַ׳ŵӽԡŸһƿ
ֻһַۣݾʹˣҲκε壬ӲҪݵĻǾ
ϧԭӦù⻬Ө׵Ľ״Щףƻȱⲻò˵ź
СûУ۾ұסʵ̲סеĽ߸Уεͷһ
ַݶٸв˼ݺݵĹǽһۺ󣬲ű˹ǽԵԡݸε㣬סٽҰɡ
šɬĻشһ䣬ַݽͷתһԺ󣬲ŽסԼ˽ܲλָŲԡԼһܣҪĲλסŽеСҺ
ŶŶεĺַŴӻԼ˫ۡ
ǱڵʵʵΣַݲ̾ϧҲǴָ¶Ĵ⡣
㣬ұشɡεͷַݶһƽ䱧ԼĴ¡
ɺ׵Ľףַݲü촵˴㣬𣿡
۵ģ㴵Ͳˡ΢˫ۣ¶ķ϶
ͲۣƭСӵİϷַ۲Ź֣ȵңҳеҩһ²źõĿ졣
õģҵ㣬Կ׾ϡε˵ͷ㱻ַݷҲЦеġ
ֱ˺ǻĸоʮֵܣȻ׻ЩۣůůģҲͺܶˡ

ַݳôܻеҩֶҵĽڣȻͻȻӶͳһܣ޴ӽ͡
ַֻ뿪˷䣬˼Ӻ󣬱ٴδ򿪷ţ򷿼ȥֻȥʱͬһƿ޸ҩˮ
ʱڴַֻݻЩȵô죿
㣬һӣҵľͻһӡַ΢΢һЦ˵Լо黰
סһַݵСʲôʱôˣֲǸŮͬôܡ
ܣַݶʱŴ͵Ҹǳˣһͳܣ޲ʹһܣȻ˵ܣ
ҡκǲмĿַһۣͷ׻˵ǰʹ죬ûȤתˡ
ʲôҺûʲôˡַݶʱЩЦõ
ַһֱǽѣǱȽһѣ뷨ǿ϶ûеġ
ʵҧָд˿˿ͦòòҪмܵҪֵĻҲŶ
ȿȡʵܲסεĵ٩ַݸɿ⻹ǵİɣȸҩ
Ӷͳǹ޸ҩַݽӰεȺһɣʣµһ󡣡
ţЩҩβû£ţ˿ϷʵСʵ⾿ʲôҺȥͻᡭ
ȥˡַݱ˵ЩЦã͵ֻǵҩˮҪǿĻܷ𡣡
˵ҲǣҪǿֻйԹˡ΢΢һЦҲٶŪַݣͷһ޸ҩˮʣµһݸַݡ
һЩ޸ҩˮϣַ̧ͷ㣬ŵ㣬ܻеۡ
ɣûôҧҧַۣͦݵģֻǿš
ױַץסһɲǣξ뾪гΪЩʹ
رַݿʼʹиǾޱȣüβ㿪ַͣ¡
ʱƣʹнȥȡ֮һУθоҲһƬ졣



56 Ƶ
ֻԽԽأƵҲԽԽ죬ü̲סˬĽ˳
գʵͲסˬĸопʼ޵
ַ˵ʾͬΪŨҵĴҪĺҲʮֵļ١
ºַϧĿڻеΣתͷвпǧ
㣬Բ𡭡ҪĶȴҪַ֣еθУ֪
ҪǽԸġһůַֿܵǸһĲƽ⣬Ҳɢ١
Ľ§˻УַȥμҵĻӦţһ᷿˷ܵ
Ҫ˻ܺ޹˼ɵһһͬԹ緹˱ķ롣
ַˬĻصѧУʼһѧϰ䶷죬ַ泩Ҳˡ
ʱҴţתֵһĩʳ֪ζַȻǲϷŹΣһࡣ
ֻϳԹַݱĻص˼УΪһǳҪʣǾǴ
һڵַݵһƷѾ˾֪ע˿νʤ
̵ҲԼ۸һͳƣõĽַݴһعƶһԪ
ͨͨַݲп۸ĻԺҲٲȱԪˡ
𱬵ĳ棬Ҳַɫһ뵽һЩӵĶ
ûӵľϡԴȻڹڵϡԴܳ㣬ȴò⡣
δ磬ϡѾΪҪԴü۱Ȼƽ𶼲Ϊ
ҪԭǾǷϵĳ֣ӣΪҵսԴ֮ͨ١
뵽ַǲ¶һ˿Цݣע⣬ԼҪʲôȻݡ
תصϣַݻȴʼϾڵԪݽߣʱĻ޸ҩɻӰٶȡ
ַݾԲ̵һ£ڵɲǰһûκĶ
ϴαɱϺַݶİȫԽԽأõİ취ȻҲ𣬵Լÿʱÿ̶ڱ˵Ŀ¡
ʱϰ˵㣬ȥԼ˾УַصĹע档
˴ʵһʦУѡɾۣʱΪСʱ
һʼƷļ۸ѸٵرЩƷ࣬۸ҲǱ仯ģһģ۵ķ١
ֻСʱ󣬾۵ȶȾ۸ַҲѾܹܡ
ַĵģÿһƷ˳ۣûг©ĵֻǶٵѡ
Сʱ˵˵̲̣ڼҵľУдѾַҲõһʾ޿һǧԪ
ˡǮ˺ַյһվڶţ㿪һѾŲۡ



57 Ԫ
һ뺯׼ȷ˵һ뺯һ˽˵ᣬǹٷеһᡣ
ڰºУʸһԪڵʲôٷû˵
˸ߵżĶԲַûɴεļסһ죬ȴĿ
һԾΪַ̣ȻҪɹһôҲֻõ˲Ԫ
ǮĸоáжŽ˽˲ַֿݲĴһԼıѡ
һ磬ַڻ԰ж壬ϣʱ弡ޱȣòͣ
һƿ޸ҩַҲ˷ʱ䣬ԴӸ˲ֿͳһ룬ʼϰŰַ
ಡУһʱ뷺һ⣬ֱֱûǰһŴ󣬵ľ֡
ַ׼ϰʱһԲԶȴǴľ
ǣַݶʱԴطɱΣյĻһӲ
ܵԺ׼֣ȴԺоϲĻţûеΣա
ô˷ܳӡַݿЦӣߵǰ
ٴ˷ܵļһ˽ַݵĻУŵͻˣҲˣҸ綼Ҫ졣
ַҲǰǸˣôȥģûӦĻǾͲǸˡ
ȻɫɲַͣҲһڣռˣһ뵽Ըֻøɿ֪ܼܲȰɿ
ѽŷԼʧ̬һ˵һԣЩͨ졣
ǸǸ̫˷ˣЩʧ̬ɱ⡱˰̧ͷַݵ
ò˵ģɱͦģٿַĶѡ
¶һĨϷʣַݿɥһίģô⣬һûݵŮԱöҸ𡣡
ַݵıʱЩ֪룬֧֧Ҳû˵Ȼ
ʵͲסˣַݵй¶һĨЦ⣬ĨЦҲ׽УʱɫɭַݣôȥҸƴˡ

ǰͲַݵĶ֣ڸĶ֣ûʤѷ֡
ݺݵĹַһۣЩ޿κΣִ򲻹Ļֲڣһ
塱ַݵ绰ͻȻóһȴһΪ绰ġ
˭Ѿ˽ַݰҲ¶׹⡣
Ȼϴεİɱ˶ûܵһ˿Լͷ˵ţ˭᲻İ
˭ѽַݵɫһãѯʵ
硱Ļشһַݽ˵绰ֱ˵˭𣿡
нˣ㵽ɣ̸绰ﲻ˵
ãϾ͵Ҷ˵绰ַתԼȥԥһº׷ǰҪȥҸ绰
ɱֵ飬ûҪκϽȥɡַʼһ飬ǰȥ
õ͵ûֱ뿪Ǽַݵ󣬵ͷ˼ʲô
Ҹһֱ˳ǰַʵͲסѯʵ
Ҳû㣬ֻ֪˭ɱ֣ǵġ¾йأұ븺𡱣һľǿ
ַЩΣ˵ɱ֣ҲûжĹϵЩǽͲġ
ϳɡμҲ˵϶Ҳ˵ģԻɴһ㡣
Сʱͣ˾ſڣַһͬ³ȥ
Ѱڴ˵Ⱥ򣬴ȷݺ˱Ĵ£ָİС
ãôˣһľȣɻַݡ
ַݲʼ磬͵绰ʱǡþһߣԾ͸ˡ
ͱô˵˵ɱ˭ģǲǣЩͷ˻˻֣еʵ
Բǡ񶨵ҡҡͷȻַг𣬵ǲ죬˷
ǲ˭ãŴͣЩ
˵ɡָָԵɳͷ£˶ˮ
׼ȴǱͻȻƿ׼ŭһЦ֮ȴɫһ



58 ˮ
١˳񿴹ȥַɫʱЩΪǰòżΡ
ðǰٲɡεһЦǺЦݣøС
⵫ڣֻЩ棬ʶ¶ɻ̽š
һΣǵڶμɡεһЦζַһۣԼԵ
Ŷ¶ɻ󣬵ȴǴЦݵǼȻʶǾһȱɡ
ˡҡҡͷЦֻǴкѣġ
ҾͲˣ´лپۡҲ˳Ʊ´
뿪ζĶַݵ٣ΪѵҲòһ䣬Σա
ַ֪ͬĵ˵ͷȻֻӴһΣǷ·俴龰ļԺ
֮ȣַݸԸ̹ϵཻúԼ
֪ͺáĿַһۣǻǼ˵ɡ
⼸˵ĵ飬¼УҵҪĶ
˵ţһóһ̨ʼǱ󣬽һվС
վһѪֵɱ֯˸룬ֻЩ󸻴˲ܵǵ룬Ҵĵϣµļ¼ԡ
֪ˡַֹ̧¶˵ĺû뵽ϴηŹ㣬Ȼԡ
׼ô죬ؼҵĵ̺ܶ࣬ҪֵĻܻԿЩǵĿַݵ
ңҪ⵹ؼңҲǳѡҲüͷ
ԸַݣΪؼôľӪԼ綼ǧ˿ƵĹϵ
ǣһȫ϶ҲҧģҲûж֣ؼһǳΣա
ֱؼҽҲǲܵģϾôĻؼΣ
ַݻҡҡͷվɫ£ǲùܣԼллϢ
ԼʲôؼҿɲֽġǺ˳ڵַݸûؼƥеĻûκεʤ㡣
ȥˡ͵ҧҧݺݵĵǸؼһ˲ɡ
˵ûҪͽַЩЦõûô嶯ҪǰæĻҲġ
¶ԥַĺ󣬲ŵͷһСģҪĻʱϵҡ
ġַݵ˵ͷӻ֣뿪˰䡣

δܲð칫ңַݽӹεĲˮǳһں󣬵ɱǼ£нˡ
˭ɫһ¶Щɭ
εɫַһůŻش
ȻϴεĽѵ¶ŭ
ȷַݺͬ仰˵ϴηŹȫǿɵԼ̬ϣû뵽Ȼұ
ԥƬַ̺ͳֻɲ˹ȥбҪ֪¡
˲ͨͲдЩ٣кμ̣
ҲΪؼҡ˵ķϻֱַ˵
˼žУðſڵ٣ԩ˽ⲻ˽ᡣ
˵ĲҲؼҽ𣬵ȴҪҵͷܲӶɣַɭ
ʲôٺõ̬Ҳ̲סһ̽ѯʵǺ⣿
ǺǡַһЦǰãұɱֽɱֻУҲͼ˰ɡ
ܣܻôԥĿڷֻǻȴʧȥĵ
ַݲ£µվŵң涷ĻؼҸĻﵽ߳ɡ
ȻҪҵѪֵɱɱңǾ͵óҵķŭַɫŭ
ٴ˳Ĭַݼˣ˵˵ԩ֤ݾĵϣҸʱ͡
ַݹҶϵ绰ֱӽֻҳ˷飬¶˷ŭɫ
ڣǿԼ侲˼¾δ
ǣ´ãؼҶưܣͻΪؼҵˡ
ɾ̵ģҲǲܵģΪ˵Ц



59 ɵ
ַݡѾȥãһ뵽Լַܵ裬Ƿߺ޲ѡ
ܵ裬ľӪĹ˾תøԼ㣬һ²׼
ľϣֻ̹޲ͷɵȥСйй
ȴǲΥɵĽ͵ܳȥĻûкùӳԡ
ˡվŴ򿪣һɫɺ󣬲ɵ˺磬ô
ңɱǲģȻַݵ̬Ѿ˵һУɻǲԸԼܵܣΥԼԸ
ɱ֣ʲôɱ֣һã͵ķӦֵ磬ǧ룬ôܻɱɱ㣬Ҳġ
ıɫɻΪóԼҵܵû˵ѡ
ûɾֱߵ˷ڵĵǰ˵ԡ
ӺɽһӡѪӡվֻǴҴһƳ˳˼С
ʮǰû˽ķ䣿κɲ̧ͷԽޱȵѯʵ
УҵһұһЩ飬һµԣѵҲǸ뵽ѾһЩ
Ȳóֻ˳ȥѾػʾҧҧ
΢΢һɼѯʵǵҶӨٻĸƼ𣬸绰
ôˣµĵҾʹͨҼ˶һʧˡҡҡͷ
صĺ˿ҲµûĻ㱻˵ǹʹˣˣпܾǰá
Ȼֻǲ²⣬ɸп϶ٷ֮ʮŵļǰڴΪַݻҲֱֻ̣һá
ʲôʱɴ۾ݺݵĵãҸûꡣ
ˡֹɻһжֻǲ²⡣
Ǵ磬Ǹô죿ɫ΢΢һգ֪ջÿ
㲻عô࣬ܺԼͺáԼֻ֪ܵ׵ܵܣɻЩͷۡ
û취˭ѪԵϵƨɣ

ԼרУȴַݵĵ
ûֱӵ֤֤ǰּѾһУַݵ̣еһС
Լʱȥ˰Сʱַݲ٣ɲûһЦݵӭȥ٣
лֱ˵ô鷳ݲ裬ַҡͷֹ
ðɡ˳ͣͷĶַݵǰ٣֮䣬ᡣ
ʲô᣿ַݾɵĻʵЩ̣鶼زȻ˵ֻ֮ᡣ
ǺǡɵһЦ٣ȷжԲĵطףҲֻǸܺߡ
ŶַݶʱȤܺߣǱȵġ
޴ӷԣǾûкôˣ׻⡣
һƵĿַݵ٣㣬涷˭յߣ
ַɫһ̧ͷ˼ǣ¶ǰģ
ûصĵ˵ͷҶСǼ£ҳԣҪ֪ϣȻûκϢ
ˣϽϺȴһͬ˼ҲҲǵһϢⲻ𣿡
ַݵͷĬǼУĵԲˣȷ˵ǸѪ֣Ҳ鵽½죬иùĵԣһ˼
ˡַݶʱվɫҲ֪˵ľǼ٣ֱӵĸо
ǰãҾŹؼңɲŹ
ص³һַתͷϣ˵ĶģȻ
꣡űַصĹϣٴ˼žУɵȼһ֧̣صһڣ૵ãοˡ
ʵɺγַݴﵽ򵹰׼ҵĿģԭѾվϷ磬԰ݵ֮
һȴǻĺ£ץסһؼҶһᡣ
³ɺлƣݺݵһں󣬽̵ٰ̻ҸУãⳡϷݡ



60 ۾һ
ַſڴϣİĦüͷȴǽһ
㣬˵¼᲻ǰһֵݵģ
ŶͣͷĶü˵õȷ
ȷַݵͷҸɶĻˣһν֡
˭Ҳܱ֤ʵжΣʧʵؼԼġ
ԣɵĻţȫţǲǰڴҪ顱ص
ǺǡַһЦȻ滨УȻԴУͿ˭ֶθˡ
һСġûйԼҵܴ飬Ҫģֻеȴ
һġַݵ˵ͷ󷭹аЦſε㣬㿴Ϊ㸶ô࣬ǲǸøҵ㽱ૣ
СĵĵַһۣθĴһʱ䣬ڴޡ
ҹһӰ߽˰׼ҴԺӻͳһСӣӺзŷһֻӴСĶ
ô˵ǺҹڰҲκ˵ע⣬ôСȴ˵ܱ¶š
״ĶʼַݵĲٿ£ԺзУѰĿ꣬һСԺͣ
㶨С𣬺Ӱ뿪˰׼ҵķΧһ˹뿪
ûӰǸղμ뿪ûõַݣղŷŷɵҲ΢͵
û͵ãúбҪһ°ãŪ¾ǲڴ
Ļַݲ⽫׼Ҹȫݻ٣ȻѣҲǳ飬ֻһЩ׼ôˡ
ͬķַٴνؼҵĸųһ¡
¿νַޱȻֱõĸоĶ֣⽫
һкַݲصסʣµֻҪȴȴ©Լš

һڵһַ˼ӣѵ˽ңַݺֱӾһۡ
ԴַݱʾϰߣԺľкŮ簲
ֻԹԵĿ飬ûӦַһΣԵĳЩͬѧҲ͵Ц
ܰߵͬѧҲϰߣеĽеǶʼɡ
ν˶ӹţַֻԼߵﶼǽ㣬ԶʼҲӡ
˵𣬽иҪ˵ǸŮҿɵüֱͣĳ˸ˡ
Ҳ˵ˣ˵Ǹİ׸ǸŮ񼶱ЩǱ˰ɡ
Ϊʲô룿㿴֡ҲΪʲôÿҲܺŮһͬˣΪʲôͲܣ
û鱾ڵȴַݵע⣬رŮ񼶱⼸֡
֮ģ֮УȻַѾŮˣ׼׷󣬵һ»ûġ
һڿε죬ڵڴУʦһɫȹŮ˽ңڶʱһƬž
Ů¶һƬԼĶʼɣеǻԼ͡
ŵĴʻŮӶΪһ񾲵վڽ̨ϣͷ·ǲ˼̻Ӱ㡣
ַŮò٣Ůʱ򣬻ôһ˲Ĵͣܿͻع
ôôǰϡҲһľȣֻȺȴһĳ˼
ʶĻУַѾһ˿ߣŮӾһȦڵģǸͨˡ
գ۾һˣ˶õ˵ͷ˿ַݣֿ˿Ů©һ˿ɻ
գΣѵ˲뵽˺ӵַ֣жʱЩ²⡣
µûεáЩȵĿַһۣǾַݲµ˵ĹϵȵǣȻ᲻ʶա
ҺãҽաʱҲʦȰ˵ߵ˽̨ϣҽԼ
䣬ޱ飬ԵúǲýӽѾ㹻ĺƣһƬȡ
ˣͬѧѡλ°ɣԺǰϵһԱʦͷ
šĻһ䣬½̨ȵУַݵ
飡ַݷ·Ҳܵʼɷߺ޵Ŀ⡣
ѾΪͬѧежԵŮ



61 
ٴζһŮ̵ַͬģתкãҽַݡ
šֻǵӦһ䣬ЩӵĿַһۣͷתһߡ
ƨţַݿЦӣв̾Ůһɽ
Ҳ͸ղǽһƳҲַݵвһ̾ŴŮ
˵ǸǵǴŮǲʳ˼̻ӣָ߰
һ±Щ죬Ҳַݶ죬ֻʱʱý䱸۹⿴һգ˼С
ַãʱʱתͷߵֿұߵգ̵ġ
һڿκܿͽַȥԥƬ̣ҧַ׷ȴס
ô£ַɻĿǰ֪סԼ
ûпڣֻǽַһٵĵطȥȷû˺ŵãЩΣ
˵գַ΢΢һ㶣漴˵еĲ²⡣
ԡصĵ˵ͷ˵Ӧڹ飬ȴǺ׵ǰ࣬һֻͼ
ǺǡַݵһЦʼ㲻ңרΪİɣ
Ϊʲô᣿̧ͷĿַݵȻ˳òզҲûɶ£ȴĺö
ȻղҪЩҪĿĺпӽġ
ʵҲµˡַݵһЦҳϣŮû˻᲻ϲԼŮȴû˻ϲ
ȥġַһۣñӵַݵ˵Ļţǻйˡ
Ҫ֪һŮеԸ⽫ԼзϣֻΪܹһ׷󡣡
סַݶſᣬһԻӵζ͵˴װɣ
ַݣһͳŭַݵͷܣɵĶһֱȭ
ܡֱţЩ޿κΣܴ֮ܲͥ¸ַݽвɡ

ʱǹĺܿ죬ת۾͵˷ѧʱ䣬ַʰÿαһͬȥ
ֻǣһͬ·ĲֻˣΪԶһա
ַݲЩȣҲѾЩƽϣŮٷ֮ʮΪġ
Ȼַݵע£ջַݵĸڣŽ롣
ǺǣǿҡջĿ⣬ַҡҡͷԳ
֪սӴԼкĿģεǳĲϲ
ַݸҿ϶˵սӽԼı󣬾εƶĿľʲôȴǲҿ϶
βܻ˵ķǳΪƾԼõ֮ˣ׵ľԣԼĵ׸ȫ
ҪҪƾͼƣ뵽ǽ˶ַݵһЦŽ˷䡣
һߣص͸˸绰ȥ¸˵
֮ͷһü˳˼У²εĿġ
εôײ͸Ǻƺţ˵
գص̾˿ãַô
û뵽Ȼ⣬㶺Ťô
ãҪ滰ȻЩΥĵĻе⣬ٴ
˳ĬУԼַݵĿʲôġ
ӱ˾ֶ죬ŭ˻ᶯֶţϵԵʮֵĲ
˶֪˵ĳִֶܵԭǲĻͲһ
ַʵеӡܺãȻг֣ÿζԼʱҲװֶԼġ
ҪǣδæԼĶ˳ȻҲһЩô븶ȴǲȡ
ҧҧ˵滰˵㣬˻ǲ
˵Ϊҵ÷᲻Ӧﲻˣ̽ѯʵ
û㣬ǰһ󳳴֣һͷ˼žУüͷ
ʵǳľᣬһǳĿַݣǴǶȻǶԼõĹޡ
ʲôãǻһʵЩͷۣϾ˭ҲԼ÷ǸĴܲ
磬˵ʲôૣֲǼ޲ȥҪѡǸַݡԥΥġ



62 ̯
̾˿ȻвûʾԼ⣬ȻûмҵķԣǾ֤Ƕַݺкøеġ
áһ䣬뽫вŵĻ˵ߣԥˡ
ôʲô˵ˡľֻֻ˵һ룬ܹݡ
˿˽ԥҪҪַ˵Ļ˵
ʣһֻ۱һַֻһ϶ܻþ޴ĺô
ĻֻԼǸˣԲԼãɡ
˼һ¶ĵãо仰ұҪ˵ҵַѾŮˡ
ʲô𾪣ţ־壬ַŮ仰ֻնһ°
ˣ˵ԼŮˣνҲܹܡ
ַݺȴǸо඼ˣ޾ίӿ̼Ǵ١
ǿסеίΥĵмŮˣʲô£ֲϲˡ
ཡŵ绰еĶʾЩ̾Ҳһ˲١
ʵܲµַΪʲôôչңȫǿԼõϡ
±󣬺ȻַԶԺϻõʲôܡ
Ҫ˵ϧǼٵģڣΪԼ֪ȨЩ֪Ҳݵ̫
䡱һȭǰҳ룬ַݣǸ˵
꣡ͻȻƿŵ٣˷ŭ
һûлش𣬷ʵΣýӽַݣʲôĿģ
ʲôĿģһãȻˣԼҪȥģϾҲǸ𡣡
˭Ĺ۴вĿεҷȰ㣬ñʲôУȻ
٣ˡεЦЦʵҵĿĺܼ򵥣ַֻ֪ݵ󣬾վźηʥң㲻֪
ĬȻʵַݵıҲǳ֪ȴһ㣬˵ֱӡ
ַɵӣ˵̧ͷóƵ
ǺǣȻᣬɽơǻһȣһ⡣

ڣַŵ绰ҶӨٻŵ绰࣬Ȼ˵ĶЩëƤС£Щִ˲ƣ
ҶӨٻַЩھεģھθУҪԴεĴڡ
һпգַݾͻҶӨٻ绰죬ζϲ١
һӪĻҶӨٻͻȻݣһμһѡĿпҪ֧Ŷ
Ŷַ΢΢һ㶣漴ȻҪ֪ҶӨٻڿǺֱӾͳרĻû˹
μѡĿĻܹعʣͬʱҲҶӨٻۼһ˿רŻˡ
Ȼ֧ҼСٻˣһܸһַݵЦ
ҶӨٻЩ˼һҿɲҿ϶׼Լ汾¡
ľˣַΪҶӨٻľеЩԺԼȡ
Ҫ֪жֹ˾ڱƶҶӨٻȥĻȡĹھ
ֻԲμӣǾͻıпܵ±ɽ
ҾˡҶӨٻǿ϶ĻشȻѾ˾
Ǻã֧㣬һõھҶӨٻ뷨ַȻǶ֧֣ϾҲϲЩȨ
һģ͵ҵĺϢɡҶӨٻԵúģϾδսӵĻ粻μӡ
ٴһ˲ĹҶ˵绰Լĩһȥ档
Ҷϵ绰ַصĺ˿вЩᡣ
飬һֱҶӨٻ˵ǲΪԼġ
ȻԵ÷ǳ˽ҶӨٻ˵ʵһֱʱ֪Խ٣鷳ҲԽ٣ŻĿġ
ЩյͷַԺ䵽Ӱݣв²Ŀġ
˵ʹ˼ͼʵ˵ͨϾһԼ䲻ȵģİһ㡣
˵ԼûͼҲ˵ͨϾ̫ΣǾŵġ
ȥַҲʵ벻Ȼֻҡҡͷ̾һһɡ
ַ϶ʱ¶ааЦݵǶʹ˼ƣҲ⡣



63 ٻӰ
ס̤ңַݾͲһ㶣ΪϤλϣȴûϤӰŮҲûг֡
ѵˣ˿ϵʱ䣬Ͽֻʣ˼ӣȻû硣
µ˰ɡ뵽ַҲȻˣߵԼλ¡
Ϊʲô˾ȣΪӿѧڣûгٵһΣǰʮңԽûŻ˵ľȡ
ߵԼλ£һַݶʱһΪѾ˸ɿȵС⡣
Ůǳ㰡ַҡͷ̾вЩͬѧеصյľٶһٴ顣
Ͽεս˽ңһЩġͬѧע£Լλϡ
·Ԥϰ㣬ɽѻСտûֱӽȫյһѣ˽ڵͰǰ¡
飬飬顱˷ַǰЦѣϾͶȺУû
ֻǺͬյЩԵЩԵĶ¡
ôģԵĶƷֻõУһַݡ
ôûѾۿʦҪҵַݲΪеż
ٳû߽ңַҧҧͳֻ˹ȥȴʾػ
ǸЩȻĽֻŻؿ㶵ַݺƤԵյͬѧ㿴ͬѧµˣµʱܲܡ
ַǸˣĻᴩֻöԵ
Ŀַһۣٴνͷתһԣһá
ǾͶлˣԺ£ͬѧҲġַ΢Цգ۵
ҲҪô䣬ô٣ַݶٸΣӴһ죬ҲԸ
ർ߽Уļºûֱӿʼ̧̧۾ͬѧǷѣ˼٣ʦѴңתöഩ·ˣڿʼ
⡭ַݶʱңû뵽ԼƤ󣬵ȴù
ڲǼƽʱעȴǷϡ

˵ϰ֮Ѫǿʢ˵ðһСܹ
ӰർѴҼ·ĻпԲ³ٵɣԸðйء
ֻǸڰˡַݿЦҡҡͷ˼飬Ͼ˼ҵɡ
βϵһ룬ַݾ;رˣߺʲôѧʲôû
̾һַ֪Լϰߵ⣬Ҫ֪ǰÿϿΣԣʱʱĶЩС
һͻȻͲˣַôܻϰߣҲԿûѧˡ
ĵſϣַݽͷൽߣ۾һգգĿյĲʱ࣬ϾŮۡ
ֻǿ˼ӣվͲַݵĿ⣬üûᣬǼרѧϰ
һӺܲˣתͷԷŭַݡ
Ӵַݵһ˲ѽȻΪûпֻͣû˿ʵ
ߡȹ龪ȣϰô˿ţһ󣬽ͷת˽̨
һ߻ַǾܵģ˿̵ţЩҲֻա
ǲǸղһ˲񲨶ַݲ¡
¶һĨϷʣַݼ޼ɵյĲв²ʲôķӦ
ǿסעڽ̨ϣҲֻǸα겻αİ취ΪԵַѾʮӡ
Ƿڷǰͱ鱾ˣԣȴַݣȴǲòܣΪʲôǻôθ˸绰˵
һʼ˵Ҫعһİԣպԥѡ˾ܾ
ֻ˵һ仰ȫĻת⣬仰ԭǣͻ
˵УǶҸģʳҪʲôʲôȴǲ֪ѡȨûС
Ů˰Ѳ˵ˣǾΪЯֹШӡ
ŮѡЭϾѹԴϣǸֿ
ȻҲⲻĽε֧֣һжһɵѡ޲ޣ޸ˡ
ַݵΪʮֵҲֻĬĬܣֻΪһݶɣԼ



64 
ϰ߳Ȼɣ𽥵նַݵĿҲѾϰߣٲû
ַǶٸȤڽͷת˻¶ϧģʵ뿴շģֻϧ̫֡
ʵҿ϶Լٻһ㣬޼ɵһ㣬ҲλΪһԼĿģԼƲѵĿԡ
׽ŪŮˣַݻֻһĬĬſϷ
òװĵһ죬ַȲľȥ׼ȥҶӨٻ
֣ĲԶȴǸ˸Сβͣ߶죬߶죬ļһ¡
΢΢һַ֪ΪʲôˣΪС·ïܣȻЩ¡
ַݹٶȣ䲻ĸԼԵķȥ
Ÿһغַݲżӿ˲ΪѾ˰ҪͬţֻԶûз֣ЩĿַһۺ󣬲ĬĬԼȥ
Լķǰַݲͣ˽ŲһԵǶݺ¶ԥ
ҪҪȥһðô죿ͻȻð뷨ַҧҧķȥ
ˡźַݴ󺰵ڲڷ
һƬžûκεĻشַٴκӦֻȻĻؼңȥҶӨٻһͬ͡
ڶһ磬ַճ壬Թ緹󣬲ҵķȥ
ֻǹŸںȴͣԼҲķݣվԭصȴ
һᣬһӰӷ߳Ÿڴֻǿַݺ㶡
¶һЦݣַݻǰԥƬ̺󣬻ѡ˸
һǰһ߽ңԼλַֻʧǣӰûг֡
ѧַյǰ˿İˣȴ·һĬ
һܵѧϰʱӰûг֣ԵһɽٵĿ
ַݽԽմס̲סͳֻ˹ȥ
٣Ϊʲôͬѧֻһֱػർ˵ˣ𣿡
绰һͷ˳ĬУַ׼ٴѯʵʱˣûԺҲѧУˡ
ΪʲôַЩңΪѾϰڵӣȤζ
ص̾˿绰ﲻ˵㻹һ˰ɣǵ˵
ãϾ͵˵ַ꣬ݱҶ˵绰򾩶ȥԺһֱЩ

ַԤУĲǶкܴĿԼйأбҪ
˳Ľ˾ֱרȥһ·ǽüͷ
ƿķţһɵ̲ζֻһ֧̣ԵЩȻ
ˣɡһѽͷ̵ָָǰλԸַݵһ衣
Ϊʲô᲻𡱣ˮһߣַɫЩŵѯʵ
һַݣЦΪ㡣
Ԥг棬ַüΪʲôǰ滹ǺúõôҼǵûǹ
ˡִַݵĻ̾˿Ҳôûöһ˿⡣
ַĬȻʵͷе⣬ԼֻҪʵıףͻԼһ
ѾӵҶӨٻελٽ뻳УԵ̫̰ġ
һֱַ֪Լ⣬ҲǴӲǼѶԴһ
ٴ̾Ϣʲôã̫̰ˣûŮˡ
Բ𡱣µַûʲô˵ˣŮһǾԲܵ¡
ĲһǣĲ⡱¶ϧҲΪ˵ͷ
Ҫ֪ΪҵŮǶ飬˵ҵȨƣˣҲǸεˡ
ַݾܾˣʮֵĸɴ࣬Ҳ֤ǸˣʹӦĻỳƷ
һˮַ̾˿٣ʶŮ֮ǰһԥѡڣȴǲܶԲǣ¡
վ˸ȭַЩȻתǵſȥ



65 ľ
Сͦˣνͷַݵؿڣ
ʵַһңѾˣֻû뷨ǣһɻЩ
ε㷢ַҡҡͷûµģһ¾ͺˣġ
Ź֡죬Щίһţһֱڻôģ
ʲôĵ£˵ҺһеҲࡣ
šַصĵ˵ͷԥú̾ϢһˣҲѧУ
Ϊʲô¶ȣǶЩôͻȻǶ𡣡
֪СٻĴڣǶʧ˰ɡַҡҡͷЦΪʲôҺûʲô뿪һǾöԲ
ģϾЩģŻеΡգգۣһѪĵ
ַסˣεĻһģû˼Ƿ񶨵ġ
ûоַݾͲ֣ҲὫҡ
΢΢һ̾ϢַεĶͷⶼҪˣҪģϧСٻ
ɵϡ̧ͷַһۺĴͬһȼ˸ɲ
ҹַص˼Уһ಻ԶڵԺӣвЩʧ䡣
Ƕ˵ܽַݴ˿гȻ˯⣬Ժеʯǰ£ӳ̵һ׾ơ
δٺúȵľҲûζַȴǲԸ£һڽһڣһƿһƿ
ԺУӴֵһĻĻԺпѹⴼһ㣬
˾ʹˣټȥַΨһģףҸ
ƽƾûַݵ񾭣ĸ࣬Խǿɬ
գַݷ˾ƿתص˷˯£Ͼ˲ܻڻ䵱УҪʵ

һɫ˿ʱ䣬Ѿ쵽Ͽεʱ䣬ַҲˣϴϺ󣬾ſȥ
һӰվԶַݵþɵһۣٴεͷĬĬĸĽŲ
˿ŨƬƬҶƮ㣬С·ҲַݵĲΪ֮һ̾
͵ӰյУ¶ɻΪûַݵϣֱ֡
ת²ɫһ㶣漴¶Σ˼·Ѿµʲô
ɱż׵ľ룬¶ԥڿҪߵС·ͷʱ¶˾ġ
׷ǰַݣ¶εɫԲ𡣡
ַһ㶣ĿǰյΪʲôҪ˵Բûʲô
ҡҡͷҴӦõǸ
ˣ뿪¡ַݿɬһЦŽȥ
վԭأϵľ׽ַݻе˼ô룬Ҳ벻ס
Ͽ죬ַݴſϣʦһֶûȥֻʱʱĻῴһԿõλã·ٻӰڡ
ҴԺ˫գޣ⼸еˮ
һζ飬û뵽ȴĽûʼѾ
ַݣǸ쵰ȫַݵݣվԹ
С˵ûǼһǸ쵰ѡһ϶ϵתͷȥ
үүүӵĻУǸһΪʲôҪҵ磬ȻҪ֣Ҳʲôֲһ㡣
үص̾˿ԵעԵ޷ݡ
ҲҪүүҺòãŮ˴߸ߣҾͿԺһˡ
Сصĺһ䣬үɫޱȸӵɣģүүԸܸҵĿţһ𣿡
ҲҪҾҪһүүҺòáţ
ԵԵүɫʱ̾ʱŭ޲ͽַϳһ٣һͷ֮ޡ
·¶˾޴ľһ㣬̧ͷүүȥӰɡ
үӾȵĿ۽漴̾ϢҲãֻУҲˣֻ࣬Һ綼㿪̵ƣҪ׼
Ѿˡصĵ˵ͷһ˿ȻַݣԼһȫµĿʼ



66 ¶
֪Ϊʲô֪ѾӺַȴص˿
⼸ԺһֱӰӣ֮ȥȴôҲѧ뿪
¿𣬰ർʦٴһȥǵʰñƷһǾͳҪٵ
ർӰ뿪ҺɲǼҶ۵ȻΡ
ַȤȱȱҲͬѧ̫ѽڣֻòμεĻ
һ磬ַݵӰ˴ͳǰ˾ǣûһСֻһڴװ˼ϴ·ѡ
βģַһϳĽУյԡ
˶ûпڣֻĿŴķ羰ַǴ˶ŸЩץ
ôõĹᣬַݾȻúϧǣڵˡ
ڲַ࣬ȴǲΪѾܵˣټӸգеܣԱ־á
ҶӨٻѾѡҲͨԤѡΪõõʣַĵİѡŸ
ԭɣַѡĸǱ˵裬вŵһδĳ
ͳʼн΢΢ַݴӱóһףʼɿʼ
ֻʮӵʱ䣬׸ӾѾ׺ãַ˳ƽҲժ¼
̧ͷ˸ַķ۾Ŀַݵף׵Ӳ΢΢һ죬ϾΪ͵
ԴˣַȻǺ⣬׺Ϻ󣬼϶ҶӨٻѡźʵĸ
;ֶѧȻһϵеֻһ֮ھıԼյע⡣
ֻȴޱȵʧӶûתһ£ֻԹԵĿŴķ羰
˵ĵطͻжԹһѧУͽУͷУȻŮﲻ
ԵһŮһ׸ʦƼർҪͬѧһ°ɡ
ർһۣ˵ͷǺðɣͬѧչʾһ²Σ
ûȤͷתͷñһǸŮش
ŮɫЩʦɫЩΣղͬ⣬Ҳǿֻýŵַݵϡ

ַͬѧҪԣ
Щӣⴿ֣֮ȻʦˣҲپܾ
վַߵ΢ǰλãһбżͬѧͬѧܽһļ𣿡
ûַ볪һ׸裬ܲ峪ɣԽһѼǱġ
û⡱ͬѧˬĽַݣҽЩҪעĵط
ߵͳǰַڰŵλ£
ȻȲӴרҵ豸ҲһѲļȫҪ
˫ַۣصĺһԺĵεΡ
ĺȻ˫ַۣ˫ֿʼһΰԹļ𣬽ͳϵ˸ն⡣
һ٣ַݿڵͳԼУǱ˵ĸԼóһС
ַеİˣȾ⾳ҲǳУһ˺ðŻع
ллļͬѧַݻصԼλã϶˫ۡ
ɣҪ᲻ãԼϲˡвϵĸԼַѾ¶޽
ַݱͳÿɣټһ׶裬˲ٿŮģŮͬѧҲġ
ֻǿԵպ󣬶ʱɫһ㶣¶Ȼɫǿûʲô
֮ͬѧǶϿʼַݳ׸ԭ
˾ȵǣ׸ǵĸվѯһȦ󣬴ҶõͬĴ𰸣
գһλŮ׳ŵӣߵַݵԵͬѧ׸赽ܹҵԭ
ȻҲ˵⣬ֻʼնû뵽׸ֻδҵ
¶һЦݣַҡҡͷǸ׸ҲģһѵԭҪ˶ãǾԭ˭ʱ֪ˡ
ŮԵЩʧҲõ׼ȷϢҲûпֶɡ



67 ˻ع
Ůͬѧڴ뿪ַ϶ȴһԴԱĻΪʲôҪƭǣԼдġ
ǺǡַֻɵЦûֱشգ϶˸衣
ĬȻþַһۣͷת˴⣬˷羰ֻȴôƽ
Сվǵ۾ŮеĽ㣬ߵͬĿꡣ
ַݶȴӶȻַ֪Լܱģ˵زҲЩӡ
ӹ鸴ӣͬСӰҪַݵע⣬׷Լ״ͦá
ֻڼӵüθһЩĸС
ͳͷһΣеζЩܲˣҪŻµĸо
ȴѡֻͣЩ̾סģԳ;ɫһҰס
ŻʵͲסˣոϽץλϵһ׼Ż£ȴһû³
˴ĶȻַݵע⣬ɫҰף²µģʱü
һӺַгŰɫҩ裬ݸյγҩȥͺˡ
ɻַԼҩһۣջѡ˽ӹ֡
ַݣųôˣַݲԲŸҰĵķ¡
۽븹УʱǷθҺƽܵһкյͷлл
лӦõġַ΢΢һЦٴδ˶·һ۵С°㡣
ٴԼ£ͳҲԼ˴˴εĵص㣬ʼΪó̡
ȻѧУѾסַȻͬѧһһ䷿Եർɢַݾ뿪ȥùݰһ䡣
ֻɺϵǣʱյӰҲǰ̨ķ䣬ҲԱߣٴγΪھӡ
뷿һϴַݻһеķװ׼úùһط
˴Ȼ㲻ʲô羰ʤأҲһ羰õĵطȻѧУҲѡ
;ַҲһЩصز׼ؼ͸ŮȻᣬ⵽˾С
ַ׼ʰŻؼҵʱȴǰһдЩʮֵϤ
ԥһºַݻ׼ȥʲôµĻⲻȥ

һȺëͷСӣȻҹܱʱˣȰǸϽʲôû
ʲôطһЩƦåʱȴ鷳һмͬѧԸ
ֻЩѧֵܵסЩƦвѾ¶ţǲǰĻܡ
ҲЩţѰֱһεİťҪ˶ãͻǰԮȡ
ܱвһλѧ׳ŵվ˳вҿ㻹ǿ߰ɣȻͬѧˣԲ˶ߡ
λѧвܱʱЦܵСҲЦĿֱ
ЩѧӣҶֱӷŵȰ㻹ǸϽɣŮó
ܣǴҵ̤ȥѧҧҧɫ˿Եգ۶ûԼһ¡
ӴܱϷһЦԵСܵ󱦣СӹͷͦӲȥɹǰɡ
û⡱¶˷ܣӹ󷽵ĹӣλӲͷѧȥ
Щɬ촽λѧŷԼˣĻԺ˶û
ȴ᲻ֻĿŴ󱦵
žԤ뵽ͷѪûн٣ۺȴǷһ׳ӰվǰǸץС
û£ͱӢۣ㻹ǿ˻ȥɡַݻҡҡͷ
Լӣ󱦶ʱ뽫ӳֻȴǯ㣬εĽץС
Сӣ¡ܱЩȵĿַһۣͬʱЩ裬Ϊĳ˺ܿǸӵġ
һЦַϷʵܱĻھ͸ô¸Ͻߡ
ķߣܱ¶һ˿ȻСֵ֣һϡ
׻˵ҹʦʦ㹻ǿʧܵɻҹַݱȻǿ
ЩƦõĶĵֶΣַݻ˲СӰ죬˲ٵʱŽǸ



68 ε
أַݶվڵƦģս㲻ս񣬱񿴵ĵƦ޲ˡ
ΧԵѧҲ𾪵ַݣΪʱŷַݵĿֲһʮ
ַܱϷʵԺӷһ㣬ЩǲĴڡ
ǡܱæĵͷ϶ദطʹҪ֪ղַݲֹһصչ
ǺǡһЦַվתͷͬѧ㻹ǿȥɣҲûʲôÿģټ
˻ַֺȥԥһ󣬻ǿ粽׷
лл΢΢һף˵лл۲ɫ
ãֻǷȰһ䣬ǱˣȥɣΣաַݶסͣ̾˿
һ΢΢죬ȴʲôҲû˵ֻóĬԴ
Ҳ֪㾿ʲôĿģ㲻ǸøҪ˴𣿡
ҶûĿģҲûҪԸ㡱ַݵĻҧЩ
ַ΢΢һ㶣յһ󣬵óһۣû˵ѡ
ңΪʲôתҵİϣҵԣסҵĸڣһжɺϣ
ȻյѾ͸¶һЩϢַȴҷɾ裬ٴηʵ
һжΰŵģֻǱܣҪΪʲôֻԼˡ
Ŀһַۣݴпණ籯ݣǿԼʡ
޷ټȥҲʲʲôȻֻ΢΢̾˿תùȥ
ûԥĸַݵɱҵľ룬·ϰߡ
µʱУַͬѧһͬŴ˴ķ羰ҲμĵĻ
ֻռȴ·˱㣬ʲôҲû˵ͬİһ㡣
ڣ;ͬѧǻû񫣬ַȴǸо͸ǽˡ

һˬַݷһϴԺпʼ˳
ûŵǣһȭûд꣬绰ȴò
ַݣôһˣŮ˺ܸܶ鷳ģȰ㻹Զɡ
ʲôʱһˣôַ֪ЩãȻͷ
㻹װ⣬ζĬ˻м٣۾ˡЩ
ôܡַҲֵܱˣЩĪҸôܻߵһҺڿѶ㲻ϡ
˵ĶģַݻеãȻȻ˳ٴ֤
ȻģģбҪ𡱣ַݿЦӵ
Ͳһͷ˳УðŻȻˣˣһԼųĻĿĿ϶ΪУҪ֪յĽ߿ɲ١
ΪʲôҪôַݵһ⣬ΪʲôȴѾ
ΪЩԥҧ˳㱳ĶܸȤ
Ķַһ䣬ɫвЩأȻ֪Լľʲô
δ̵νǸıһĶ˵ֳȴǱ죬ַȥ
ҸټȥҲٿһ˿׹⣬ַݾһ˿ˡ
Ҷϵ绰ַݻص˷У׼ϴ·û뵽ȴǴ
գſٻӰַݲü
Ϣǲ㴫ȥģΪʲôҪôҲ䣬г˷ŭ
ҴȥģַȻ˹տ϶ʲôЩԳʼУС㣬ҶûȤҲʹĵֶΣ㻹ȥΰɡ
Ĳ㣿ַ̬ȣղЩɫѿü˼Żе˼
ףҶˡַƲƲ죬ǰŮ˸е
ȻӵգȴûһܺõļͥǹĶǵļͥУһ۰ɡ
뵽ַͻȻ뵽ȻûôĽߣȴҸģиĸүӡ
ֱ꣡ӹ˷ţַݻӻֵ;ɣҲҪˣûõġ
ΣҧҧεĿģжַݵθٴ
̧ͷԶȥıӰ䣬촽Բ𡭡



69 
Ե쳣֣˶һ⣬ǾԼַ˵¡
Ȼˣף֮٣ĻֻԼ׼Ϸ
Ҫ֪յ׷߿ɲ٣һַӵ뻳ѶȲνߡ
ʱԴרУһװ˺ɫƾľƱƷһڡ
꣡¶һĨЦݣƱ˵ϡ͡
ȷϡֻͣ治ף㵽ΪʲôǸַݵˣֵ㽫սܴ棿
εһЦָָԵɳ˵ǲ֪ĺƵܱǸҲش𡣡
ûϵ֮ǰҾֻֽ֪ҡҡͷϸϸƷһںƵ
ȻˣΪʲôҪʣξ˾ٱ΢Цѯʵ
ֻҰİˡ˸̾һ䣬ε˫۵Ǹַ뱧˹ɲô׵£֪ģѾϲʮꡣ
֪صĵ˵ͷһε£˭Ҳǿǰɡ
žƱ͵ĵϣվĻǾͲö˵ˣַһأһһС
飡ű£˾޴죬ȴǺ⣬ϷʵϷˡ
δö¥칫ңַŶȣԳݵ裬¶һ˿
ַһеģβ˸۵ֳûһ㵣𣿡
İַݵ˵ͷ²豭һЦʲôãˮڡ
±̫࣬ˮͣǵס¶һ˿ǣΪ鷳ʵ̫ˡ
ַݲ֪ж׷ߣЩ׷жĲȴ֪
ĻĶöͲֿܹģҲѡ
һȻģַ¶΢ЦˣͲҪˣһģһҽһܻ徻ġ
ϣɡص̾˿ΨһεЩ˲ôܸԼһ㻺ʱ䡣

صԼķ䣬ַݰչ˽鿴ԼõĶ
ԴϴַݾɺǱ߾û˶ֻĽѾɵߡ
ȴļػ棬ȴַݲЦҡͷһŮӶϡ
ʵڣַѾȫųɱĿܣΪ½½ļûǸӣҲûǸ¡
ٴε㿪õļػ棬ֻǿһᣬַоһ⣬૵¶𡣡
ò˵صķǳãַ˼ôãһֱڼˣҲ¡
ٽƻĺ꣬Ҳ㲻ˣʾ¼Ѿ˵һУɱģҲһֲ߻ġ
ַݵص³һҲãҲɱֵζɡ
ûַ׼Լ֣ҲҪɱãֻζԼһЩ
һδɱֵļ䣬ַݿԽ˵ɱǿˣԲᳬ
ַݻһ޴ƣǾ׼ҵķԼͼ֪һһͨӼһС
ֻһΣַݿɲ⣬Ǳ˸סĻܿܶ
׼Ȼûʲô֣ǹּﻹкüģء
ȥ֮ǰַݱҪ׼һЩҪĶҹ£ףԼֶΡ
룬ȻַۣݿȴҪǹõĸ
ͱ˵ɣȻԶװ䴩͸ԼɱͨǹǿˣҪһ㣬ǾûǹӴ
˵룬Ȼֻһ糤̣ףǲ˵ѨǾ˲
ʵɱּеİַܶ࣬ɵʯǹ÷УַݻǱȽƫڹ롣
ر룬Ҫɱ˵ĻַݻͿһЩδĶҩֻҪһ㣬˾ͱɣִĿƼɽδĶء
ȵȡһ׼ַ֮ͻȻǰһΪ뵽һ⡣
ǷһĨЦݣַȻǶϲңҲǣǲ붷ܶԷ𣿡
ڰ׼ԼؼңַͨͨûκεĺøУ԰ͲǶһ
ȴֻһֱ̽û浶ǹĶһַȴҪģǴˣԼҲ˸



70 Ǳ
ҹһƬͬİ׼ȴӭһλֻ֮ͣͬһ㣬Ʈء
׼ҵԺܶź߸Ӧ˽Ļһʱ֪
ӰӴǽͷ߸Ӧȴûһ죬·ӦѾһ㡣
ûӰȻٵַݣȵ߳ӦķΧ˸£ַвۿƼִļôܱȵĹδ
ʵЩ豸ַݷַӾͿԽرգ쳣ĻȻľֻһͨ˴˴
һ߹ˣڿʼƽڶ߰ɡţֱַӴϵרԣһֵֻĻ档
Ϊһɱ֣Ķɲ٣Ҳ֮һȻַݲûϵͳ˽ִļԣ޵еĴڡ
ֻʮ벻ַݾѾ˰׼Ҽҵĺ̨һγСʱĻУʼ̨š
㶨ַݵһЦԹرգվͬӰһõסȥ
·ȻвٵİԼڣַȴǵ·ɱܹ
ЩľȮҲûκεãΪַһˮ뻷Ϊһ塣
ò˵׼ҵķĺǿϤڲɱֽ˵ǱܹЩˣĿסҲ
Щַ˵Ͳ⣬Ϊ֮ǰѾ趨ѵн·ߡ
ֻЩͻ¼һͱ¶˵Уһͷ亹
ܹصķַ˰õסǰͬһֻɵèһΧǽһɽĺ档
ͨӼĻ棬ַܹ׼ȷĲ׽˯λãͲýС
ַҪɱõĻǴʱаٷ֮ʮļһ
ַݴ˴ǰĿȴˣ᲻ðôõһѵ
ȷŹɡַЦӸ˲ֿȡ˸źĹ󣬲ڹϴһֽ
ַ̧ʼͨӼŰ˯λá
գַݽĿ궨˰ͷһ紦ȷ֮ȵİ˰
ಡڹľ£һХֱ䴩ľʵĴֱͷһ紦ȥ
ġֱ˰˯ľϣǾ޴ѽѡ
̧ͷһһֱԼͷҡţðɫһ԰ףЩŵĴ󺰵ˡ
ĿѾﵽַȻûҪ£һ뵽ڰС

ûһΣþԼ˵ĽӽֻҪֻҪµһ㣬ԼԴͻᱻ䴩
׼ҴУλϣ·һ˵ʵңôģΪʲôûз֣
˶ͷûһԸ⿪ڣ˭ҲԸԼΡ
û˿𣿡ɫЩָ˵һôǮǣȴ˲õҵͷǻʲôã
٣ԵЩƣվԲ֪ڷǳŭûйҲпǰɡ
ղҲȥҾûκεиǾְĿţֻǸɱʵ̫ǿˣǵķϵͳҶǵԱһȮûвϢԡ
ҲŻ㶪ǰɣɫĵһۣɫƣĻ˻֣Ƕȥɣϣû´Ρ
ǡ仰˶ص˿ߵһмĿ¡
Ⱥ֮󣬰òŽһֽ˳ݸߵһ£ô¡
ͷһֽ֮ȴдһԣ˲֪ǼĪΪ
٣ûκ˽¡ϲ¶һ˿֣Ҫ֪ɱ¿һֲٰģ֪ˣѾˡ
ߡһü֪㲻ôĺܺ棬ô֪µģɱ־ô
ǮҪҲҪԼͷǰԵûôҪˡ
ԭþԼҾ޵ȫбϣ֮ȴЩš
ϢǱԼԣԼһȻû˵ԼһëԷҪȡ˿Ѿȥү
亹ֱ˼Ƭ̺󲻽ǰһ˽ɱֵģȻɱ֣ǿɱֱԼ
õͷǮȱǮȡԼİһ㶼ġ
ǵ֮󣬰һĨϷʣ૵ɣ֪ôַѾ˸ҡ



71 ¶
صػ棬ַ¶˵Цݣ૵ԼɣĲˣ֡
ַţº󣬰֮ìҲἤȻҲǰСС֡
ֻзղվ鷳ĸԴû취ȥֻͣñС
뵽ַݲЩ̾û뵽Լ۾ûãô鷳¡
ҲЩңĻڵ϶ôֹۣ˵ѱȻص
һ뵽ַݵԺֲֳһٻӰڵ㣬
ٴλָռͬİ·ַݾǣô˾ȻûԸǡ
ⲢַݷɣǸӵľΪܿܶԷһУ֮ơ
ֵһǣҶӨٻμӵѡĿҲǽеݱƾǾ˵Ѿۼһķ˿
ǡûнĿİţַϵҶӨٻ׼Ҹط۾ۣѾûˡ
һ磬ַݾʰȥ׼ӭѾСҶӨٻ
Сʱһİ˹ͣĴſڲԶŮߡ
Ҫ֪ߺҲУǧܳҲ֮٣ҿĻǸ˧磬ĳЩŮǰһ
ֻǵȴʮӣַݾѾŮĴڨҳĶҲܴ򵽰ʮϡ
ֻЩݽŮַݺȤҶŮѾЩߣϾÿ춼ŵ۾һŮҲˡ
ٴδһʧŮҶӨٻӰڳַݵУֻȴΧΧī
ǺĻǻһϲʶʮַ꣬Ȼܹһϳ
ҶӨٻʱַݾѾ˳ţϳѸٵĹر˳ţһŮĽﳤȥ
ŰʵʵҶӨٻַֻôˣҶûϳ㡣
͸ַһۣҶӨٻЦΪЩжӣᵽ˵ǵĿ
ַݶʱЦйж׷֤˰ʱǵøǩ˵ٿ顣
ᣬ֪ϴˢҡٴΰַһۣҶӨٻЩ
ߴһżɲַݶʱͣ·ߣаЦſҶӨٻֹҪϴˢ㣬һҪ۸ૡ
һѽҶӨٻ§˻УַصȥƷҶӨٻĽҺ
ҶӨٻĻӦַݣôûж˼ѷĳ֡

ȻҶӨٻѾСȻԭһ޹˼ɵڽͷϡ
ֻѡһҿԳ˵ľԼ̡
ȶһЩëƤС£ȴִ˲ƣ߶߶Ľá
ͻȻҶӨٻ뵽ʲôԥƬ̣̽ѯʵˣǸգôƯ𣿡
ַͷһʱֵ֪ˣǶԶﴫҸûκιϵġ
֪ҽ͹ˣֻǺѣ㲻ýôࡱҶӨٻ񾲵κεв
ŶԭַһЦƯƯľɽһҺһڶ˵һ仰ܻϲġ
ૣҶӨٻ̧ͷַݣгָӵ
ҡַ죬͵ʲôߣȴôҲ˵ڡ
ҶӨٻУѾµѾʲôʱҪʲôɾһΡ
ܵίѾܶ࣬ʱ˵ֻͨϵĻǶĲҲǶҶӨٻһƭ
תַ֮ݵͷɬСٻԲ֪ῴģ
ûֻҪңѾ㹻ˡҶӨٻַݻһ˿Ȼ
ַݻǰַݣȻһεĴڣ˭û˽ģ˭ӵԼˡ
һֱַݵĺȣΪ˲ٵ鷳Ͳһ
ַ֮ѡĻΣϾӸûô㡣
ԴòصѡȻܲƽֺγƽ
ַҶӨٻܽεĴڣȫԤϣⲻҪĽ
ĽҶӨٻ§˻Уַĥ㷢СٻԲ𡣡



72 Լ
εԭɣҶӨٻҪַݶһ㣬ǹػһ졣
ҹĻĽ٣ɲԸֿԳԹͺһͬһһʮֲKTV׼衣
ֻˣֻҪһС㹻ˣ䷴
ò˵ҶӨٻĸǳİַݾδЩ󶼲Ϸֺ
һˣַžžƣЦҼСٻһܳΪҸҿ϶
ૡҶӨٻһЦҲǳģԼڵһеԸ
ˣȳһװɣȥϸ䡱˵꣬ҶӨٻ˻֣ȥ
һ˳Ȼû˼ַݿһ£ͳֻδȥ
СǸСٻһôʱҴ绰ѵ𣿡
ǻеȻַݲһȴûƽô࣬صСٻȥˣ֪Һһ𡣡
ǺǡβûκξȣһЦͲµֻû˵ѣСٻૡ
⡭ַݶʱЩɵۣ뵽Թɫı죬οǱǿˡ
ǻһ𳪸裬Ǿ֤֮Ŷ֪ܴһૣٺ١
ԺиֳһڴϵĻ棬ַ񼸺ʧأðŷӦǸ
ٴһַݱҶ˵绰ץϵıơͺһڣŽ
˿ϵʱ䣬ҶӨٻȥѾȥ˽ʮӣַЩɻôûл
ѵʲô鷳뵽ַݲüҪ֪KTVɲʲôõط
ٵӣַʵסˣֱƿţʱһǰмҶӨٻЩŵĺ
ַ˲䱩ŭ˳ִһһΧҶӨٻļȥ
꣡
ַݱŭ֮ûκεıֱҵһӵȲͷѵš
ͻȺ˸һһӶʱСӣ£СĳԲ˶ߡ
ַݻǰаЦŵԲ˶ߣҿ˵ԼɣҲ⣬ͨͨҵʡ

ŵŵͬ飬ַݴвƽвһ
ʱĻ飬˿Եļͬƽ׳׳ҶңҰֿƹƽ
ڵᣬٲôһЩƴˣƽ֮һΪԼиõϵԺ
۾ĹȦŶŲϣһĸԼĹȴûģοַС
СӣûУٵĸ׿Ǿһ֣һ绰η
ǺǡַݵһЦмĿƽֳҵĹӣͿһ̫͵
㵽˭ַݵĻԼǲм飬ƽͷһѾ˲õԤС
ŬĻ䣬Ҳ벻۾ʱַֻý䱸
ַݵһЦʼ˭ҪŽ֮һܵõһļ䡣
ƽɵӣַһĵģѾ֪ԼӲӡ
ηĿַһۣƽЩȻû뵽ֻǿһδСǣԼôĿ
Ѿˣƽֻõͷԩ˽ⲻ˽ᣬλֵ㿴Ҳûеֵ֣ܻˣ¾˺𣿡
ˣǺǡַݵһЦߵһǰʹһţĿƽŮˣҲԸˣ
ƽһ˿ŭַǿƵ̬ȴȴǲκεĶֻõͷô죿
ַһЦ˵۸ǣһʮ⣬ԼȣȲҾԼ
˴ˣҲ֪ʲôݣǵ۾ҵͷ̧ͷ𣿡ƽһ˿ŭԼȥĻôˣ
вңַݵһЦӻͳһŷĿƬ˻εãƾĵǱˣҺΣ
𿨣һ˿ֵɫƽҲֻÿɬһЦ¶ȻĶԵ˵ңȰɡ
žžžһƬַҲʧȥ˿ȥȤҶӨٻ뿪KTV
ϣҶӨٻ͸ַһǣǽŵУԿԼںѾ㹻



73 鷳
ʱ䣬ֵȵ޷μŵҸνⶾҩУ˶εĵȴš
ýԼıҲǵأҸνⶾҩǿʱҩ˵Ǹı硣
˵ҩ˵ԼͥǮƷ룬μ˵ĺôȴ
ڶ۵ʱξַһҩֻ׬ԪǮһóһƣǽμŵﵽ˶塣
ҲæĲɿڹ˾ĸ߲ҲֵܰҲ۵ĲУַͨʱ䶼޼
еıַֽݲ¶΢ЦҪ˶ãҾͻ˰ɡ
ǶĶӮǮûϣΪǸͲ;õġ
ص˿ַвЩ̾ڵ˳ɾͣȴȫδ̵꣬ȻֻǸͨѧ
ȻûεĻڿܻһķܶһС
˵ܲٲܲپ͵绰ַȲĽȴƣСǺ鷳ˡ
ţַһüô£ѵ˸°ӣ
ġγƬ̣Լ鷳˳ַȴüͷա
˵һ츣ҩӦǶֲ֧ŶԣտʼҲȷȴ˷
ҩͻȻվ˵ҸνⶾҩҩɷֻһЩûвҪȥҩ˺С
ηյǣýҲ̿ʼ飬ҺǺ˵ҸνⶾҩܺʲôãԲŻᱻͣ
ȻȻ󲨣ýҲŻɵ̬ȣеҲʼɿ𣬽ԽԽ
ַݲٴüٷôȥĻ϶μɷǳĲӰ졣
΢΢Ƭַ̺ѯʵȷڱ𣿡
ȷȻҩ˲ͻȻĿڣҰҲȷĸ
֪ˣ¾ͽҰɡַһ˿⣬ˣһڡ

Ҷϵ绰ַݵ㿪ҳҵԼҪϣܳĿĵȥ
ҿ϶һҩֳڣЩ˲Ÿð˴ΪĽҸνⶾҩͣ
Ҫ⵹ǣǾ͵ôӴ֣ҵȷ֤ݣһʧ
ҩ칫¥ĲԶַͳӼ׼ȷڰ칫Ұ칫ҩֳ
ַţ˿϶´ָϵʱܾܳڽ죬Ͼ£ÿĿ
һкַͳֻٴθδ˸绰Ҫģס档
ַһģôҲ˿ɵĴ˹
һ죬ҩֳԵޱһ°ַһϤĵطȥط
˵ְλûʸУôȥˣȻܵʲô˵롣
ַݲһЦ֪ĻʹͿҪˣ˭ܿܽ
꣡ķűҩֳƿһѾ˾ˮ󣬵ˣ
õģлл١ҩֳ¶ĵ飬нٵԣȴ̸
Ӱͳһ֧ƱٵݸҩֳַݽһϵĽ
лл٣лл١ҩֳĽ֧Ʊ뻳Уͷĸлš
лҸνⶾҩ£ĺܲӦõģһݸҩֳһƣ΢Цŵ
ⶼӦõģ٣롱ҩֳ¶Ц⣬󽫱кһ
˱˺Ⱦ״̬ҸνⶾҩĻҲû̸ַݹر˼¶Ц⣬Σǻ
ַֻлЩɻپ˭Ϊʲô˵μţԼ
ҪǸ˵ݣܸõ˽Լĵˣڱ
ƵȡֱַӴεУѾ֪ô
ֻǼʱ䣬εĵ绰˹ЩϲСȻûʧôͽ⡣
ǺǡַݵһЦöѣǸʶΪʲôǣ
ҲǸĹְΪʲôԸǣһʱҲ²
ʲôַȻλеԥ˵˲Ĳ
֪Ǹ̹ڷܶ˵ұۣ˵»᲻̹ڱ



74 鷳
̹ӣͷַݲüû뵽ԼָһӸ˹ϵȻǳ
Ҫ֪ÿһӶǵ۾һҲѲѡĻ治Ըǽ
Ըȴž£ƵĻһǡ
ĻڻҲû֮أ⼸νֲ
΢΢̾˿ַݿڵ㣬֪ΪʲôԸǣѵ̹ϲգ
ҲǺϾǸε飬֪Ļ٣֪
ţҸνⶾҩ£ûʲô˰ɣַصĵ˵ͷ̹ҪŪףӦԴʩ
ƵѾ㹻ҿһŷᣬͲҪˡ
ãעϢַݵ˵ͷҶ˵绰󣬼ĵ绰롣
ַû뵽ǣĵ绰ȻػЩЦá
ţҶϵ绰ַͻȻһԴ૵£˭ȵ˸˽ૡ
ƿţַݾֱյķȥſڵʱȴԥˡ
ʵ治֪ΪضģԼҲᱻʦ
ˡ뵽ַҲ׼ȥˣתԼȥղǡ˴ա
£һ˿ȣȻھӣûдܹһţַݵͻȻ٣ܲȣ
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˵ɣ֪йءַݵıֲνԣȻܾʹ˷Ź
ðɡַԥƬ̣ҧҧҾʣ̹Ӿǲ׷ߣ
¶ɻ󣬵˲䷴Ӧüѵ㣿
ǰɡյıУַѾõҪĽȻ̹ӳ֣Ϊա
ǽգַвЩӣ̾Ǻջˮ
¶˷ŭı飬մô޹ģһͣ֡
˵ţձͳֻȴǱַһѽָץסҡҡͷ

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ǡɫӵĿַݣɫҲЩ΢죬в²ѵϲԼ
ϼƮɣʤգַȴɿյ֣˼ԲҲǹġ
˵һͷ㷢ҡҡͷַݵ˫۵û£ֻΪʲô㲻ֹ
˵˾ֻǵìܸӼַ¶һĨϷʣˣջӴ̫١
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Ļô죿Զͺͽⲻ˰¶˵ǣĴΣ͸ַݴ鷳
˭˵Ҫͽ⣿ַһ⣬ҪͽҲǲԣҵǸ
ַݴӲǸԸԿˣ̹˵Ѿȫͷͽ⣬ǲϲ
ǣ㶷մĿַݣɲΪַŰ⵹̹ӵ
ûԹ˭ַ֪ݵһЦεˣ鷳̹ӵĻһ
ַ֣תȥҵͲùˣúΪɷܶɡ
㡭֣ȴǲ֪ʲôɣֻĿӰԶ롣
лص䣬ַɳ˳˼УҪ붷̹ӣǼѵ顣
Ҫ֪̹ӹļţʶǹ󣬿˵ְλΪҷ
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ȴǲòôΪѾ𣬶ַҲһݣֻҪ̹Ӹſ£ģҲ˸Ҷʹӡ
飬Ҫӳ飬Ҫȫ⵹һսÿһܳ
Ҫ֪һԼ̹ӸץѱǺܾܿͻһʧǧźޣѹķ
ַݱҪúδ̵ƣþƽ󻯵չ
ͬʱҲҪ£һܹõǸε˨ԼϣΪԼṩӴ
뵽ַݲ˿һ˿Ϸʣ̹ӣ¹˭֣ĿԴ



75 
μŵŷٿĵĸý嶼ˣѵ֪󣬽ìͷһָҩֳ
رЩͻضҸεĻߣǷŭޱȣҪ֪ҩǿϣĻҪǵ
ǹڣǹҲ߹ע飬ҲͬʱԼеķ߿ЩһʾС
ҳһ࣬Ϊ¼ǵҩֳȴֻǷɵϳ͡
˵ĵ£ҶǽȫķŵҩֳϣΪ¼ı٣ȴûʲôϢ
ⲻǷǳĲ޿κΣϾֻܲԼĹ۵㣬Ǿ֮ˡ
ÿҹôĵ۾˴εţǵĿĺܼ򵥣ܹҵԼǿˡ
ǿ֮٣ǾֻеȴԸŹÿһᣬıƿĹ
ʱֺŰУȴӭһˣν̹ӵұۡ
Ƿ̹ϵҲصͷģۡ
췢£ȴȫֱ껳֣Ѿҩֳһ
ͷһµģ˰УǰΣ껵٣ԲҲû뵽
Ǻǡ¶˺ҡҡͷ˵Բ𣬱Ͼʵ̫аš
ǰڽʱҾѾ˲ûм豸Ǳ¼Ҷ֪ô¡
¶һ˿ɬȫһطʵȴ
ţСĿڵ٣˵»᲻ġ
ΣüҪ˭ĻɾΡ
ڹ鷿Ҳ֣ҪżĻ׾١
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ȷǾô£ϸһ˼Ҳͬĵ˵ͷϾ¶ε𺦿Ǹȫ˵Ļ˭ǰ
ֻ˭ЩģһʧܣҪǰ̣ܹޣ
Ǻǡ¶˵ЦݣǵĶ֣ҲôૣԺ£øСˡ
˼ǣַݣһ㶣漴һأַݵĻⳡϷɾͺÿˡ

Ȼ̹ӡַ΢ЦŹر˼ȴǳ˿˿裬껵ı֣ǿҵΣС
Ժǵ緽ʽ϶ˡַݲЩ۵̫Ѩ
ϵĵ˲£ΪʱӦԵķǰеĵˣǿɾ鷳ˡ
µҲֻлֻܱļвС
һϵеĳ֮£μŵǵû⵽ƻǸӵ졣
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˵УҸνⶾҩʽۣĳ˶ǿĵɴ˫ۡ
ֻһ磬Ļȫ⣬βòߴŹӴٶȣҲֻǱˮнѡ
ĴҲǷ׷״绰Ҫ۸ԭĻҪ˰ٷ֮ʮ
ȴܾͨͨΪڵгû㣬ô㵽г
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ô֪Ӧиǧɡַ㶣ǸһԱصļ۸
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ôôַࣿݶʱɴ˫ۣ¶𾪵ɫΪȫԤϡ
Ⲣ֣Ҫ֪Ϳʼ̻ˣǲܲĻ϶ܸࡣ
ַݲ˵ͷϾĶǴ̣ҪĻѾ׼ˣԲŻ𺳵ĽԺġ
ַҪʱ䣬Ҹνⶾҩڵ룬һٿ븻ȦС
йʽһҲֻǸͷѣҪǮĲҵ
ַݲ뿼ЩӦôһԼܲǰɣ
ˣҪʲôҶԴӦ㡱ַİοһ䣬˵Լľġ
֣ζʱ˾ԥ˰󣬲뵽³һô
û⡱ַݺˬĴӦһͶѣһΰ׵ġ
Ǿˣ°һԼŶýĳΡλһЦиΪԼ³ˣоá



76 
ȻҪοΣַȻԴýû
Ժԥģַݿʼ˴ɹ׼һٵصͣһͬ
ַֻƽʱͲԼҪ³Ļԭϣζ϶ñ룬Գ˵Ǽǳ˷ʱ¡
ַ˵ȴټ򵥲飬Ҫ֪δ̵ʲôУͲҪ
ǮԪַȻģԹ򵽵ʳĶģͱ˵㣬͹ʱ򣬶ǻġ
ַ˽ĲǺܶ࣬ܲסиĴԣĶܱȲЩͨˣѾǲֺ
ԲһᣬھƮʳζַԼǴΡ
ȻˣһٺϸȻٲԼƣڳ̵ʲôַ׼ȫ
ҹĻȻ٣ʱ䣬Ҳǰʱ䣬ַݽһ߲ɳú󣬽еƹⶼرգȼ׼õ
˿˿ζƮɢڿУƵĹСݣζķΧ
ַݻһոµװǷһ޵õ廨ĵȴεĵ
Ӻһ󷢶εǰȵַͣݷǰ
һϮɫĳȹλظԼұζκεˣ
ţڵķݣɻ󣬲һһĻǸֳ˿˿Ц⣬СڸҾϲ𣿡
ȥɡ˾һŵĲӣŷǰȥ
ŲûйرգԼԴпһһĻ⣬Ȼһ͡
ûƿţζʹεıУ¶һ˿ɫ
֨˫ۺЦݵƿ˷ţһߴӰֱߵǰһεõ廨
㣬ϲ𣿡νõ廨ӹַֺһ§סϸ૵
Сֳˮһѽõ廨׷ɣַݵĴ
ԣַһƬȣƿʼεϲϵζţ˿
գȴһѴַǲʵ˫֣СȳԹʩΪ
ðɡȻƷ壬ַҲûʧȥǣеʱ䡣

ˣˡͬѪѪĺƱ˱УַݾǸ߽ű΢Ц㣬ллΪô࣬Ҿ㡣
ⲻӦõ𣬽˶ˡգ˫ۣ΢ЦƷһںƣŸʮ㡣
ٺ١ַݲ˼ͷͬʱҲӿֳУˣ
ɪ͸ַһĵİۣһɫζȫţŷС
ֻ΢΢һƷǰһЩ𾪵Ŀ佱Сû뵽վȻôţžҳԹġ
ˡַ΢΢һЦ˵ζõδĶϣǾġ
һõţţֹҪζҲҪԼڸУЩȱ㶼ѡԵŻġ
һͣԵ޲ڣʳƿҲδģһƿԪַôܻں
ʰóַݶʱð̹ĿΣʱһֱæַûôܷŹ
㣬¥ɡһ§ס޹ǵַݲԴ˿˼Զ
С֪Ӳħצĵ˵ַݵıӣ૵
ٺ١ַݲһЦε־¥ܣ޲ʱģȴͻȻ
õ±ϣ˭鶼ͻȻ仵ַЩûĿڵ˭ôˡ
˼ҡ⴫ԱĻַݲ㶡
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ַݶʱˣסε֣͵㣬Һûʲôϵ
͵ЦýƵ۹⿴ַݵôŸû˵ʲôϵ
㡭ַݶʱЩЦã֪Լֱθ׽ŪˣⲻǵһΡ
ַ࣡Ǿı飬ζʱһǷϣ֪㣬¥Ŷ㡣
ַݻһг޾Ļȣ͵ĵͷܿĺܿ졣



77 յľ
¹£һϮµվ£ͬ¹е϶·㣬ַݲһ㶡
ַƵעţϳһĨ糺죬ȴûͬһԼûв
һַŷӦԼЩεɡ
šͷشһ䣬߽˷УЩĴܵĻ
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ˮͺãллĻشһ䣬ղɳϵһŮʿƤ񲻽һ㶡
֪Ϊʲôһ΢΢УôǿңЩһֱлơ
İˮʱַȴǵݸһˮôʲô𣿡
㣬ҿַݵ˫ۣЩţмҪ˵
Ǿ˵ɣʱҲˡϵ¥ϵΣַݰͲ뿪źþķƸꡣ
áصĵ˵ͷ·¶˾޴ľһ㣬Ҿ뿪ˡ
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ΪʲôԸﵽ𣿡ַ৵һ´ɳվЩ𾪵Ŀյ
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һʱ˽У˭ûٿڣյҲַݽüͷ
ͣͻȻַǷӰЦ飬ҡҡͷ
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ǺǡַϷһЦָ뿪껾ͻŹң
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˵һжѾˣַջ˻֣ת¥ȥ

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Щεӣԭɣµʱȷÿζģֻû뵽Դ٩Լ
ʵոһͦģ˵ǣҡַкЦޱε
͸ַһۣ૵ȷҶͬˣֻһ㣬ĸ׻ڡ
ˣ㲻𣿡ܵЩ˸е飬ַݽ§סο
šε˵ͷһɣСһָŶ
Ǿͼַһʱ¶˲ЦݣԼħצ
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ֻ;ʱǰչͣȴӰ֡
һǰһĬɣַݵνŵǰᡣ
ջĸ˺󷽣ȴ¶˾ɫ·¶˾İ㣬ߵַݵ
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ôַ֪¶ȣҪ֪οһֱ¥ϣû¥
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ַЩεͷû뵽ջῴ磬һʱ仹治֪ô˵
ҲҪʲôڵ˷ǵзѣûκεĹϵҲֻǸͬѧѡ
һʱ˳ĬУֻյĲԽԽ֮ٴθʮ׵ľ룬·ղŵĽӽֻһþ



78 Ͼ
ʮһգѧŵӣַȻҲ⣬ΪѾþûؼˣÿԳʱؼҿĸ
ҶӨٻһͬؼҵģǡнĿҪ¼ƣַֻǶԻؼҡ
ʱ֮ĦǶǽĵߣûƴಫ
ַޱȵʧЩ޿κΣϾ˶ǴԵ˼˱ˡ
ַ˵㹻˶Ҳиʱ׳ԼԺеʱʰǡ
ַͷ۵ȴһˣǾ̹껣ͷŴС
һֱвϣַݻôģȴǳٳٲ֣·ʲôʵЩ͸
ЩҪˣҪַϾҪǻѾһ¶಻ĸĸ
˵ַõһΣжԸĸ˼ѷģȻͨ绰ȴǵ˼
ȡ˵ǻƣַݵǰĿͻڿսУͷȲա
ַȻ֪սеԺδΪڵǸѧ磬ȻͷȲգܲȣ
ò˵ͷȲյķȷģҪ٣Ҳǳַݲ⡣
ȴƬ̺󣬷ɻѸٵɣŵĻУһҹַݻ˯ˡ
Ҳ֪˶ãһַݸѣãȻ˫ۺȴɻĹ㲥ڱʲô
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˻ַȵĿǰͷһۣΪֱ۱ץһۣǰͷǸӵģҲǸ֡

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СֵܣͷɣӼֲˣֻܹҾԲġͷҲǸˣҧ˵ôһ
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⻹ַݵһ룬вЩţõԻӦе侲
ɱֵļɵ룬ֻһᣬСкʹĺֹͣյüͷҲչҲƽȡ
ַص˿˲ͷϵ亹վ
žžžڶʱҵЩսǿַݵҲԽĻȡ
Ȼˣҽȫ෴ģȫ̧ͷ



79 
ַ˸Լտҽõ˵أرͷӣǽַݷΪǾˡ
ϸһ˽ַݶʱͷӳ˺棬Ϊٿߣ˵ɵߡ
ү޹ϣ޼ңϰ䣬޼ҵǿѾͻưүӵĶ춫
ǰ˯Сһ춫Ķ𣬴Сͻಡ˴ε۾Ϊҽģһ񣬻
һ׵ĸмүڽ⣬ۺڴСֵܣҽܾܲȾҼСͷˡ
˵ţүӵҪַݹ£ַһϽֹүӣˣ𡣡
ͻˡү¶Σղŵַ֪ûκε١
ĲأҪ뿵Ļѡַ¶ɫСӵĲΣδҩֶΣҲûϲõʱ
ԭǾܾĻүӵĶУȴ¶˿ϲɫ
Ҫ֪֪ѰҹҽϵĴҽԺҲȫȥõĴ𰸶βˡ
ַݻе˼ǺѣǲܣǾֶַ֤νԼκãܲ޹ϲ
ǿѹеĿϲ޹ɫεĿַݵСֵܣȾӰɣֻҪκ޼ҵĶˣʲôǶԴӦ
ɱ˷Ż𶼿ϣûоԣַ˳ھ˵˳Ŀڵʱȴ޹¶һ׹⣬СֻҪκҼӣʲô
ֵַ˵ˣתһ룬޼ҿңҼла֣Ǽ϶̫ҶֵĻᣬҲ١
үӣҿЦġڨЦַݸϽתƻҵȷΣ̫˷ʱˣҪҩϣҩﻹ˵ġ
޹ɫһֵСֵܣܲðһ䣬ɷ⴫ҼҴŮһо
ַ¶ԥ޹ҧҧСֵܣͷİɣ޼ҲԿģǿüȭ㻻
Ŷַ΢΢һ㶣мƽ˵ʧڵ۰ɱ֪ʶ˵Ѿǵңȴһսȭûܾ
ͬˡ΢Цŵ˵ͷַ޹Լֵ졣
޹Ҳͷ󳩣Ľַһ𣬵졣

۾ɶò˶೤ʱ䣬ŷɻѾͣ˶
໥ϵʽԼϵڻĴſڷֱ
ַݲûиĸ˵Լĺ࣬ǲ͵ǰӻͽһ鷳
пνַεĴӪһ߳һµǰĽӹһȥ
ؼҵ·ϣַ͸۲ϤĽֵ¶һ˿廳
˽ʮĵطȻ񣬼ÿһضĽӡ
ͣ˾뵥Ԫʮ״ַݿ˿Χû˺󣬲³ߡ
Ȼ󱼲ʲôַΧӴ˵Ҳʮ˲ˡ
Ȼھϲ˵ʲôҲԸЩִַݿɲԼĸ鷳
лصСУھǶĸַݴкѯѧҵԼ۾¡
Ҫַ֪ݿСĽ߿״Ԫ⣬ܲԺ
ЩС尢ǣַҲӦţӰóһЩ۾زȻֵǮҲһ⡣
ò׻ص˼УؼַݲŻص˼У㱻ĸ˵ӭ˼Уʼ꺮ů
עȻѧϰ飬ϾַݻǸѧȻѧҵΪء
ַݲûʧȥģ븸ĸһͬţһѧϰĻĽ˳
ȻЩεĶַȴУøĸΪԼ̫࣬ЩҲ̫ںţ˵档
ӵ۾ַݿνǴɹһָøĸǴ˷ѣϵЦǻǷǳϲġ
ЩУֻٲַݹģдȴԼҶӨٻֻЯѡ
֪Ҫܲ׼һЩַݰԵķˣַһȫԼƽʱԵķˡ
ַڵңʲôɽ亣ζûзУĸļҳȴһٷԵǷǳ⣬Ҳա
һ˺ͺƽƽ£ַݳˣֻܿųӥչᣬܽһֱߡ



80 
Թַ㸸ĸڻ԰һȦھ˵۾ֳʱַǷ
ʱһλھͻȻڵСݰڸСٻҿԺҪǰ֪
ַȻ֪˻˼Ҫ֪ҶӨٻѾǱԳƵһǡ
ַȴֻһѧǸ߿״ԪƴѧҵǱǻҪࡣ
ҲȻֳ˵עҷ׷׿ʼ㷢ַݶǲ󿴺á
ٺ١ַݲֻͣɵɵһЦҪ֪ҶӨٻڿǴһҪĽ׶ΣЩ˶һ䣬ҶӨٻ˵ȥ൱Ӱ졣
˼ַݲԸҶӨٻ׷Ǹ̾һ೤οһЩ˵ҪŮѡ
ַݶʱͷ󺹣ҲǿɵᣬԼͣŪɳ׾
һַֺݱ븸ĸһͬص˼У׼ϴʱȴǱĸһص˿
ôǣŶض˸еݣַݶʱЩͷԡ
ӣĺСٻ𣿡һĸ׺ԷܰЩԥԥ˳
ʵҶӨٻôŮӣԷܰǷǳģΪͻݶ£һ֪֪ףԼĶϱٺòѡ
ҶӨٻѾԼҵĶȻиҵһҲм򣬵Ƚ϶ԣҶӨٻӴĸܻ࣬ԼĶȴû˶Ϣ
ַݶʱӦΪλ֢ⷬ״ЩЦ裬ˣҺСٻૣôܻ֡
ˣͱοˣ־ͷְɣۼڵùǡ컪Ҳվַݵļο
˵ַٴοЦҲʵΣĸûģϾԼĵ׿ûȫꡣ
ǾͺãǾͺãԺöʱСٻ˸ˡԷܰţһµģ
ǾͷһٸİɣСٻҹϵɺˣղĬ£Ӱ쵽СٻϾڸճ֪ѵĻӰ첻á
Ҳǡϸһ룬ôһ£еĵҲȫ£ַֻҪע⣬ҪҶӨٻ˸ˡ
ַȻǵͷӦͣȴЩмԼҶӨٻĸ飬Ͳֱǽǵ鷢

ڶһ磬ַ븸ĸһͬȥ涫ǵĻЦ
һᣬʱ磬ַݿһ£ǴŸĸȥ˾Ƶ꣬Ͼʱؼ׼ͣѾˡ
յ÷ûãһ绰ʹַݵֻϣϸһȴԼδҶеġ
Ҷã绰ʲô𣿡Լδַݴĵ׻ЩµģÿŮͨɡ
СݣĸСٻĲã˵˲ͬҶеַ˽֪ž˵
۷ֵĻַֻݽԼŮ˦ˣԼŮҪĻУеĶǶҶӨٻ
Ҷ壬ˡַݿЦãû뵽һ첻ҥԾʹҶ˵ĶС
ҶеĽţַݲòµľ˳Ҷ˵ĵġ
ԭˡַݵĽͺҶе˿Ĭú󣬲ŵСݣίˡ
ʲôίģҶˡַݵһЦҶӨٻǴĵ׵ۣ뵱棬ȻҪϣôһ㡣
һͺַݸɴཫҶееƵһͬ˶ٷϯַƵƵҶеƣһŮģ
ҶеַݿνǷǳ⣬б¶Т˳ԼŮֺãǻʲôõĵģ
ͽַһ˸ϢҺȲ죬ĵȻҶӨٻ
ʵڵڵ£ѾǲôҪˣҶеǻЩִΪŮͷ¶Ĳ̫á
ҶӨٻѾߵһûͣ½Ųֻһǰ
Դַʾν˵ˣ˾˳ȦԺúõĵŮܲþС
ַԼȴԵЩˣûµĻʵڲ֪ʲôֻһٿһ
һ죬ַݶͬ棬ΪȥĻܿҪڲʱԶ㸸ĸǶӦõġ
ҹַݰҶӨٻ˸绰Լг̸һ£ǰġ
ҶеǸᣬַᶼûᣬҶӨٻ֪Ļ֪Ƴʲôӡ



81 ޼
һ磬ַݴ·ӹһ绰󣬱Сſڵȴ
һᣬһͨĺɫγʻһλʮҵ³Ĵ˿󣬽ŵַݵϡ
ַݵԣ˹ַ𣿡
ǡַݵһЦȴ¶һ˿ȻΪĳǰѪӿԼж١
Ҫ֪һ֣ŵҲǸ٣ȴǱ޼ҵ˾
֪Ϊҵ޼жôӴ󣬶еĸֻ֣ж١
ϳүڼе˵ͷ˸ơ
ˡַݵ˵ͷ漴˳ϳ򶫺ȥ
·ϣַʵ̲סģѯʵ̸޼ʲôλã
Ҹͺã޼ҵĴܼң֮ǰ㡱΢΢һЦڻش⣬ҲɽĶǰ
ԭˡַصĵ˵ͷҲ˿水ģ޼ɸ˳۷ĸ֣ǻ˵ã
Ҳܿ޼ҶԼעأҪ֪ܼҵĵλɲֻͣͨΪһ˷ܱԼֻ֤޼ҽǹ͡
һСʱѾȫʻ˶ķΧ˸һǳķ羰ȴǺɽ
ַǡ˴ֻɽһֱһƬأ޴ӽ룬û뵽ɽȴ޼ҵĵ̡
ľֲʮϲˣʱʱĻһЩСּðͷַݿ̾ѡ
ϲʱԵס϶ǳӭַеɣ΢Цŵ
˵ʵַݻ뵽סʮ£úõһ۾ǱȴǷĲ£ֻÿԺʱ˵
ʱӭ΢΢һЦһȻַҲٶԡ
ɽ·ϣһƬƽغǰһӴֹɫլԺ޼ҵլ
£ҰأԭʼֲïܣٲȻһԴģַݿ̾Ϊֹ
ΨһĵطǾͨǺܷ㣬ͱ絽ҪСʱܵ覲褣ַѡĻ϶ѡǴڡ

Ȼլɫ㣬书ҲһӦȫַһ
ڸͬ£ַһͬŴȥ·Ƕṧ븣Ϲúһַݡ
Ҳ֪øԽӴһ򵥣пǼĹ͡
·ϣַҲ۲쵽һЩȽȤĵطͱ޼һŹʱһЩϰߣͱ˵װ¼ϵȷһﶼȽ秵ģһζ
ԻһװĸַݻΪԼǴԽ˹Ŵ
٣롱ʱѾ˺üӣûеǰַݵע⡣
һȴһȺдССǣǴӡֵϰһȭ۴Сһ档
ȭȻҲдСַϸһΪС˶ٵ꣬Ѿһ˿ıԵ졣
ַµģܵǶϵүСǣÿ춼ɽͷѵҵүСǶר˴ڣֻǿϧСү
ַȻ֪еСү˭һЦͷİɣСүĲһκõģԺϰȭ⡣
¶޾ĸмľϹлԺõĵҵĵطܿڡ
ӦõġַݵͷӦͣвЩ̾ҳϣıٲȻѽСүԼδˡ
ֻͣǿļ壬ԼǿļԣԶ޼ңԼ޼ҵļޱȵĺ档
ʱȺŮһϢע⵽Ķ󣬶úַݣвϲ²ݡ
˭˵СĲ˶ٶûкתȻ˵ܹȫⲻǻ
ַ׼ǰеʱԲԶȴǴһмü
תͷһȴһλˣòмŵģϸĻȴܴпһ˿⡣
ûַݿڣȴǴסڣǾȹү񣿡
ֵҡҡͷñַһۣϷʵ㻹Сĵɣڵƭӿɲ٣ǧҪ밡
㡭뷴תͷ뿪ֻһıӰ



82 
ֵıӰԶ룬ϽתɫЩѿַݵʵڲ˼
ʲôˣΪʲôҪңַüɲŴ˳ֻɺϡ
ԥƬ̺󣬸ص̾˿֣үø磬Ϊʲô㣬ǲκүɣ
ҶˡȻַݵһνӴңʲô϶Ŀĵġ
ճһҵļǿ϶Ǵӵϵѡ񣬶޼ҵĵϵֻԼӡ
СಡܶסԼλãʾֵ֮
ַݵĳ֣ȴָе˿ǰΣҪ֪ڵļĸףĸס
ΣĸԴȻַݴģֵĻѾڷɻȥҲûκξߡ
ľǣַݾȻ˵ܹȫκಡһͬһϰӣ
Ըղʵûסеķŭվٰ㳰ַݣȿԳһеĶͬʱҲַݸеŭ
ƢһģĻǿ϶ֱˤ뿪ַݻ𣿿϶ᣬֻǽһЦˡ
ҲһС˽ģ߰ɡòмһַۣݴͷǰȥ
Ҳǳ˿ַݾߵĻҲѴ̡
˼ǰլԺּ̨ͤɽСַɾ
ڣӺĿĵأ޼ҵ´ֻһۣһϵϢѹ㴭
ַݰľͬʱҲò޼ңǧңȻǲС
̨ϣû߽ͼ޹һӣԼһСкһŮڴſڵȺ
ϣַݿһλӵеϢֱˣһ־޴ѹȸС
ûɣ޼ҵļҲ޼ΪߵһΪﵽ˰ڵ޵С
Ҫ֪ʢеδһҲһǿܴﵽ˲ţǿԴġ
ǰ춫ȴʵʵİ֣ҼҲŴӹĴйսǿ
ͻĻַݸҿ϶ԼһжӲ£伫Ļʤ˵ļҲɡ
ˡ뵽ַݲһĭʱܱԷȡߵĸоʵڲá

ҲûʲôޣַݷжǲܻԼ֡
ˣˡַǰʱ޹¶мǰһסַ˫ָл
ϣˣֻ·ƽѡַ΢΢һЦǺͰĿɲҷ
С𣬻˹£ѾڷɻˡԶ˻֣޹һ
ַݶʱˣүӣ»˰ɣûô
ַݻû˵꣬ͨһڵأصĸַݿ˼ͷ۵ˣͷˣлľ֮
⡭ַݶʱЩ֪룬ǸϽʵҲ˳ֶΪ
Сֵܾǳԭ򣬵ֻҪˣǾСľˣĹݡ
ʱһֱһûпڵ춫ǰĸַһȭлим֮ʮֵŨ
ˡַݿЦǿˣЩȻִʱһЩϰ߻Ǳġ
ҲԿ޼ҵ˶ǶԹǿĴڣִȴǱų⡣
ҸСҾͲýˣСֵҲ֪ҽ춫޼ҵĵλҴŮӡ
˵꣬춫Ե֣ӶСֵܰݸ񣿡
ֹӣˡ׵ĺǰַһĶú
ַҲ΢΢һŮһŵĻɫȹһƵβУһλŴĴҹ㡣
Ȼ֪޼ɱǧǰһЩŴ磬ŮһţҲַ΢΢һ㶡
ַݶŮǽߣֻһͻָ˹΢ЦŵͷСá
ˣСֵܣﲻ˵ĵطƲԺпɺã춫ĵ˵ͷַ˸ơ
Ȼû⣬޼·ܻӰɣַҲǱ˱ȭӦ͵
õģСֵܸϡ˵ţ춫ַݵ࣬ԺеһЩ羰Լ޼ҵĹ
ַȻĽζ޼Ƿǳĺ棬˽⵽һ㣬Ȼٺò



83 
춫һϸ˵ַ˽⵽ԭ޼ҵڣͿʼӴһ
һ·Ŀüζ㱻壬ѵһҲǣһ·еִ
ط춫ûϸַȴ֪п϶ص£Ҳľû
һ˲еһլԺУһƿţһŨŨʷϢдַݲһ
ԺɱʱеĶʸԺһݸŨʷϢ
Ժһ̨ͤ춫ֱַݴ˴£ʯ̵ϣһðĲ
ַݲ裬Դ۾ȴǶԴ˵˽һƮɳĲ㣬ȴδŵġ
ȴ㹻ַһЩò衣
ֵҲǸò֮˰춫΢΢һЦַݰºԸһ
ַһŻĽ豭𣬷ŵǰᣬһڣڿκ󣬲Щ¡
լʯһ׾µĴߣһɳΪƷ̲裬һʱַݻЩС
ããȺá˫ַۣ¶һ˿Ц⣬Ļ治Ը뿪
ɽҰֲˣֵϲҿһЩ춫΢΢һЦ
ǾͶлˡַݻعҲûоܾ춫һ⣬˲ϲݴ
һĺ춫ʧȥģ˿Ե󣬻Ŀڵֵܣ㿴СĲʱԿʼƣ
ھͿԣЩҪ׼ȫַ΢΢һЦ豭º󣬵ݸ춫һżҩĵӡ
춫ӹ֣㽫ӵݸԵӵӶŵȥץҩɣûʲô⣿
ӲûӦŵϸĲ鿴һüͷ
ôѵҩĲĻǻǮ󹺡ԼŮüģ춫ʱЩŵ
ҩļֿⶼУֻǡ¶ԥ˿Ե󣬻ҧʵֹӣҩ᲻̫˵㣬С飬ܲĴ󲹡

Ӷҽҽͣ޼Ҷ֪飬һЩ˷ðڴ
ʺ춫үӶһ㶣ɻַݣӲܻԼܵܵЦ
ַ΢΢һЦĿڽ͵ҩĻҿ϶ҩֻҩҲûаκС𡣡
û´ĻȹҲһֱº͵ֶС𣬵ЧǺܺá
΢΢һɫЩȻȷһֱһŷϼصҩСãЩЧڡ
ԡַݹ󲡻ҩСڵĲѾͨˡ
ҩҩҩЧûӣСܾͻܲҩü
Ȼַ֪ݵȻһЦ˾ɵмĸĻȻͲ⡣
˻Щĵģַݵ֪ڵʲôǵĵĶǶģҪС첻ó֣Ѿˡ
˻һ޼ʱ¶˲ɫΪԼַݵĻɶе
ַҲǣϾǵͷ⣬ôܲġ
үү㣬ö԰ɡ˻ԥʱһȴվ˳ַݵǶ˾ȻģˣҲֻǽ˶˶ѡ
ĻϵĲˣˣԴ¾ȻûһСӿĿԿ
ַҲ𾪵Уһи̾ǲԺһ
Բ𡱣֮ͨ춫ֱַǸС֮ĶԾ֮ˣֵܲҪ⡣
վ˳һε֣ⲻ㣬ⶼҵĴɵĻ
ˡַݴ˵Ļ΢Цǵ飬ҲģҪĲǣҪ콫ҩá
ллֹӵ£СŮȥСץҩٴθַ˸򰲣Ӽҩȥ׼ʼҩ
СʱһɫҩӶ˽ԺУַݼһ򣬲ĵ˵ͷ
ˣ¾㱸ֻǷ磬޼׼һ䡱ַ
õģֵ춫Ѿ׼浽һʱǽŵķ
³ַ⣬޼ҿҲǶƸеޱȵĽţֻǽŵ飬ȴǸͬɡ



84 ʼ
ಡҽǾ̥ڸʱĻܷȫ¡
ҽǾľֻҪľ忪һж⡣
ɱּеƷҽļҩƷҩĸ
춫İ֮£𱻰һУַȻҽʦ֣ͬʱҲΪѧַݵַ
ֵܣκ⣬ϺңҾ⡱ǵĿһۺ춫
һġַ΢Цŵ˵ͷ춫ŹϺ󣬶һԵӵˡ
ˣɲԲҪַݵֱһ
ΪʲôڼǳʹܳܵˣַЩȻѯʵ
Ҫ֪˶£Ͼ룬˭е־壿
ҩνǴ󲹣һ£ͻ棬ζһҲܡ
Сֹ֣ӵĻɣһܲ˷ĻΣյġӰѵ
ǣǡ˵ķԣ𲻽һЩݣȴǼ˳޼ҵ˰޼ҵ˴ûùҩҲ׶ҲҩӰԺ
⡭ַ¶𾪵ɫû뵽һʮ겻СкȻ뵽ô࣬ԸҲ˵ļ㡣
ĵ׵ģַޱͬ뷨ҩ֮˵ǾǽƷǻӰ˵ķӦȻӰ첻󣬵ȴ
žַû뵽·ˣӺߵǰصһơ
ⲻԵʱҴӦ㣬Ҹô׽ôȥĸ׽
ҡסӣӶˮһʱ˳ĬС
˵е󼸺ĸͬ˭ĻԲӵĻȴǲòں
ˡַֽܼԥһ£վ룬ҿֻЧûҩôã;Сܻᱻѡ
Ӳû˵ֻøӵַһֿۣ˿ŵ˿˿ԥ
㣬ö˶ְɣҩĻԺô̧ͬͷôø̧ͷ
ðɡŮվ˵Ҳʵڲ֪˵ʲôˣֻѡ

ˣˡڴڵķʳҩȴһƬžַ˫룬ʱ׼֡
ҩףֱ˴ϣ˫ۣҧˣְɡ
áַصĵ˵ͷΪԭҰ׵ɫѾ𽥺ֻǺȴЩ̫
ͷַĳ룬̫Ѩ˫һ㰲ȵĻ˯ȥ
ַݲ˿Ҫ֪̫ѨѨ֮һһĻǿɾͲǻ˯ֱ
ַͷҲûص֣ʱһѾ㱻ݵϡ
ʱ㣬һֻĴϺͮͮģַ£Ҳֻ𵽻ã䲻ڱҩֱӳ塣
ɲףֹҪȫעͬʱҲҪ赼Чá
ֻһᣬַϾѾʪ͸ͷϵĺˮҲСϪţɢһŨҵĺζ
ַȴʱ䶼ûУΪòͣĲŪ룬Էֹͣ¡
ڴʱһŷ˿˿ϮĽͷϵĺˮ
ллַ΢΢һЦֽõĲ٣˿ʵǵһãοһŮղصġ
лⶼӦõġ΢΢һ˵˧ģַڵ״̬ǰһЩ
Ҫ֪Լ˲ޱܵ飬׺͵ܵܶûùġ
ʲôֳַŵĲʹľͽ˳
ѵɫ΢΢һ㶣漴޾ĽУһʱʧ
ַȻûзӵСŮ̬װ״ޱȽ޵ݡ
ˣСҪˡһӲعһȴ¶ʹ࣬һʱģ
һ˿ζ˲䱻ɢɫЩҰ׵ֹӣܼ𣿡
ܡַҡҡͷɫЩѿʹѾͻٽ㣬ҲûκεãģֻСԼܳŹȥ
һ۵ʹ˲ͷһ϶¶˵ǵɫģֻǹ



85 
һҺĺȻ˫ۣ¶ޱʹɫ
Сŵ㣬ʮҩЧͻȥǧһܾͻǰַɫޱȽŵĵ
ˣסҧסأ¶һ˿Ҳܶ
Һңȴһо·¯һ㡣
СһҪͦʹɫסԼ죬Լ޳ֻȴ̲ס䡣
ǲӵ״̬𻺻תͷǿסʹ¶һ˿Цݵ㣬õģеġ
ءҲͲסеĵǣӿҪ֪ĸȥԺĸɫɶһֱڰţĵģԽ춫
⣬춫ȻҲǲǲҾ徵ʹϽҴ򿪣뵽ַݽĻȴǲҴ򿪣ֻܱܼ尾ȥ
Ҳ֪ҩѾȥѾûٺȥˣʹԽԽ٣ҺҲԽԽС
ܿɹǣʼûжһ£ݼַޱȵĶݡ
ڣҩȫӷɫҲǻַָǿѣУþһ˿γ
һ뱻γַҲͲסѣУֱ
һдַݵĶУιȥ˲䣬оԼɽһůܰĻС
ףһɫӵĿԼеַݣв֪ʲô
¡¡ҵʯű򿪣춫үһŵ̤ѯʵӶôˣ
ӦǳɹˣܵӦûʲôˣֹҲ˹ȥ
ǾͺãǾͺá춫ص˿һϢ󣬲Žַݷ𣬸͵һ׼õĿͷ
ԶȥıӰ¶һĨõ΢ЦкѾӡԺһӶ
ոһ¶ϲΪûмԼܵǿȻ볣˻һĲ࣬žվ볣졣
֪Ϣ춫үҲ¶ϲҪ֪Ĳĥʮ꣬ڿԷ
ϲ֮춫ȴص̾˿飬ô

һɫѾǻ谵ޱȣ˿ʱ䣬Ѿǻ˯һ硣
ʱʹڸ״̬ޱݣ˵֮ˣͨ˶ܽʰ
˻ַݴӲֿóһ޸ҩ£ʱо˲١
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ллַݵ˵ͷȻĽӹӣĨ˰ʱоˬ˲١
ղųĿɲֹϣϵĺҲ١ַݸоԼһճģʮֲ
С㣬ԡĵط롭ַݽӷŻУЩ˼ĵ
еģʹȥӵ˵ͷ漴ַǰȥ
ֻߵ·ʱַȴͷǸСܲܰһ׻ϴ·Ҿʹһס
ʵַݻ治û·̵ǣʲô򵽣ֻǴϺôͣ
õģȵҡӵ˵ͷ漴ԺһСܶȥ
ֻһᣬٴС˻ݸַһոµĳۺѥЩɬĵԿϲ
ˣ۴С㶼νģСҲصˣϴԻᵽǡ˻ַ֣ݾֱǰȥ׼ϴһ
ƿԡҵţһʱӿл˿˿ǵζַЩϲȻȪ
Ȳȥַ˳Уʱоһ泩дһƣҲ˲١
ǸõطȪУַݲ̾޼ҵլԺʮֶĿζ
ܵĻǮ£Ҳֻ룬Ҫ֪޼ҵĸôܻ
Һ޼ҹϵסöû⣬ʲôʱסʲôʱס



86 
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ַûĻɫ۵Ĳʾǲ˿ģԷǳ㣬Ҳǳ͸
ܿɹǣϵδֹһһ߸̳ģҴʮʮַַݵۡ
Ȳϣϣַݲĵ˵ͷȻȥϵʮֺҲޱȵʡ
ѥַݶžӿ˿ԼһŨŨĹŴϢֻвǣû
ַҲҿ϶ڴϵŮĿ⡣
ַ߳ԡңŴȥǷǵ㣬һƬľϵĴԼܵľɫַٴЩ㱣Խص˹Ŵ
߽˿Уֻеİǰ˾ⷹˣ춫һҲϲЦտ졣
ַݽһ˶ǰһ׳۴ϣһ¾ͽֳ
һ˿漴תͷԵӣһֱַݵϣûŲһΡ
¶һ˿Ȼٴߵַݵǰͨһ£л֮
ϴַݵľѾǸмεƣνǸı˵ַݸġ
СɡϽļԺʲôˣҸͺˡ
ôС뷴ͼַݰаɣжʵЩ
Ǻðɡֻεĵ˵ͷֹҪ˶ãֵøĿ˰ɡ
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ûʲôûʲôæ֣һԲԶӣ¶һ˿Ϸʡ
Ŷʲô˼ɣַȻɻ󣬵Ҳʣֻõ˵ͷ
춫ˬһЦַݵļֵܣɣ㣬϶ۻ˰ɡ
۶ֵõġһɫַ΢΢һЦҲޱȵο
֮춫Ŀһ̳׾ƣַϵǲ顣

һٷ꣬Ѿգַ鲻ԽĴ˸ãղŵûٺȡ
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˸ط£ַݸ׼ͳֻε˴绰ͼһ
ȶ˰ɣ÷Ѿưɡ΢ЦŽݸַݣӾվԡ
ллַݵͷлӹ÷һ˸УǱˬζЩ𼱻ǵθ˲١
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ǸұףǲǸôӦૡһֱӵԺޱȡ
ַҲ¶˾ģҧǸС㣬ֳۻ򼸼ȥ
ĺȻ̧ͷ漴ֵͷͷһͬʱҲޱȵʧ
֪·һףҿԵȣ۸Ҳ㿪𣿡
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û߶ԶһССӰͻȻһ˳ŵе붼ˤɣڵطѵ
СˡعӲԹĿһۣѵ
еĨϷʺвһţʱͷʼ˵ϵƬ
㣬ʵңǲϲָˡѯʵӱ󴫳һʱЩʧ
˵ʲôૣǲżһૣôܻᡭϲվЩЩԲԵĵ
ٺ١Цһ¶һĨָϵǼô£Ҽǵǰ˵ַƵ·ֻδĽŶ
У϶ˡЩŤķһ䣬ӽƬȫתͷѵ⻰ɲ˵ֹɾͲˣס
ٺ٣סˡһ˿ԶȥıӰ¶˾ġ



87 ɱ
˵ʲô
춫䣬ǵƻ͸ԭЩͷԣĻ󣬶ʱ˲١
ꡭ˸ĶЩԹĿ춫ףС㣬ĻҾͲˡ
Լѣ춫ҲЩεͷҲı֣¿ǹغԼŮҸ
춫˫ۣ΢Ķһ£漴˫۵˵⵽ô£ôϲૡ
Ҫ֪޼ҵ꿡ſɲ٣ӵ׷Ҳǲ٣ôһûĹû뵽ǣַݲ޼һ죬Լ۸ڶŮͿ춫ֻĸо
Ҳ֪ҡҡͷһ˿ãͷ¿Ҫʽ֪Ҳ¿һɡ
һ飿Ȼɲ춫е⣬ԥһº󣬵㻹ȥ̽̽ĿڷɣһˣҲá
ðɡ𲻽ͷһ˿ʧϣַԼһˡ
Ҫ֪һҹҹչԼͬĸһ׽㣬һ֮ĶˣߵһȻּɵġ
ֻһжֻǲ²⣬ֱַܲ˵ԼĽϲɡ
ͻ˷춫ص䣬ſһĿڣֻ˲䣬һҹµ˾ͳ˷УСһţ
š춫ĵ˵ͷȥҲַˣԽϸԽá
յһȥ족˳˷䣬뿪˴˴뵽˺ڰС
ص̾˿춫ߵһŹĻǰ૵ӶҲˣҲҪһչˡ
ԭ֪ͨҵſٰһ׵ģڿȴǷˡ
һ紵춫ַ·һĨɫٻӰƮ΢ЦŴк

һҹ޼˲ЩʧߣȻпģ޲ʹĸо˷ܵ
ʮ꣬鲻ԽĴĸоȥ
ӵķУһЩƵʱ΢Цʱɬ
Ժһֱصַദ֣ĸоûȴ֪ˣ
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Ľ̯ʱһָ߰ͷַ֣ݴϵģһʱЩˡ
춫ԺǸԼĹԼԼŮģϾַݴˣǶ˽١
Ϊ¼ǵַݣȴ˯ޱȵİȣ۵ĹǺûþѾ˯š
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ҹĻ֮£һڵӰ޼ζţ·Լһ㣬ܹڰڣ˾£ЩޱľȮ֮
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ڷĶУ죬ַݿֱӾͺˣ˴ޱȵľ΢죬ȴǽڳ˯оѡ
ַȴûϸķֱһڱϳǴͷģȻϾӡ
ַһ˿һ˵ϾǲƣȴʲôûУԴ
ȻҪҵǾͱĺˡаЦַݴӲֿȡһŵ룬УֻҪһ뷿䣬䲻֮£аٷ֮ʮİսס
ƷˣҲػԱǲģʱ춫Ҳǰ֧Ԯ
ȴӺͷȴûκε죬ַЩȻѵôˣ
뷨һʱһ˻˯ȥ㴫ַݵıУдá
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88 ޼
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ͬʱҲڲ²Ŵ˾ǺεݣַȻɱ֡
ôпܵãȻ޼ҵַˣʾǽż֡
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ʮӹȥɱûκζַ֪ȷҩЧǷЧپǷж
ַȻϵޱĬ˯ʱĺƵʣװģ´˲ϵ
ȻٵӺ󣬴ȫȷַѾ˯ŵĴӷϿ˸ܹԼͨĶ
˷ϣһԲͬһһ㣬Ŵӷ
ͬҹè㣬޶ߵ˴ǰַݵҪ֣͹°ɡ
ৡͻأĳһذףַֻವģҲͲסŵӳ
źߣ
ײԼһƺߴЩŭСˣҼס
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Щ޴ҲǾһԲԶ˯춫ŭʲôˣ
춫Ļַݲ˸ۣаɵӶ˵Լ˭ɡ
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ҡҡͷַЩգգ۵û£ҿһһҲû˯ţȻ˴˵ĵ
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춫ûãڶ˵Ļ£ַݵķС
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šַ΢Цŵͷͷûµģ㻹ǿȥ˯ɣ컹Ҫૡ
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ðȥšϲĵ˵ͷԵһַһͬԺеĻ԰С



89 ҹ̸
νǰ£Ȼʱе㲻ԣݣޱȷڵΡ
ǰԼҶѱãһ̼ŸսɽȪˮ
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ǺðɡַЩεĵ˵ͷȻȲ裬Բǲһ㶼ֱӳݾС
õַݵ׿Ϻӿʼݲǰ׼ÿһǽӶǶ
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ĲˮУַݲ̾СݵĲ裬治һò衣
¶һ˿ɬӵлֹӵͣϲǾͶȵ㡣
š˺ò裬ַȻǽ׵һߣϸϸƷһڣ¶ɫ
ˣܸҽҺܺ棬ܵ˵ܾʡٴθַݵһÿѯʵ
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ַݾط϶ʮ꣬ǿͱˣһġ
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ͱЩŮϴĶ˵ģɾͲø춫ˡ
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ǾͶԵ㣬ó㡱¶΢Ц°͵£ַݺԺš
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ַеζʱ˲٣ֺˣҲԱˣСûˡ
šӵ˵ͷ漴վַķȥ
ʱҲǾͣһ˺󣬶ʱкã㡭ָá
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ȴ˯ޱȵİȣַݱ£һһ˯
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ȴȫõˣΪƽȵҪ˶ãӵһϰϷ
ˣԸ׼ҩɣϸĸ㽲һĵַվҪ뿪ģԺСĲΡ
šҧҧַݵıӰ¶һ˿ᣬӦȴû˵һ仰
һĨ飬ȴǱ׽Уа¾һҪˣȻĽ㣬Լ
ԼҽǲҽƤ֪ģ׼뿪̽



90 Ϊ˽
ڣǰҩȷѾԶ̽Եָ磬ҽƯ𣿡
ȻƯˣԺ˭Ȣ϶˱ĸַݲûô࣬˳ڱ˳
ǵȻġһʱͷ޵ҽ޼ҵĵһŮǳƯһͻᣬ׷Ĳſɶȥˡ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦСԴǰҲŻ˵ô㣬úúñ֪𣿡
ΪʲôҪһ˿ɫҪҲδĽ
ַݶʱĻЦˣµѯʵĿеĽǸʲôģף̤ƣ
Ųǣָ˵հɡ͸ַһۣ¶ԥɫ˰ǰһϸĴַһ󣬵֪ˣҽҪָġ
ңַһʱɴ˫ۣҡҡͷָ缸Ｘôҽ㣬㻹ѡɫİɡ
ָͺܳɫգһ۾ĵ㿴ָ㳤˧ֻҽҵɱ֣Ҳˡ
˵ͯ޼ɣַȻὫĻϣЦˣСӾͱϹ£Լ
˼ҲСˡвЩ͹ôʹĥѣѳԽͬˡ
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ûʲôԭɣ鲻Խľӡ
ַҲЩΣϾ֪Ļǿ϶ҲΣֻñ˸ĻԵղڽЦૣС˵ǰɣ
šСװĵͷǱӴкģַԲѣȻٺòˡ
ЩɵĿһֻۣǵͷԸشҲֻա
ˣҩҪȺȣǿʼưɡַҲǱЩ飬Ͻתƻ
һβҲ˲ûɣŵԼܵܵϣʲôûнҪ
ƺ󣬽˲٣ȻҲЩʹҲǲܡ
ַҲϾʱ䣬ӽһЩص㣬ĽǶԼַľѧѡ

ַһ룬һ߸ӽʱ޼ҵļУеĸ߲㶼Ǿۼ˴˴
峤ŵȻ춫µ࣬һòǽƵˡ
˷ֱƽԼ쾰ϾͿԷֱ춫ֵܡ
ʱޱȵ£˶ǵͷ­ȴ춫ڣ֪϶ҪһЩ˱ˡ
Ҫ֪޼ѾǽʮûгֹҹɱİˣȻ˴βûԱҲ춫ŭѡ
ˣˣˡ춫ûпڣɫµڱϣĴΡ
ֻǲûĳЩ˵ĶУȴһ㣬
գһλʮҵˣһɬվ˳ڵص޴˾˹˿ͣҰɡ
ûɲֹͣ޴Ϊ춫Ҫʱȴֻ֣²㡣
Ϊ޼ҰȫһУѾȫ㹻˵ĻͲͻõķߡ
춫Ļʱܽˣûһɵӡ
춫˼ȷˣˣǾֻſϢĴ峤լԺ
磬ûݵĲ²⣬ɲ˵϶Ŀֻšʱ춫׵ƽȿڵ
ƽ޼ֵܵ϶һݣǾֵĸףַݵͷŻɶ
⻹ֻǲ²𣿡춫һЦ޴õķҶҪ˵ֻ۷ˣǰ۷壬Ϣľʹ
һ仰˵ƽƿԣ޼ҵķôĻͱˡ
ˡ춫Щͷ֣ɫͻȻһƬȰЩˣܺԼĶӣҪλãǾҵĹͺСʲô˼춫档
ʲô˼Ȼ춫ûƽǴĻһ˿ԵζվŭƽȻʲôˣУǾԲȥġ
Ǻǡ춫һЦûв©ǽ˲֪ǼĪΪͿɢ˰ɡ
˵꣬춫ȥƽҲ¶һ˿ŭж䲻Щ޴ĸҡ



91 ϲ
ദѾͨʣµֻһЩϸСľ޸Ѷȿ϶Сࡣ
ЩϸСľܶ࣬޸ҲỨѲٵʱ䣬ҲжϣҪ֮Ժơ
ַݽڣţʱʱҲѯһԼĵطĻش
˵ûôĳַݶͷϻһЩˮÿʱӶĸһͷĺˮ
ҩЧڽַȡ۵ĹǺϾͺڲˮž˵㡣
Եȣվܶ˼Ҳǰġ
ллָ磬ˣҸ㵹衱һ¶һ˿мĸַݵһˮ
л΢ЦͷַֻһοָܿˣҲֳɾ͡
ϢַվֵС㣬㿴ܴܲĴ䣬Ҳûʲô¡
ѽ߰ɡӲ÷ĵ˵ͷַߣôܻ᲻ͬ⡣
Сȥһ߰ɡйŮģһͬȥ棬ַݻЩΣĻͿ԰ѡ
ȴ¶һ˿װһϧģָ磬˼ղŸ˵ƺȥҪҪ˵ԾͲˡ
ǺðɣҪͺáַҲûж룬£ȰЩʧ
š˵СԴζӵ㣬úù䣬޼ҷ羰õĵطɶૡ
ݺݵĵһۣɫЩ糺֪ȥҸףСƨš
֪ȥװƵͷ˸ټĶܳ˷š
һӣкӲŵֹӣ߰ɡ
õġַݵͷеӣЩɻø
ֹ㲻ϲԹ𻨸ȥÿԲժһЩһЦݵ
ˡַһů
뿪ԺӣһСԴź©˳¶˵ƵЦݣ૵㣬Ҫץסᰡܵڰ㴴ᡣ
ʵγַһͬȥ޼ңַݳĽԺ󻹳ûл

·ϣÿһطͻַϸĽ˵еһЩ½˳
ǿô£ַָǰһŴŴȴǹ״Ķ
תͷһ΢ЦŽ͵޼ҵԸ˵ģֹҪҪԣ
ŶԸַһʱȤҪôŪ
ɡӵһЦַһŽյСǰȥ
ַݾǣСǰȻһŮţСʲô
һᣬ״Ķͱ˳˼󣬶һл뿪
ô¡ַͷЩͷԣɻӵ
һɣ˵ָָǰԶһʯͤӴַȥ
ºӲ͵ʵʮǰ޼ҸûԸģֱϲųֺԸġ
ϲţʲôˣַݶϲŲŨҵĺġ
˵ϲҲǸˡ¶һ˿ˣүү˵ϲСãʱƯˣ׷ҿţʤ
ȴһûпϣ͵͵޼ңһ˺ˡ
һû꣬ϲžͻص޼ңľǰÿһҡ
еҪɻ飬ҪϲȡңҹԸ󣬲׼飬మĻϲžͻֹǡ
ַԺвֳһźɫ·ɣֽϣǵĻ
ȻϲǸŮˣƹܵҲֻһ޼ңĹȴһġ
ַ֮ݶʱҡҡͷС㣬ǻ߰ɣʲôԸԵ𡣡
ҲԸСǵϲźܺõģԸҲÿԸʵˡ
ðɣǾԡʵڲĴӵĻģҲûʲô£Ծԡ
ⶫණǴĵ׵ĲţΪʲôӵԸˣַݲ²ܿұ򿪹˰ˡ
ҲԿӵ˼ǳĵľһŰֽĻƭ˿ܶڰǮ



92 
޼󣬵ɻҲŶǰң˸ͲõȴֱСš
ǰϵĹϣںϲţˣܸ𣿡
ڴһޱȸɬŮַ鲻ԽĴ˸оһԼһ
ߣˣӦһ㣬ڵϲ¶һ˿ϲһ߾ͷַݵ࣬ɫһס
ַݱɳ˺¶һ˿־ɫһ˲ܵв
˺εΪ־ͬʱַвӿһʣþõĻԺ
ܹˣַݺҲͬǰֵ춫Ͳһ㡣
ѵǡһ뵽ַݶʱһʣҪɱĻ϶õڶС
˲Ųʵľַ֣еķŭֱ֪ͦ˼ǰһϲŸ֪Сʲôط㣬ΪʲôҪҶ֣
ʲôַǲĻӶʱһԲ԰׵Ӻϸ¶˾ŵɫ
Ѹٵվ˫ſվַݵǰϲţֹҵܵܵľˣΪʲô
ӶûһöϲŷȰ㣬Զɡڴϲ
ַ죬ȴ޴ӷΪԼͲǸˣûκεʸ񷴲
ַҲϲΪʲôҪԼ֣ǸЩŤŮˡ
Ա˿ܻãַˣνǺ޵ԲŻ֣ѵһ
ֹӲһġһ˿ңҵܵܵľˣһҽôǸˡ
Ӷ˶ܽƻǿʲôģֻҪһӴˣǾͻ¶ǳıԣϲģһҪҵġ
¶һ˿ɫһ˾񣬡ϲţһֹӣȻ㲻ϲ´ݷúˡ
˵꣬¶һĨתַݵֹӣԲίˣӶĴϲź𣿡
ΪʲôҪǸӶҵġϲǺţַжʱһᷳҲûľӵ֣Զȥ

ǣҵ֣
ӴʱֱԼԴκģǸľżһ㣬ַߣȫûʶ
һоͺһ㣬ַݵôĺů·ֻҪǣţֻһˡ
һܳԶоϲŲû׷ַݲǳһǸСǰʱĸо
Сַתͷ뿪˵ȴɫ糺죬һߵģ˲ݹ⿴˴
ɿӵַ֣ЩεͷС㣬Ҳǹġ
ûµġӵͷʾԼ⣬˫֣ȴһֱڳȹǡ
һʱԵЩΣַݸϽתƻС㣬ȥժ𻨰ɣԸˡ
Բ𡱣һᵽжʱ¶һ˿ΣԼϲƽʱܺõģҲ֪ô㡭
ûµģҲ⡱ַҡҡͷһŮ˽ƽϣûġ
Ǿͺãȥɽժ𻨰ɣóַһѵģӶʱչһЦ
ð˵ҶˮˡַװһεģʱӸ֡
һ·˵Цģ˺ɽУʱһŨĹ㴫ַݵıУƵ˲䱻嵭һͬժ𻨡
ͬʱ춫Ҳμص˷Уֻһ£һӰǰݸһļҪϡ
°ɡļӹֺ춫֣һϹٴ˰С
ʵ춫ǰŵİַݣ;ȥµĻҲͲַݱˡ
ַݻûг£ȻĻ춫϶Ҫַ֪ݿϣҲϣ
Ȼ޼ҿƲ£еĸ߲ȴ֪޼һһãרŸ׬ǮԼ
Ӱ޼ҲǷǳǿռϵٶȷǳ죬Ҳ׼ȷ
ͱ˵춫ǰַݵĵ鱨棬ϸļ¼¼
ȻһЩεĶƾ޼ҵ̽ģͱ˵̵ꡣ
صĶ춫˵Ѿ㹻ˣֲҪԸַݣֻҪ˽һĸ龭ѡ
ʮӺ춫ļУ¶ޱȸӵɫ



93 춫ľ
ַڵĳɾͣνߣǮȨԼ书ԼŮǶǴ´ġ
Ҫ鷽棬ȴԵһ⣬һŮѣͬʱиˣŮ˻岻
춫ҰԼŮַݵĻǾֻһܣӲġ
һʱ˳У춫ɫ粻ʱʱҲᰧ̾һ¶ᡣ
춫Ƿַݵģɲһô򵥣ܿⱲ塣
ԼŮַݵ춫ﻹ̵ģŮ޸Ȼ˶飬ҵŮֱһá
쿴Ϻ춫ȴҲû뷨ͷ۵ǣôԼŮԶ
֪ŮĪȻȴޱȵĸǿһ£ġ
춫µľԼŮѶ֣ʱֳһϵе
Ӧáûôɡһ˿ǣ춫Щȷ
ৡͻȻһӰϢĳ춫Ӱʶľһȭȥ
žӰҲͬʱȭȴ춫˺üԶӰȴ˿
졭ùã춫ŵǸεѣ׼˵ʱȴǿˣԵǰϲţҲ׹ùá
ߡϲһڲڸǵ沿ֻ¶һ˫ĺۣ춫ֶ鲻ԽĴ˸
ùã֪ǰкμ̣춫첻µز£µľǰ׹ùá
Ҫ˵нɾͣԼùѲϵϵİûԶ־η
ʲôӶַһǸö
춫¶ЦԼùûãԶԼĶŮǳ谮мӣرӣϻӰ㣬˽ӽ
ôӽӴ˶֮٣һжǰϲ͡
ʱĻȴ춫˼Ե޹ʽַݸߵĻ϶ᱻ˸ż塣
뿪˵ԼѴ̧ͷһǰϲǲӰ·ûһ
춫ȷµǾ仰ҲȥȻеǿͷԡ
ֻһ춫ףΪʲôԼ׹ùãַݻôѵҲַݵϣ
⵹ˣϲŶַֻǵΪˣζ

һ𻨣еζƮɢڿУҲһλ׵Ů飬ַݲЩ
ֵʱǹĺܿ죬һʱѾͣ˲Ľȥ
ֹӣԺϢһɣȥ𻨸⣬ÿԵĲ㡱һصԺУӱ΢ЦŸַݽ
õģˡַݵͷлʵҲĺһݹ𻨸⣬ֻҲþܾ
õ׿Ϻ΢Цַ˸ټķȥֻһתǺ󣬾ͼ춫ɫӵڴ˵ȴ
Ӷܸ׵鷿ɣЩ˵˵꣬Ƿͬ⣬춫ͷǰ
Ȼɻ󣬵ȴҲǲΥԸĸЩ̫õԤС
Ӻ鷿УŮڲ輸ǰŲˮ춫ݺݵһں󣬲һӵģڵӶңǲĿСˣ
ӱͻأȻһеĲ豭ж䣬ڵˤƬ
Բ𣬶Բ𡱣ҵĵǸӵͷȥЩƬȴǱ춫סٴѯʵңǣǲǣ
ңңҡʵڶ㲻⣬ֵõͷɫһƬ󣬵̫ɬôҲ˵
ģ춫˿ҡͷӶ˵Ϊʲôƫƫ
ôˣһᵽַݣжʱ¶һ˿ŵɫе̬һ۾ܿ
춫¶ӣðҧҧʺģ԰ְȰ㣬Ǳˣǲһġ
Ϊʲôɫ˲԰ףû뵽һֱ۰ԼĸףȻ˵Ļ
춫һĸӣȴûж˵ʲôֻô滽˵úÿŴС㣬ӽᡣ
ΪʲôʲôΪʲôҽӽֹӣʲôʲô
ͳĿз˴Ŵŵ飬춫۲ѡ
뵽ԼΪŮһӵҸҲҧ˺ģ뿪鷿



94 ַ
һַֻͷѣȵ۾ǻǵĿֱá
ֻǼڻʣ죬ͱ뿪ˣ뻹Щ᲻ãҪֱġ
סԶģַݾͷ춫ӰЦ޼ôпչңʲô𣿡
ߵַݵǰ춫ǿ¶һЦݣе£ֵܷһ˵
Ȼַݲ÷ʼ磬춫һͬԺеʯͤ
ˮݺú춫ҧҧֵܣҲˣѾŮˣܷŹҼӶ
춫һַۣصĵ˵ͷ޼Ҷ˼Ҳܾ
ַݺεȵĴӿôֻܲ˵Ҳ˵
ʱ춫ἰҲһ£˵һŮӣַĲ˺һ˿һ
лֵܣ£¡ַ˺˵춫ҲһӦĻ黹ЩѰ졣
ַҡҡͷ΢Цûµģ޼Ϊһ׵뷨Сͷ⡣
ʵҪ˵ҪǸˣʵңҳֵĻͲƽֻϣСȥҵҸ
춫ص̾˿૵֮һֱֻ֣ϣӶܿһ㣬Ҿˡ
ֵϢʵǸһЩҪµĻ춫Լ޼Ҷ߾ȫվ춫ȭֿĵ
޼ˡַҲһȭֻȴһ̾Ϣ뵽ӣԺֲֳӰ
ŮôɵҲΪˣҪ˵ַݲΣһǼٵġ
ֻӵҶӨٻΣ;ѾĶˣŮˣܶ㡣
һͤкƲ裬ַݸпѣҲ֪ԼǺεºܣܹõŮĿС
ֹӣ¼ҽĶַЩʱ򣬸鼮ߵַݵǰ
ַݲعϵĶ󣬲ǰһΪүӴӦĳͣ޼ҵȭ
ЩȲķȥַݲУжŮҲʱԺ

춫ûʲô£Щƣص˷УûϢһᣬͼԼСһŭĳ˽
ףΪʲôýָһָĵ䲻ϽŪĽĳͿ𣿡
ղȥˣͿԼͷԭ˲ŭա
û˭һҲԸȴǱԼĸӲĲɢôͨ
ʱ춫Ҳķૣɣֻǻ˻֣һСӣô㻹ûʸܡ
ԭֻϹ飬ȴǼķŭĴ󺰵Ϊʲôûʸܣһҵ׽㣬һҵľˣΪʲôͲܹܣ
Ҳ֪ΪʲôҪǣףҾ͸˵ˣָֻҵĽͨͨϡ
˶춫ҲǷŭˣָıӵ˵Ҳܹܵģҹȥ飬˵˲㡣
㡭𱻺һᣬϢҲԽԽȣҲ𽥱϶ʱ¶ǲɫ
ˡ춫ʱŵɫһ԰ףıּǸಡˣͲֹ
ͨδ춫ӦһͷԵڵأ¶ʹɫ
ֱ֣춫Ѿ֪ٴˣͷ󺰵ҽֹӽ
Сʱַݲͷ󺹵룬һƨ˵ϣڴڵĴŴ
ֵܣû°ɣҼϽַݸ춫һĽŵ
ûˣֻǹӵô˾ңѿˡ˲ͷϵ亹ַЩµ
Ҫ֪ΣյģҪַݾμʱֻҪôӣѾȡ
춫һ̾ޱȸӵַݵֵܣ治֪㾿кԶŮ˵Ƴ硣
춫˵ڵνĲˣҲԸĽ
ַݻûૣԼŮѾҪģˣҪ뿪ˣǻַ찡
ֻҲûκεİ취ֻһһˣǱ߻ҪԺһ㣬Լӣȴͷ۵ġ



95 Ȼ뿪
ַ춫Ľͺ󣬶ʱ¶ɬû뵽ԼСһУȻ˳ߵĵλ
ֵλȴַݸеǳͷۣѡĻϲҪֵλ
ԥƬַ̺վ¶ɾģҲ¶һ˿ԼбҪ˽ᡣ
еʱӱõİ취ЩʱֱӦԣĽ״
޼ȹˣСҲɣҶҲҽַ̾˿ʵЩ̣ȴûѡ
ðɡ춫صĵ˵ͷҲʵҲӦԵİ취ˣֻܽϣַݵϡ
һСʱĵһ۾ͿһԵַݣЩ˵ָ硣
û˰ɣַֻ΢Цŵ˵ͷ춫ѣеǰѯʵ
ߡûлش춫Ļֻһ춫¶һ˿ɬ
һ춫Լ鱣ƽǰְֵĴҲģԭ𣿡
㲻ָֹͽһҾԭ㡱¶һ˿УʱɲԼԸ
Сûô򵥣㸸ʵҲΪãͱˡӵĹϵֵôַҲòվ
ָ磬ôŸ˵ૣѵ㲻ϲҽ𣿡ʱЩˣüͷ
˵ʵǸŮС㲻֪ѾŮѣֹһԡ
⻹򵥣˲ͺٺҽʵڲУС檾ͺֻҪҽС
⡭ַݶʱ춫ҲЩ̣û뵽ԼӾȻ˵Ļ
Ȼ޼檵ҲУԼŮôܺЩŮһί
ˣĻ϶ֵûˣַôܻᰴ˵
ǷŮѾˣôĻ޶磿Ժôˣ
ַֻװԥһᣬҡҡͷЦС̫ˣÿ˶Ը鶼˽ģһͬ⣬ҲͬⰡ
ͬ⡱ַݻ䣬һĨٻӰ˵£˽ǰüᶨַݵֻҪңԸ

ַݺͷۣǼ»˵Ͼܿʵܿ˾ϣ뿪¿ʼԼ
ǰҲܿ˾ϣȴǲԸ뿪ַݣһ϶ģ
̾˿ַһӵĵС㣬ַݺεºܣ˿á
ˣ㲻þͽ뿪һλᣬҲ㣬Լһ
ַĬȻӵĻﲢûжôĶ飬лǿľġ
ȷ˵ĻַݺܿҲУվͬİ·
ơɬŭһӰ˼ǰӾȵϲţ
ߡûлشӣϲֻĿַһۣԵ춫ûҪ޼ҼȥˣӶҴˣʣµԼŴɡ
⡭춫¶ɫδӦϲžѴȥ
ַݳ̾˿¶ޱȸӵ飬̶ֵȣҲʼδġ
ȻѾˣҲѾˣַģҲֻ뿪ʱܷ嵭һС
޼ˣҲҸ˵ټʱˡ˱ȭַɫӵ
ðɡ춫˵ͷĸֵͻؼҰɣһҪ֤ȫ֪𣿡
õģһκ˵һë¶һ˿ᶨ
߰ɡַݵһЦ˸ȥûȴǲס·ָ磬·ҪúñŶǽԷġ
ַ΢΢һ㶣Ϊʲôӻ˵·Ϊδŵġ
һġַصĵ˵ͷСԴԺúĻȰȰ粻ֵ
ҡҡͷһ˿ܾģҲ֪ܲȰ
ͺáٴļַȥ븣һͬ˳
ֻһϳַݾŵһϤζһȴһڣװһƳȳȵĹ𻨸⡣
С׼õġǿַеɻ󣬸͵
ַĬȻԺвֳһĨ񾲵ݣĴóһ𻨸Уִһ˿˵Ŀɬ



96 ԩ
ϲšǰڶеϲţӿһɿ־С
Ȼûж£ҵԸʵܿһġ
ͱڣܿ϶֪ԼϲȣҪ˲٣ӳȥļʣΪ㡣
Ӷ͹ԹԴɣԺ׵ģΪá˵ţϲű˴ط£·ʲôûзһ֯ҡ
¶ԥɫӻҧϲţΪӶãǾ뿪ɡ
ϲŲû˵û̧ͷһֻۣӣȴǵ˷Ψһڴ
ĲУҲֻñһַӲĵϲţİһֱӶҲˣ㻹ɱҰɡ
׷ѿˡϲ̧ͷѾˣһ֮Ϊٰһףҵһ涼ԽǼһˡ
ϲţôֻԺһ¶˾ɫ
֪ϲľԼ׶û취ģԵȴˣˡ
ǿסе⣬еǹɸǿ¶˳ϲţ֪˵㣬ȴԸıԼ
һֻһˣԶҲģӲҪҼ޸ˣѡҲѡˡ
ӶʱվһԷϵļȥĬ޸ϲˣһ˰ˡ
δ嵽ǰһɾͻȻӿһѨλֻһ飬̱ڵء
û˿ǰɱ룬㸸׶Сϲͬٶ˾С
ϲţķˡͻȻ⴫һһ̷⡣
֪ˣȥɡ⽫˴ߣϲŽŴ򿪣˸ȡ˽
˰ڷŵϣϰѨλ⿪ϲŵ˸ԹԵĳ
־ôܻԷ˫ɴ£ûжֵ˼
ӵ˼ϲֻǵЦһԼԱ˷ٴθӵѨһӣװ˺ǿ˽ȥ
ιϲŵȴ˽һСʱŽӵѨλ⿪ԹԵıҡ
ɴ⣬ֱͽָ˺У뽫Եķ˿ٳôܻµĳ

ʱ·ԭ·أַݴڴڵĳŹ𻨸⣬뽫ȫԵնжӵ롣
浽һʱַȴôҲ²ȥڣвһժ𻨵ĳ
ֻദʱ䣬񾲵ԸԼȪˮ㻺ĵľٶַȴҲˡ
ص³һַ¶˸ӵɫٴ˹𻨸һۺ󣬺صĽŽ˸˲ֿС
Сʱ󣬸ַݽ˶е·̲ʱַݺҵɣԻȥˡ
õģַݵҪ󣬸ȻܾԽͣºԸַݴ˳š
ַЩʧжصļЩ̾ʵľСǰ䣬үĻұӣﲻʲôǸ
ûµĸܾԵ޷ְɡַԳһЦͷҲûصľ̲ţҪ롣
һ֮ӿַݶǿտĴһŭ·Լһ㡣
Ŵ󺣣ַٴγ֮ķңһ⳵󣬾ֱȥڵֻһ
ַ֣ȴȥͣԿһ󣬵һѾƣڴڵĺ
ֻû뿪ĸˣ㵽һó˵绰ͨпվɣٺ鲻ãһ˵˺öơ
ַ֪ιϵŨ˲࣬ǰλĸȴ֮һһַݵ״̬Ծ뵽֪ͨΡ
ʲô绰ﴫνĵľĬ˰κżϾ͵
Сʱַʣ԰ڷźüƿȵҾƿҲһƿę́͹š
꣡ͻȻһ±򿪣һĨٻӰַݵǰʱԶãһȴǺӶ
ͨ·Ĺַݵֱľſϣ˯˹ȥ
ȻַݺĲǺλǺ˳кӶ
ټַһģѾ³ַݺܿһŮˡ
Թһ̾Ϣ¶ӵɫǰַݵӡ
Ů˶˽ģ˭ӵԼˣԼǸߣûʸַһ
ԩҰٴа̾һγĽ븺һַͬݴԼС



97 ֻΪʹ
ˮˮˮҲ֪˶ãַݲŴ˯ĵֻɤӶðˡ
ȰɡһˮݵַݵǰҲûľͽӹ֣˹˵ĺ
ַݲŻ˻뵽ղŮЩϤ̧ͷһʱȵ㣡ô㣿
ôңѵΪӶԹĿַݣҲǷһĨɬ
㡭ַݶʱɴͣȴǲ֪ôͣĬú󣬲ҡҡͷ㣬ȥˣӽԺҺֻİˡ
ͷ͸ַһۣ˶ǳĿŹģ㲻Ǳƭ𡣡
ַεͷεĻȴ޴ӷ̰ĵĻͲὫˡ
ٴκݺݵĹַһۺЩѯʵҽǸӶɣﶼһֱ
⡭ðɡַ¶ԥǾνڼҪһߵĶ
һ̿ʼַݿʼĽţһ𣬸ۣǰºȲ죬ʮĹ𻨸⣬һжԵôƽȴ˸оࡣ
ءַݻʱһͳȴĶУתͷһȴξȻ
㣬ôַЩɶͷԣԭеıҲεĿɢʱЩЦá
ԼΪµǶûޣһȴȿַҵĸо
һβų˳ޱҾˣСҪӶøȻҾͲҡ
ΪʲôַˣþɵΣںܻ̽˵ĶǷ
룬Ӷô£ôãԺ϶ܸҺСٻгദҲ˵ˣһץˣ˵ͱŶʼɵץż޸һ㲻Ҫ
ȿȡַֻһû˳Ŀϸһε񣬷Ȼһ档
湻˰ɣӶ¾ͱˣܽҲſૡַҡҡͷ¶ɬ
ϲŵ书ֱǳ뻯ַݴžȥΧˣÿ϶ʧܡ
һʧܵĻֻҪϲŲһӻڿֻУӵܽɱֻŲŻᱻ

ΪȻҲ֪ģַݲ²ǻΪҲһء
ֶָϵĻǶ㵽ȥȻһע⣬ԼͿܱ˲ɱ
ҲǻĹһ㲻ԸҵԭĳΧһҵĻҲеΣ
㳲£УҳǼǳѵ顣
ǶɿֻţԼļҲһѣǸһ塣
ַһĨȻһ̾ͷĻУʵĲŮˣͱӶǶܺã䱳޼ңҲһӴкܴİ
㣬лл㡭ַһĨԼжθĶѾҶӨٻ
һַݵĻ¶һĨҪ󹬵ĻҲҪԼŶ
һԲӹ֬׷ۣڶҪĵģҲҺСٻλãǾǱҪҺСٻͬС
ַݶʱɵۣ֪ǰػûʲôãӹ֬׷϶ϣСٻελãҲ޻̸֮
ԣֻһպ󹬵谭һжÿŮ˵
ʱַҲȫˣֻǶ̶̵ļʮ꣬ںУʩΪԼڡ
費㽭ĺζ˴⣬߷̫Լᣬӵδ̵ɾ;ܹԶҲ˻˵Լʲô
ַ֮ͨݶʱ泩ͷҲͨ˲٣ҲǰԼ˾ӣԶ飬飬ԼǷŮģѾˡ
ͷͨԺַ˼Ҳǻؼ⼸죬һֱûմˣǰоԼѾҪը
ƫͷһε˯ʮֿɣѩ׵ĻԪʱַһʣҲ¶е顣
һѽ§˻Уַ˫ֿʼ˶Ӥļ
СˣȥϴɡȻҲ鶯һ˿ǣѵ
ַ¶Σ漴۾һһѽα𣬾ԡȥ
ֻһᣬˮһг¡



98 ٴη
ַ̱ݵĻУ仹һԾԾԵģξеСͷŹɣĲ
ðɡĽִǱɲͬ״ĻԲ뿪ַ촽Щδ
ԭɣַݷԼڷǳÿζζףɾ
ַţλӦԼպ󹬵ԭУܻһΪ
˵һΪһ棬һ˻ĳַܲޡ
ĽһյαԡУַݺϴţоᡣ
κܵı۾һеĸַܵݶĸ飬ûвһЩĶ
ɾŻشͷַͻȻһԴ㣬ôͻȻضˣʲô鷳𣿡
һ鷳Ǽ޹أȴǲòܡһ˵£ζʱһ飬¶һ˿ء
ô£ַһ˿ã⻰Ƶͷԡ
ġ֯һԣŽԭϸ˵˳
ΪһԴһڱҲǺܿصԴϡ
ԴַݽϵøʾһκѾʼչ˿ϡĹ˾
տʼһжԵýӴĲ֧֮£Ѿ˹ڽٷ֮ʮϡԴʸ
ֻаٷ֮ʮĿʸ񣬾Ϊʸ֪ķ˶پʽ
ԴϸڿʼչƻͿʼԭѾ̸õĿ󳡾˵һ㣬ǼۣҼ۸һһĸߡ
ξѾܿ϶谭ˣһ飬ǵ϶̹ӡ
κεͷԣ֪ԼӲӲûκεʤ㣬ѡ˵ȣ̹ʧȥġ
Ҫ֪ļ۸񣬿ȫ˿󳡵Ĳ۸Щ̹ѹȵĿȷͷȥ϶͵͵ϵԼҪ֪⡣
ֻ벻鷢ˣ̹Ӳ֪ʲôֶΣϵ̫ļعҵţǽ˰ٷ֮ʮļ۸
ͬʱҵһ·ˣͻȻһϢٷ֮ʮϡڶζԺҪõϡԴˡ
˵ַѾȫˣ̹ȫҪϡԴҪԣԶ

飡ַصһľϣľ϶ʱһӡʾеķŭ
Ǵм⼸ַ֣ɫЩ˵ķŭ
Թĸ̫ìܾͼɵͣϡ۸̫ӴĿβŭ
Ҫ֪ϡòϣǶԹҾ·ϡ̫ǾǵʵԼҵʵ
ַݾ̹ԸԼ汻ϡͣҲϧ
ڴ֮ǰַݻŬһ£Լܹø棬ֱ
ǩͬжʱ䣿ַԥƬ̺ʳԼĵһ£Ҳȡǰᡣ
죬Ǿͻٿŷᣬʱһоˡ£Ȼǵһ붼ͻش˳
ˡַص˿ļƻѾ˳ļƻ
ĸεĶԣҲ֪˵Щʲôε۾ҲԽԽ
ɣֵšһ¶һѵļƻθţһϵģ
ֻһģǼͦĻԲһһģַһȣٲһⰻȻ
Ϊ˱֤²һ⣬ַݻѡѧУһڵļ٣˶ֻĸҲһȥˣȻҲᱻһ̭
ڣַݴ̹ס͵͵Ǳ丽󣬽Ӽŵ˿С
Ҫ֪֪֪ˣܰս̹ӵһһصӵ£ͻȻԡ
һкַݲſصεסһ򿪼ص¼Ͳɴ۾źգ
ϸһַȴֱ̹ѹµŮˣգֻŰ˷ơ
һַεͬʱֲ̹Щ֮ԱǣòգҸƵŮο壬ҰοĲ̬
ֻһ㣬ַݶ俴˲٣Ҳǰ裬һͿԿ̹ӶǱص֮ġ
ƾڵַݾ;ձ֣Լֶĵĸо



99 
һʱڣ۵Ȼܽ׶ﵽǧڵϡס
ֻڼڳνףΣʶ֮٣γɲ˹ģ
ȻһжڹڶϡֵĲ˽ɵģַݽеϷųȥڷԽ׵϶һƬ
ַݲʥˣأҲܺӰֻţȴŶֵһ̡
ǩԼһʱ䣬ʻ˿ȴɽ˺Ϊ̫ܿרͽ
ϳļˣǶһ綼ᶶһĲŴҪ£ǳϯĻ飬뻪ĹĪĹϵ
ʱʱ˵רѾִʹʱرЩߣƴǰţռǶõλá
ͬʱܵľеǹҲȣþܵһпɵ
ַݲЩҪ֪ڼʮǰһ̫ˣǾֻһܣ
û뵽ڣǹȻڱЩ̫˵ģⲻò˵ַ̡
ַݲǣ˵ΨһָûȨѡ벻
ַݺ޵Щ¾ߵˣ¾ߵˣǰԶȴŵ̹ӡ
ַݵУѾǱĳƺţ֮Ѿǵһĵزˡ
ַݲŹκһܹѹĻᣬҲͬԾ˭˭ӮһлֶΡ
ڣĿУСӣзͷڱڵĴӵ´ͨ߳һȺ߶ʱӵϡ
˵Ⱥ˵ľԶҡκһңԵģǶˣ̫ҲһƬֻС
뵽ַвӿһɳ嶯һöըֱӽȺ˸ը졣
ҲֻѣȲ˵ըûУĿ϶һ⽻粨Уòʧ
һȺ˵Ĵӵ£Щ̫˾ܾشһ⣬ԽȺרſٵͨ뿪˴˴
ַ¶˵Цݣ飬ѾĲˡ
ηᣬΪһЦϣ̹ҲΪ˸һĴۣΪĳЩ˿еЦ

ҹĽȴǱƽ룬ΪѾֻеõ뺯ܽ롣
ԭַݲ׼μⳡģȴû뵽̹껾Ȼһ
Ų˷ѵԭַݻǾȥԴһϾ˶ΰӣܳԶٳԶ٣Բ˾ʹ
ߵ㣬ʻַͣݳĴҲǺ˰ɣЩ˿ģֱֵһᡣ
һ˵ɻַݺĵ뺯ݣΪ˽磬δսٸغϣͶĲˡ
⻹ַ˵һι٣ǰҲҪȥȻǣͲ
ݻİθߣַݴĿСĶУһʱпǧ
б۵ףһɽСַףΪʲôǶߴΪڸߴ·ĶһȺϣԼ·һ㡣
ˡһݵʾַݸ¶һĨЦ⣬ȥ
ģʳԶɶԵ⣬̹ɶԵôܻ͡
ǱΧŵļ̫ԼûκεȤַݾֱʹʼ˴Դȡ
·Щνʿַݵз׷¶˱ĵɫ
ҪǶſڵİĵĻǻΪַ͵͵Իȵġ
ַȻӶҸоõ̫ˣûҪһɡ
áԱַݲĴ˸ãŶȣһϷʵĿǱΧȺе̹껡
ò˵˳ȫԵڣҴ̸·Լȷ꿡ĸ֡
ԣΧһȺ˿ĸ£ַֻ֪Ҫ껹ָǾͻѹڴϣξá
ͱŵλȻûǰڸʱĸ䷶һƬȵĿ껣޲価Լ
ַȻʶģ˵ҲͬѧֻǲͬѣʱҶӨٻУѧУκ˶ǰģ
ǺǡַݵһЦǷһĨϷʣƶŮˣҪͬʱҲãŮҶӨٻȣǶҶӨٻһ衣
ͣʱЩ˰ɣŮַϷʵһ㶺漴üͷ



100 ̫˵
ַݲûоʲôףǾ˾Ʊʾ⣬кһ
ĺ񲢲飬ݺݵĵַһۺתԵ˵Ļ
ַݵע£תͷЦַݣ
Ϊ϶ʱ¶ֻ飬Ȼַûһ˿ĺøС
һжôѧУʱ˵һҶӨٻַȻǰԼŮˣԿһЩȻǲôĶҲһΣĵŮˡ
ȵԼλϣǼ̫ʱַҲһûһ㡣
δ껿ڣıַָݣһĵĵôģôܻС䣬Իȵˣ
ĵŭⲻν󣬶ⳡƻǣȻ˵עӣ˿Ǵˡ
ĵѵ⣬ַʲôҲûֻǴЦһ껣Ůֻɫ㶼ϵĻ㻹ʲôա
㡭ĶʱˣһŷӦɫɷ׵ŭôܻŮˣ𣿡
žһİֳ˼žУΪִ˵ľȻ껣Ҳַݣķġ
٣Ϊʲôҡıڵأ¶һƬãȻɫͲ֪Լʲô
껸ûлͷһۣҲûпһֻۣǶֵȥ
ڹĵ˵ͷҲεķסҸ£˳ȥ
٣٣ΪʲôôҡĵĺԶ룬ֳҲڰʼգ˶ûлͷһۡ
͵ڳΪ˻ᷢͻʱȴû뵽ȴǹЦ֣٣û뵽ˣкܣ¡
ûû£̫ҲϰߡַݵһЦһģгһĻ֪ö˴۾
ʵȻǣжԶԷǺ֮ǣͲöԷˤȥǡ
ⶼҵĴֹҶ˺úдһ¡¶εɫǴӱ濴ȥĻһƬġ
ַݿڣȴתͷļ̫˵һ£λַ٣μŵĻϰ壬ӵŻİٷ֮ʮϡԴ

껻䣬ʱֳҪ֪μŵν졣
ҪԴμŵҸνⶾҩӴ棬ڳ޲ĽĽ
ЩȴǶ೤˸ۣμ˵͵չϡԴбضΡ
ô룬ȻԸģϡԴֻô࣬ЩٴгԻһ㣬μչ϶ϼѡ
Ϸʵַݵı飬껼Ԥϵַݵڽʱ򣬻ޱȵľʡ
ϵǣַɫȻһֱЦݣһѿɫûС
껾ɲʱȺ̫ҵĸ߹ȴվ˳ĸַһϹ־ãҽСɣû뵽Ȼμŵˣ󷽵ҸνⶾҩǼźܸȤܷʱǢ̸һºˣ
ŶַݵһЦȻһĳϿңҲޱȵǫ飬ȴ֪̫ڱޱȵǺ뻢ıƤ
ˣҸνⶾҩ̫۵ģԲҪַҡһ¸߽űкһ۶ûеݸˡ
ַݵĻشǼλ̫˵ɫܲÿȻǸ˾Ļϰ壬ҲϵĴˣͷʱӹ
ҸνⶾҩǸģе޴ȻַʮֵĲӣΪҵСɻǼǫѷѯʵ־ΪʲôҸνⶾҩ̫ૣܴӴ棬Ҳܡ
ˣֱַӻֹСɼٽȥ¶һ˿ϷʵʵǺҲǲܣǡ
ַǰ仰ȻСɫһ˿ϲֻһ룬ȴСɫЩ粻
־ʲôҪĻ뾡ǼһŬСһĺ㣬ַȴǴУŨŨ
ȻѾ˸Ǻˣַȴһ㶼ںЩ̫ҵһĽ
ǷһĨϷƵЦݣַݵȻС˵ĳ¿ңҲͲҴˣֻһҪֻҪ㵺ǻĵģǵĺͿԼˡ
ˡСҲܱһǫѷ̬ͱ˴ֿڣΪ˱ȴӲ
Сƽ飬ַȴǲọ̀̾ղĻַݻ治һ̵Ľѵ



101 ǻ̫
ַص̾˿εʼλСǵĺǲˣʵŬһµģҪֻһ仰ѡ
־ܱǸ˵ʲôҸ޴Ӿͨ˵ĻʱңɿԳΪ顱ѾַǺ֮ˣСûб¶ϣ˵ϵġ
⽲ѾûҪ˵ȥˣСתҪȥַȴһվСȵȡ
һ˿ϲɫСɶʱתͷһ¿ҵĵ־ͱźһ⡣
ҵ䣬ҽס˼ֻǿѵķϣһ£ǵھӡշ˴ϡԴ
ַһĳϿңǰĿҲΪЩֻˣ϶᲻ȥ֤ġ
ַݵϢνףڳ˶֪ģɶԵ⣬Ϊ˻ӭЩ̫ˣǵĿģҲϡԴ
ǰͻȻһ˴ϡԴϢЩֻ̫ҪɵӣͲỹԭ۹
ԤϵǣϢΪ棬Ϊν껣һӴʧԼϵĴ
٣ҳԣ⻰ɲ˵һĨζĻﴫַתͷһֻһĿ
һ޹ģַʼ⻰ɾˣҲΪð
ǻһ֮ҪϢţǰԭļ۸ۣǲǿ𣿡
ٺ٣˵ĲǷˡ껺޲ý̵ַȥȴǲòô˵ûԼλ̫Ѿһ
ǳЯһ㣬ַһܶµģ껵ļŶҪʵҪţҲǸˣӦöЩ
ˣͲ˵ˣллٵʢҲԱˣ´μ˵ţַݴһԳһֽ˲죬һ׼Ͷ佫䶪Ͱкȥ
һӿɱַݲ˼Ƥ񣬲òҲ֪ǵ껵ġ
Ҫ֪ٳνףѾóԼеĵƣҪ۸ϡ׳ȥĻֻԼǮˡ
ٸڵǮȷõĳóĻҪһ죬ͻᱻίȲ졣
ַ⻰ĻǺܿŬȫ׷ѣԼҲһǧɡ
Ϣǲòע⣬Ժܻͬܿ޸ģǸһ粻ʱСҲվ˳һǸģ
ûµģǸúúõһ¡ƤЦⲻЦĵ˵ͷ߼˺¶ޱɫ֣壬ݡ

磬硭ʱߵַͣͻȻκǰ׵Ĵ磬Ӻһĵ϶Сˡ
һ뵽ǽַݶʱƼϴ˳ȥ׼ʱ򣬲ԶһĻȴע⡣
µӣһʢװŮˣһĺȥַݶһŮȻǸղűģЩ±ڣûĻЩ̫˴ġ
Ȼǲȣһ±ַݵԺԥ֮˾
ûһ˿ĺøУô˵ҲǻĹǼ̫°߶ǵĻҲ᲻
ַݱԶĸĵ
Щ˿ɶܹѵľ񣬸ֲͷǳǿ
ԱȽɱַּݣǻҪϲٵģҲž޴ƣ˶࣬ǹ
ҲǿǵַݲŲֱӾϣϵĻҲһ˿ʤʣҲ˽ǣֲŮˣûҪôƴ
ҡҡĹ󣬲ŽһҾƵ꣬ͣ˲ԶһλãųӼ
ˣԷһһַݿУҪģǵȴᣬĸȳ
Ӽļ£ͨһĵݣĸ˶¥һ׷УϺ󣬾˸ͨ
һᣬһϤӰ˰ǰȻǸղŷֱ𲻾õ̫Сɣֻһ뷿ȴһˣˡ
ַԺжʱֳһĻһŮһŴϾϷǻʵ̫
ġݺݵ˦˦ͷַݴӲֿóԼҹ´ϣӼİ£ⶰƵĵ¥Źܵһֱϡ



102 ع
Ҳַʱ򣬶¥ķУڴϣԼĶ˻ûһ˿һ֪
ļ仹Լ󳡵һ˲䣬㱻һڲϣ˹ȥ
֪һ־ͱ̫˸ˣ껵Щ˿ĵġ
֪ҲֻֿиڵʲƽѾǲĴڣ껿ȴһֶֻĴڡ
Сɾ湻˼㶼óҹʵָмʱСһ뷿ˣ̰ɨһĺøмĻСɵ
дˣֻһоû˼ѣϲʮֵϲСһЦ
ٴο˿ϵģдüСɾţûȤ
ٺ١С¶һ˿ЦݣӻóһװŷҺСƿӵֻҪⶫͻȤˡ
СɾȻϵϴ裬ðɡд¶һĨаЦݣȲĳԡУСҲǸȥ
ֻûз֣ڲԶĴϣһɫӰǵĶԻ˶С
Ȼһ֮ѡַ¶һ˿ѾˣҪһ̵Ľѵ
ӻͳһӺһЩҩۣҩ۷кַݺסһˣЩҩ۴˷С
һᣬԡб㴫ײַ϶ʱ¶˵ЦݣȷҩЧѾЧ󣬲ŴӴ˷С
һ¾ʵɱּӵˣֻǰַݲмʹðˡ
Ϊʲôʹãǻ޼ܵǸɱֵ׼һ㣬û뵽ϡ
ҩ۵Ҳܼ򵥣ʵδһְҩܹٽ˵˯ߣַֻõȴᴿĶѡ
ɱģҲܵ˰ҩӰ죬ַҲûа취⣬ֻ˯Ȼ
ԡˣַݿɲô׵ķŹǣߵԡǰַݴСɵ·ѳƿҩˮԡҡ
һԡУӵڵϣַֻһ񺮡
ַݻеĶģװźɫҺƿšƿСɹ˽ȥ
һкַ⣬Կ׽ԡҵŸֱع

뿪ƵַһҲҪ֤ĺùݣ˸󣬽ĸ˽ȥ󣬻˼ٿǮֽдһ仰ôˣֻǽ㵱̫˻ĵѡ
Ͱ㵽ˣֻϣ㾭νѵܹһ㡱Ŵͷ˯ŵģַݻҡҡͷ뿪˴˴
ڶһ磬ַ˹Żɳ˯ΣһС
ŵĴӱŲַһ·Сܳ˷䣬СһЩԼһݱֽص˷С
ʱѾһͬڵϣַ̯ͣ˱ֽǴı¶һĨϷʡ
ʣֽİ棬дӡִϡı׼ȷ˵̺
ûΰŵģĿҲܼ򵥣ǾҪεĽ׸洵ùڵϡ۸
ҲԶ׼ģϢһ󣬹ڵĸϡԴصļţɼ۾ֱͣǶʱ׷ۡ
ȴǲ֪ӡϡԴѱַõļ۸԰ռͲг޴ĳ
˿ʱַݴ˵ӻΪ껵μдͽٿ˾ʵһĻôܴ
дٿ껵ӰӰǰ¶˺ЦݣַݵУȴ̫ǿ
һתַӶʱɴˣϸһȴûסĶ˳
ΪСдҲ˳˻ʱʱüĿ飬һޱȵģ
ôַͻȻĶһӦ󣬱ɻ
ܲܲ˵ַЩȻİ˰֣Ͼʵ̫˵
У˵ȻĻʿҴϡ¶һĨԴвַݲܲӡ
Զ׼ģΪԼҸַҧҧľĽ˳ûһ˿һı
ŻַݵĽζʱɴ˫ۣ뵽ղСɺд˵üĿθжʱһӿ
ð죬βŻعϷʵ˿е˵Сʵૣ֪ˣ϶лġ
˰ɣع׷²ʹ𡱣ַһ鴤Ͻ־ܾ



103 Ὺ
ʮӺ󣬷ʽʼڼǵĵʣȴǴ̫ȭ
ڲһ˿νǷܹеĻ⣬ֻ˵һЩô˭Ҳ֪
ַȻ֪껵⣬ǾϣȺǵʧÿ췢ܶ࣬ò˶ã¾Ͳᡣ
һʧܵĲ߻Ѿע껵Ȧڵ޷أ֮еȴǿԱġ
ֻǿһᣬַݱҶ˵绰һ˿Ц㣬껣ܰһʱˡ
ǺǣͣǾͲ̹ˡ΢΢һЦοִһδʤ̰
һжù鹦ַݸһϢǾӡĳطϡԴڡ
ȻЩַϢȴѡ˲ѯʣַһ˵ġ
ʣµ£ͽˣʲô⣬һʱ֪ͨҡַ΢΢һЦεıǳ⣬иµŮˣʲôá
塱εĵ绰ͻȻһȴִĵ绰
½ťֵı棬ǵĻҲԽԽ󣬺Ȼʲôĵ顣
ӺŵĽеĵ绰£һ˿С˵ЩôôտʼҸ߼չǲһˣͰٷ֮ʮҡ
û취鶼ֵһزĽҲȡˣܲ𣿡ַʼ磬һĻЦ
ҲͲסеϲĴЦܿ껳Աܲ
ʱ򣬱ںùеĵ˹ع˿ܵĻһļӷڴ֪˶˵Ρ
䷴ӦǼһûκ󣬶ʱһ¶һ˿ҡ
΢΢һܣĺǾȵķһµǼǮԼһСֽ
Сֽ֮ĺĿȥݺ̣ܶһ۾ͿԿ⡣
껡зһĨߺ޵Ŀ⣬ĲСֽôһѣʱеè֮
ݺݵĽֽһţͰк󣬽ǼŰԪķȥ

ûôһˣ˵ķߺޣ˶ַݶûС
Ľ껣ΪͥӴҲú˧ҪҲб¡
ⲢĸԸΪ͸˵Դ˿̵뵽ֻǱ
ڵ껶ϵĻѻʯҲûƣŮˣֻҪҵһˣȫܹΪʤ
ڴ֮ǰһǳҪҪǾҳǸԼˣһҪлֻǲô׶ѡ
ߵĹ̨ĶԹ̨ķԱѯʵһ£֪˭͵ù𣿡
ҲǺʱ˴ǰɫĳ£һɫп㣬Լûӡɡ̨ϵ¶һ˿ˣܴܿŮǱǸ˴ռ˱ˡ
ɫĳ£ɫп㡱жʱ¶һ˿ãתһ㶣Ϊ뵽ˣַݾһװ硣
һ˿ӵɫĴһ⳵ȥ;óЯֻ½ѯʵַݵֻ롣
ֻúûйַݲȥֻǱ༭ţ֣лл
ɿеֻһ˿㣬Ѿ¶˾ģ˳ҪĹؼ㣬һ˵ϣҲֻܰԼ
֮󣬵ַµʱ޲Լ˴ŮȻ·;ͽ
εεΡʾַݵ㿪һȴһİ뷢ллǶʱһĨЦ⣬૵㻹еͷԡ
˿ַݽŵ˱λã͸ûص۾˰ɡ
ϡԴѾҪַٲһģ̹Ҳͣһʱ䣬ڿһˡ
뵽ַжʱ˲٣ԺͻȻֳһףжʱ¶ޱȾĵɫ
ʵߵϣַһ̾Ϣ֪ԼĲ֮ģǾʵǿ
ʵ㹻ĻȫŸѹ춫ͬ⣬Ҳͬ⡣
ʵһһϦɵģڵֻܸӵŬȡͻƵǽʲôǿ
ˡַʱ򣬾Υ˳̵ʾһ󣬾Ȼμӽġ



104 öҩ
ʱ䣬ΪԪ̣ҲѾȥһ£Խͽǳ̵֯ڲᡣ
ַ˽һֻٰΣĶһǾƷֹ۵Ķ
ַݿڵ¼һЩδĴԼһЩֻܹڲʹõҩ
һжù鹦̵ӴĻ󱳾ԼʵϾδ磬綼ƽ̨ڽŶ
ַȻǳڴʲôöǵÿ̵֯ˡ
Сʱʽʼ϶ʱһޱȾ޵Ů֡
һĻǰ˵һƷȻһĿѧʱ˹һ
ַ˵ȴǺôֶļȲ˵ܲƹȥǵõϣҲһܹо
չ˺ЩݳƷԼһЩĹ棬ĳ˲Ƶļ۸
ЩַȴȫȤΨһȤģЩܹʵĶ
Щ˯ʱ̣ȴһصĵĳЩѾðɣû˲ϣǿ󣬶԰һΡ
ַеע£һǳ˳˻ƿϵĺ첼һͬѪҺʺҩڷϣ¶ͬ챦ʯĹâ
ܻҩز˵ҲµˣֽöšһЦݣ˴֡
öţַֺݵ϶ʱ¶˿ϲɫû뵽ϡеҩȻڴ˳ˡ
һʱ䣬ַݶδЩҩһ飬ҩȻС
νöҩʵȫ˹ģϣһϵһֹ޵ͷ֮Ѫںϧҩں϶ɵġ
Ȳ˵ЩϧҩޱҲǿޱȣҪĳЩضĵطôһ㣬ҪõͷѪޱȵѡ
ҩЧҲޱȵǿ󣬺ųֻҪһ֧֮꣬ǲҲͻȻҩ
ȻߵˣܹƾҩЧڶ̶̵ʱھͻƵҩЧľ֮ǰٶȶӿ첻١
ҩһͱƿЩȨУ˵õǽӴҲ֮١
һҩַݾѾˣºľһԪȥ

ˣͼһǧԪʼҿԾıˡ֮˶ʱ˾ۿʼַǰľۿҲɻɫ˺ɫɵ
ȻûμӹᣬַݿҲѧһЩͱ˵ֱһڱصõģñ˲ٳۡ
һǧֻǵ׼۶ѣԼ۸һ󣬼۸Ѿʼ˻Ӽ۵Ҳʮķȡ
ַ¶һĨЦݣԥھϣǧ֡
һǧʱҲһ׷λڳۡ
Ȼ۸񲢲ܽĳЩ˸ˣһᣬֿʼ˻ȴû˸ղôƵ
ַݵһЦǧԪ֣ȷʱٴ
Σǧļ۸ֹͣãڿҪʱһ֡
ַ٬һüëٴμӼһǧһڱصõģǼӼ۵ҲҶ
еĹأӺû˳۵ĻϵͳĬϼ۸߻Ʒ
ַ̫ǿƵԭɣôȣҲûһٳˡ
һ룬ַݲŻ˿һöţˡ
֮ϵͳֱӿ۳ַǧԪʽ𣬲һöţǰ
ȲĽҩַݷǰۿֻùеҩģѪҺ·ڻš
ǿн뽫һ븹еĳ嶯ַݽصķ˶Уȴ󣬲ſʼá
ʵģַݵ۸Ѿ˵ǰеߵƷ۸һʱҲޱȡ
ڹϲ²ַʵݣȴǵòͳһ³һͻᱻ
״ҲЩ˵ĺģҪ֪δ磬һԪʲ˲٣ӵôʽȴ٣һ»ǧԪ˸١
Ҫ֪۸ѾܹʮıڣԼʮˣĳЩ˵ȴһҲ㡣
Щ˵Ĳ²⣬ַݲƲƲͣԼǵĹȥô£ҲܲµԼͷǵŬҲֻù



105 
ҲǻҩֻȴǱöŵһεһţֻͻƵ
һ㣬ַҲ˹˼Ϊ֮⣬һѵļˡ
˭Լ˳꣬Щһҩˮַڱصá
һ㹻۸Ҳˣַݻ˾ǧļ۸һһʮ֧Ѿǹˡ
У;Ҳǳ˲ٺöǼ۸Ҳ㹻ַһĿࡣ
ڣһҩַݵע⣬ܻҩǿ޸ҩ
Ǵַݾ֪޸ҩ棬ҩЧȻҲޱȵǿ
ʦϸ˵£ַ˽⵽ǿ޸ҩųֻҪһڣ˻ָӵ˲֮
˺öַôܴ붼ûģȡһʮ֧ղţ൱ʮ
ҩҲǵΪֹˣģĶַȻ䲻ݴ
ַȻ𣬵һǰʱȴ¶¡
һֱ״ĶޱȵĹӣֱͨ
ΪģǾʹشˣֱǴһⷢԽʮ׺ĸְ嶼״򴩣ǻ֣һܡ
ַݹԭҲΪ˸Լһû֮ǡ
һжԴļʶԴӽӴ޼ַ֮һ㣬绹֪ǿ
Ȼڵ䲢ûжٽ׼ԺһЩӴǹڣɻвԼ˵İȫ
б޻ȷѡַݿɲ鷢źĪǲ֮ߡ
ֱڶ࣬Ҽ۸ҲܱˣַݲѴ֮ľʮͬġ
ַţⶫŷǰ֣ܴ⧲пܶ
һЩչַҲĿ࣬ΪЩʵֲ̫ˣȫ
Ҫ֪δУѾ̫߳ϵҲʶ׺ݵĹԼ壬ĸٶȣһһ
ַݲǿֲӣЩʵɱҪҲ
һʾʱַݲû͹ֱӱ˴ֿڵԲۣȻǸ

ûڷʦԵװĶеӢۣĿס
ң书ȫͬҪǿһЩݵأ̫գûκε⡣
䱾ɱҲޱȵǿ󣬾ǻߣҲֻܵһ˵һһܹߡ
ʵģַĶˣӵ˴˿׺ַݾͿ˲֮أֻҪϾӣܹƲģֻǴ˵еľˡ
װޣӵͿԸܵӢ۵ĿУǧԪģֵӵС
ʦһ׸װļ۸ɲǼ俪ʼǣһƽǧĴء
ÿжһӢΣ˵ʹеĸˣǲӢۣûؼԼղأҲһѡ
Լ۸һ·ҡֱϣڱѾͻƵǧĴأ۵˲Ż
˰ļ۸ַֻܿЦΪڵԪѾǧˣġ
һ׳кеĸףַʵڲԪҲֻܸɵۡ
ˣַͻȻǰһΪ뵽Լһöܹϲ͵ļ۸
ַҲ˲ûӰ쵽δĻңǸ©̨ȡ˳ϵеĿͷ
ͷ233Ϊʲô԰𣿡ֻ˲䣬ͷСӴͲд˳
£뾺һǮƷѺ𣿡ַ˵Լ
ȻԣҿԸ㿪ͨѺͨƷĵѺ۸ϵͳֻҪѣȡء
ǾͶлˡַݶʱ¶ϲɫͨͷͨͨһ̨Уŵĵȴ˼۸¯һ̡
ǧ򣡡ϵͳıؼ۸Ȼַ׼Ǹһ̾δڹϧȡ
ȷť󣬶ʱǧԪ㱻˻ϣӵ˾ĵʸ
̧ͷһ׿׵۸ѾǧٶԪļ۸ַҧҧֱļ۸
ԭ˳ˣһַݵǸIDۺ󣬶Ƿ׷׷ȥҲн
ǻмڼַۣҧҧٴμӼһǧ⼸ʽˣ˼ӼۣǵȴģֻǷ
˵ǣ֮Ҳûٳˣӵʱַڽ׿ףС



106 ̫
װ͵ַݵǰرеĽ棬ǮѾˣٿȥҲûκε塣
Ĵһ׿ףַֻһɱĴд鲻ԽĴ˸
ȻⲢ̫ڱԭʵΪ̫˷ܣԥĺ˽ɵ塣
򡱣´֮׿׶ʱ壬һĿʼַϷ̶
ֻʮȥַݾ͸оԼһУûһ˿Լ˳
Ƿ󶨡ǰһСеĹĻţȴȷԼѡ
˾ĶַȻܽʹãԺԥľѡ˰󶨡
һ΢Ĵʹдַ֪ϵͳͨԵ粨󶨣ֻҪɣԺ׿Ժֻһ˲ٿء
ɣϸһ±׵ĲݷʽϵͳǱĻУַϸ˽׿׵ĲݷʽԼ䱸ҽļԺ
Сʱַڽ׿׵йܶ˽ģʣµľֻڻͨˡ
ӿһǿҵ˷ܸУַݻߵ˴ıϣǽײЩ
һֱַԺ´Լĵһȫ͡
Ҫ֪ãʵУһܹſˡ
Իһ㣬ֻͨڿǿ϶ŵιȥοҲ϶һϵеľٴ룬ַݿɲô鷳
´֮װı濪ʼ𽥵ĵ˾ǰҲᷢվһ߿ס
ͬʱԴķ״ߣźŵȵװöѾ
ַţƾϵЩ״װãûκιܹͨƼֶηչ
ȷַ֮һ˿ȵΣοɫգһԾӴֱ˳ȥ
ᣬַ治ɱ󣬿׵ķװñͨԵ粨ɵĿƷеķ
Լܹɵİڿкַݴ˿ֻΪ˵ĸоܡ

ְĸоַݽðҲԸأֻһֱǰš
ֻʵĸоܻȥģַݻع¶һ˿ڴҪȫٷУ
Ҫ֪ڿֻŷװڷţٶȾѾﵽÿСʱİٹٶȣȫǰĻٶȲ֪ʲô
Ծ԰ɡһ֮£ֱַ˿У´ȫǰָ
䡱ŵͻȻһɾ޴ƽţַ֪ǸѹѾȼ
ֻʮӹȥ׵ٶȾѾͻƵ٣ַȻܣоԼܵһɾ޴УҲһƬģ޷׽ĳЩ档
εεΡʱһʾַݵĶУ⵽ѴﵽޣǿƱٶȡ
ϵͳʾϺǿҵûӣǱеĳ̶ȣš
ַ࣡ݻӦʱ򣬾ͻһĤһ㣬һѾ̫ա
ǰһεɫַݵвֳһĨпԼסĵط
Լģվһ˿ַԵ̾ŵ
ͻȻһǴǰԶľַϸһȴǾȻԼҵģжʱ¶һ˿Ц⡣
ԤϵǣԺĸǵǺķѪǾ͵ꡣ
ˣȥʿռվɡҪ֪̫ջˣַݾȥǾ
ûжԶַݾԶԶĿǱ־ԵĹʿռվĽӽ
ַݲûֳΧռվתһȦķһ۾ӵˣŵ
ٺ١ַͻȻһЦԼбҪһϲ
˵һַֻ֮ǽظˣװճ󻺻ķɵ˴ǰ˻֡
Ŷ¡ַݵע£˲ӶûɳǲȷĲ˲۾ȷַݵĴںž򴬲ȥ
ַݺٺһЦֱװãʧ˴ǰµĵȴŴ˻
ӵʱȥַݿ˴һȺԱع飬˵Լղż˸
ַЩôֻܿǴʧķˣһ͸ȥˡ
˻ûߣַٴλЦһ¶Լͣǻ˻֣ŵķȥ
ˡĿǰĸɽ˴㣬λԱҲ̲סı˾ֿڣûҡ



107 ϲŵĹ
ȥ̫һȦַֻ۵ĲУⲢǿ׵⣬⡣
ڵΪڣͻƺڵķ룬ͨ˵Ѿǿޱȣ׿׵Ҳֻǰٷ֮ʮ
ַݸᵽʵҪԣԽãʵʵġ
˿ԼֵǸâĸȦַֻðȫʮ㣬ΪֻҪһ֮£ͻữΪ˰ĸǵϮҲܹѡ
Ⲣ޵ˣͻȻֵĻͷӦ˲С
ļⶼʹޱȣַֻоܵýҴҷһ֧޸ҩ󣬲ŸоԺһЩ
֮£ַͻȻ뵽ԼղŻôǮԱȼѵõ֤¶Թˡ
ǼоƬ棬ַĿһװֵоƬ۸Ȼﵽ˽ǧ
ַݷˣԼ·;жϣϾһе⡣
ҩˮ棬ַݾϲķ޸ҩļǿ棬м޸ҩȻǿ޸ҩҪ˲٣˵Ѿȫˡ
ԥģַݽԼʣԪȫм޸ҩһܣ˿С
ЧͼӰֻһӲʱ䣬ʹбʧ٣ȻղѾù޸ҩЧַ㲻ѡ
ֱһ⣬ǾѾǸ⵰ˣȻѲϾִƷૡ
صĴӻóһöҩַݰǿţֻл̺һ˿ѪζȻ࣬ȴǺʵ
ǿʹһѪɣ¶һ˿ϷʣַҲٳɣһҩȫ˿Уһζ᲻˷ѡ
䡱ҩЧʼӷʱַֻһоǾȣȵоԼȼ
ַ֪Ȼҩڽڶ޳ǿһ鼡ǹ
ҩЧʼŻַ֮ݲŸо˲٣һ󣬲̾ȻͻƵԲˡ
˵ַھ밵ֻһţֻҪڻͨڲһɾͻưӵи˵
һʱ䣬ַĳȣջ񲻿νҩǸҩЩʵ붼Ĵڡ
´ᣬһҪ׼һЩԪˡܽһջַҲܽԼĲ֮ǾǮá
һٰʱϲĶŲĽָ

в޼ңʱȴַǷĴŵƽʵľǹһ㡣
Ϊ޼ҵĴСӱ׵ӣӸط꿡ǣʤ
ͬʱжǱһԸ񣬲ҳཿӵĲѡ
Ҫһǣĸ׿޼ҵļܵõİǸӵ绢
ֲͬϲŵķУӷ·һ㣬ĬĬı֯һҡ
⼸ʱУҲûɱ£Ϊһһϲż£
һᣬ˱͵⣬ӺȻĽ˵ϣϲŵţԷˡ
ķеңϲһԲϣ
ʮӺӷеֵ꣬¶һ˿ˡ
˿ͷԷϲţͻȻڵϲţӶͻ뿪ˣܸܲҽȥĹ£Ϊʲô͡
ӵע£ϲ˫ͻȻһһޱӿɱʱȥĴ
һҲ£˵һֽѣϲŵϣٺòһˡ
֪Ҿ͸ɣˣεĸġ·ǹϢֻһִϲ˲佫𣬲ǱޱȵĻ
ϲŵĽ£˽⵽ʶȫǸżȻĴţһ٣ԺԥĽ
˵һ˲ţ˵ϲŸȤĶһȥҲϤˡ
ʱϲŵԸ£ԶݵĽӴǾͲò뿪
뿪ʱλȴˣϲԥһ£ֻһ仰һҾʹӦ㡣
һԺϲҲˣڻؼҵ;УͻȻ뵽ԼǸԼ
صԼĵص󣬾ȻһéݷһſڵʯϿĵȴ
Ůı͸ԣұԴҲкøУټĵȴȫˣߵһ



108 ̬ĸı
Ȼ࣬మȴһҲںסͬɾµӡ
Ҫ˵ϲŵԸޱȵǿӲħŮһ㣬ԼĵطǿҪӸġ
ȻԸΪ˵ĸ飬ҲǶϲǰ˳뿪
ϲſⶼΪԼ˺ãƢٺõˣѹȣ÷ǳĲ
һĹȥϲأһ죬ϲץһɽԶɱʱ
еŭڱ˳ŭϲһ󣬶뿪Сݡ
ϲҲǾԼίޱȣûȥ׷ӣԾӻġ
ʱȥˣǲӰϲˣɽѰңڸһСҵֻڿʱȴһŮ˱һ
һĻϲű֮£ӵκνͣԻص޼ҡ
ȻһжԼ⣬ϲŵĻУֻжӵķߺԼ䡣
ӶˣǺöϲŵģһҸ书ƷòѵӣǸַݺһٱ
ǺǡϲŵĻͻȻЦֱĿϲţͻȻǸˣÿ
˵ʲôϲŶʱӵվһ˶ɵģȻӵĻѾŭ
ӵһЦ˿ȫûֶԣǼԸ£ԼİܹԼĲϲȴûпǱ䱾
ÿ˶ǲһģԼԸǿڱ˵ͷϣ˭ܲˣοԼˣȻһ͵ĻԸһζǸ˵Ļ뿪ˡ
㡭һɾ޴ɱӿӼǲܺȴǴЦݵģһģϲš
ȿȡǹɱٴαأӿ󣬲żϲţʵһЩеĹؼӲǸĺֻԼԸϰˣȱ㣬̫ǿӲΪ˭ģֻԼ˵ĲǶԵġ
һ˵һ䣬˱Լе˺ǧ򱶣ȴԶǸˡ
¶һ˿ϷʣǺЦȻϲι⼸ʮ꣬δޡ

Žҵӣϲʧȥ㣬ֱ̱˵ϣ˫ĵѵ𣿡
һĻĻһľطţϲųʱ׹˵ģһû
⡭ǻ뵽ʲôֵʱ⣬ϲͻȻһоȻᡣ
վϲһ仰û˵һѨӸס󣬾ֱƿ˷ţԾ֮䣬뿪޼ҵķΧ
Ķ¶һ˿ʣµûĻϲſ϶ȥˡ
еǸ˶ĵģǺпܻϲԴ䣬˵ͻƹԼ
ĵȴ˽Сʱ󣬺ҹһĨӰǰӴסˣΪǰŮϲŵ·ȴͬʮŮһ㡣
Ӷлл⿪ҵĽᣬҲ赲ǸַˣûʲôȺԼϲһֵˣ֪жϲЩԹϣܹԭң𣿡
ǰУûˡ϶ʱų貵Цգ·ʲôûзһ㡣
úúãʹȥ㸸ףȡαףϲŴӦ㣬Ժûܱ޸ϲˡϲһƵĵ
šСͨĵ˵ͷڵȻѾԼǰܵѹȣֻʣ˾ϲɫ
Ҳ֤һ㣬Ǿ˼ޱȵĵֻҪ˶ãǾѾ㹻
ϲŵЯ£ûзκεĲ춫ķУ춫Ҳǹһᣬŷˡ
ǡϲţԵϲţ춫һľ㵣˵һ·Ͳš
˭Ļشһ䣬ϲɫĵȥ֪ͨЩ˿ˣײٿˣԺӶĻ£ҲԼ󡣡
ʲô˿̵춫ֻĸоػǰŮˣͲϲš
Ҫظһ𣿡һɻǿ߶еϢ춫һٲκεĻɡ
һӹϲŵӰѾʧ˷У춫ʱ¶ЦǸ鷳
ףѰô֮ˣ춫Ҫȥһһȥ͵Ǹô鷳



109 Σ
Ѿڣ춫ȻǲҲֻǴ˾ǻﲻˣϾǧĸֻһ仰ʹ򷢻ȥˣ˭ﲻԹ
ع춫תͷþɵӵӶ⵽ô°
ߡֻһʲôҲû˵תͷ뿪춫ķ䡣
⡭춫һ¾뷢ŭŭߣȴôҲֻÿɬЦЦ
ӵ飬ȷԲϲҪʱ򣬶ԼŮߣ˵ĹϵͲ
һ㣬һ㣬ЩʱգԼǶӶûҹһΡ
춫һ̾Ѿ֪Լ´һ壬ԼŮԼ˺Թ
˿ɫٲȻѾǿҪӽ賿ǶѾ˯춫ֻȥ֪ͨ
һҹ޻ڶһ磬춫㽫еټ˴У˱ȡϢ
˻һʱһƬǷ׷ָ޼ҵĲǣ춫ҲǸŭԣֻòϵĵǸ
ڣĳЩ˵Թйϣ׷׿ʼ뿪Ϊ֪ȥ춫ҲܽԼŮó
ڣе˶Ѿ뿪ֻʣ֣춫ٴιֵǮƼµȷĲԣ´ζлλ
ǮҼǮ¶һ˿ϷʣĶ춫޼㵱ǮĳƤ𣿿ȥ
춫üëЩ죬ƵĵǮˣĳû˼ֻǼͻȻԣҲòӰ
ŶǮܾһ¶һĨϷʣ޼ӹĲǺܺðţһҲʵ˵ǲǰƼ
ƼҵļʱЦһͬǰһûôҵļǶЩ
˿춫ףҲģǸɵˣϵĹ춫һλǶһ޼κεĲ뻮µ
ȷЩǮ¶˵Цݣҡҡͷһϧģһж޼Ĵ
ԭֻҼСȡŮٶҵ칦;֮ȴͻȻȡҺͻƼǲòô֣ʵǴɷ羰

ʲôһ춫ɫҲ˲˹ȵףɫѿλĿİ
Ҫ֪칦ν޼ҵӣײ⴫˶ȥĻܿҪ˶ã޼ҵʽᱻͶǾԳƵ֮֡
֮˲ͬҴĹǲܵģ˵Ǹûκεȡ
ν޼һ֣֮Բע⣬޼Ҿͻ͵ͻΪ޼ҵǧˡ
ʶһ춫صĶԵŵȥڣ﷢˵
ǡһ˿أתԵǱȥ춫ֱĶǰˣþȫ󺰵ҸһǣֻҪˣһܲ
𡱣춫Ļվ޼˶ǳ˶־֣ǵ
սνһǮȴͻȻЦһϷʵڿˣƻڸǮҵڹૡ
ʲôǮܵĻ춫ɫһ˿ȴǲ¶һ˿ĵӣͷô޼ңûڣ֧ԮһҲֻһȺ߹
ǮٴδЦ֧ԮܿϧǣȲ֧Ԯˣ޼ˡ
ˣ˿㻹Ӳ춫ͷһ˲뵽һõԤУҲû˸ղŵǰݡ
ǮûӲӲĿ㰡硱һ춫ޱϤ˫ۼһƬѪ졣
ΪҪ£ʲôԲģм춫û뵽Լ޼ҾȻڼ飬Ҵ˻Լεܵܡ
ᣬ˲ַйڵƽ޼ֵС쾰
ûԲҵ£Բҵģڣƾ˵ǣ츳Ҷߣƾʲô޼ҵļң㣿
ܡ춫¶ӵɫð̾˿Ҫλãҿø㣬αͨУ޼֣
ҲҪĿʧȥĶһԼһ¶Ȼ˿̵쾰



110 ʽ
¶ʹɫ춫֪쾰ƽٳûǰ֧ԮȻѾƣ
ӭ޼ҵˣѾԶ׼춫̾û뵽޼ûлǿеУǻԼ˵С
ˣ޼Ҳ𣬷УԽӵǿ󡱣쾰һᶨ·Ѿһ㡣
Ǻǡ춫һЦÿɵӵ쾰ܣ̫ˣǿֻҪǵĿĴﵽ޼ҶһᣬҲһ
ԴȰ㣬ͷǰֻҪֿУЩ˸ϳȥʱҽ֮λøֺη
쾰Щ⶯ģǮģƭ㣬ֻҪǸϳȥ϶һ㿪ֻҪɱˣ޼Ҷġ
áݺݵһҧ쾰һĺ磬ĺݣҵϼÿֽǮġ
㡭춫һѿݺݵĶ쾰ȴô޿κΡ
ȻǴ˿̲ᶯֻ֣ҪһǾͻ̶֣춫Ҳᱻ˲ɱ
һ׹⣬춫쳤Х쾰ǮңƼң޼ҲԺض塣
˭˵˵춫вҲֻǴѣͲǷϡ
춫֪˿̵Ѿ֮ƴĻҲֻ޼ҵ˴޼ҵˣֻͽѡ
ģҲֻʵӲˣһѡ
޼ңǰδеΣУֻһѣھβѡ
ϣ뿪ʱֻҡҡͷһȻĵְûߣҲߵġ
С㣬ͱ˺һĽҲǲֱӶ֡
û֣Ҳ֣޼ҶûˣһûмҵˣŻʲô˼һ̾Ϣ
˵ûҲˣ޼ҾҵĸҲһᶨĵ˵ͷޱȵͬ
ž䣬;ԼӰһ£ѣдֱ˵¡
ˣС޼ҵϣ¶һ˿ˣ£ȴǱҪߣԸղŻԥĶ֡
С㣬治𣿡һľᣬһᶨɫֻҧ뿪

ȷϰԼѾԶص˿ߵԭʵֻԼܵܶһӳȥĻᣬĻʿ϶ø͡
صһ¶Ȼ飬Ԥϵ޼ĻĽ϶ޱȵҡ
ǱһɱǻǺõģµľǱǮץȥ裬ԣ׼һѵӡ
һ̣ӵԺԾĳַݵӰ
ȻֻûУӳóֻ֮ӱ׾Ľַݵĺ룬˲ż
ཡַݸմ߽ͣƺֻ
һ֮£ȴһİĺ룬ԥһºַݻǾӵ绰ֲҪǮ
ιǡַ֮ͨˣ绰һͷȴһԲ
ǰ˰ɡٴκ˼κַҡҡͷ׼ҶϵʱȴһŮֹӡ
ӶνǻǣƣַݶʱôԸҴ绰ˣѵϲŷ뿪ˣ
ţԺˡЩߣϾ⻰Ǳһ˼
ǡǡַ˲Щˣ˵ԼǲһˣȴôҲ˵ڡ
ɱ죬С㣡
ͻȻһַݵĶУɫһӶǷʲô£ôɱġ
ǮҺͻƼһ޼ң巴ѣ޼ҡ˴ʱҲûʲôˣԽڵȫ
ʲôַ𣬹Ǵӵ޼ҵѾ͸ûĻ޼ҿ϶ᱻ壬Ҳ϶ֲ³
ʮ𼱵ַһƬǿԼ侲ӶΣҪ֤Լұ֤޼Ҳ£ҡ
˵ֱַ꣬ѡ˹Ҷϵ绰󲻹ܲ˵ߵһ䣬Ժ´˺ָ
źźַݷһһ㣬ٵ޼Ҹȥ
ֻʮӲ޼ҵӰѾַݵǰֻڿԴɨ豸¿һƬ⡣



111 󻯾
˫ţҪַǰȥԮҲٿţЩȥҲûйϵ
ϲǱߣָΧţȻйߵģҲѾֳһ˿ơ
ԥַݼϲǱ߷ȥ£׼һ۸֣˽
׵ĴͻȻһ϶漴һӿѸٵǻ۸ֵĿڴȥ
·У۸һ⣬ŵǱս¶µɫ
˽˶ʱһξ룬۴䱸Ŀܣŷࡣ
ϲţңһһٶȽַҲ˻ᾪףֱ
СӣϲҲһĿڿеַݣͷãϹ־ͽˡ
Ȼַ֪׿жǿӸղһͿԿסƼҵڣѾˡ
ԥģϲһƾǰǮȥȻƮƮģպȴǽһŴϡ
һĻȻַĿַ࣬ͣҲǲٿЩףһĹǻƼȥ
ֻĹǻƼǰԤж㿪ûлйһΡ
Ҳù˸ϳˣͲܷȥԸϲţֻǱĶȥ
ͻȻַӿһǿҵΣУֻǻƼһܹԼҪӲһ£ͬɰ㣬һԾ
ֵȫһƣַݿɲӲӣԺԥķ˹һܹһС
ۡһ촫Ƽһֱĵϣֵǣеǿûܵ˺һֱ̣ӱѿ
ѵǴ˵еĸɽţһĻַݲɫһдڿϵĻ׿ܻûʲô⣬ԼǺܱܿС
鲻ԽĴ˸ַ¶һĨ£жԻָǳ˾衣
ַҲ׵Ľ̸и߶ȣֻڰüǹĵš
ӺԶͻȻһҺŴһϵĺϹ֣ңҶסˡ
ַһϲȻϲǱѾռ˾ԵƣǮҵ棬Ѿˡ

ƼȻҲǮĺ¶˾ŵɫһ߶ܵͬʱҲһǮǱŲš
ַԸԶʱɵǰӴ˻䲻ǰһ
һҺǮ洭ŴϹֿңȻ
ƼһĽҲǺǰȥԮַݵĻʮͣܶǳˣôܻܰ
ٴγһͻΧʧܺ󣬻Ƽ¶һ˿ȻٴӲַһǼ⣬һҪƴģ
ַһٴѡ˰θߣûӦǻƼǵûйһȥȫٵǰȥ
⡭ַݶʱɵۣĪ׷ǶģԺҲлʰҪľǽ޼ҵΣ
ߵĻƼ棬ַתϲǮսȥ׼Ƚ¡
ʱǮѾǿ֮ĩϲֻñĽУȴŻƼ֧Ԯ
û뵽ǣľȻǻƼҵ棬ǸޱȵĿˡ
Ϲ֡˿ַݵûлƼӰǾֻܣһǱɵˣһˡ
һ˵νǾһϲʹ򲻹ˣټһֻһ֣Ǿ
֮£Ǯʱ¶һʱϲץסһƴɣַҲ˷ʱ䣬ֱӶͷ­һ⡣
Ĵ͸ǿǮʱ䴩ͷ­ºֱ˱ӡ
һĻַݲЩ꣬Ҫ֪һִᣬǾߵ˵Ĺ£ȴĲ
пַѾͨӦѾǱѾΣգҲҪԮ
ϲţǿȥɣͷжȥȥӶǱߡ˵ַ꣬ݾֱߣת۱ʧϲŵǰ
ʧӰϲŵ϶ʱ¶һ˿ЦݣСӻеģҲе㱾£Ӷôϲ㡣
ƫϲſַݣҲ˳˲٣Ǽҵӵܣַġ
ΣûϲҲϸ룬һʧԭأֱֱ޼Ҵȥ



112 ȫʤϣ
¶ɫнյĵӣѾƣǰȴһ㶼ûϧģ
ӶС㣬Ȱ㻹ǷµӰɣƾԼҺΣǮǮͨһ̰ǰӣϵĵӣһĲмһˡ
ȻӺڣ书ͲֵһᣬԱѾǴһˡ
ˣֹӡ¶һ˿Ȼ֪Ѿ޷룬ֻԼס
ҲóѡеĵһӶ׼ԼദֱĻȥ
һײеĵֱӱһʯӸɣʱȴһʯӴĶѨ
һЦǮͨһϷʵôףӻûúùૣôܻ
վŵһǮˣͨһ͵ĵǮɵĲ¹ӳ⣬֤Ҳܹȵ
ллӡǮ¶һ˿ЦǰӿǰĴڣܽѹ£붼е˷ܡ
˿̣ѾãֻԼΪʲôûɱ䵽˵С
öȻҪһ𡱣Ǯͨ¶һĨ˷ܣѴѾãܹԸ
ߵӵǰǮͨԼֻ֣ȥ
һ񣬵˿̵ȴһҲֻܱܶһƬĵȴŶ˽١
ǱĸоûдֻһâǰǮͨѾǲҺ
ĺȻ˫ۣһ۾Ϳǿеĸ¶˿˿ˮ֪ǰԼģַݡ
ѡ˵ע£ַݲٿſ׾ֱĽڵأ𣬽⿪ӵѨλԲˣί
ͺáϲһͷַݵĻУһУ˵ǸجΡ
ಡͻȻһƿյľХַɫһ䣬һתǵ
ȻҪǾͱҲжʱ룬ַһʱ뱻гƷŲԶǮȥ
мһ֣֪ûУַݵѾȫǮ·ߣģҲֻǱⱻѨѡ


113 ȫʤ£
˻ʱǮ¶˳ʹɫҲٲҶַݳ֣¶˾µɫ
䴩ƵǮͨҲڻвַݵˣҼڻͽʬΡ
ǺǡַݵһЦʼϷʵ۹⿴ǮͨѾˣǲܵġ
ôܣҼǻ֡Ǯͨһַ˵ĵѾ˴룬ֻȴǺʾѡ
ַûش𣬲ɱֻǲ⴦СԺѪˣڴǱߣѾȥˣϲһ˾ͿԸıơ

ڣһƬȻ·ʱһսģȴʼնû
˫ڵȣԼҵڿ飬ǮһãϾǶһʤ
춫ߣһƬĽţϲڿνΨһľ֧õѶܲҪٶ֣ǾͻԼ
ˡͻȻһɻеϢ˴֮УǮҼʱһϲ춫Թ־ܰɣûõġ
춫һƬȴ¶һ˿Ѫ죬ŭ־ܣ춫ث֣
˵춫תǰԶһųƹ£صĿͷϣ춫ã޼Σֻõ˵ѪϴˢһԼ
վ춫˫ѪĿǰһȺˣ˸ǰͽ̣
ʱһƬȴû˸ǰһһ߲£µ֪Լߡ
ǣֻҪ춫ץסᣬǾǱĽǵҪܵģ˭þ͵
쾰֣ǵԼǮҼɫһĶԵ쾰
¶һ˿˲תһĨᶨΪ޼ң쾰ѾǶһУû˲Ŀܡ
ǰ쾰춫һȭ磬Ͱĵȥɣαػܵ鷳ˣ޼ϣҲ޲ǣ
쾰һѵӴſڴϲǲߴӰſڣ⸱ģȴеȫתΪ˴͡



114 Σ
֮춫ɫҲ˲תΪ˿ϲȫû뵽ʤģȻϲš
û˻᲻Լĳһ㣬춫ҲˣԿϲź֪ԼѾǱסˡ
ڣ춫ʱۿ޼ҲǸһ𣬴֣Ƿһ
ǮңȴޱȵĻ֣̿ϲųԼҵȴǳٳûг֣Ǿֻܣӡ
ˣԼҴôĶ⳥ԼȥͺãԺĿܣϾһŵĻ֣ǱҪûԸɱ㣬ҲѲ˰ɣ
ˣ˾Ѿע޼ҷŹǣǰļ壬Ҳ˻侮ʯ
λ˿ѾˣֿѾûκεãһϲţɱһҲǼС¶ѡ
ֻǶ˸б˾ΡΡ߳ȺϲŹֵǶԸ⸶κε⳥棬һ
֪ˣαصҲɱǣ⳥£춫ɡ
¶˲͵ɫϲҲ֪Щȫɱˣǵõ⳥ЩҷУͽա
ϲûжɱ˵˼Ҷص˿ͬʱҲǰңԼûдɱ䣬ȻСɾͱסˡ
棬Ҽڡ׳׳ӣǮҵļʳԼĵ⣬ҲǻƼҼҲĵġ
ϲŽŲһ٣תͷǮҼҵڣˣʬڶУڻƼҵģˡ
䡱ǮҼֻӶ˲ըˣֲֹǳô򵥣һҵ֧
¶˾ɫǣȥ󣬳ǮһͻƻȻʱиΣ
Ƽҵļȴ¶һ˿ϲɫֻҪڲϵ㶫ԺҲ׬
ҵ飬ϲȻǲ⣬ٴתͷһɷ׵쾰
֪Ⱳ޵ʲôҸߣͽǸϵģǼϵġ
ҸĶӣҲɱ㣬ֻϵ书ôһɡ
꣡һ˵쾰ǿûʹ֪ԼѾˣһͿأҲ޷
һйֲκˣҪֵĻҲֻйԼ̫̰ģλãɱ˫ۡ
춫һ̾¶˲̵ɫ쾰Ϊ˵ϧΪⶼҪֹԺ޼ңû

ӵСԺУַһͬңǮĹԼˣѱ˹ȥ
һɫӰԺУַݵһЦϲţ鶼𣿡
ţΣлˡϲŵ˵ͷԥ˺þú󣬲Ŷ϶˵һлл
ӦõģϲŲºȱ裿ַ΢΢һЦղѾ˵ϲŵ£Դ˿Ϊʲôôı仯϶ΪǸˡ
ðɡ£ϲҲ˵ǰƷһԼ
СӣʲôʱӶɻ飿²豭֮ϲſ˿ַݺӣﲻ˵ĵ
ַۡ˫۵ɵϴûסͽеĲˮ˳òõģ絽һŵǮͨϡ
ءǲˮðɣеǮͨѵ󣬵ûü˫ۣϲһȥٴҸ˹ȥ
ð죬ַݲŻعεĵϲţ˵ɣһûˡ
ʲôʮͿԳɻˣϯͳˣϲһĵ
⡭ַݶʱЩɵۣϲŵĻûȴǽַܲʽŮҲܲܲ˰ɣ
˿ַݵѿӲ廰ϲţͱ£ôˣǸŮģ˭
ţתƻ⣬תƵԼϣϲŶʱɫЩŤ󣬺ð˵ԭί
ԭӵǸŮģȻãҲ֤ӵĲ²⡣
Ǹˣ񻹽ڣһֱǸéУȴʮ꣬ѾǺͺˡ
ֲáַ˲򣬾˾޴仯ֻʣΣȻˡ
ϲҲ˾ͻȥéݷӣӶ
ַҲĵףѾôãȻúúõһֲȥʱ⡣



115 ص۾
Ӷȥɣˡ޼ҵĴſڣվַݵԣһĲᡣ
Ӳû˵ֻ΢΢һЦһ𻨸ݸϴθĿ϶˰ɣõ㡣
ӿһɵĸжϲӵԭ򣬾ƽģȴůĵһĻĻ
ַݺӣ绹̫ҪȥܹҰ׵ӡ
ҲܷĵϾĲûȬҪơ
ǳʱڳĺĺݵķֻֿΪ˸õۣ˻ܿġ
ĻУַ뿪޼ңȻһʱ䣬ܽҲٺòˡ
صַݲûȥ˸طϸ׺׼Է۾
ξԮ޼ңַϿûж棬ջȴǷǳ
ǣȷ˹ϵҲԼõһջ
õ޼ҵһ֧֣ԺҪʲôѣֻҪҵǣ޼򲻻ƴǡ
ʵ棬ַջ񣬾Ǹܵ˻ֵĿֲԼ׵Ĳ֮
ƼȻһֱռϷ磬ֻԼռƵģʵǻƼҵ档
ƼҪӣַһֱ׷ٵ˵һ취ûУҸףҪģһҲ鷳
ĻһҪӵĻƼҲûκεİ취Ͼַռƿյơ
ȻҪĻʶ˻ֵַݶĿٴһΡ
һ죬ЩƽӵܣѾһˡ
۾ʵԶοֱַ߷УٶȻﵽÿСʱ롣
һ·;⣬ַֻĿɻľɫʮǵĿš
·;һķ⣬ַݵע⣬࿴ۡ
࿴۵Ĵۣȴһͷײһɽϣһ޴ĺ
Ｘ˾סȻˣΪս߽٣ŵĸɢ
ԵǣʮֽʵôٶײʯͷϣȻûκεˣַײ˸ΰصġ

СʱַݵӰ˵۾ϿգзһȦַݲͣ˵۾ѧĸһ䡣
ڵ۾˵صôһȦûܵκεĹǸ߿ƼӰᱻκʷ֡
ⲻַһõԽУܹһʱƼĸоʵ
һַǶʱ¶һĨЦݣ૵òҪȥɱֵĻЩٹǣ϶ĵ
ƾܹκɨĸףֻҪĿн·ߣڿУֻҪһ⣬ĿͱɣԼҲɵߡ
ҡҡ˼Ĵԣַ߽˴ѧڣԼİ༶ȥѾٺüûϿˡ
ߵſڣǡʱ˵ַ΢΢һЦԼλȥ
˿̵ͷдʲô˸˺󣬲ü̧ͷλ
뽫˸ߵʱȴǷľȻַݣЦţɫһ㶡
ˡӦһ䣬ּͷֽд˶·Įĵģ
ַȴͨ۽ǵ⣬ʱʱҲῴԼһۣ¶ӵɫ
ַҲһ̾ڵĹϵޱȵĸӣ˵ǳˣҲ˵ѣûһԵĶۡ
˿ԼҷǸտյλãַҲǿտյģԵζ
һ˲䣬ַͻȻӿѧ뷨ΪȥҲûʲô˼˷ʱ䡣
뷨һַݵԺ˸˿Եպ¶һ˿ԥ
ַԥǣԼôһߣյԸһûдﵽһΡ
ַݻǾú̸̸ѧǺú̸̸𣿡
̸ʲôɻתͷ˫֪к⡣
ʱ֪ˡַݵһЦʱϲ˵ȷѧ˲ܸõ̸
Ȼɻ󣬵Ҳǵ˵ͷͷԼ£һ񾲡
ѧ˺Ĭıһǰһ̬סȥһ·޻
߽Сַ֮ͣ˽ŲһȻĵһҼң
ҼҡĿַһۣмֺԼķȥַȻϡ



116 ѧ
յķݣַݵĵһоǸɾ׵ǽϼһ˿ڵ㡣
Ըַݵĵһйپǣվǿ֢Ҳ˵ǺصĽ񱡣
ַɳϣüоͿԿǿͣû˼ַݸϳȥ
һˮַݵͷͻȻЦһллܺȵһˮܶǺöİɡ
ղûֱشֻǵĿַݵ˵¡
ȻӣַֻԼܵ˺뵽̹ܵĴѾ˶ˡ
ٱһˮַһ󣬲ŻڵԭֻһҪˡ
ȥģձһ¶һ˿ӵɫлңҲвᡣ
ûȷ֮ǰĿĴﵽ𣿡ַҡҡͷ
㡭̧ͷһ˿˿ˣַĿġ
˵ַ֮䣬ǵѣദľ˵ƵǵˣûɰԼǡ
ȿȡַݸɿڰֵᣬҶûʲô뷨ֻеİɡ
ʵʣַգûʲôԭ򣬹ǾͰˡ
ɣҵˣˡϿκεı飬˵һģĻ´
ַʼ磬Ѿ͵ˣټȥĻǻˡ
ԵټĸַֺȥֻŵʱȴͻȻתͷʲôҪҰæģֱӽңҲܾ
飡űַһ£մԭأ¶һ˿ã
úȥδӣֻ֪յЩܡ
뿪յסַݳ˿ģѾˣԺ֪
ڶһ磬ַݱѧУĽ񴦣ύѧ룬ĵ֪վȻ֮ǰѾѡѧ
ԴˣַԤϣԭ򱾾ΪԼԼ뿪Ÿ
ѧУʦٰ£ַݻǰѧ߳Уŵһ̣ȴǿտյģһЩã

ҹξƵУַݣԼҶӨٻͬʳ
˵ΣʱٲȻѾΪ̽ĻҸνⶾҩĴȣѾμžۼ˴ʵʽ
ֵֻǣôʽȴûмӴҵͶʣһֱϡԴ
ⷴľٶ˿ʵĿģҪ֪ӡǱߵϡԴǲ١
£ôܹ⣬Ҫ׵ĻǾֻеȴֵͨ߳һ̡
ҶӨٻҲǺĲУѾۼһѷ˿νǻӴ
һеȻ鹦ڶ켯ŵƶַݸļԭԼǿѡĿĴ
ȻҪĿ϶ҶӨٻʵ㹻ɫģԼĳǻ
ݣѧҶӨٻգ۾ַľеЩ⡣
ǰѧҵһ϶ˣٶȥҲûʲô˼˷ʱ䡱һ裬ַҡҡͷ
ѧˣīˮһ֪װ˷ôõʱ䣬絽ҵĹ˾ҵη˷۵֮䣬ַݵ֪ʶߵģ˾ĻҪ˶ãͻΪԼұۡ
ְַݾͲǰһεͺܲ
κεȻһ۾ͿַеĻ˼̲סٴη˸ۡ
һǿ°ɣʱٸ㡱ַͷЩ̫˼
ɡεʼ磬ַô˦ƹˣҲǲҡ
İɣҲμܾʱûʱҶӨٻ˵ĶԻϣ˵
Ŷô죿ַݺٿӣȦĹעҲܺãտʼʱΪҶӨٻҲڣ㲻ٹע
ߡҶӨٻһ͸ַһ۵ˣⶼһ¹ȥˡ
ðɡַεЦЦŷԼ˸ɵ⣬Ͻַĵҿ϶ᵽģҼСٻ¶һ
˭ҵǻûȻûгϣҶӨٻǸֳһĨۡ
ǺãȻòҪǾͰ˦˰ɣš¶һĨε٩
ҶӨٻɫһһɥίǶǻˣ֪۸ңˡ
˶ǴЦַֻݵУȴ¶һĨΣҶӨٻܵίʵ̫ˡ



117 
ɯлһɻȵͣ˻УһʱдŵҶӨٻӷɻ£Ըλīıڡ
ֱߵıڻãһרҵģһľ룬ʱעܵĻΣա
λȴǸûһ򣬾ȻҶӨٻ˵Ц죬ȫڣܵѡ
ûλְıھַݿʹˣȻĻҶӨٻôܻһ˵Цġ
˵Ļ£ҶӨٻ߽˺Уʱһܹ˶Ĥļ漴˺ө֣ҶӨٻӿ
ַüһθܵǵļ࣬ҶӨٻ¶ο죬Ҳˡ
صı£ԭӾߵſڵģȴǻʮӣ˲һͬ˳
ϣַһµĿЦЩˣֱ̫ˣҲ֪ô
˶Ҳҵĸԣɲ׼ǡҶӨٻ죬¶һ˿вɫ
ôᣬôɰַݵЦЦҶӨٻвôĿɰҲܹ˵һ㣬Ǿ˭ãͶ˭á
һ·ǰУַͬҶӨٻһͬ뵽˽ĿĺУ׼ʼױ
Ȼַݺȥ򣬵Ǳڣˣֻվȴš
ǣļҴıڣôǰû㣿վһһλַݵļѯʵ
󣿡ַȻһЦ漴ҡҡͷ⻹ڱɣûôϴˣ
ҡλڱӵĿַһۣܲμӾǣĸѱ˾ǩԼ㻹ǫˡ
ȿȡַһЦ˰ʶһ£ҽַݣҶӨٻ
ŶλĿַһۣ漴̾ϢһԵҸ棬ҹк̨͸ϽóȻ
Ҳûֱ˵ַ꣬ʲôôû˼
˺ڸαĵһѾڶˣҪõóɼĻǾͱҪ߹ϵ
뵽ַаЦû뵽Ҳ߹ϵȻҲҪߣǾͱҲ
ллֵܣȥ취ھôˣίʵϧıڵļַתͷȥˡ
ȻȥҶӨٻ취˸䣬εĵ绰롣

ԭνҲ׼ǰģʱûһַֻͬô绰ˡ
ССٻ㻹㣿绰һͨ㴫Ļ
ٺ١ַݻһЦˣˣҾͻ㣬ﻹмôһ¡
ʲô£ڱ𣿡κεȴһ뵽ַڵĴµ
ԡַɫЩɭĻشһ䣬ղϢ˵αѾڶСٻܻܿʧ
ԭˡεһЦЩ̨Ź壬ȴһҲ
ʣµ£ͽҰɣòҪСٻ£˼˵©αʡ
ãǾ鷳ˣĺϢַв˿ΰ£ȻǷġ
Ҷϵ绰α˳˶ֹ˾˹˾ڵĹԱҪą̨̂绰
绰ͨ˵Լ˵ԼֻҪһƽı
Ƿ֪εݺλ̨϶Ӧ󣬿һΣȴԥˡ
ҲΪˣʵҲǱƵģҲǲҪõڶΣ
Ŷﲻ𣿡εһЦκĵ˼ǵˣ
˼ˣҵ˼Ҷǲ𰡡̨ЦŻشֻͷ亹ֱðȻƷ⣬ֻԼ֪ԼֻǸСѡ
̨Ļش𣬺Ȼθе⣬ǾǱ֮˸źý
ҵҪ̨˵η壬˵ɣҲΪġ
ǺðɣҸ㣬ɲҪ˵˵ģą̇̄ԥƬ̣ջҧҧͷӦǲдõѡ
Ŷԭ֪ˣҲ˵ġƬ̺εǱ㷺һĨЦݡ
׻˵عٲֹܣѹ̨ͷϵǱصĴԱ֮ΣѣˣֱӾͻᶪ롣
תתȥǵСԼȥȻһЦַֻݴ˹ȥ



118 ɳǻ
ɳǻĹںؽ磬ȴϲ׹ͬڵ۾ĵλ
ʱֱƳϣ૵ʿ룬ΪʡĶڴˡ
Ҫ֪ƽʱЩ˿Ǽһ棬̸һβǼ
ʱһͨĴʻͣڳͣԵúۣܲˣȴһЩµĹע
ݿɣǵ΢ЦԵޱȵĴݣһɫۣǽеɷǡ
ЩŮãֻǺѣЩʮҵٸȴ¶̰ɫ޲ýַݸһȥ
ЩַֻձӿŲſȥ
ڣֵַݵʱȻǾʣְҵڣǵͷʾһĻԱ
ԲҲૣûǻĻԱ
ַݻû˵꣬һλʮŮ˱վҡҡԼĻԱƵĿַݣλʶȥС
˵ʵŮ˳Ĳݰ𪣬ٶܿɹǷģȻûһ˿´˶Ӳġ
ַݿܻῴȻǲܵģŮΣ಻һΡ
ַݶİֻˣݸһЦݺַݴӻͳ˾Ľ𿨵룬Ӧÿ֤ҵ˰ɡ
ַеĽ𿨣ڳ˶Ȼںૣûȥ۾
ô˵ڳ˳лԱ⣬ĻԱҲУҲѣڽ棬ǸûӴ
ֻ˵ʡֻǿӵн𿨣ʡίǼԼʡҵĹӡ
ַó𿨣Ǿֻ֤һ㣬ҲǸƽĴڡ
һæŮһȻˣ϶ǿлġ
ַͬ˼ŮҲˣЩŮǣһƬȣַܿôһ󴬣壬õһʵķԾ
˵ַݱҲǿ޸õѡԼ۴ĸ涼ܰͷ

һȺĿ⣬ַֻͷƤЩ飬Ķӵĳ嶯
ⰲҲǸˣȷַݵĿƬ󣬱ר˽˴
ڴ£ַݽɶԵĴУΪʡҹ򳤷û볡
ַҲż˸ط£һõĺƷ۲ܵȺ
ֱ£ܸоڹ۲ֻȴûһ˸ǰύ
дݵĻõĽȴ˭ҲʶͻȻðһһ㡣
ҲЩ˻ַݽ𿨵ʵԣȴǱ˲䷴ΪԾֻһα¼˵³ȻޱȣַݵʺͶԲǸαĹ塣
ЩַҲֻǵһЦ͵ߵʱҲֻǿ˸߿״ԪѣЩ˸Ͳȥע
գһƮƮŮԼηǰַݵԵãҽᣬҸίǣʶһ𣿡
ַݡ¶һЦݣַҲֻǱԼѣڼ︸ĸݣ˵Ҳţ籣ظС
ַݣͦģܸʶ㡱˾ٱŵƷһںƣַݵע⡣
ͬʶ㡱ַҲǾٱֻǺ󣬱˴еһĻĻԵŮӲûж¡
Ҳǲһ㣬в¶һ˿ȻȻҪòòҪмַݿϣҲûκεİ취
һʱ䣬˼žУ·ʲôûһ㣬ٸȤһҲվ뿪ˡ
˿˸ͷҲȻ󣬲ʱƯŮԣַݵ̸ַҲֻǿ䣬㲻ᡣ
ͬҲƯٸǰ̸˵˽ʱ䣬ַȴһһܾǺʧ
һĻĻڳ˶Ǻ޵ȴûκεİ취Ϊ𿨵ĳߣǲ
ڰˡӹȥˣҲûŮǰַݲص˿
ЩŮǻãҶӨٻӵԶЩٸȴźģüַݶ㶯ģǿβ
һڱơѹѹͷĻַһƱºȴһԴ
һɫװ߽˴ַݵһЦڵ



119 Ҫƽ
򳤷ֻһ㱻ڳΧ룬׵˵ʲôһµģ
ֻӲַݾͼ򳤷һƣܹȺַ֮
λֵܣδҸںθ߾ͣȻַݵԣ򳤷һЦĵ
ҽַݣڼҸҲաַݵȻһЦ򳤷һ±оƸһ
ַݣ򳤷㶣ü˼ţΪӡֻȴǺϤ
ַҲûֻǵƷžƣܽӴһˣӦûµԼݡ
Ƭ֮򳤷һ¶һ˿Ѿ֪ԼԵˣǺεȵݡ
򳤷ַݵݵλǸĴѾƽҪֲһЩԴ̹γԿͿԿԼǸ˲ֹһΡ
ͻȻǰ£Լģһ֮£ַǰ¡
ĺȻ򳤷վĶַݹֵԭ٣֪ɯΪ˺£鷳Ļҿ԰͡
˾һߣҾһɣ򳤷˵ĿַȻҲ̨ӣվٿˣȷе£Ҫ㡣
ãﲻ˵ĵطǽһ˵Σ򳤷һ˿ϲɫҲԽӵĹˡ
򳤷Ʒ⣬ֻԼ֪ԼûκεıʣλüѾͷˡ
ַݵĳ֣ȴоһ˿⣬ֻҪܸһЩϵԼ׾ͺпܽȨģһ㣬Ҳ޲ɡ
߰ɡַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷ򳤷磬˵Цźȥ
һĻȻǱ˸Уڵʱȴֻܲ²⣬о̾š
˵Ӱʧ˻᳡᳡˲ҸеĲ²ַݵݡ
׻˵˶ô˾һҲǽַݵݸ˳¶˵ɫ
Գݵ˷׷׺ڣôǰַݽύܸı˵Ļᰡ
ЩַݻĵŮˣȴһƬ֪Լʱ˵ַݾԿǡ
Ȼַ֪ǰĿľΪΣȴ֪һ㣬Ǿ򳤷ΣǷˡ

ڴ˵Ĳ²У˽һУ򳤷ڵĸַݵ˲ˮ٣ܰȫû˸ҽģʲôֱ˵ҵĿģΪΣ
ǺǡַݵһЦϷʵ򳤷Ҹ㣬ԭĲ𣿡
ʲô򳤷жʱ¶һ˿壬Сѯʵɱң֪㣿
˿ڲˮַݵʵҲûɶ£Ů˸ҵŮΣǹƽȻ㣬ǡ
ַݲٽȥˣΪ򳤷ǸˣȻܶе˼
Ȼַݻ䣬򳤷¶Ц٣ⶼҵĴʹ绰̨Ůŵһ
ʱ򳤷ɫޱȵѿԭΪԼܹλַҴ󴬣ȴû뵽ȴ
ѾϣַܹˣֻҪ׷ԼΣǾ´󼪣Ҫַ֪ݳûԹԼӣ;ڡ
áַݰ˰֣ⶫǹƽˣҵŮˡ
Ǻðɡ򳤷˵ͷɵó绰̨˹ȥ˵Լ⡣
̨ȻڵĴӦ˵һƽıȡһԺĽĿ¼Ҳǿ
ͬʱҲǾȣ򳤷ĿڣǾ֤αǿࡣ
ڱĽѾܹԤϣҶӨٻضõһݲԼæŹ
ҲҪˣҶӨٻʵǴĿõģֻҪ˳Ӧˡ
Ҷϵ绰򳤷æЦŶַݵǸ٣ⶼҵĴ¡
û£Ҷ˼ҴĺૡַҲǿĻش
ǾͺãǾͺá򳤷˿ַݲʲô˵Ѿǲеˡ
٣㿴ҲˣһͬȥʶʶΣ򳤷ɲģԼԴĻַݿܻԼĺ⡣
ˣҲϰֳϣһص۾̸̸ģܲܳɣÿԼˡַվЦ
¶˿ϲɫ򳤷л٣Ȼ㲻ϲ֣Ҿȥɡ
ǾͶлˡַ΢΢һЦ򳤷Ļ£뿪˻ŵ̨ȥ



120 ʱ
ص˵̨ĿѾֻʮӣַݴҴܽ󳡣ֻҶӨٻѾ˷װ
ȥˣôҲ˵һ£ҺġڿַݵӰҶӨٻһİ
ȥ˸ѡַݵһЦ뽫ЩĶҶӨٻֻ֪˸Сѡ
ţȥ·ɣ㲻ҪϾҪʼˡַϵıװҶӨٻЩЦ
ȥͣһ϶ġַ΢΢һЦһ˿϶ɫ
ôĿַֻݻ䣬һԴһмתͷһȴҶӨٻ̨ͬһѡ֡
ⲻǿ󲻴⣬ǹƽģҼҹǵһַɫ䣬תͷһĻش
˵ûַû뵽ǣŮӾȻͷֻһ仰ȴϳϷʣֻϧעǵһ
˵꣬Ůתͷߣһһ϶ҵİͷ±˲֪˹ϵƵġ
ǺǡԶȥıӰַϷһЦû´ĻŮ˿϶򳤷ŮˣֻȴŮ˶ѣȻĵ£򳤷ôǸ
ŮˣַȻһʶѾעֻǱճ
ݣʲô˼ҶӨٻɵŮ˵ĿУѾµ˵ʲôֻǲȷѡ
ݸҶӨٻһᶨַݻĿڵõģֻǸСѣֻҪúñС
áַݵУҶӨٻѾһУٲԥ˻ֱֺ߽С
ַҲ˸طһΪе·Ӻ󳡴˹ϯҶӨٻ˿ǰȴŽĿĿ
ʱֳʮֵңرҶӨٻߵķ˿ռһѹ֧ߵķ˿
һͿԿҶӨٻڵжߣȻ̻ôһ˿ͷ˿ѾȫЩһǲˡ
뵽ַҲò̾ǻųΪǵСѾͷѾ̤ĵһһȻҪôܻƻ
ⲻҶӨٻԸҲַΨһܶĲֲеһ˿Ρ

˴ξõȻǵֱͬڵڴУƹ˲俪ҲǴӺ̨߳£žʽʼ
ĸĻģǴɰŮӴӺ̨˳˵˶ǰһ
رеҶӨٻ۹ۼֳڴҶӨٻ֡
ַݿЦӣҶӨٻ˵Լ˵Ļ϶ᱻһȺķ˿˺
һϸĽܣַҲĸѡҲһ˽⣬ҶӨٻȻǲö˵Ǹ򳤷ŮЦЦעࡣ
Ŀеһڳ˶汾µģճϵ֧ʣҶӨٻȻǶڵĴţЦЦȴ
㣬ַһ㶼о֣ȻҲһĻû򳤷кĻܿͱ̭ˡ
ȻǸ˵ĲձݣϳģȻǸЦЦ˲ȫǷɩĶò˶һƬȡ
ڻУЦЦһԵĵȴϯУϵĽŵǲͬ¶һĨȻ·һѾ֮㡣
ǷƽʱֻҪ򳤷кһ䵽Уʡ
ΣעҪʧˣƾʵֻǵ׵Ĵڣһ붼롣
ַѾ󣬵֪һԼʱ򣬻жô𾪣ɫжôѿ
¶һĨϷƵЦݣַݼŮѡֵıݡ
ò˵ǵĸʶͦߵģַǷֲ˭˭ֻܿǾ
ΪѹҶӨٻȻֳٴ˻𱬵ķΧУƿ
ֻǴҶӨٻѾѹѡִ֣ĸо
ֻһǶĸѾȫֳĹԼίֳ˼Ǿ
׸ַݺϤһ͸ҶӨٻһףҲõһף
žžžһˣֳʱίǸ൱ߵۣҶӨٻȻĻϲ˳
УһСʱڵʱ򳤷ĹϵЦЦôҲһ
ѡȻǻ˵͵ģȻ˳ֵڶʱҶӨٻ򶨣Ҳǽճȭ
Ϊ֪˵ڶǵһѾעԾ˭ܶڣһ롣



121 ĵһ
ڣ˴αĵڶǡ˹Եøһ㡣
ڣղŴĺ˳ǣЦЦǹϲ
ôܡһƬ֮ЦЦʵļһ˵·ʹק϶Ǹˣôǵڶ
صֱֱУݿһĻ󣬶ʱŹصֱ棬˹棬ֱ߽
ûиʵɼİ˱ʵһͷˮʹЦЦȴôҲѲˡ
ܣ˵ˣαһֻңǾͲ鷳𣿡
ֳʱ¶һеĹǶͬʱһ㣬ǾЦЦ⡣
˵Ļ֪ıֵ֧ģǱŵ̨ȴǳ⡣
ô˵ЦЦı֣Ҳѡֵķ˿ĳЦԼķ˿ҲǷ׷ױԣЩԲзۡ
ֳĵݺôȰ˵ЦЦܲʵһֱкǻڵġ
Ƶ֮£ҲֻðǺ롱ȥֳŻָ
־һĪ˲ż˵ǵѡЦЦڻ˵ڶЩѾ̨Ϣ֡
ЩǣǿҲõĽˣһҹ֮ڽĵʱ̡
˴αĵһǵѡҶӨٻһףԺܹԽԽԶ
ҶӨٻҶӨٻө棡
ֳʱ˷˿ĺҶӨٻõһǾʵ飬ɵġ
ϯϵַݵһЦΪҶӨٻеԼԸѵõĵһ
ϬɣҶӨٻ𽱱һ̣תͷַݣһ˿Ө
֪ûַݽ룬õĽҲֻǻõڶȻֻһĲ࣬Чȴر
ô˵ҶӨٻҲõԼΣȻЩۣ˴αҲѾĽ
ܾһеĲɷã˳˳һͬ뿪ҵһ˵ĵطѵõĶ硣

󣬵۾ַݵķУʱһ飬֪㷭һҳ
һͬʱַȴǿЦҡҡͷ૵ӣʵ̫ˡ
£ôôӣַڴһ¡
ʵˣȴֿĸоŮ˶æµţֻһţʵΡ
Ҳ˾˽ַܾôһ˿ŤҲûȥˡ
еºַԺУʼ׶һСʱŴӿ³һɫϢͣ͡
Ҫ˵ַڵʵѾ۷е۷壬ʱͻƵķ룬ȴʼղ
ҲһѾסһڵʱ䣬ȻҲַݸе꣬ʵĿʮֵļȡ
һƿм޸ҩַϣЩƮɵҪȥ޼ҿ˵ܸԼһ㽨飿
һ뵽޼ңַȻȻľͻ뵽ǵֿɰӣǶʱһĨЦݡ
ȥȥɣҲˡַ֮ݶʱվ׼̾ͳ
˸׺ַݳɻȻǲܵһ飬ͲҪƱֱӷɻȥɡ
ַݸκҶӨٻ˸绰󣬽Լгͨһº󣬱㴩Ͽˡ
һ·ϣڲʱ䣬ַֻʹ˷װƶװһֱš
Ҫ֪׿ʹõԴǷǳİ󣬾ָôһĸѹԴϰԪ
ҲֻܹӦ׼ٷаСʱԳбҪַݻ治˷ѡ
ַݿûǣڿɻǷų̵üǧչһЩƷִԱڳۡ
ЧҲԶ׼ģַݹۣȻЩִļ۸ȲĹ棬ÿҲֵܼ
Ҫ˶ãַݾܾһᣬõԪҲѾ㹻ӻһ
һ·ϣַҲ;ķ⣬;ˣ䵽ϣĽҰĳ˵㶫ż·ġ
ɻ׿׿ܲûôȴַݸоɵζҲ׷
һ·ַͣͣɽҲɼ˲ٵҰƳһᣬȴأҲǳϲ
Сʱң޼ǻֺأѾַݵһĿȻ˸طºַݽ𣬲ȥ



122 ү
޼˵ַݵݲǾΪϴͺϲ˵ˣ󻯾ֵ£Ҫ˵ȥ
޼˵УȴֻľˣԼӵδҲ޼ҵĹү
ſڵһַǰ΢ЦűȭֹӺãʹȥҼ
ô鷳Լȥͺˡ˻־ַܾһϲģôܻҡڵӭӡ
ǱſڵַڵԺȥһ·˶΢Ц¾
ʮӺַӵԺǰһ󣬲š
˭ѽԺдַһ档
֦ѾľڱַǸ΢ЦŵӺеɻ˲תΪ˾ϲ
ˡһͷַݵĻУ¶Ҹζû뵽ַôˡ
ٺ١ʱ̣ȴһϷʵЦ˲ٵķֿ˳Ǹˡ
ǼҵҲСЩ˵鲻ԽĴ˸תܡ
ͷһ˵ɡɫߺӣַݲ˷ֱۣԺȥԥһº󣬻ѡϣŸϡ
һʵĲˮһճ¯Ĺ𻨸⣬̨ͤеʯǰƷţѵõľɫ
СѰеĲ豭ַ֣׼ĲǷѾȬ
õġ˵ͷӣֵݸַݣȻѾ˵Ѿˣһ˿׼û
ܵǰַݵ¶˵Цݣ˿̵ĳЩСҪǿһЩ
˿ַЦݵСĲѾˣҲûκ⡣
ţһжָĹ͡СԴһ£ڴãõַݵ׿Ϻ¾Ѿ嶤ϵˡ
ߡӽһЩ밾ҩûһ㹦ˣСǡ
ٺ١ڨЦͷ׽𣬻˵ôǰɡ
׸ӻˣ׽ΪʲôͲٴ͸һۣ
á˵ĻȥһĿɬлл㣬ҲҵĴˣ˰ɣ
һԱģ˶ʱЦЦƮȥԶ

ЦֹܻҲָεʱ򣬿ַݽµǸʱǰһָ磬ǡ
Сۼ⡱Цһ䣬ַݽǸǴ
ǴӰóһַ΢ЦŸӴͷϣϲģȻǷǳϲ
ַٴδӰóһЩױƷЩױƷҲ֪ϲϲ
ֻҪ͵ģҶϲ¶Ц⣬ӽױƷԼǰЩĿ˵顣
ôǽġǰһѣʱɥ˽
ַݶεȵȻıԹصĴӰУóһӵСǸġ
ллָ硱лַݺȲı˺ӵİװ֮ȴסˡ
һһװɫҺĲܣһ֧ͷʲôϣǾƣ
ǡַݵҡҡͷⶫֻһǾ޸ˡ
ǵɵ˺ܵļˣܺܿĽ
Ŷǲ͸ҩҩԡһҲûɶ𡱣ַݽͺɫʱ
ͬȴǿЩɫĲܣЩص룬ûô򵥰ɣ
Ӷַ΢΢һЦһƿܵͱ˵ˣͨҩԡûһҹʱָܻ
ôһֻ֧ҪºֻҪСʱ˾ͻᱻȫָҲκοҩԡ
Сʱ⵽ʱĿֲȫ𾪣૵˼ǣﵽ޺ֻҪҩСʱֿԼ
ǵġַݵ˵ͷСѾ̫ͬ࣬Ŭ㣬Ҫ׷ϣѡ
𻹲׵ĻǾֻǸɵӣվַһʮȾϹлл㡭ָ硣
˵ǰֻϣַһڵַѾȫĽˣΨһġ



123 ޼ҵ
ꡭСԺķٴαƿ춫ǸߴӰſ߽øӵַݡ
ַסһֵ±˲֪Ϊȴ֪һ
۴һַΪԼŮǶٺòһ£һ뵽Ůˣ춫һͷۡ
֣ɡ׻˵иҹ𣬵ϲ׼һ춫ĹϵҲ˲١
š춫ĵ˵ͷȻ˵ϣַݵϴε£ллˡ
ȥˣллͲˡַȻ֪춫˵ЩʲôȻǿĶԴ
һļ룬һ±˳ĬУҶֻĬĬĺŲ裬ԵЩΡ
ǡ춫ȻҲֵһ㣬תͷЩɫĲܺЩɻ
޸ҩַݿڣĽҩȫ˳
Ľ֮춫ʱ¶ɫҩ֮˵ֱҩ
ȷ˵СʱͲòҩԡȴָܻҩȴֻҪСʱЧü
ʶһ춫ʱǰһС֣ҩܹ𣿶԰ߣûЧ
춫˵ҩ޼ǿǿ󼸱
ܱǸҩֻµʹãҲãЧɻ࣬ҩƵĺϣõһ䣬ķ˺ܴ
ַݵĻش춫ʮֵʧҲûκεİ취
ѵԭɣַҲǸоЩ̫˼ԵͷԼ顣
᲻ԪҲǲԸ޼ңҩԴЩҵע⣬ɻὫԼΣյľС
ַܹӵܹЩҩܹĸ޼ʹá
ܿϧǣڲܣҪĻضḶ൱һۡ
ַԥһ£Ǿȴʱҩһ⣬ֻڻʱѡ
̾һ춫վַݵСһ鷿ɣЩҪ˵˵
˵꣬춫ͷҲص뿪˴˴ַҲվõǵԼܵõģȥȥ

춫鷿УѾ˲ˮڵȴָָԵӵС֣ɡ
õģ޼кμַ̣ݺǵȻǰƷȴš
ɡһԵĳóһ嵥춫ݸַݵ
ǡӹַֺݵͷȥֻϸгһѵĶнƱҲ书ؼԼϧҩ
һνرǮң⳥ĶҲġ
ֻǵɨַۣݾͽӸŻϣ޼ʲô˼
㣬޼ҶѾˣЩ⳥Ӧһ롱춫һĻش
ҲȱǮҲȱҩڹҲУЩ治Ҫַҡҡͷһĵ
⡭춫һľᣬĲǷ飬ַԺŮҲǷʲô
޼治ôģŰɣ޼ҵģҵġ춫һԥַ̲סȰο
ǺðɡַݲԸյģ춫ҲҧҧЩ
޼˵ЩǿǸӵǿԺΣգҲܸõӦԡ
ˣ޼ܲܰҸæ˽һ£ͻưôͻƵģַ̲סڵ
ͻư춫ʱ˻УϸƬ̺󣬲ŵҼǵ˴򶷵ʱܵ˾޴ѹͻȻͻˡ
ԭˡַݵ˵ͷǱģҪ뿪ȴǷǳѡ
һȴǿѸٵĽǱǾΣʱ
ͱ˵ڱǱʱͻȻӺüȻûôţȴܹͻеľ磬øӵǿ
ַݳٳٲͻƵԭ򣬾ʱ̫ˣûд裬Ҳû˸κεв
һַݶʱǰһȭǰ춫޼֪ܲܰң㹻ѹͻƵ
ʲô춫һ´һַݺ󣬵Ѿ۷ˣ
ǵģҲŻַпЦ֪ԼôѸٵĽ춫ע⣬ΪʵҲ˲ôˡ



124 СС
Ӣ۳갡
춫Ǹ̾һμַݵʱõϢҲڣȴѾԲٶȲν졣
ң뵱һ·ڿҿңҲʮʮͻư޼ҶǺˣǰַݱȴǶһʱ䣬˱ˡ
ַ֪뷨϶Цⶼ˵ֻ˰ʱ䣬𣿡
Ȼַݲ֪е뷨ĬĬߵԺУ׼ʼʵѹͻƷ
취޼Ҳϡ೤ںƿʱ򣬶ʹֻЧȴ˶졣
޼ҲһܽᣬóһǳĽۣǾԽˣԽͻƣԽˣȴԽͻơ
ԭȴǷǳļ򵥣ЩһˣɱԼܾܿƴȫֱͻơ
ˣȴһ¾֪ǰ˲ɱԼȻȻľͲƴȫ²ͻơ
ַҲµһ㣬춫ԣҲֻԶѣܲͻƣûаֵİա
һοӭ氵ַ֣ûκεη壬ֻ˷ܸгȫ
춫վַݵǰûκεĶɢϢַݸоͷƤЩ顣
ɡڳһƣ춫ĶֵַɲΪַڵľܶԼʲô˺
ˡַһȭȷ˽һǼ򵥵ֱȭ춫ȥ
̫ˡ춫֣ͽַݵȭͷĵһԣӶûжһ¡
ַҧ˵ֱȭȻ򵥣Ҳóϵȴ춫ƶһ¶
춫ǿַҲȫſˣóԼȫ䷢˽
𡱣ַݵı仯춫һЦвУַݸоһ
һδεĶƴУַҲǴѧ˲ٵĶֳҲԽԽ˳
˵ΪַͻƵĴ򶷣˵춫Ķַݵָ̡
Ȼַλɱֵļ䣬򶷾黹̫٣Ըտʼ֣Ͳܶ춫һ˿һв
ʱƣַݽеĶȫ֮󣬳Ȼޱȵĵ꣬üζ춫˾޴вҲһˮ

ô˵춫ʹȫַݸͼֲʮУͻᱻֱӱ
춫й˼ɣԶҲֻǱмܣΪֻ֪Ҫһ棬ַݾͻˡ
ַݿû˼ô࣬춫ǿûһ˿һ֣ʲôɱͨͨó
һߣĲɵĺŲˮַݱ׽߲֪ܲġ
ڣһ̲סˣվ㣬ҵȥǿȥ𣿡
ⲻðɣ׽ֹӿҪʲôҪ飬ͻأȥġЩԥ
ǣһ۸ָô죬һֿô죬Ͳ𣿡ţЩ
ǣǺðɡʵͲסжַݵĵǣӻѡվһͬ׵Ժȥ
顱δߵſڣԺдȭĴ˶ʱ¶š
ôˡ¶Ͻǰƿţ󺰵Ǳʲô²ܺú˵𡣡
ôʱַݱ춫һ߷ڵأӼæܵԣŵôˣû°ɡ
Ҳ˹ſ˫۽˻󣬲һĿǰ춫·ǳһ㡣
ԼŮһӵģ춫˳ǣʵǲУԼ׵ķѾһˡ
ص̾˿춫һƬӣʱѾȫַݵŮѾ嶤ϵ¡
ôԣֻҪַһڣ˿϶ͻ·ܣҲܲס
˵ˣ޼û۸ңֻдѡٴеģַݶʱЩЦõ
ģ˶һ㶣ϸ鿴ַϣֲûʲôƺЩŰɡ
Ȼģ޼ҪҶ֣һֵܼ𣿡ַЩЦõĵ
ô¡ϸһ룬ҲеĹؼԶʱͷһĲ˼
Ǹʵڲ˼ˡ˾Ҫϣ˶ʱͷǸ
ٴθ̾һ춫ȤȱȱĻ˻ֵû£ԼȥɣһҪ
˵꣬춫תͷ뿪СԺֻǱӰЩַͣһᡣ



125 Լս
дϣַͣ۷壬ҪսĻڵԴǰ
춫ָ̣νǲصģƾԼ޼ǧĻַָۣ˲ٵĴ
д裬ȻûͻƾЩźʽϵջ񣬾ַޱȵˡ
˳Թ緹޼йߵַݶ˵Ľ㡣
ΪַһϢ޼ҴˣϢ޼Ҷ˼Ǳʹ
СӾеŮɰˣݸ߹󣬱Ϊ޸еĳȴû뵽һ˸ȵǣܲʹޣ
·ϣַݶܸоһϵлĽǶʼɣǵӵ۹⡣
ȴһ㶼ںЩעֻʧ߶ѣûҪǼƽôࡣ
еʱ㲻ƽϣܻ˶ƽϣͱ˵ڣһӢˬӾ͵˵ǰַָݵҪս
˻һʱһȻ󲨣ͬ˶˹øָӵַݡ
һȺе˽УַݾѾ֪˴˵ݣ޸壬Ȼôȴеġ
޼һͨļͥƾԼ츳ԼŬΪ޼һ
ԭҾͲ²һУпܵľ޸壬Ͼݹ۸壬;ʹﵽڵģ޼ǴαףʤҲܻ
ɾһ嶤ϵ£ȴǱַݺһţӸߣܸģ
Ǹˣ֪ȥĻԼõӵĻҲԽҲͣһ
ڱҵᣬֻҪԼַݴܣ֤ԼʵӺпܾͻת⡣
޸壬ÿɣֹǹͣ㶯ֶš˵ľٶüϲĳ档
֪ǹͣǹҪ뽫ߣҲҪʵ޼书ǿ뽫ߵĻҵһ
˵ĺãҲҪ޼ҵĹүû湦ôҷڣ
ǾǣҪ뵱޼ҵĹү⹦ͱ÷ڣȻôǴС㣿
ôҽϲ˭ǹܵ𣿡󺰣ǴʱȺ鼤ܣСɲǾͱûˡ
תڵϢַָˣ󺰵ˣǲҪսˣҶˡ
һΪΪԱ˵ɣΨһİ취ǴǱ졣

ַݵĻһʱȺ鼤ܣ˶Ҫףʲôߵغ
ǳ޼ңС̿ѧ䣬Ĳ֮ǳϣ书óĶȴôҲ
Ǹૣ£ˣʱӵĸҲҴҸ˹վַݵǰһ޼ӵָ
һȻ˲˵Ĳ˽¾Ͳ˽ˣ˵⣬Լˣȴˡ
Ҳֻ˽˵˵ѣôĴܼңأǿɲҶŸɡ
ЩԣַݲòվûµģҾдд裬Ҳ뿴޼ҵӵͣ˶ѡ
ҪȣЩĿַݣȴЩǣ޼ӵܶųģＸＸ֪һ
ַݣӴĲ࣬书һ㶼ûеͣܵʲôˣǲͳ޼۸
ģ㰲Ÿطɣѡʮ˳ֻҪǲʮģҶ¡ַݵЦ
Ȼı飬ȴڳ޼ӵٴη߿˵ҪúõĽѵһ٣֪޼ӵܲġ
ַ˼֣Ҳ˵ʲôԥ»ǵͷǺðɣȺСȥԺϢɣҰźˣ㡣
Ǿ鷳ˣлַݱ˱ȭȺ˵ĽҶӨٻֱﳤȥһ˵һıӰ
һ̤СԺӱЩȲĵǵôô׵ĴӦૣһҪѡʮˣһô죿
ǰǰ˵Ǹ޸ģû˴ĹսҲͨͨܡ
ǾͱΪˡЩŵʱ춫ӰǰҡҡͷӦΪ޼ӵܵģҪ۸̫ҡ
ף˼ǣָ˲ͷһ⣬˽ַݵʵԼ׵Ļȴ˵һС
ûпڣеĽԼȴеĵȫ¶
ûһģûĶ֡춫΢΢һЦø̾۹⿴ַݣһƬӡ
Ҿָ֪ҽô书ôõ϶Ļشʱͷһģ
Ҳ˿ϾɲַˣһͷԸ



126 һʮ
˵󣬽ҲȫԺеͤ£ַ˵Цĵȴš
Сʱ첽ǰֳѾ׼ˣڿǰ𣿡
û⣬·ɡеĲ豭ַһķƵЩ޼ӵܣûһ˿һľ¡
ЩûмѪӵܣôܱȵӵɱּҹǾ磬ܽѹġ
һ·ÿַݵ˶᲻Ծ˽г˾ɫ
ַݺ⣬ֻǰͷڸֹܹߣҲֹȭͷ
ôһȺ򣬶ûеģֻȭͷͨͨ졣
ڸһ޼ҵ䳡ַһͼ˺䶯
Ҫ֪˶кģôһȤ£ܲ˵۹⣿޼ң۵䳡˵쳹ֳ
ΧȺĻУ˶ַݣϾ޸Уһ޵еġ
ַݻһδʮֻҪʽ޸ϣɾܽ
Ƿ˵ЦݣַȻΪڴһʮϮЩ˵ı飬
޼ҹΪңʲôìܣģԱ̨޽ʮ־޴ҲʮֵĹӡ
ϸһطֳһƬѪ죬ȻвȱȾѪ
뵽ַвɺֱߵ˱̨룬ǰõӵʮ˵˭ϣ
ȻĴ󺰣һϰɡһȺ߹ôˣǰȺ˿ɶ޼һľӢôĻ˲ͻᱻɡ
Ҳ㹻ǰЩ˵ŭһͷӵһֱվ˳ţ֪ȭҲǷһ㾭ĥ
סԲ֪ˣַݵһЦڳһٳļƣȴŴж֡
ɱֵļ䣬ַݶ˾ߵҲܿţֻǸͻѣǺȣһв
ַӵ۹⣬̣һŭ󣬱ȷ˹
Ҫúýѵһַݣ˿ûһ˿һ֣һ־;ȫеĹѹʱһƬ

Ǻǡٳʽַֻ΢΢һУһϧȻУٶȣ̫ˡ
ѽӱĲУŭžٴζַݷ˽ɱַݸɵĶ
ֻбĸҴһᣬʱתͷԽʵ
ԸģҪǾ;ɡǷһ˿ȣַݶʱһǼ򵥵ľȭǰ
Ѿ׼ַһȭֻҧֱ̧۷
顭һ촫˾ֱ˺üͷ϶ʱ˶亹ȻѾˡ
ͬʱҲַѾ֣ղֻǽӴһֱ۱ѾջµȣˣھͲʹǹۡ
вԸϣ˾ǰˣǿסʹվַݱȭֹӺ֣Ұˡ
áַҲǱ˱ȭܴ˹զ˸ҳϣǾеҲ̫Ϊѡ
ӣ߻Լλ£ǰȻַݣĳ֣ǿ
ʣľжһ˿أʵѣǶѾַݵǿ
ǳϦദȻģҲŵʮλá
ɾһϦͬˣȴַһȭӲ£һ£֤ǿ֮
һʱ䣬˻վرЩɴڵģ
ǺԼӻͬ³ܲһжӲ¡
ַҲûдߴ٣ֻһϷʵĿֲۣԼ
ӹȥˣûԸվ·޼Ƿ׷׿ʼߴ٣ֳһƬ֡
գһֱĬ޸Ҳ̲סˣ󺰵ʲôǻоŸˣֻһˣֻҪһӮˣǾӮˡ
⡭˶ʱĬһҲͲסվ죬Ҳܱսĺãƴˡ
˵꣬һԾվַݵǰһԲͷ˹ĸоѾܹˡ
Ҳͽ͵ģ˼Ӻ󣬾ͱַץסһһŸߵڵأҲ
ĳϵһ˿ҳַ̧ͷһķƵһҸʱ䡣



127 ޳ܳս
ַŵ̬޼ҵЩ߷߲ƽԼһҲֻ˽˵ѡ
ʣİ˸˶ûżǳһ󣬲һϱַ̨һϹ
ûϸһֱӽȴһصģþַݣȴ
ַƲƲ죬˷ر򣬻ֱƴˣٻԼѪš
һǼ򵥵Ĳ߶ɨȥֱ̧㵲Ҳûгֽ»ַݿʲô
һ˽һ˷أķ˲ʱ乻ַݲŽ˸£ҲȻķ˲١
һٴǣҲһص̬ĵȴַݵĽ
ʱ⼸˵ǾǴɵӣȻЩסԼķһЩΪϳ̵档
˵һʮַԼҪģ޳ܵĳսսȴޱȵᣬſڷ̵ǿ޳ȴܼ
Ӷʱ߳ŭٷϻǲóֻóزУӮˣǾɡ
˻һ޼ҶʱѻȸֻԼһȣַǸͲ̧ͷ
Сһ㶼ֱڿ죬ͱǰŵ˵Ļ󣬶ʱŭǻҪҪˣʮһôɵֶΣȢҽ㣬ȥɡ
Ӳûп˵ֻòмһһȺˣתͷùַݵͣеġ
һġ¶һŵ΢ЦַתͷǰһȺ˵һ֪ھԵʵǰһıƣͽ͡
кŷַ˽Ҳ֣ٵ콫Щ˴򵹡
ֻһӲǷص˱㱻ַһߵ̨£޳ܵˣַҲٸ档
춫һɼ峤ϹۿŴ˴αԣһȺ޼ӵܵĿʱɫһѿӵܣԽԽˣ󰡡
Ȼ΢ǣҲǱ˵̧ͷЩӵƽǽ̵ģ̧ͷ
ζĿַһۺ춫ͻأ¶һ΢ЦҲãһѵѹѹǵĽ

飡һֱַҵڵأҺҲվӭԸ
ٵĺַݿдѾǵˣ;Ѿ˴;Ⱥ˵ĲԣѾЧ
һĿǻʣĸˣַݹ˹ָһơ
ÿעӵ޼ӵܣ鲻ԽĵͷΪʵ̫޳ܡ
ǳսȻһֱ־ķַݵԺˡ
̨޼˶ȥΪʵûٿȥˣȺһûҲһλָ
ӺܣһֱַݵߣʹʱʱĶһȺ޼ӵܳ䡣
ɼ޸ڵоŭհ㣬һƬ尾ԼϲŮ˶Լ䳰ȷһޱȵᡣ
֪ԼѾ´һ壬ӵ񣬵ҲֻܷӲͷƤȥ
һ̨ڳ˷صļƣһ׼ַݵ̬ȡ
ַһϢҧҧ˳ȥʱȭײһƬ
֪һĵַûƬ̵ͣ׼һٽ˸򵹣κεĴϢᡣ
ʡķʽȻɱֵʽַݺ̨֣˸ŵùǺ
浽˹ؼʱַ̣Ҳʵ֣ϾЩ˲û𣬷Ž˴С
һǺڻģ׻³һʺѪҺڵزסİš
Ȼ޼ҵĳЩвַ̫أһѵ⡣
ɫɭתͷַݶЩ˵ĶҵĴǲңҲô֡
һ£Ҳû˸˵ַݵĻˣǶַܶڵȷʡʱʡһǼ˱Ƴġ
˵Ĳ״Ȼʣµ˴˸һ˿η壬ʵںԼ³Ҳˡ
ʲô£ɱǲɣѾǿ֮ĩˣ˵ҪҶ֣ԼˣӮˡ
޸Ļһǿļ˵У¶һ˿һ̨



128 ͻư
ֻһַ֣ݾ͸ܵӴѹҪ֪ˣ޼ҵľӢǾ绹Ǵ򶷾飬ޱȵķḻ
ܹŵڣȫƾַݵľѹȻͱſˡ
һ·񹥣üַݶ㱻ԷҵҺӦѸ٣ʱ˹
Ƿ״̬˿ѱַ£Ҳֵͼʧ󣬶ԭǾַݵ֧ˡ
һӺȻǵĵȹϵϣǵǱֲһңҲϧ
ַݵĶ֣Ȼ¶˷ܵɫر޸壬и¶󼤶ȴһѾþˡ
ž¶һַݸһ鵽ϣݶʱһѪҺ³
׺ݵһĻòǴ˸ڴ֮ǰЩǰַݶ֡
޸ȴǺںַݵĺѾһˣֻҪһٺһԵˣһǸϺһжӲ¡
ַݴھŸҧ̨ȥַ̽ݷɧʽĽصǷء
ⳡս˽ʮӣűַݸ򵹣ֻ״̬Ѿֹۡ
Ҫ֪ΪסһǲԼһ˿ˮģë׽ţܳд򶷡
ַڵëһʹѪӿȴǲòʹסйһǸͲôˡ
ֵϳ𣿡ǷһĨЦݣ޸屳̨ǰһ˷緶ģַݿϧ㻹ģûʤġ
䣿ַһЦñӵ޸һ㡣
һЦһϷʵĿ޸ĶôӮҼҽ򡣡
С𡭡һͨ죬Ͻס죬ô˵棬ôܲ὿ߡ
ʹӵ֣㣬ʲô𣬷Ⱳ϶ˣ±֪ɣ
С𣡡ٴξ󣬺޲ýͷ񵽵ȥ
򣬼ͣǲܲܣһ˷ܵļ͵޸壬֪
Ӳһ㣬޸ӲҪʧˣעҵС
˵ϻ˭˭Ӯ˲֪Ѿ˾ŸĽҲı䡱ַݺŷ޸һƣսһ

Զ޸ͻȻЦһǷǰһ㣬֪Ѿˡ
Բķô㿿ʲôӮңԽ죬䶨ˡ
ϻࡱַƲƲ죬һĲмȭ˽ΪоĵڵѾﲻסˡ
飡ߵһνַ֣ݾͲ岽޸壬ȴֻ˺˭˭ѣһ۾ͿԿ
ʹҧҧַٴη˽ʹʽҲԽԽա
ڵ뿿ʵӮ޸壬ѾǲˣֻЩУƵ¶һ
ַ޸һͷ亹ҲҽˣֻǲͣĶš
׻˵رʧʵҲˣ޸屻ַץλᣬݺݵĴȭ
ǣַݵѾǰͲ޸һֻʹ̶ѣѾص͸֧
𽥵ģַݵĹԽԽƣ޸ҲӦԵԽԽӦ֣и¶˵Ŀ⡣
ڣַܵݵƣ޸ǳһȵ£ҽ˰ɣ
ץסַݵһʽյ޸һȭֱӳַݵؿڣĵ˺ü
𡭡һȭ޸ܵıͷţĶַݣҪõһ̵Ľѵ
ַݺ䣬ֻһȣֽܹŵȼ
ȥɡ޸һѪ죬ȭַָݵҪ
һָУַݲҲˣǿסƣַһ˹ȥ
޸ôܻŹӿٶȣٴ˽ĿģĲݡ
Ǳӿٶȣַ֪Լ㲻ȥˣжʱ¶һ˿ãȻѵľô𣿡
ֹӣͣġ
㶼ֵһˣܷôܱ˴ܣվһȭɡ
ϴЪ˹ĺַҧ˼սë׻ᱻűĺٴȭͷ
ֻҪҲԶӮҡź˳ַݾȻ޸巢˽
䡱һ˲䣬ַֻԺһѪҲͻȻֹͣ˷ӿǺĹҲɲʧ
˵ַڵأڵȴоһӴûԼУʱԱŷ
ڳ;У޸ѾָȭϾָȭǾѹûκεʤ㡣
ʯ֮䣬ȭײһ޸ԭΪַݻֱӱɣɽȴǣоһɾ޴ַӿ֣ͬ˰㣬ݻһָ



129 ξ
ཡ绰ͻȻַһȴǾþöδϵ
Ѿص۾ĵˣ£˾Ǳ߲ҪģҶӨٻǱҲѾ졣
һжģ޹ʴ绰϶Լĵûૡ
٣ôпոҴ绰ˣѵʲôҪңһַͨݱϷŵ
ǺǣȷǼ£йصġһЦһһתͽַݸ˽
Ŷַһʱ˾йأͲ˵𣿺αصθڡ
ٺ١һЦڵ֪ʲôǾ
ιιι˵ַ꣬ݷԣҶ˵绰Ǻһ
£йأеĵ绰ַݶʱ˼ص˼
ৡͻȻַ뵽ʲô˲վһ˿ŵѵ
뵽ַҲסˣҴһһ·㿪žȥ
𣿡·ϣַݵԺвʱĸֳһʱʱֵӰ˸һ֮ȥ
ȥʱѾȥãӰôַ֪Լ
ʵҲˣһпֻǻַݸо඼˳
ֻһСʱַݾͽͣ˾ͣУֻһߵſڣһλӭС٣롣
ˣԼȥСЩͷĻ˻ַ֣ݿ첽ר䡣
վſڣַݲһһ˿סþúŹƿ˷š
ڣһƷ裬ַ˺󣬶ʱֵȺȱȲɡ
ûеһʱظַݴһܣȴûзӰԭ飬˲ͳȥ
ǷһĨɬַЩɳϣ豭͹һڣ·ںȾһ㡣
ȥˣ˸۵ڱ֪ҶҼүһ궼ֵֻܷ
ٹҲֻǲѡַݵҡҡͷ˵ɣʲô£
ãã˵Ķԡ¶ЦվԼĿ㶵Уͳһӡ

صĽӷŵϣָСˣӣʮ궼ûһˡ
ŶַݾһǿӣϸһֻɺϽ죬Ǹ֣һƬ
ʲôϸ۲һºַ¶ɻ󣬴еĻܹ⵽Ӳ򵥣ɾкô˵
һƣǹǿһӣãŴƣơĽĿƣȻⶫޱȵ۲
ƣĸַ֣϶ʱ¶𾪵ɫֶĿУֻڹŴû뵽ڣȻڡ
ûҲҪ֪һ㣬ƣҲƵģͱ˵ŴɱĳЩȨҲܱ㡣
ҲˣҿԿ϶ĸ㣬Υӹصˣᳬ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦʱûκεȤѾµˣָ˭оͰҵλүӡ
ⶫܱûĺãַȻֱŽ˶У͵һƷղذɡ
ϸϸƷһڲַ¶ԥɫҧЩ͵ǸǸС㣬ڹôˡ
Ȼַ֪ݿеСָ˭ԶʱɫЩεðɡ
Ǿͺáַݵ˵ͷֻȴٰ㲻ζЩΥĵĻû߳Ӱ
һ˽֣˶ǸԺŲˮַ׼ʱˣ˵ѧˣΪյԭ𣿡
ǡַݻҡҡͷһȻֻǾöȥҲֻ˷ʱѣûаϵ
ʲôͷ漴̧ͷѯַĶ
ͦĵģҲ֪ʲôֻլڼп顱ʼ磬ַһεĻش
ûȤξһʱһתһ˿ڴ
ţַݵԼ£벿ӵĻһΪ벻ĺô
ûлɹַݻмֵĶûȫó



130 𾪵
ξĽ飬ַסˣǷǰַݹ붼ֱӾܾ
ڵȴ£⽨һĶһ£¶ԥɫ
ӺôξԼһĵʵҲԼŬЧ
Ҫһ㣬ǾǲξԼһ㣬ΪսѣҲǺпܵһ¡
ûַݶûģ˵Ķ飬Ҳ˵̰ô˵
ȻξҲûлǾĵڶ࣬ȥξĻܿܲܶεĲҵչ˵㵽
׼һ̹ǷκпмܲסǵһŬӰ
ַݻǾҡͷܾԲ滹̫ҪңҲ뿪
ַݵľܾʱü̽ŵ˼ǣ׼ңؼң껣
ûңǶϣֲܼܿ˼غϡַʼ磬ʮεȥξȴԼĸɡ
⵹Ǹ鷳¡Ҳ¶ɫˣʲôıƣҵǿҼүӵŵ㣬ģҲΪ
Ŷַжʱһ⣬ĻѾǿһ˿⡣
̳սμŸͲˣϾⲻͬûκεľԡ
ͨҹμƲҲüã㹻ԼһӦԡ
ЩıƣַΪͷ۵ģүܹţǾһв⡣
ԳκַݻǾȥξԣڵүӰҵŵ㣬ûʲôˡ
ģжʱһ˿˷ܣַӣҶе
Ļİַݲ˸ۣΪеЩ
̫ˡжʱظ֤İɣֻҪүӿţûһ˶μˣա
Ȼšַݵͷ֪үӵжôӴȻѾ˾Ļ󣬵˵ĻһԾŶ˸ӡ

ⱭӺַһ׾ƣȸΪַȻͬ
û뵽ȻӦ˲ξһھ¶Ǻʱпַ֪ݵء
˵ַʲôȱҲǳᣬܲ⣬û뵽ô׵ĴӦԼ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦʵҴС㽹һˣֻȣ־תΪ׬ǮǮǲԶʱԸֱ˳
ţֻҪѡˣͲڡ΢ЦžѪʣһַܹݡ
ҲţҾʣҰŵĸӡƷһڱǳęַ́ݵ
ȻǵȻȴַĵһ飬ֻͨĲӣ϶ٴξܾ
ʲôʵûڣӵַݵ
ǺǡַݵһĨζЦݣʲôҲû˵ֻȭͷĶԵһƿһ¡
ǡû˵꣬ͼǱַݡһµĻƿʱƬƬѣɲǼͻһƬ
ңҡѾûκεܹݴ˿ˣֻ֪һĻ˺Ӳ㶼û͹
Ȼǰ֪ı֣ͱ˵ַڣǸûгһ»ƿƿͱƬǰľתֱ۵ı֡
ǴθұԵʱǲǲ׾ˣǷһĨɬЩŵ
Ҫַ֪ݽֵʱֻǹȥ£ɵʱھȻѾǰܣ
ʣַݲûֱشֻһصЦЦⲻص㣬صὫҷŵĸӡ
ȿȡڴлһεʵȥЩͨĲӣֲͨӣ˷ĲŻ
ҾټǸصĲӣڴ֮ǰҪһЩССĿ顣
п飿ַݶʱüаٷ֮ʮļʣȷǸӣֻ⿼飬ȴеЩꡣ
ЩжѣϾֶȥĻǾֻлֲܹȥˣµֻ鷳˷ʱѡ
İɣʵ϶Ҫ˶ʱ䣬ֻ߸ѡԵЩΣȻ棬ǸطǵȨҲ˶ãֻܰչ¡
ðɡַʼ磬һھƸ븹к󣬵ɣ㴦ˣʱ֪ͨҡ
ţҰ£ġ˵ͷһ˿϶ɫַݴӾ˭Ҳӡ



131 
ҹξƵУַŮѵõͣȴϲ˵ʱַݿڵҪȥξ
ʲôǰɣ
ȶŵͬʱ𣬲˫ĶַݣȴȷĻش
ûġһڲˮַݺĻشҲȷģȻŮ
֧㣬ֻ¶ԥɫַ֧ݵľμţȴ벻
㣬㲻õ϶ôˣ϶˶Բ𣿡ҶӨٻεļȰο
ǵġŮע£ַݽԼ۵Ĺ̽˳ֻ;ȴǱܹһЩȽеĻ⣬ϾǸӣ֪ԽԽá
ֻҪүӷҾûʲôõĵˡַݵĻص˿һ˿Ц⡣
ǽӣﶼᷢ⣬ַݲξ˿϶ΪһĹס
С˿𵽶ԼĿģҲĹϵԺҲܻøİ
Խ֮ͨҲͲַˣǾ˫޳ɣҶӨٻҲһ
Ȼַݷֿһʱ䣬ַݾûϵˣпǻԼĲǣ
һٷŮַݵ꺮ůԼָ룬ȻԵЩ£ַȴַΧ
ڶ죬α㽫еҵԼ֣ҶӨٻҲƵеݳרĵַݡ
ҹַһͺĻеСǵչƻѾִеĲˣҲƷҲѾʼʲôʱƳ
Ŷô족ַһ˿ȣ˵ļƻϡԴҪչٷ֮ʮƻŻῪʼʵУȻѾһ㡣
ȵģ֯ǸоȻѾһЩƷ
ţԴϴӡϡϡ۸չȻǵӦ֣оǶҸ߼Ŀѧңôȫ
Ŷ˵˵ЩʲôַݶʱȤȻЩδ̵궼ܹ򣬵зһС
ֻһЩС͵ķѣ㶨һҪҪԣ΢΢һЦʮĵ
ʲôóַ²ߴνƵĶ˳
ȻѾ˸ףܹɵķУⶫϾܼ⣬ֻԼ͵͵ʹá
Ķܹģʱ򾭹һЩ󣬾ͿԹķڿС

ǡνƵĶóַһ˿ȻΪǾȻһ͹ӵĽ
ɣɲֹǸŶһ˿Ц⣬ݸһԺ󣬱㰲Ĺ۲ı顣
˽ɷ죬˽⣬䱸һ쳣µĽʡ
Էϵĳֻһַ֧ݷУٶȸò
ֻڽխԭҪٿغҪõʺͲԣȻǳΣա
Щַ˵Ͳ⣬ҽҲиٿصϵͳѶȽࡣ
֡ʣʱ󺮹֣Ȼ඼Ѿ棬ӲҲַ֧
һַݶʱһǰ˹ȥʱǽ棬̶ȿ֪
ʣַ϶ʱ¶ɫξһǵ㣬Һ⡣
ϲͺáȻһЦַϲıѾ˵һУֻҪˣԼ͸ˡ
ԴѧԺַݵװһֱľ߹ŷĳۣǣųţ˿϶ΪCos
⻹һ㣬̤ڽϷеĻᱻɣ˵Ͼ͹ˡ
ǣⶫһͻ䶯磬ַݱʾûֶǰǲ׼ˡ
ѹھԵ뷨ַݽصķŵһԣηĿʼࡣ
һᣬһ绰˽ַһȴģزξ£Ѿ˶ۡ
٣ѾϵˣͿȥ㿴ǱҪӺ첻
ˣԼطֱӹˡַԥһ£ջǾ˲
᲻ŮŮҲ᲻ֿΪ˸õؾۣ뵽ҲͿˡ
ԼʱҲ׵ķſˣַݾһҹ硣



132 
һ磬ַݱźԹ緹¥£˾С帺͵ڵĴԺſڡ
ַݿɲΪԼһ쵼ЩſڵʿֱԼͨ
ڼ˽䱸£ַͳ绰ĵ绰ҵˣ֪ͨŸڣҽɡ
ˣͳ㣬վԭصȵҰɡ˵Ҷ˵绰ҴҵŴ˴
֮£ַݱ۲ǰ⼸ʿ̺ȻҲǲԶ
ַܹͻҲķѲٵΣգϾеǹɲǳصġ
ӺӲʵӰſڣǼڽһַ߰ɡ
áַݵ˵ͷ󣬽˵еĵط
˵ֲţҪ֪סЩˣһţĶöһ
ԴŶ֤ͨòٲܽԺͿԿַݲòܽ룬ȻǵҵȨơ
Ҫ֪ھеӰǿģȻһ죬Ҳ˸ҵֿ
븻˱ͬԺĻҲģֲľͨװҲǳĹӡ
Щڻ԰ж壬ǵľͷٻʮҲûʲô⡣
Щ˵ܶһ죬ǾΪԼĳһʱܹĸá
ԺУҽѾĳЩҽԺһʲôǱõֱʱá
ͬʱַҲܸоҲǱţʱʱĻý䱸ٿ󣬶ѡԵƿ
˵ƾﴢսһӣں̵ܶʱͻƽ
ЩǻõȨַвûһ˿Ľ߶ʼɣЩȨǸƴõģеΣպͼִ˸᲻
ͱ˵үӣϵǹ˵˾Ͳʮܻڣһ
ЩˣַݶԵ𾴣ΪûǵĸڹڵľƣͲôƽˡ
ӺһԺſͣЦɣүˡ
ҵҡַ¶һ˿ţҪ֪үǰֻڵвܿԽӼûѹǾǼٵġ

һð裬һͷѩ׵ֱͦˣ԰ˣΧ塣
ַĴ£ԺУүӻعͷ¶һЦݵү°Σ
Ǿүˡ΢΢һЦַݾֱүӵĶ棬ִӣʼ۲̡
Χַ˽٣ɱּеһЩ·ҲοοӮүӦò⡣
ռһƵģַԥº󣬱ȵԼеǿӡ
ˣү壬ǾԲӮģַȴ֮Աǡ
׻˵ϳɾģһ۾ͿԿȤʹʹĴɱһѡ
ַһӾӲɱУһԵһ亹Ҫ֪ɴû˸ô󵨡
үȻҲһ񣬲ת¶һ΢Ц̧ͷַһ۵
ַҲǵһЦȲĿˣҲûԵǫүȻӸλϣȴƽ˶Դǡ
עһɱүҲǸɾַδһ·ɱһСʱŻʤ
һ̣үȻվЦúúãþöûôˬˣսɱһ졣
˵꣬үתͷһԵƲƲûԺ壬͵Сηηŵģǡ
ҡЦүĴ࣬ͲҲûʸð
Թַһۣ˵ϵǻ˵ɣַݽ£ү㿴ȽϺʣ
ÿСֵ˼ˣ˵ʣͷͿ԰ϵˡ͸һۺүЦ
ַૣ̧ͷַݵУһ˿ѯ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦȻھȥڴ֮ǰһһ˫Ӯ£Ҫ
Ŷһʱ£ַݵһ󣬲ŵʲô˫Ӯ
үҲ¶ڴҪ֪ܹӰ쵽ҵĶѾˣַݵĳ֣ȴҶ˲٣еȨǹ˲١
һȻַݵĹͣүӶַݻеĶǳڴ



133 ĺ䶯
ٺ١ַ¶һصЦݣӦ֪һֱϡԴ°ɡ
Ȼ֪˵ͷΪϡ㻹ǼһӲһϡıܶ࣬ô
ⶫٶ඼Ӷࡱַ΢΢һЦҸǿһǾˡ
վַ˸յվסȻ¶һааЦݣ׼ԼŵĽʹһĵ
֡ڵĳһֱӽз˳ڿת˺üȦַݵǰ
׳ͻȻһĻȻǾ˶ڰеЩڣֻ˲ӰдܳĸˣǺڶǹָסǰַݡ
Ǽǹַһ˿Ŷû¶Ҫ֪ڿǰ֣Ǳɨ䣬ȻЩԼ
£˭ǳġַݱǹָסү϶ʱ¶ĲɫԼλڴ
׳ӡڵͷ¶ԥξǱүӣǰַݸǾ޴ΣУֵĻǲүߣܻܿȼݲ
˵ĻûʱүӾǸͨˣڵȴɽϻϳ˲ݿܵơ
ȻвʣվֻǰڣүӵĻǲòԾĿַݣٴ˰С
ȷ뿪үһǸĵС֣ʵڲ˼ίˡ
û£û£ҲΪãôܹַ΢ЦҡҡͷʾԼ⡣
ǾͺãС⽣õַݵԭºү˿Ҳʱ䣬עŵڿеĽϡ
⡭ѵɽȻԼƯڿУֱ󡱣ҲŴͣһš
ɽͷǿСô˵İɡȻҲ𾪵Уүӵı֣ɾͱˡ
ַ΢΢һЦأҲѾµЩʲôİɣûѽǿϡʻ϶ɵĲϴġ
ҲˣڿУǵǣ˸û⡣
˵ţ˵𾪵Уַݾֱվ˽ϣķڿпٵת˺üȦŻĽ䵽˵档
ˡүʶ㣬ͻȻֻ봫˵еĳ棬鲻Խʵһ¡
ַ˵Ļǻͽַݵˣ˵ֱӹ¡
ܸ𣿡֮϶ʱ¶ԾԾԵı飬Ͼܷڿеջûֿܹ
ðɣҪСġ˵ţַǰվȥԽ̵ôݡ
ѧϰԼӦǼǿֻ˵һ飬ҡҡλεķɵ˿С
˷ܵӵһֶԼĶԥ

̫һʧĲȻɵ˴Ժ棬һ˲ٵˡ
ʱԺˣЩ˴Լɣе򾪺ʱԺҳһࡣ
Щ񹻺õģҲǿ̤ڽϷеԵİ
ַȻҲ洫Ƿ঵̤еĻ͸˴ˡ
ʱҵĴſڴһ˳ҪүӣСӵĽҲġ
ַϸһȴЩС˵ԼҲҪһģķɽʱΡ
ַǶʱһĨЦݣѾ󣬵ȹ˾ĲƷƳ󣬻ĺ䶯
ûֹסԽԽүҲסˣֱվȥ
밲һ¡ӵүҲһͷ۵ģ۷ڣôһЩҲ
˳˳үŴ˴ңҵǸֻܷǸµĸ߿ƼƷѡ
Ŷֳʱö˶˿Ͼǲһѽͷʵ̫С˵еˣɲǲɡ
ʱӰҲ˿УĽ䵽˵ϣͷһ±ѵģҲ֪Լִˡ
Χſǰˣûзŵϣֱ㶵Ŀǰڿеĳоȣо棬ҲЩ
رЩСһǣˣһ޶ϵİϷôǶһͷۣòѯⶫܷ򵽡
ַҲòվһⶫз׶ΣֻǸƷѡ
˶вʣүӵļſڣҲǸ취ֻȻĸԻؼҡ



134 
ڽǸɢ˲Żص˴УҲĽַݡ
ʱүü˼һº󣬿ڵС֣ⶫȷǲ˵˫Ӯôû
ȷү˵ѷɽֻǸ߶ѣͲܷеܸߵĸ߶ȣΪ߿ȱܴһܷɻʵڡ
ַֻݾԼүһˣ΢Цүӣûô򵥵ġ
ⶫһߣ˵ĲʣӲȺԣͲĲϲ㹻
ҲˣκεԴ˷о;Уһ˴һ»·ɽԽ𣿡
үӶʱǰһҲǣǸöҪǣûκεĵơ
ǵġַݵ˵ͷ¶һ˿˵ֲϾɻûκ⣬ү㻹˵ûһ𣿡
ৡүӶʱ𾪵ĴӵվƵĿַݵ˵Ķģ
үǸˣ֪ڷɻмΪ͹ġ
ڵһλģȻǷеҪ֪սɲֱһҪܵ壬ҽҲҪܵӭӲУʹ˷ɻս
ʹ÷ϣǾȫܵһ㣬ܹκʱ䣬κεص㶼ɽ䡣
ҪһȻǳ־õ⣬ɻҪԴģһμͣҲֳ֧ʱķУ˵Ҳ˿мżҲޱȵΣԼ鷳
ɷϲͬҪκεԴֻҪڣܹһֱڿУʱȴս
ʶүŻ˵ļӦͨ㣬и¶˽ϲЦݣַݲ˵
Һȷֲķɻٶȶڵķɻǿ󡱣ַĻش
үһ˿أѾϵҪԡ
˵ɻ̹ˣװ׳װֲϣܹŸô½ս˵ϺǾ绢
뵽үҲַԼǢ̸ԭ̧ͷص˵˵ɣʲô

ȻүҲ뽫ϸУһ˿䵽磬ͲܣַݿɲǳصģΪΪ
үֻѹ뷨̸еķַͳһĶͶ٣˭Ҳȷǲ
үһ̸еģַҲ˿үҪĶᷭ
һַ΢Ц˵ԼַʵĲϣϡȻڲ󣬵ԺȴǱұ֮
ȻϡԴ٣ţԺҪõɾ鷳ˣү˵ǲ
һ仰ʵүƿԣʵղѾˣùҽֹϡҴҴ򣬾ս֣˵䵽ˡ
Ȼүʲôû˵Ѿ˵һУַݵһЦҵĵһǣΪṩķʵϡǳǹ˾Ҳȡٷ֮ʮϡ
ҴӦү¶Цû뵽ַݵһ˵ΪѣӦǺû̸ˡ
Ҳַǿеоɹȡʱһо˾С
վǸֱˣֶΣҲַݻƣʱ򼦷ɵ˭Ҳòһĺô
ãǾͶлүˡַ¶Ц⣬Ҳصһ㡣
ϾϡԴֻô࣬һع⣬ܿһϡò֣ԿŹң׬Ǯ
ڶܼ򵥣үҲֲ֪ϵҪԣҸ裬ǿ϶ģԡ
ַݻû˵꣬үӱһվСģʱǹͽھǻԱߣǲӬ겻һ
ȿȡַݻǳһ뵽үӾȻ˵İȻԼ޵Աߡ
ҲԿүӶϵĿس̶ȣԲЩᡣ
ĽַϸĿһº󣬲ŵүӣһҪˣҲξʱһҿǡ
үӿǸɾĻ᲻ַݿе˭̾ϢһСӣҪô˵źá
ЩɺҡҡͷүӿڵЩ˰Ҳ˵ˣСˣһ㿴ŵģͷİɡ
ǣǾͶлүˣҷġַЩΣʵиû˵޼ңܶˣ١



135 г
үǢ̸úַߵһԣ½֪ʣµ£ȻҪٲ͡
ʱѿ磬Ҳ˿ʱ䣬ַȻͬүӳһͣ˺Щ̵
ַݿĳүӶǿأԼֻ֮¸е̾Ϣ
ѾȥүҲ̸ֻһʴ֮便ΣҲʵڹܲˡ
Ͳûд⣬ʳӶַ࣬ȴԵͦ࣬үһޡ
Թ緹ַݱѡ˸ǣ˵үһ죬ңһֱѵ˭Ҳϲǰɣ
Լͳַݱһͬ߳˴Ժûߵͣصĵȥһط
ʲôطЩصģַݶʱЩĪıԿطӦûвͬ
ô֪࣬ˡ΢΢һЦȻַݸ˳Լʻλ
صġַݲ䣬ո˵иףºδȥ
Ҫ֪ԺǽԼȴƫԶĵطȥݰַݻǱġ
գսһСһؿ󣬲űнСǰһΧǽסĽȥ
飬飬顭ֻһǸַݱǰǹʱ͵ʲô
ǰг粻ͬǹɶǹʵûһ˿١һԵõĵ
ȫһַһ㶣صѵǾͲ£˰Щȥ
ᡱǿ϶ҡҡͷˣ˵ǾдĺҪǹ򵥣
ַݶʱƿԣҲԼʲôطˣʵǾǴгĵط
֮ģȻǾĻǺٵǸط
ͨһַжʱЩ˷ܣҪֻ֪ҪǸˣ᲻ǹеǿȤ
ַҲˣȻѾӵ˸Ӹ߼ʱġ
һᣬͣͣУһڨЦתͷǸܲܰǽã
ַ̲ס˸ۣܿ϶ȥ϶ûģΪ˵꣬ѡ˽

һ³㾶ֱ˸ͤͤĶԽ´һǾǵ¿зжǧܿǹ
ȻҶɻΪʲô´ָȴǲΥ˭гҵģ
´ָ㻽һλͻַָݵٴҵİУһźˡ
ǣһЯСװĵͷַݵУһ˿ɡ
Ҫ֪Ĵ֮٣ûһ˿عԶԴַݣɲһ˿
ˣ͸žɣһ˵꣬ͳַݵĳ̤Ͻ󣬾ھֵУ
٣⡭һĻ󣬾ʱЩ״ˣðʿˮѵɣ
ۡǿŵ飬ַʵ̲ס˳ʲôʱ䣬ֻܷǿǰѸ߿ƼĽѡ
ԭˡƼֺ󣬾еľҲȻɢϾ̫ԶƼȴʱ˵Եġ
ʱҲΪʲôղ´ָЩ˿ڷеһһ͸һףǻˡ
⡭ͻȻ뵽һ㣬ͷ϶ʱ亹ֱðַݾֱ˱ͤŶԽڴ󺰵¶гȺעһ£ǧǹ
ھµһ㣬ַЩ֮ԱǣֲɵӣôܷɵĵȫǶġ
õԽڵĻظ󣬾һǸַܵݵǰ٣ʵڶԲ𣬵ôʱ䣬ɡ
ûµģ߰ɡַݵһЦھеĵطȥ
ûнַݾһ̤ڰУһĸĪ⡣
ȿȡַ̲סû뵽Ȼôװһִ˲ƣ
ַߵǰſŽĽ˽УַָݵַݣģԺܰﵽģǶൣŵ㡣
Ȼû⣬㶼ˣĸҲλֵܣǲǸϸĽһ
ǰλֵĺܣѵҵԶݣⶼҪˣǲȽһǰѽô£
䣬ֳʱһַ֣ݻԣҵעŵǰѽϡ
ȻҲģͱַݾ͸ܵһ۹⣬ȥ󣬴ȴֱֱľַ
ַݣ



136 
Ӵ˵ĿУַŨĵ⣬ܿյǣͲʶĳԹ
ʵ벻ףַֻʼҾַݣλ̨кμ̣
Ҵһޱ飬ֻȴֱĶַݣһ㡣
ַͷԵʱһѿվ˳֣ѣǵˡ
֪ͻȻޱȣַָʵʲΪʲô׷ô꣬ûκε˼ƫƫͶ˸飬ĵĽ˲ӣ˭Ҳ
˻һֳʱһƬȻû뵽ȻôһϢ
ξ֮£˾֪ΪʲôͻȻѡξеԭ֪ȴ֮١
ڴ±˳ֳնʱ˷ַݻˣжһ˿ӵĵ⡣
Ҫ֪Ư֮Ｘˣһ
ôܹɹˣȴûһ˶˺˿⡣
⻹ǷˣȻϲַתתļһһģǽܣ
ʱ򣬼˶վһϣַݱ⣬ֻȴġ
ҵĻ㶼𣿡ɲȥõ飬ݹֵܣû뵽ȻôԼӡ
磬ңһ£ʵʲ
СĶǳܿûʲô˵ģһȻĶ⣬̣
ٴ˳˵⣬һԵǿһĬȻ
ҲĿ¶һ˿ӵɫ̾һ뿪ȴ֪˵Щʲô
ߵĶȻ˲˵ע⣬ʱƣۼˣҲԽԽࡣ
ٿڣٴνעŵַݵϣǸүǣҴһҿΪʲôϲ㡣
˵۹ⶼŵַݵϣǹӴƣӽͨ˸ŵ
ַȴȻ壬һ۵Ե˵ĵȻƾһ㣬˲˵ͷ
ֻǶЩ˵ȣǲģŷȭͷ˭ȭͷ˭

˿ַɫЩĵ˺ȷҵĴԼҵǸ
˵ôûõģҲ˵۸㣬һֻ֣ܴӮңϰ֡һͷĵ
һֻ֣ǺǡַݵһЦֵܣǸֱӵˣҲóŪ
ֻı飬ȴǱˣΪں£ҡҡͷûҽ˫ְϡ
Сʱַ֪ʵվ˳ɫЩѿĵٲں㣬˵㡣
˵ң¶һ˿ȻЩŵĵ˵Цɣǰ˵ҡ
һ˵꣬ʱһ㶣Ϊ𣬶Լʵ֪һôѵĻַݻпǰ֡
ֻȴţҪ֪İҲһڶʮ͵۷壬ѾƵǰһˡ
٣ȷǰصĵ˵ͷжľ档
ȴһľǿַָݵ磬ҲţȻ˵ǰһԾ֪ˡ
˵꣬ҲȰ棬ó˻ȭеһǾʽڻġ
žַκȻֻĳôһģĹƱ㱻⣬˺ŵַݡ
˵ˣ书㲻ҵĶַ֡ҡҡͷѵңҿԸᣬʤˣ㴦ãӮˣԹһʹΣ
㡭ҧҧ˵Ѿˣеŭδƽܽܣ
ԥһºźƤ˵ģôȣ㻮¸
ǺǡַݵһЦָָǰİг˵۸㣬ڶǾʹаɣҲóĲǣ
٣ˡȻַݴأǹһٸġ
ûֻ֣дһ¶ѡַ΢ЦҡҡͷĵȻ֪һ
ǾѡսɣҺܿҪ벿ӣ͵ǰһ°ɡ
ԼͱҲˡгķŭַרسȣֱǶơ



137 ɵ
гۼˣ˵Ŀ⣬ȻǷŵַԼϡ
˻ãм䣬ȴܵģһҵĶˣһԼֵܣìܣ˭ǲԡ
ģֻǾ̬ı仯Եǲ£ֻҪ˲Ϊ˾С
ȻõľܻΪѣ˭ЭǻÿսȴǱȽƫһ㡣
ַݵʵȻҪϾûеˣ¼ϣôܱȵϾþս
гʹõĵߺܶ࣬ԥһ£ѡѵĴɵֻǰͨĴУַݼǱɣɵĻӦҲռ˺ܴһַ֣ݵʵܻлʤ
Լľ˺ַȻνҲ֪ƫַһ㣬ʵżǿţҲͲںˡ
֮ѯ˵ҪʲôǹṩⲢԿ䣬ͲֿеЩǹ֧С
㻹ҵϰ𣿸M41ɡ׷ʣԥѡԼֵǹϾѾһΣһֱ¡
ðɣѡʲôЦҡҡͷ֪ϰߣM41Ļ֤ξˮַӮļ΢΢
ѡM41ַȻǷǳϤı׼ǹ׼ȷȸߣСеĻǲѡ
ַݻѡͬǹȻǲܵģǷһĨЦݵҾѡAK47ɡ
ַݵѡֳ˶ʱַݵѡ⣬Ҳǹ֧⣬ǹ֧̺塣
ϣпǹսϷ־ӢоеǹԶM41ͽеȻAK47
Ϸ磬ǹҲ˶ַ֪ݵơ
ȻҲ֪ѶǹĹַݵѡתͷĿַһۣһ˿м
ûΪַȫҪ֪ʵɲϷAK47ǰѺǹӵľ׼ҲǺܸߣڴϣһõѡ
ȻҲ֪һ㣬òȷ٣ȷǹǡ
ûˣѰɡ΢΢һȣַݱʾøΪˣò˳֡
Ҫ֪ɱּУľǹƿǿģǹϰߡ
ַ˿϶Ҳ˵ʲôϾԼľҲȨġ

һᣬɫһһݸˣЩǹѵ״̬԰ɡ
˵˵ͷַȲĴӣóǰڵпAK47
ǹ⣬滹䱸װӵĵУַȽǹĽпϣжʱ˷ܸС
ָоһһһɱּ䣬һ˲о˲ǹΪһ塣
ĸһǹַ¶һĨ⣬ܸܵǹ۷ʱָ̣Լ׼ȷȣ޲
Ȳǹ˨ַݶ׼ǰԶһӿʼɨ䣬¶˷ܵɫ
ȻַһʹAK47ӵɱּǴ˲׵ĳɼֻĳЩУȴԵôûá
¶һ˿мҲǹ˨׼ǰһӿʼ˵䣬Ҽǹǹаģ׼ȷȿɼһ㡣
ַϾסҪҸоԼʶɱּеľ飬ںһ
ڣȫַݲͣڵҿ϶ֻҪ룬ǴкľԲһ˿⡣
Ҳڴ˿֣ͣҲѾҵ˸оĿһַݺĬĬӵ
ڣ˶ӵװϣǰѯʵôǶ׼𣿡
˼ͬʱ˵ͷȷ󣬱ͳ˶Խſ´˿ʼָ
ŻתԵҲ۾ʱ׼ӭսڵһɵӻб׷ɣǹ켸ͬʱ
顭ɵʱƬɻûüعڶɵּɳٴο۶˰
ѡĶѶȣԷɵһһûиǴϢʱ䣬Ǳ۾Ӧԡ
˶ʡ͵ĵƣܷɵٶȺܿ죬ûһǹߣȫƬ
ڣɵһ飬ҲѸٻ˵Уȴŷɵ֣ʱ׼۶
顱ɵѸٷɳ˾׼ĵ䣬һɵƬת˾ͽƽ֣һɵַȴһǹſգɵƵĵڵء
ӮˡѵĳԼˣַݽǹ£ǰ¶һЦݵˡ
ҲĿַһֻۣȴЩʣΪʲôַһȻûУ᲻ǹԼ



138 ս
ôڶһֻ֣ȴɻأֻȴûʱ˼ôˣΪһԣڵȴ
ʰʱעһ£˭зɵ׼ȷȸߡһߣҲ¶ɻгһԱȥ֤
ĵ˵ַѾ̫⣬ֻһɵûлУȴобΣ֤һԼеİ
һǸһ·СܻЩֵɫյĶߵַݼÿǹаġ
ʲôҲ¶𾪵ɫ֪ǻϳҲÿǹаĵĳɼַȴˡ
ζַһۣаٷ֮ʮİտ϶ܹʤַݹġ
ǰϢַҲתͷһ˿Ц⣬̺˼Ѿ˳
ֻһ㣬еһ̾˵˵ʵ˵ƷϣַݾӮһÿ˶ܶԵ˻һݵߡ
УֻαȴҪֿͷԶɽУ˭˭Ӯǻÿ˵ķӡ
˳˳һһҵķֿĿصַ˳Ȼһױ׼Բʷúװǹ֧ӣ϶󣬱սɽּȥ
һαԵĹҲܼ򵥣ǾɽǱУҵԼĿ꣬òʵԷС
սַݿܻẦ£ִվ˵ֱƽأΪΪɱֵĵһ׼ǾԼ
ڴУַݾˮֻŲ䣬ʧЩǰС
ⲢѲǣΪϣǶλԼܹΧĶܹĿԷĶ
ڻ˵ע£˶ǿʼ͵ȡģѰΧһõĶԼõ
󣬶ûкжó˵ͼʼڵͼѰԼĿص㡣
ʵ˶֪ѡǹ֧Ǿѻǹ˵ĿҲͬǾѰƸߵ㣬ʱ׼ѻ
˶ʼƶԼɽƶʼѰԼоȫεĵص㡣
ַѡһɽ꣬ŨֲܵӽصʵʵģֻҪҶ;ᱻ֡
غַ֮ݽӴ򿪣ͳһش15ľѻǹǾ޴ǹܣֻҪһۣ˲ڡ
ûѾѻǹǱڳ֮Ϊڣӵܹ̹˵װף˵ĻֱӾͻᱻ򱬡
Ȼӵõֻǲʵѣǲʵ˵ϣҲܡ
ǹܺúַݱɽУʼͨ׼ѰԼĿ꣬׼һ

һߣҲҵһѵĵصأֻҪ¶Ǿ;ܱ˷֡
һ˳У˶ǺĵڵȴŶԷ¶һʯͷһ㡣
һĻڻڹۿǲü뿴˻ײĲҶսɲֱĵս
Ҳûа취ԼĻҲѡķʽϾäĿͻǾǽԼŵ˱˵¡
һСʱСʱһľͷһ㣬ս˶ǲסͷ
Ҫ֪Ѿ˶ܶŶܸо䣬˵һֱſڲݵһ
ȴˣһжԴ˳ǿԼʵѪǿͱˡ
̫䣬ů⣬Ҳ˲ʧֻʣ˱ĺ⣬һ˿âʧַ˶
˵ע£һ㵽һžʯ󷽣ȥ˻Բʷӱóʳһٱ͡
һߣҲûȶãҲʼûѵԲʷ׼׵㡣
Թַݽжŵһԣӱóһǹ֮˺ڰС
һĹ۲죬ųطȷܶܵطȴûȫİգû׵Ŀǹôݾߡ
һֱҹַ׼ʼͻⲢ³çľҲûģ˼Ǻ¶ľġ
ҹɱֵĹޣǰ죬ַȫûаܹͻļأͻΧߣںҹӰġ
շתŲַݵһǹʼͻڵ˿һĻ󣬶ʱ˾֪ʤܿҪˡ
˵ע£ַСĵǰͻţֻʧǣַѰҵĴǶԵģСȴˡ



139 ðͻΧ
СĽӽ˵һ²㣬ַݶһŴϹ۲ţʮӺиڶȥ
Ҳַ֪ݵˣǲңڶûгֻ֣ǹ۲һ󣬱ˡ
ʣһ˰ɡǷһĨЦݣַʮİգһǴǸطģǸطҲԸӽġ
ԸⲢܽӽֻѶȻܶ࣬طаٷ֮ʮİʤǸطȴֻаٷ֮ʮ
ûѡĵطǾǵ͵ѹһСɽֻаҵĸ߶ȡ
ȴȫ¶ʯҪȥĻֻͽԲעŪˣһϾҹֻҪһ㶯Ǿ˵ľɲ顣
Ϊ˰ȫ룬ַݻһȦӣƵĺ󷽣ʼѰһȽεĵص㣬ʼ
ַҲһɽϣҹѰܣ֣Ǿˡ
Ĳ²Ҳʵڻǵע£Թ緹󣬱㿪ʼܵɽѲӡ
ȻڵɽʱһʩҲ趨˺Щ壬»ᱻҰƻԲ̽һ׼û
ٶһսʱˣĻַݱǻ϶ˣֻûһ̣˭Ҳҿ϶
ɽܿʼ̽飬ַôӵƸȨơ
е˲²⣬ٶȣھͻ˭˭Ӯܿͽ
ɽХַݻţÿһζ쳣Сģ֪ڿûκεİȫʩȥǶøףȻˣԸܵġ
̤һƽַ̨ͻȻоһ¶ʲôΣڽӽƵģеΣյģֻࡣ
Ȼַݾ񽫶ɽϣϸһ󣬶ʱоһŲڻĽӽ
ֻܣȴǸûкöصĵطȥҲˣֻܶһѡ
˸Աĵطַұϣ·һͻʯ㣬һ㶼ۡ
ַݸҿ϶ԲῪƣΪ֪ԼѾأƵĻǾȫı¶˾ѻǹ¡
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬ûдֵһĶƾۣСĵù۲ܵĶͻȻһӵ
ַݶصĵطҲûϸֻȷû󣬱ǰһط
ַֻ֪ݾͲŵײԶֻҪŵͲһգⳡԵʤ֮

ôܣֳʱһƬǸ޷Сĵ·ȻַܱǰӰ
˶ŵϣַǲףϸһ룬û
ʱһվ˳ҵҶҲ²ˣٲܰס
ɸղŵһĻνͣѵǧ˳ܹɽϵԼĹ۵㡣
ǲмĿ˷֮һۣ˼͵ֶ֪һֶΣյĸ֪Ҳ²ַݾǸܵΣԲŻǰ
㲻ŵĻǼеĳǶ԰ֵΣո֪ųֵ˽⡣
˻һֳʱĬˣǶͷڰҲЩ˽⣬Ҳͬ˴˵Ļ
ܸô룬ԻڼŲԶַݲһ˿ʼұڼ
ֻǼӲַݵ˫űѾ̤ɽѸݵĶһľУóԼǹ
ַǰѡ񣬵һ׷ȥƾԼеƣһֲ
;кܻܿᴥԤµһЩ壬ʱ򷴶˱Ҫ壬ѶȲν
һһ㣬Ǿһضᾭĵطţעʱһɹʾ԰ٷְ١
ȱҲУǾǺʱҲ׼;ĵʱֻ뱻С
ַݻҧҧ׼սֲŰôܻϲҹҰȹ
ֽǹַǰеķʼ׷ϣѾ¶˾ģսҲаٷ֮ʮļʣԼܹʤ
ɡַаɲҹĽҰȹοɻġ



140 Ϊ
˻ǱúַͻȻһɲվԭأΪ¹䣬ķǰ䣬Ȼһϸߡ
мĿռ䣬ȴǾߵģȻϸ߲ʲô˺ֻҪעⴥСͻҵĶ֡
ȻˣȻûκεΣգַֻҪһ·ƽ塣
һ·ַҲ˲ٵ壬һһƳЩ壬һͷ亹
һ·оգַݻӽţڼӺѾܿСߵӰ
Ϊɱֵĵڶ׼ǾǲܻģַֻǼǱţȴõĳʱ
ֳһƬأ֪ڵַѾȫռΣˡ
˵һ𳤴ģڳٷ֮ʮ˶֧ģǰٷ֮ʮַ֧ݵģǼйڡ
˶źţַܹݣתΪʤʧˣֻڲ̽ܵĶ
·м޵ģתһȦĻصԭأſһڴ͸ҹӾ۲ܵĻ
ˡַһĨЦ⣬ͷӵ¼һʯͷþоģӽš
ھֻʮ״ͣ˿ָ΢΢Ĵָʯ飬ôµ˹ȥ
žડʯ黺ķУʧȥɽµµ䣬صɽȵ
ʱͬư㣬һ±ֱߵ¾ͳȥ
ʧǣǹ±ߣȴǸûַݵӰ׼ͷ׵ʱȴһ˵ˡ
ʱ׻һ˿ãתͷֻһڶǹָԼ
ûԼ䣬ǰҪڴлܣַȴˣϢǱԡ
һ˲䣬ĸоӾʮ꣬ͷȴһûˣһܵôҡ
㣬ӮˡȻЩԸϣǸɬĻ˵˳һ˿ǰܡ
žͻȻһĵļϣãȻ̧ͷȴַݲ˲ͷϵ亹㻹üζ壬Ҫ÷ˣȻˡ
ĿַݣڰοԼɾһٶоˣԿɽ

ܣⳡ־ҲԲβֱָǰӾˣҲ˾񣬾±
ݸַһƿİ׾ƣ๾ľ͹һڣǿڵʵһֱܺ棬ôϲģܸҽǵĹȥ𣿡
ȷ˲ңַݵһЦ֮Ĺ£ûƽ͸տʼƾһŭ
˵ɣᣬҲ򲻹㲻ǣ˵ţ㽫ԵĶȡ˸飬ַȻҲЩ±Ҷ֪ԽȡֱӶ£ûһɵİкʧ
˹ˡšƿַҲ͹һڣϣʼĽҺһʶͲһìܣ졭
Щ£ַҲãҲиһ£õ߶ַݺ޹˼ɵĽ˴ʶֿȫ˳
ڼ䣬ҲֻĬĬֻǸտʼַĶ㱩ߣ뵽򲻹
һߺȾƣһ߳ģַҲȫ˻䵱УǷĿɬɵӶܿĳ
Ѫĸ飬֪һҲȫܲµѧʱлжôʹࡣ
ԼľַȨʣҲûʣνصĲӣҲֻ뾡ԶѣֻǲԼźѡ
ˡ˵һַһڽҲЩƣϾ˵Ĺ̸ҲӰġ
Ҳһƿڵأ¶˸ӵɫֻ˵Ǹ쵰
˵ĵ㲻ãҪʲôʲôȻôѵŮѻ磿
ûСַݻҡҡͷĺܺãиһҲȥ
˵ʲôַݶʱļϵʵҾͦģҲͦ䣬ܸһҲǸѡ񡣡
ΪҲ룿̲ס˸ۣ²۵Ҳ֪һĵãڶκ˶ǲɫֻżһῴһĬĬһʯͷϣʱ΢Цʱˡ
ַԶԣֻصһ̾Ϣ¶һĨΣֱѾϵҲͣˡ



141 
ֱϣַĿŴķ羰¶һ˿ã֪ԼȥǶǴ
ң᲻Ŀĵ㣿Ժһֱص⣬ַݸоһʱͷըˡ
ʲôૣô񣿲˵ҰοοһãȻʱʲôչѯʵ
³һַתͷ˵ǲǲȥ᲻ĸá
һ񣬰βҡͷشȻҺ㲻Ҫȥ״̬ʵЩԾ㻹ȥɣ˵ȽϺá
ллҶˡַظͨ⣬ӱܲǰ취˵˵壬£ٿѰɣ
ʮӲֱͣ˻ͣƺǰһƽ˺ȴЩɲ
ôҲû뵽ԭͲԸˣȻܹƽ͵һ𣬺Ⱦ̸죬һѵģ
̲ס˸۵磬ңõŵ£˾ˣ߳ŭˣʲôС
תͷ˿ޱַݣ૵ʵȥĻ̸һﻹͦġ
Ҳַܲ¶һǿЦݣȻûӸղ̸Ǳ˵߳
ʱЦ˵ܹΪѣǾĽ
˵ļһ죬Ҳ˰ɣ˶ѾˣǱ߳Ա˵Σ
߰ɡַݵ˵ͷɽϵʱͳͷθеʳͺĹˣ貹䡣
׻˵ĵط¶ǣҲȫ⿪Ľᣬַݹ
ȻУܹΪѣȻģڴա
ֻǺ˶ȶˣ˵Ҳʼ޹˼ɣϸһȴЦŶַѯʵʵң̡̲
ǱģҲûˬ족ַһЦ¶һĨ㶮ЦݣȻ֪ԲԶɫѾһƬ
˻ΪѣҲͲ׷ˣȻ˿϶ⲻһʹᡣ

һҡҡЩѣԴַݶʱ¶Ц
Ϊ뵽ԼΪرЩûȥ
˵Ѿ˵ˣѾղˣַݷϴϺ߳˷䡣
Ҵȥ䣬ʱ𣿡һ򿪷ţַݱ㱻غʱľס
ȥɡַݵ˵ͷھŰķжȥ
ȳԵͰɡַŶڳͣҲûп¾Ϳԡ
һӺַݿ˿ܵôڣǻزȥ𣿡
ţһˣҲϽ԰ɣ²Ӿͻ˽ˡһߴٵ
ŶַݵĻشһ䣬һʮӺ󣬲žøѱ˿̾ҲҴҵܽ٣ǵˡ
߰ɡеĲ豭Դַȥ;ж˵һЩҪעĵط
νĵطֻǸزӵΧþһЩ飬ܽġ
˻ߣñǱˣȻǰҲóԿ
֪ˣ˵ǣ˲ңҲˣҵ沢ģ˸ңǾͱҲˡַݵĻش
Ҳǡ˵ͷ鷳˵Ļ˵ͺãû˻᲻ӡ
һ·ͣƺʱһֱͣڴ˴쳹ܡ
Ҿ㵽ˣԼȥɡߵֱʮ׵ʱͣ
ټַ΢ЦŻ˻ֱ֣ǸصĵطѾá
ɻֻˣһλԱԼһʮҵˣַһϷɻ˱ɫȻ˷ɻǴһ̿ʼǸˣͱҵ
ŶδַݵһЦӴ˵ϣܵһŨѪζȻµ˿ɲ١
㲻ֻ֪Ҫ֪ӽҾĽ̹٣ҵĴţڱĿַһ۵
ڱ̹ٺá΢΢˵ͷַݱ㽫ͷתһߣ˴ķ羰ǰĽֻ̹ΪĽ̹٣Щм
ٺ١һЦַݲЩȻתͷȴڱֱĿСӣҪ֪Ҫʲôطе㱾¾Ŀˣһ£㵽мＸ



142 ˽
˵˽벿ӣᱻôһһ㶼˵Ļ̹ٺٳ档
ַû뵽ǣôȻѸ٣ô˾Ȼǽ̹١
ǰĽ̹ǰַ֣ݻп˵ɾһڶѵĽ̹٣˵ȫûѹ
ԵڱĽ̹һȦʱַĳ֣ͬǯһ㣬ֱӽץУ
һʧڱȻ뽫ԼָȴôʹַݶһֶѾʹ
ڱô£ô׻ˣԿӮˣְɡ
ˡַݵһЦſ˺ڱּ֣˴ķ羰
ַһƵģڱЦҡҡͷ˵ַݵĽ̹٣ְȫѹס
һȴ޴ӸģΪǸطһжȭͷϣֻҪַ⣬ֻҪӮǽ̹١
һ·ϣڱҲ˵ʲôˣΪַݵʵѾϾߵõأ˵ַİ
ֱһֱڿսһƬɽַ֣Ŀ⣬Ѿٹϡ
ڣɽУһɸˮĻأҴӸ߿ոرֳ֣ⲿͦ󣬶ڲСֶַΣȴޱȵĺš
ַݸҿ϶ĻǰԴ벻ط
Щʩַݵĸ˵ȫǸ裬ϾδƼѾվ˵ߵ㡣
ֱͣͣƺϣַ˷ɻڱҲµɣȰ㰲Ÿᡣ
鷳ˡַ΢΢һЦ˿̵Ѿ̵ĸܵʵıͱ˵ڣ¶һֺڱѾˡ
ںڱַݺĴܵĻϾطܻܾܿá
ǰĺڱҲûţһһ߸ַݽܵǱǴгʲôǹ㶼ҵʹá
ǱеĶĶҵҪĻҲ˰׼
Ǳҽ涼һȺʸľҽиʲô˵ģַӸκá
ַݲסĵͷ˵һжԵúʣҸ䱸ȫȻǻ˴Ǯġ
Ҳǣ˶ͨˣÿһкܴãֻǻǮѣҲ᲻á

ʲôطһַͻȻһ̨״Ľ滹ڴ򶷣·ҲһȺ塣
Ƕս̨˶̨սҲκƣֻҪǩ飬ɱˣ㡱ڱЩηĿһǸطΪ֪Ǹ̨ϵģѾǧˡ
Ȥַ¶һĨЦ⣬Ѿףս̨ʵǸ˽ìܵĵط
ϾļߣѪգҪȫѹסеѪǲܵģŪǫ̂ӣн
ַ׼뿪ʱ̨Ƕսˣһ˱ҵֱӱһȭɣ̨ûϢ
ݵؿѾûˣַݲ̾˵ĵطгޣֻǳ̨ϵõͷŶѡ
ڱҲǸ̾һȳҲ֪ٴΣÿһοﶼ̾ϢЩȥ˷ŵսϣһӴ
ڴ˱ϰײߺַݲŻعͷԺڱ̹٣ҽĹذɣ鷳ˡ
ðɡַǫѷı飬úڱһһҲǳ˵ЦݵĹز࣬һסˣܴдн˵ìܣȥ̨
ˡַݵһЦӺڱĻУѾණҪһǣֻ֧ҪУ;⣬һȭͷ˵
ַ˵ϲĵطΪֻ޼ɵķΧĳɳ
ˣһһ⣬Ǿô桱ַָָǰǱֽˮΧǽĵطصĺģҲӵĺġ
˵򵥣ȴѡӵĿһǶΧǽڱ૵Ҫ棬ֻҪһͺãЩûһ򵥵ģͱ˵ңʮֻܴ꣬Χ
̾һ󣬺ڱֱַݣȻǰ֣һǲòһ£һ£ȥɣϾЩط⿿вͨġ
ллѣ֪ˡȻвмַݻǱ൱ľأϾ˸㣬Ǿڸָ·
ַ˵ΪܲǺܳ㣬̳ɱּۺʾԱЩֱҪǿԶǳġ
˵㿿겻ɣŸָǣֻҪ֣ͲκεΣա



143 ô
ںڱĴ£ַ˽һΧŸźڱ˺ڴ
Ÿɣ㰲žͺáλԱڱĽ
Աһ㶣Щȷⰲ𣿽̹ȷ
ȷһİɡڱĻ˻֣ǵַݵԸ񣬻׼һٵķ䣬ڻᱻ۸⣬ûǹַݲ۸˾õˡ
ٵķ䣿һ㶣漴һĻȻ¼ַݵϢ󣬵ݸһԿ׵ԿףԿƺš
鷳ˡַݿҲûŽ˶УúԼı죬һͬڱһͬ߳˺ڴ
˵ӰԶڲŽͷӶ˵˵СôڱˣȻҪô
ôֻǸڶѣСӾᱻ306۸ɶǾͲǵˡ
˵ĶԻַȻˣ֪ҲȻ⣬ϾֻزӵΧѵͬʱֲּɣ
ˣ㵽ˣȤĻ͵̳ҰɣûȤ⡱ڱʼ磬һε
֪ˣȥῴɡַݻ˻ټʲô̳ȫûȤģڱʵʸûС
ͳԿףַϸһֻд306֣㽫ֱȥ
һᣬַĴſڣֻһλϴүһϵİɫģɹ̫
ַסˣΪʵЩ̫ΥˣҪ֪ס˾ûһƲ磬ɿλϴү¶η壬޲öԶԶġ
ֻһ˲䣬ַݱˣλϴүǸͨˣҲǸ֣Ȼôסôĸ֣
ǰȥַݹλϴүһ306
306һϴүĺȻ˫ۣϸĿַһۺ󣬵˵ͷһΪǵʲôˣʵҲʲô⡣
ַ㶣漴׹λϴү˵ֻ֤һ㣬306϶è塣
ǲͷĻ˻֣̫үָǰǰתˣû±ҡ
ллȻλ̬ʵЩ̫ãٻǸָ·òҪġ

ָķǰţַݴܵĻãֻǽżһЩɫİߵ㣬еǺɫġ
˵ַݶ֪Ѫﲢôƽ뵽ڱ˵Ĳоû⡣ҲȻˡ
޽ߵ˼Ȧһ໥ܵǿߡ
ǿߵٽڲģʽҲעֻǿ߲ܸõĴע̭
һַݲδӳڴӣһܾʡ
306ӺַݵӰͣһǰϣд306֡
ֻ᲻ͬǣԻһŵӣдţ빷룬Ը
šַ΢΢ǣһȣҲǹĳԱȻЩ
ַݺԥͳԿףֻǸ׼ŵʱȴԱᴦһ˵ֵܣȰ㻹ǻһɣסá
ллѣȥͦ鷳ģҾԶˡлѺַš˷ţŸ˲ϡ
λַݵεʼ󣬶Եһλͬ˵˶þͻᱻ
ҶӣǺֵܿɲǳصģôһͷ࣬ʰǷַӵ£
ҾӦҪӣѪŨȻ˵ֵܸһ鷳
ЦˣԲҲðҪֵ֪ܿɶڵĸ֣һͨϻ֮ǰ֣е鷳
ô¾֪ˣȱ˵ˣɣкϷˡ
Ϊ¼ǵַݣһȥ󣬾ͼһݵڶ뷿˱еֽơ
תͷַҲǳһΪ˾ȻһģȻޱϡٵ̥
ֻ̥ȴǲ̫ѺãһַָݵСӣ㿴дǼ֣
ˣʲô£ַʼ磬ԹԵһ̣쵽ıš
ӴСͦ壬鲻ڸҹųȥ¾Σ
ȥַһ㶣漴Ϸʵתͷ˵ôҪǽ̽ң



144 ɨس
еһ±˳ĬУ˶ŵַݣȫû뵽˵Ȼ˵ĳ塣
Ҫ֪̾ΧЩ꣬쳹ΧȫЩ
ǰҲͷҲûκһˣַôţ˵ķŭ
磬ʲôֱӶֲͺ𣬲̵Ľѵ潫ǵˡ
˵ûֱӶ֣С֪Ϊʲô죬ϻˣϡ
϶˵ֱ꣬ӴӴͷֳצװַݵǰץǳеץסٲ˼Ѫۡ
ַ⣬ʱͷı죬תһ򵥵ֱȭ
ȭצཻʱ϶˺˦Щ۵ֵСӰˣҿɲһս
磬ܣһϰɣСͦаŵģɰ๦򡱣϶˺һԼֵк
νֵܣ϶ԿҲסһͬվַݹ
ƾ˵˵Ĺ򶼲ַֻֻ֣ǾѹĻԿĻ
ͻư֮ǽȣҲ˿壬ֱӾӭȥ
ղŶԺ϶һȭֵģαΧֵĻǾɵӡ
ڰַĺȥ׼ơ
·ϵˣ˲˹ƣ˷״ʶĶ
Ӷ󣬺һ㣬۹ģȴǿġ
ֻҪַܵݼУԼλֳ׵Ľ˱˺Ѫ
浱ַݵȭͷžֵķһɾͬһ㣬ĽΪķȫ߽⡣
˲㱻ɣֱײǽϲͣдҺ
λԼСܱɣס۾ľַݳ
ԵĿͻưַݣǶ֣һӲǱһǽڲҺţ¶ηɫ
ǵѪùһôǰ֡⼸ֵеĹͬ뷨Ҫ֪Ļĸôţ
ֻڴѾ£ǺҲѾãֻܿЦųַôԸǣֻˡ

ֵܵȴַеʱλѹַݵЩе㲻Ծ
ǰѵֵܣˣǣΪʲôҺôˡ
׼ϷˣˣǱΪַݲҪӾͻᱻɨ񲻶԰
һ˵ʱ306ķȴǱͻȻˣĿɿڴǣԭŰĺֵܣȻǹųġ
ҲΰɣһĿɿڴʱԼһƣʹҲһжġ
ŵУ˽˷䣬һݻ£ĽŸĺϡ
Ϸŵһɲǣ˶ǳ˿ַݸǵѹ̫ˣûС
˵䱾ʵôͳΪ˰֣Ҫ˵ﲻǸ壬Ƕš
ǵùеĵӵܡݺݵĽѵһ٣ϴҲֻÿЦŸֵܵ
Ȼǿǿ󣬵ͻƵ˰ַָݵ츳Ѿǰ۷ˣ˶Ǿ˵˼
ַֻǲ𣬵ǰǼɫļһȴǵҲý
ηĿǷһۺ󣬺ϴŭ̧ͷָǼ˵ʲôٿŲŰڳ
ɣֵܿɲǡϴ󷢻ʱü˲ټȥ׷׹š
ֻǹź˶͵ЦΪǼֵгԹ쿴ǳԱûʲôˬˡ
ֲ֮ԼھӾǺηʥȻһ׹ų
ʣַǰƲõ˴ҵһԳϣͬʱҲЩס
Щ˼ˣѾڰôַݽύҪ֪иѣΧߡ
ַݿᣬҲӦòѺƣҪܴ׸ʲôһаʽǽڲļʣɾʹˡ
ЩҲԥֻʱʱֿޣ˭ҲԼǵڶˡ
ȥ֮ǰǾͱ׼㶫ˣϾǽύѷʽ



145 ӥ
صߣɢˣΪɢˣǾǻԵɺϣһ㴫УҪһŽΪ
ȻҲиģҲǻݣ˭ҲǷ˭ģ㸶ٹͣ͸ٴС
ЩҵӵܣͲмˣĹУڼܻøõԴҲӡ
ַԭܼ򵥣⣬ǵһ
ױɨسţҲûٻˣַѵõһ˽˿ռ䡣
Ľһ̰ռַϱתſȥôãѾʱˡ
صͶʱģȻַг̵ʱκʳ⡣
꣡һ򿪷ţַݾͼλѹĸվ⣬һֽӡ
Ҳסˣ˲عĵıλֵܣҪȥԷ𣿡
ǰкμַ̣Ц⣬Ӵ˵ıͲµ˴˵Ŀģһύġ
һжù鹦׸ɨسţ֤ԼʵȻЩ˿϶񶼲
ξͲȥ˰ɣϸкþƺòˣ͵Ǹλӭɣ֪ϵûʱ䣿
ʱ䣬ϸɡַ΢΢һЦ׻˵ֲЦˣύģûҪϣҴ˱ЩҪЩ306ʱһѡ
뷿кַݱ˷Ψһһ۵кŴ
ҽ룬δϵ֮󣬴˽ֽº󣬱㱧ȭ̵
ҽַݡĵ˵ͷַֻǽԼģ˻ϤûҪ˵ô
ðһ䣬ѵϵǰ֣һ⣬ʳԼ֪⡣
ҶѣҿϸҲԲ˰ɣָͻˡַݵ
ѰѾԲˣҲ֪ܷ֮ͻơһĸ̾
Ҳǫ飬Ҫ֪Բסһӣ޶յ˲٣˭Ҳ֪᲻һ
̾һŷӦֽӵϵܣǱ߳Ա˵ɣЩϸò״ĺö
˵ţֽͳƿ׾ƣԼհװõţ⣬ַһ

ˡ˻ûȼڣٴδŵһ㶣¾ƿϵܣȥŰɡ
˵ţվ׼ȥţɻû߳㱻ַҡҡͷסˣǺȾưɡ
ǺðɡпϲַݲЩ˿ţֻԼһ£Ǿ֤ѾԼ
һ͹˹˵Ŀһڣиǰ̾ԼǶһ仰ڷ˴ãҲӦһ׻ǾǺкñ
˼õĵƷһƿ°룬ĻϻҲʹˣʼԼ
˰κַҲ̵˽⣬˳һũͥͱ͵ѧϰ
ƾõ츳ڶʮʱͻƵѧ츳Ҳϳɡ
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ַȻĽζȴҲǸ̵̾꣬ͽӴЩ˵ڻڶŶĴѧӡ
ַҲ˽⵽ⲿһЩע㣬ͱ˵֮⣬Ƶİ֡
һѾʶſŵǸүӣʵΪ˭Ҳ֪ûˡ
ʣµˣ붼صĽһ飬һ˽٣ŰڵʵΪ˹ֱ񣬴ӲСΧһС
Ϊʲôûнڲֻһԭ򣬾Ǵֱ̫ûһγɹỵ£Ϊ˹ԼڲܣҲֻýΧ
һˣǽĸϸҲַݱҪעȻܻܿ鷳
ʵûֻ֪֪Ҷӥۣһӥצʹǳ뻯ֻҪǰ֣ץǷС
ΪʲôûнڲǾΪ̫ڲ̣һȥʱһСʮȫɱеĺӶûŹ
ΧеҲŻᱻΪΧǲĴڡ
ϵܣ㻹Сĵɡ˵ԥƬ̣ЩζĶַѵ
ϸǺ⣿ַ΢΢һ㶣̧ͷһЩصı飬ѾЩ²⡣
̾һϵҲˣǺ׼ֵӥЩϵµʱ㲻
Ŷַüİɣ鷳޻ء
Ȼַ֪ݺôĵôŵģҲ˿еûĺòǣ



146 ӥ۽
֮˵ľȻǲö˵һƿ׾ƶѣͷԶޱȡ
ʰϵϵܣҾˣ¾ͽһ洫浽
õģߡַݵ˵ͷĿ뿪󣬲ŴӸ˲ֿȡԼֻ
ڴ˵Ļ϶ᾪΪ˭׼ǲַֻܴȴ⡣
Ϊʲôֻܴԭ˻йܣϾ˶Щɢߣ˭Ҳܿ϶ϸǰɣ
Իﻹǰŵйõ绰ڴ绰ʱȻܵһļӣַ̣
ͳ绰ַݰŮ˸ƽһ󣬲Źصֻ
֮£ַݱ˷׼ղֻǴԵ˽Χʱ䣬׼ȥתת
һߵſڣɹ̫һ۵ģַȴǴ˸кʾѺá
߿ûһַֻۣӣ߳⣬ֻû֣ƤһߣıӰ૵˼
ȥɡ߳ſںַݺԥѡ򹦷ȥ
˼壬ﴢĶһЩѧûֻһЩ似
һߵĴſڣ˴ʱÿһ˶ηηģҴš
һȻڹӲԹأܴ֣Ȼֱء
ˣǽعأκεԽҴҵĽ似뿪
ַˣ߽󣬱㿪ʼһ似ʼ
ò˵Ĳܴ󣬾һ̫ͨȭҲҵʮͬİ汾
ȻЩ似ǳǳַҲܴڻͨѧһ㶫ʹô似ʱ֪мܡ
һ򵥵̫ȭ似ַݽŵϣЩȵķԱߣȻһСӡ
·ַôǾصĶѧϰ似ĴңκʣҲȥѯʡ
ڱԸԸ㣬Ǿ͵ÿǵˣһ˵ҲܾϾָˣҲڸԼһԵ
ַȻòȥЩָ̣Щ似Ҳֻ׼һ¶ѣԺСӺּͳһ鿴

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һ磬Ϳ˲һٱ似˻˵棬ʵȻĽЩ鶼˸š
Ҫ֪Դ˳̵󣬼丨ҩˮûͣЩ似μԺֻڻͨͺá
ҩˮûкַ֢һҲģΪδѾεʵ飬ҩˮֻ˵Ĵ𵽿ãʲôá
ȻҲ޵ģһҩˮͽãϾܹ޴εӵĻ¶ñס
˿ʱ䣬Ѿ룬ַҲ׼ټȥˣΪٿĻʱɾʹˡ
Ҵҵĸϵʳãṳ̂ӣǺõܽǶת
ַݺĹܣķ־ȻŮߴڣֻȴֻ൱Եʮ֮һ
ַݺ˽⣬˵Ů˱Ͳ̫ʺ䣬ҺܶŮ䶼ֻΪԱѣûַԷθʤġ
ЩŮߣַݷǶۼһСȦУɫ£Ҵҵĳ󣬱ʰ뿪
ȻǵӲùϾŮʧĻУԱѾˡ
ҡҡͷַݾֱ˴ڴʼŶӣĲ߶ǹٷṩֻҪԾˡ
ӺֵַݣһֲϵУӶ࣬ʳ൱
Ҳģ߿ɲҪ࣬Ų㡣
ĵϼϲĲ˺ַŲ̿ʼѰλɴʱֵ߷ڣѾˣ˵û˵ģ˵λҡ
ڣַݷֿλãȻһȫ˵λã붼û룬ǰȥ
ֻŸһϳӣûü£ԴһСӣ㲻϶༸Ѫ۵ĻǱӰɡ
Ŷַ΢΢һתͷԷ֮ѯʵΪʲôѵǱдֵģ
ûСӴֵģӥۡᵽӥ֣˾Ȼ˸ȻӥгԹ
ллѣһûҵʲô֣ײ˵ַ꣬ݴ󷽷ʼ͡
λַݵˣԼȰ棬Ҳˣ¾Ŀͷԡ
ҲȻַλãϽ¶ֻ飬ǿɲ⿴һϷ



147 ĺ
ֻȻַݿУȴǺ⣬ΪǸӥۡ
Ӿӥ۱ضǳַһأɴӹַȴҪһء
ͻưַݾͽǰͻƵĹ£似棬ӵ޼ǧ괫似Աӥ۵ӥצǿࡣ
ʹƽ֣Ҫ뽫ԷѹǼܵ¡
ַݲŻһ㶼ģȵϳͣҲ˵ڵȴӥ۵ĵ
˳һ룬ַͻȻԭֳֵȴͻȻžһ֮£ѲµѾˡ
еĿӣַݻתͷһϤȻ㣡
Ӵ¶һϷʵЦݣַݶЩηĺϴⲻǺϴǲһȥô𣿡
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ڣȴַݵĻһ˿⣬Ǿֵܺܿǳ˴ܵİġ
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˶ţַַ·һͷ߿еӥΣУ˾ԲǸƲ硣
ӥ۵УַȻ涯һܿ˲ʧ
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㡭ӥ۽ŭָѾצ״ûбʤİգѳ֡
ͻȻһ׳Ӱ˶м˳ǺЦЦôô֣ӥҪ۸λСֵܱ£ұ㡣

Ŵ˵ĳֳ֣ٴα뵽˸߳Уַ˿˹ȥֻ˳ӣϵļⱥƤҲֳһַĹͭɫȻǸġ
һͼЩעؽܹٵɱУԱ뱣Э÷ӳɱС
еעڷûɣ㹻ֻҪһȭǾֱѪ
߶бףȽ϶ԣߵı׶󣬲ֹҪҩģҲҪԲٵĿͷܼĸǼ֮
ַǰͻȻˣȻһߣǹͭɫƤͿԿ
ûλˣΧеһֽ١
Ȼ˿ɵɵģǻļһȭУ˲˳Բ˶ߡ
ý䱸һٺӥɫЩѿ٣Һ£ٹ¡
۸ˣҾҪܣȰմܡٺη壬ȻվַݵǰԼ
ٱ׳ټǽ׵ߣַվ󣬻ڵʵʵġ
Цӣַֻп˵ӥ۴һģ棬Ǵˡ
ˣӥҲַֻݷݻСӣԺơ
˵꣬ӥ۱ź׼ֵԶ룬ֱӸһϳԷˣֵ
תȴַݵļСֵܣԺ鷳֪ͨһ£Ұ
ǾͶлˡַݿЦ˵ȷֱԴȴǲ̫ãҪ֪ǵӥ۱ѵˣ治ȥߡ
˶˭Ҳκβ˭ӥֻҪܹȥЩ˵鷳֪Ҳް취ȥˣ⵽˵ı
ҲʧΪһɽ֮ˣֵطֻܱ̬֤ǸˣҲ˵úˡ
ԹַݲлصᣬһſڣͼӥԼ׼ֵܶſڣòƵ



148 սӥ
Сӣû˱˰ɣ㻹ôšֻĿַݣϴ
˵ַǿԼʦӥۣһĲ࣬ѵһġ
ӥ۵˽⣬ͬһʦţֻϧʦ޹ʧ٣ֻ̳˰ɵĺȭӥȴǻʦĴС
ҿûţͽ˹ߣԸռһӡַݵĻش
㡭ϴʱΪĵ˵ϴǲܵġ
һתϴͽŵӥ۵ϵʦ֣㿴ţȫǲа
ӥͷҲûأֻЩƵǿСϷôҪ̡
ӥǱĻȫϴ˵Ļɱ˺Уվ
ǰ̤ӥĿַݵҵǸ¾ôˡ
ǺǡַͻȻЦòмӥ۵Ϊǻ֣Լ̫ߣСˤ
һǸġӥɫһҲԥֱӶַݷ˽
ӥ۵ָͷǸݣʲôʣַ֪ӥצġ
̫࣬ǱȻײʱ򣬷Ϊ׸ϰӥצָԽԽãԽԽá
ֻҪָܸķӥצģɱ󣬶ӥ۵ָɷǳһ㡣
ַݺɣץһצԼ¼Ѫһ̵Ҳȫӥ۵ôġ
ԸצԼָ๦õӦԷȭ֮ϾָǿҲȲָ
һֱȭƺƺƵ޼ȭе᳤磬һƲɵ
ܵǺƺƵϢӥҲΪֹɫ䣬ϽһŤһȭ
ַʹ˷ŹᣬϽһУ󿪴ϵľӥ۹ȥѹ
ӥǳصģһӥվ˺˺üԶַӲӲƾݵĲ֮
ַݼ״ǲȡ˲ɽĲԣвУʱ׼ŷһס
һʱ䣬˶˭Ҳκβ˭˵ַݻռһơ
ϾһľͿӦԡӥȴҪͣζѰһᣬĿɱˡ

˴򶷵죬ȻҲ˲ˣһֻǿһۺ󣬱Щŵˡ
ֵĴ򶷣ǼĲ٣ǰӥۺ֮ıȶһԶûУͬì֮ƴ
ַݲͬǱİ򣬶ǻʱʱ򣬾ܶӥɵıܿҲѧܶණ
սļΧ۴˴ҲԽԽ࣬˾Ƕ԰еĶ㣬Ĺš
ֻʱţӥ۵ĽҲûиտʼôϬַԽսԽ£üζǲӥۣɶ֮յıܿˡ
ۿӥ۾ͽַݴܣǺֵ໥˸˵ͷַݽӽţ˼Զ
սеַϾ˼һԹۿȴǷ˵Ķ˼ֵʱҧվ˳ֵܵǰɣϴ򲻹ȻȺŹҵһӦ
𣿡ϴһ˿ѿת¶׺ݵɫ롣
ǷŵǰֱܾܿȴˣղŽʵַݵŵõıôܻ
԰ͷһ˿ҾͲˣִҡ
úúãǳȫ㡱ϴֱŭ֮£ֱӾ˹ȥôǵһܵô
ž˼еʱһͻȻһֱĵ˺ϴϡ
޳ܵģûô޳ܵġԴϷʵϸһȴ˾Ȼǳſڵߡ
ֳʱһƬȻȻ֪Ǹ֣û뵽Ȼ˵ûƾһ֣ڴҵѾΪ˾ǵĴڡ
ϴѾȫˣȫû뵽һֱöһµĿˣȻİƣһǵô˵档
žžֵҲûӰΰİƣĿߣЩ֪롣
ҸҪǴСܾͣҿǺþûôʵıˡ߶ݺݵĶˣԹǻԼĺ¡
£ַӥҲȥˣ˶ܿȥĻӮһַݡ
Ӯˣ´Σȡǿҵɱ⣬ӥв
ʱӭȡСҵͷûȡԼͷȴûˡ΢΢һЦݣַݵĻһ䡣
һӥ۶ѣͲУףַֻҪƣǳԲ˶ߡ



149 
ҹ306УַӭƷŸղ̵Ǹİ׾ʳ
ʹһ󱭺̫ˬˣҴûӥ˳Ա
ַֻǵЦЦü˳ԱûʲôоʹĴսһջ٣ֱ۵־޼ȭ˲١
ͺһڣ㲻֪ǰ׺аԵ˭˳۾ȥһ٣˶˼ӥۣȥ
ڲͬˣӥ˱ܣֵˣԺôţǰȫĽ
ַһ£漴˳ĬУڿνһˣܻܿܵӲҵı
ַѾֻΧţЩ似鿴ȥȻڲΧʱԲ
ѵĽǾֻһͻƵǾҲӥ۵ˡ
һ취ǾǽӥԼֱһݣͬʱҲΪΧİס
ַȻڵڶ취УҲκεţֻҪӥۺײţҲûκεİ취
һ취ȴ̫ı翨ôãʱͻƵĻ̫ˡ
Ҳûа취ַѾڲ߻Žжɱ룬ܲܰǱƳ
ܹͻƣȻԴϲַҲΪǣͻƣֻõڶ취ˡ
ڴ֮ǰַݻһ飬Ǿȥſڴүﱨһ¡
Ҫ֪ǴүǿԼ˴̿͵Ļ˵͵ĻᶼûУ͵ñƳס
ѵַݲ߻ϴүʱ򣬷ȴǱͻȻƿ
ַ׼ŭɿ˺ȴ¶һЦݣԭٰҹˣкιɣ
¶һЦݣٵû뵽ôȻӥ۶ĴǲҰˡ
û¡ַҡҡͷ΢ЦյˣôĵˣѾˡ
ٺ١ٺһЦֻȴǷŵЩʳϣ鲻Խ˿ˮ
ȻôĶλʳǿ϶̲סģòֻš
һЩʳѣַȻ᲻ãкԵȿھưɡ
лллл¶ϲֵ󣬱һţҧһڣַһһǶ⡣
ԸˬҲĵԾʮֵңҶǴںȾƣڳ⣬ò⡣

Ϊõԭɣ̲ס˼ڣĺȻϡ
ٺƿ׾ƣûһĸַһ뿪
ⰲŵһ˯ºַʼ磬Ҫ治ø㡣
ûַ׼ԶֵģûԼᣬʱ˶治֣ԼᣬǾͿⰲˡ
򿪷ַݲ˴ſڣʱʮһ㣬Ѿ˯š
ַţľֻҪԼӽ˾ģֻǲԸԼѡ
һϹַݻλһᴩҹ±ͻưҪᡣ
ûӦ𣬵ַ֪Ѿ˶УҲٶڴˣŻص˷䡣
ĺ˯ַҲٵ飬С
ˣˡҲ֪˶ãַֻһˮһȴѾ˯ѣںˮʡ
һ֮£ַݾ֪ľѾѵĲˣװЩ˯ģվоðɡ
˺ˣʵڲ˼㳳ˡַݱѣһ˿Ǹ⡣
û£ҶӲȥϸ䡱ַҡҡͷ㾶ֱ˷ţȥ
ֻǸ߹һתǣַݱӸ˲ֿóһҹ»ϣٴ306ء
һѸףַʵʱĻɣʱ򷴶
СĽӽ˷䣬ַһ⣬Լɱ⣬ܱƳǱ
ƿ˷ĴţʱѾ˴ϣûз˲ַݡ
ҲǳصģӺ㷴Ӧ˹ַݣ·
˵ʲôˣΪַѾ˽õ似ȴޱϤӥצӥŰٷ֮ʮƶȡ
ʱȻӥҹãֻѵԼһ£ҪԼ



150 ˺
ƴˡʱѾȫû·ֻһƴףַֻܻ
ò˵Ĵ򶷾Ҳޱȵķḻַ̽Եν
аַаҪͻƣǾͱº֣ȻʲôЧ
ӥצɱּоУȻûӥôͨҲģ¸˷
ɫһַҲٱѸװһצֱĸ첲ץȥ
˻·ĸ첲·ֱӱַ˺飬˵Ѫۡ
ʹһ֪ǰĺѾɱģҲ֣ķ˽
ַֻİ֣ȻĽһ鷳ȴ첻ʲôΣա
ӲѾѪۣѪַв̣ΪãҲò
Ѿ״ַҲܵһ˿ѹòȫԸȻġ
һѪҺַ֪Ѿ쵽ˣҧҧһɱоĸץȥ
ָͣ촫ֻҪַʹһץܴʲôɲҪץͣ
ʹѾĿ־룬ַ֪ɹʧܣͿ˿ˡ
ȥɡѹͷĿ־壬ֱӿһӿһ͵ǰַݹȥ
źߣַݽʵʵİһȭ˺󼸲󣬱˿ڸǵ¶һ˿ЦݣΪѾﵽ˰
ɲŹûᣬסʹٴַݳ׼ʤ׷
ַôܻԸȥȲժ֣˺ϸͣ£Ұ
ţ뾪һϳַݺһ˿ӵɫϵܣô㰡ǲҪҵ
ַʼ磬ЦⲻҲû취Ҫ㣬ͻƵ𣿡
һ˿ãȻ漴һڵ󣬶ʱ¶˿ϲɫԼ˶
ֱѪҲԽԽģַݶʱһϽֹϸ磬Ǹ˵Ĳ𣿡
ʲôһ㶣ܵ󣬶ʱʹӴСݣҵȥҽԺˣǵ̸
ȥʲôҽԺΣұǸȫݡ˰ַ֣ݴԼıóǿЧ޸ҩݸһڷһ󣬱ͻġ
ô񣿡ܣЩԸţַݣԺԥľͿʼʹá

ֻһӲ˵ĺδ˿ڣѪҺѲҲ𽥵ϡ
ˡЧ鲻ԽһĭǱסˣٶȥֻҪʮӲ˿ھȫϡ
ȥҽԺƵĻҲûµʱ䣬мĲʵ̫ˡ
ҩַݶøʹãһ뵽˰˵ɳƵ֮
վַһϹϵܣԺֻҪõҵĵطҶǡ
ôأúûȥõġֿĸлҲĸοٲǰ˸ǲǣ
뻹ԥ˵ЩʲôַݶʱϲļĻǾͲ˵ˣʱҲˣ˯ɡ
ã˵˵ͷĻصԼĴ£ֻǾôû˯⣬շת࣬˯
ַеĴʯ£˯ޱȵ𣬱ϾиְţҲֻ˯һˡ
һַ˸ƫͷһȴȻѾȥ
ǳ緹ȥ˰ɡҡҡͷַһϴ׼ŵʱȴżӻˡ
԰ɣૡװ͵ĺӷϺڴڵĳôѪÿԲ
ʳõĶǲģܳԶپͳԶ٣ֻҪ˷Ѿͺã࣬㹻ˡ
ЩﹻкöͶǰϡȵȣ٣ַݴԼıóһЩԼѪĶ
⡭һѶһ˿ɻҪ֪棬ȥĻɾˣҲûУܴ㶫ܲס
ַȴǴһ㣬ôණȻóôࡣ
룬ַݿҲͲٹľˣڵĳ



151 ˽ڲ
ĳͣʰúַѯʵϸ磬Ѿͻ˰׼ô
Ȼ񣬽ڲˣߵáһ˿㽣ε
ŶΪʲô˵ãַݶʱ˾񣬶ڲûһ˿˽⡣
Ҳ˵ģǧ߱ˡԥһºС
ַݵͷϸĽ֪ڲ似಻ʤԶΧܱȵġ
ŶЩ似֪ô𣿡ַһ˿ɻҪ֪ΧЩȽϳռȽס
뻰е˼ǣڲĹҪַ֪ܶ࣬ΧҪߵЩ似Ǹ˵Ĳ֮أȥĻ϶һϵе鷳
СĿ˿ܣ֪ĹһԼ׵ģ󲿷ֶ֣ͨΣӸŪġ
ԭˡַݻȻҪ֪һǹڵʱҶ˹ҽڣǹȻҲ顣
һҵĹǿͷڵģǺõ似ȴǳģԵֵĻǳ
֪޼ҵһ似⣬ʹŲ°似һôĻۣܺš
һ㣬ַи̾УϾڵĹ㹻似ȴ̫˵㣬ܲһ㡣
˵˵İɡ˽⵽һַݶʱ¶⣬ڲҲǳڴ
š˵ͷ֪ڲĻʳ͸Χһķ˿ɶǼҩĵģܻǵѪĽܵĺϣΧôңҶרĵ䡣
ַݲסͷЩʳͿԿڲ˵ĴҪ֪õҩĿɲĳõġ
ҲõΧ裬ҲΧôţҲģϾܽڲ˺٣ǾӢ˭Ҳʧ
ַ˼ʱһ˿ȣЩҪģҪǣڲŻִڣʱʱĻָһ
ʲôַЩ𾪵վȴû뵽ڲȻҲлִڡ
ɲַݱȻˣϾһô쵼ˣҲҪЩ֣ǵĵơ

̸ϲĽڲЩַҲѡ
ˣϵҲǰˣĳɹʷǳҪҪȥԣ˵ڲĸδĶַѯʵ
ҹƻҪȵȰɡַҡҡͷΧǻ似û׼ȵȥ
ǡһ˿ԥѾȥȡȻ뵽ڲ
ַȴûôˣⲻǲ
ַȻԥļϸ磬ͷĵȥɣȥڲкô
ҹҲΧ˼죬ָһૡַ΢Ц
ǺðɣϵʵΧ񻹲׾٣ַôһȰҲǿˣЩԥࡣ
Ŷַݵ˵ͷվ߰ɣȥҿɻûȥૡ
Ǿ߰ɡҲ˿ַݻûһ˿ǿȻΪǣǸжѡ
صźһ·ȥ·ʱַȻᱻָָ㡣
һսҶĿõģӥ۶ϣΧַѾɳƵ֮
Ͷֲ̫ͼⱻַݿᣬԳٳٲж
ڣһӴ˴˳ַݵǰǸã롭
˵ˡֱַӴ˴˵Ļ֪˵Щʲôֻ㣬ܿҾͻȥڲֻԼסġ
˵ַ꣬ҲٲɫЩѿˣһͬȥ
ЩѰӵˣַҲûʲô𣬱ϾľܣȻĹɡ
Լľ˭ܿһӣģԼԼ
ͱ˵룬ҲɵɵıǸԱʵֻǾһˣȻҲ֪һ㣬ԲŻַ˵ĸж¡
ڸղַݻľһ·Ҳûǰڨֻǽ䡣
ڣѾǰϸһȴһûУֻһߣڴ˯



152 ʿ
طĸˣɺӣΪǺܿܶǸˣǻǣٲĿͷԡ
ַݴ˽Щ߼ڲˣԺҲԸ뿪͵ΧҸˡ
ȻصأλҲ򵥣˿ɲҳһۺ˸λȺ
ڣСʱ˫ۣ˸˵˭񣿡
ҡһȭߵߵǰһǲģ
ǸɡߵͷŴڲȥڻʲôǾͿˡ
ӵ˭ҽΪ˱İȫϾϢ©ȥ˵֪Ļǿɾ;һˡ
ַݸҿ϶ʵĻ϶Լ˵ɲһ仰Ҳûᡣ
ϵϲɫӵ϶ѣɹʷǳߣȻôϲ
ʲôʱжİգһ·ȥַݻ̲סѯʵ
ͽ磬ڰգ⣬ٷְܹɹһ˿ţǰûκεİգͻưȴܱ֤Գɹ
ǾԤȹϲˡеţַҲĵ׵еˡ
ԥºַݴӻͳ֧ǿ޸ҩݸϰɣʲôԾһ
Ȼ֪ҩӺζƾǿҩЧԼδŵĹȥ֪ҩ϶ޱȡ
ҧҧ뻹ǽ֧ҩ£ҩɾǶʵûܾ
ҩŻ˶кַһϹϵܣлػͲ˵ˣϸʱߡ
˵ôŻڲ¶һˬʵЦݣַ
һһȭתԼ᷽ȥʱ䲻̣ö׼һ㡣
ַݣѾЦмĻˣľֻжֻڵûʸ
ģֻоԼǿ󣬲Ժַݵĺȡ
εԲʧѾΧʮ꣬Ҳȥˡ
ʰԼҪĶϻ׼õֱ뿪˴˴ϲʱģֻԸַݴʤϲá

뿪ַݵһ侲Ҳϲÿ쿴飬ȺȾҲͦġ
ԴϴӥܺҲͺٳǰ⼸Χķ˲١
е˻˵ΪʲôҪΧַǣЩֻҪڣǾǺġ
ͱ˵۸ˣѪյ֣һκ󣬾ͻᷢͼǿٶҲࡣ
Щһ겻ģҲΪΧ̭һİϾϣһȺ
ֵһǣ뿪Щиÿ׼ʱַݵķ䣬ĿҲܼ򵥣ǾǲԲȵġ
ͱ˵ڣڿеһ±ĺͮͮٲŲ˲˵Ҫȥˣ𣿡
ûȥҲûʲô˼ˡַʼ磬⼸ʱ䣬Ѿܹ似鶼ˣҲûµıҪ
ǿϧˡҡҡͷһϧģֻǲ֪ڿϧַݵȥǿϧҲԲЩöˣַݲ²⣬Ǻ߾Ӷࡣ
ٴһ㳦֮ǰܸܲҴһҿ㾿жӥǼһﶼˡ
⡭˰ɡַԥһ£ѡ˾ܾΪ˵ٴ˶ʹࡣ
Ϊʲôܶ˶˵һȭȥһƨûУԼֵˣٴ򶷣Ҳѧʲô粻׵ĳֺá
ȤȻʼ磬ҲٹַݣǼԴҪԺĶԹ
һַȴͻȻӦȻٽڲҲʧΪһ˲š
ȻѶȵҲȽϺ񣬵ƾһ򣬾֣ܳŲ̵ʱ䣬ȫһϸıڰ
뵽ַݵ˼ǱȻ˲ٱڣɾЩġ
Ͼڵ̫ˣ󲿷ֲҵƹܣҪֵĻǵһģ϶
뵽ַҲԥˣ̽ԵѯʵǸһֱѵͲ𣿡
һ㣬˹ܳԹסģҿɲ뵽棬̫ˣҲԸȥйһȣٲ÷Ļش



153 ƻɹ
ٵĻشַʵЩĳٶ籧źľģܿСʱûٳԿ
ҲǣⵥԸ񣬾㱻ˣ˵ðǮᾭٵĿ
ַݲôһ˲ţһֱʺĵط˷Դ
ַ׼һ˵̣Ҳ˵ǹƻܹ뿪ΪԼãֻҪģΪٺãҲͲھˡ
ͨһַҲתתӺ̾Ϣѵ׼һӴ𣿡
ʲôõģҾûаĿһַۣΪλ
ȷгԵģдģɶҲóûΪɶ𣿡
ΪϹַݵ˺ҩҪ֪ıʵ˵Ĺɲһ׵¡
ȻַۺٹȻɫЩѿҲ밡ÿȥʱҶɱˣûôӴʲô
Ϲˡַȫû뵽پȻôϹˣҲģûһԸԵ
򵥣ǷһĨЦݣַݻǷһڻǴ´ࣿ
ٱ˱죬Щεҵ֪Ǳڹ̫ˣһµǮҳԵġ
ַһʱ仹ЩɵۣҲǣͨһ¾ͼǧĹʣһ͵óԵʮʮ⣬ȷ
Ϊʲôôܳԣ͹غЩٵĹˣҪ֪幦ĿǷǳ󣬳˻
ǮԴӽʶκַݻûںԺԥĵȫصģҰһˣȥڣסÿ飬㿴Σ
ģһַ˵Ĺʣоͷ˾⣬˵Ǯʵ̫ҪˣȻҲƤ
Ȼģʱ㲻⣬ʱԻַű֤
еģֻҪٳȥˣͿ϶ٻϾĻ磬ɲһֱڷջܾܾġ
ʵ̫лˣ治֪ôм㡱ЩĴ˫֣һȲģ
ǸĺúӰַи̾ҲҪһ㣬ϾǱ߱ܵĶ̫Ҫˣ˼ˣɵֵջ
ǸʲôʱԹȥַݲ˵ڣЩ˼ͷ
ɣȥʰһ£һᰲŵġַ΢΢һЦˣá

һ磬ַݾͱһѣ򿪷žͼһİվſڣЩԼš
ô˲ɣһɵЦģַʵЩ᲻ֻý˷һͬ緹
ĳԹʮӺֵͣܣ㿴ҳȥ󣬸˭ϵôϵૣ
ֻɣʵ̲ס˸ַۣݴӶóһϿֻݸٵ
ãáٺĵ˵ͷȻֻ˼ۺַݵ𣿡
Цӣַ²ֻֻۣһ룬ĸ
ţˣʱȥֱӴ룬˵ȥģλúȻ㡣
ţ֪ˡٿͷ¶һ˿δ㽣ַЩᡣ
ţֻҪ뿪󣬾ܹһӣ˵ʳСٲ˵ġ
ʰ͵ַͬ˰´׼һ뿪롣
˵Ļǿ϶ᾭһ飬ٰȴޱȵ˳
ЩԱıѲ³ǶҲΣϾһˣһ춼ļٿ飬Ҳѡ
ڰŸ쵼˵ڣʵڸݹʣԵͷַݡ
ֻǰСʱٵѰɣҲ֪ô©˷ͣʱǰе˻治١
ٵԸֱ˶ܵİимҲǾǵһɡ
ٱȻҲǸжһͿѾ¶뿪ˣҧֱһָš
ֱԶ룬ַݳ˿һ˿Ц⡣
ٰŸ£ûģҲǸһϲɡ
ͬʱôһİֱҲܹĵĴչȭţںԺ˸ˡ



154 ô
ʱȥˡַ֮Ҳû˼ȥɣҡҡͷ󣬱ȥ
ǣηߣȻû˯ţǴϻһڿһѧģ
ַȻǰȥ˸λ£ȴ俴ٽҲ١
һСʱ߲źҳϻº󣬶ֵַɡ
õġһϹַݸߵŴڲȥ
صַһֱǺ棬糣Ըֻʧǣﲢûʲôرأһ·Ҳֻˡ
һ·ߵͷߴóһޱصԿףǰȫɸְķš
١ԿջغһץסѱʹţǸְ巿Ŷʱ˺¡¡졣
ӲŵĸְȾһ׵ĺȣ߶ҲнףЩš
ַݸұ֤Ļֻ֣Ҳʹ̵ľȴֻһֻ֣ҲûԵôĳһ֣֤ʵǷ
ڣűһһͨķ϶ֵַͣɡ
ŶŶַγѣߵ󣬽˷УܵĻ
ַݿⷿӴǸݣܶΧţȻű
뵽ַݲЩĿ࣬סĻƾǵһʱҲը
ȹַݽעܵϣϴŵһڷźõľڡ
ַݸҿ϶ЩصĶţȻϸ
¡¡Ÿϣ߲̲ǰָָԶεɡ
ллַݵ˵ͷȻ뽫Щȫ򿪿һ飬ڴˣɲһ˿һԽ硣
£ֱַݵҲ֪ˣҪڲҪ䲼һ񡣡
ţַ֪ݲ÷ĵ˵ͷ֪ĻҲͲܵˡ
һ㲻֪ǾѶиеͣҴһǵǲȣ쵽񾿾Ǽǣȫƾ٩٩̸ֻǲ֪ΪʲôַݾȻпһĨϷʡ
жʱ˲õĸоѾˣַȻֻӲͷƤһ治֪Ҳôù鵽ǰɡ
Ǿ԰ɡζĿַһۣߴóһǩͲݸɡ
˿ǩͲڵǩӣַ̲ס˫ۣгһ
˫ۺַ̲ס˴ֿڵȥѵû

ûַǰǩϺȻ̻ǣû
ȻַӵŸףܹ֤Լ񣬵Ѷ̫Ļ鷳Ҳܴ
еȫûзַ¶һĨЦ漴ʵҲԾܾҪٽĻɾҪԺˡ
⡭ַݶʱɵۣûʱΧôʱ䣬Գ鵽ǩҲֻˡ
Ұɡ¶һ˿Цַҡҡͷһưͳ˻ģ
ţԵȡַеǩ߽ͲһԣһԵľȥʼΪַѡ
ϵͲַһƣʹģһѾͽǩȫץ˳
𾪵һĻˣΪǩȻȫǣô飬һ
һڵҲǾˣַɵɫһ˿Ȼ
ҺûɣΪʲôҪңǩƽϣַƵʼ
ȻƽʱƢܺãסĻʥˡ
ȷûΪʲôһôһжϼһġɫЩߺ죬Ͼ±˷֣߳ŭǲ˼
⵽ΪʲôҲûǵַ¶ɻԼһֱòͲǵ⡣
ҾͲ֪ˣֻǸһӶѡЩεҡҡͷ
ðɡַǿ˵ЩƵȻѾ˵ˣ׼ôૣ
߶ʱ¶ɫһӵͷˣ³һΰɣǰľͶԲסˡ
⻹ࡱСֹһ䣬ַϸ뿴ദĹ֣õĽǣܻйڡ
ɡַԴʱҲóһǩͲݸַݵ
áѾƭһΣַ߲ܻԼɵǩӳǳ鴤ôܡ



155 ͽ
޶żַٴγǩɿ̻ǣûͻ
ҲšƬַ̺ҧеǩȡ˳ȴǣһǵУߵȷûˣ
ַ͡һ˱ѿɫʵ̲סЦ˳Ⱑ
ðɣˡַһĿЦղˣǩǣҲϰ
ŶҪһϢݸַһű汻Ѫɫۼľڣ߻
һ˿أַСĵ̯˾ڣӳģһƬһƬȴַݼߡ
Ƭһ̫ʿһѵûʲôϸһϾȻһͷ
ͷһСŮģ˫ۣоǿ־壬ʣŶľֻһ㣬ַݾͽǸʿ̡
˿ַǿѹסеķŭʼ˾ϸ
ڼصǣСŮżȥ̫Σȴأͱʮʿɱ
СŮĸĸǰȥѰңСŮɱʮȻ⣬СŮͷ˵ϣҫ
ƬģСŮĸĸȻҲЩǰġ
¼󣬱㱻ѹΪɲǷ֮лִڣԾڱ㱻ڷŵȴǸСŮ
ǰҲв˽ӵȻֻҪʮɱУֱӷϾͷʵ̫ˣЩаĽ󣬴ӴѶ
һ˿أǱҪĻַĲﻯ֣СŮҵȫûɾܾ
ҽˡҪϺַݻĽں£һ⣬ʮݣѾεļԺ
ЩȵĿַһۣܿеķŭԼ߿ȻַѾŭ
Сĵ㣬ʵ̫ΣգǧǿһΪء̾˿Ȱ˵
̫ˣ뿪󣬾ҲûлַͻưЩ˲š
һעġ΢Цŵ˵ͷַݽӹߵƣתȥһɾ
ַֻûз֣뿪ûãӥԼҲȡ

лصſڣŵ޹ߣַݽŲһ٣еɻٴӿ
͵һҧַݻǾΪʲôôǰʣΪʲôҪôСѵʲôĵط
Ŷ֪ˣڻ˫ۣһϷʵĿַݵϼһ£ȻףС¶첻á
ˣҲɺ֮²Űǩһ£Ȼ淢ֲˡַʼ磬ǰ߱һ˿䱸
ôšЦЦĿַݣ˵ôʵڰ㣬Ųţ
ңַסˣ漴ɻߵΪʲôô˵ԡ
Сӡһɸֵģ̾ϢȻ㶼֪ˣҲͲˡ
һֱڹ۲㣬Сӻͦ츳ģȥڲϵһ֣Ϊͽ
ûֱӴӦǸ˵ֻҪһǾΪͽ˵ǲڰ㣿
⡭ַ¶Цʵʦ󲢲ǺܴͻƻĹѾˣͻֻʱѡ
ôһΪʦǺöĻ㻹⡱һ㵵ģַݵ
Ҫ֪˵ǻˣԼֻҪ˵ͽ˷ӵźԼ
ǰַݾȻû¶һĻϲǺǿİֵûûУлָ̣֮õĻᡣ
ַݲûж⣬似ı㣬и̵ָĻǵȷкܴİ
ԾЩŤΪܱøǿַݻ׼ץסλᣬѾˣ͸ʦҪɵϡ
лǰȫСسлַҲǿĸ߾Ϲл
ȻߵЩԣûܵ˵ΪãַȻǷǲ֡
ȥ׼ɣҵĺϢһӿɽҲģοĿַݵ
ˡЩεӣַתԼķȥԺҲ֪֣˭



156 ĺ
ʵַҲûɶ׼ģȥʰҲֻװװӶѣֻʮӣѾŰ߳⡣
·ſڣַݻߴкȴǲ֪٣Ҳʡһ
ͣƺַóԼƣ˳ĳֱŵ۾ķȥ
գֱͣһªĻУһ·ɻ˴ַݵãĸˣʲôĻ˵Ҷõ
ʲôԣַ΢΢һЦȥʲôҪֻ֪ṩʲô
Ȼܣģɱǲģ⣬ĵװӦоС
лˣЩҲҪ׼ԪԼһݾͺáַҡҡͷ
˵ʲôĻûɶãҪ֪ϵ걬ʱԪԼǱģȻȥǱܲ˯ְɡ
򵥣׼˵˵ͷַݾȥҪĶݸ
֤ƷֻҪ벿Ӻ󣬾׼ñõķţҲֹһ
ͱַǰ֤ͲǱģǱα˴󺫵ˣʲô£ҲҵĹͷϡ
ַݽպú󣬸˼ѯʵ׼ʲôʱǻΪ㰲źǰصĽͨߡ
ʱɣҵûؼҿ°ɣַݵĻش벿һڶ࣬ԼŮˡ
££ֻҪڻˡҡҡͷһַ뿪ͺá
רóڵģֻҪ¼һ¾Ϳ㿪ߣԲһַݾͰһƾɵμŸȥ
ٺ٣Ҳ֪ûС·ϣַ鲻Խ¶һЦݣô첻ʶζǶĻˣȻһվҲѡˡ
ţСʱַѾԶ˻أþͽ۾еķΧھһ˵С·ʱһļµĸоȴü
飡һŵǹ촫˲˳ַ׼ͷܹӵĲɲ֪Լˡ

䱸˳ַݶӵķ󺰵ͷ¶βģ־ͳ
ǰһƬžû˻شַݵĺС¶һͣһӵԥķ˹
˿ǹߵλãַһ·ߵУӸ˲ֿУóһ룬ǰͻš
򲻵ѣַǾԲᱩ¶׵ģԼ⣬;Բÿס
ź룬ֻϸĻͷȴǷڹ⣬Щ䳡
ûַеǴ˶ģóĲǼѪĶ룬ʨӶ˲Ե롣
ַݿɲ뽫˸ֱӻɱѯ䱳ʹԺ׼ѯʡ
һУַݾͷ·Լҵĺ԰ͬľǰнš
ֻǵǹ֮˵ڵصȴѾˣֻһ˿ۼд档
ϸĹ۲һµĺۼַѾܹղŶˣһĸ
ĸˣַüͷգҪ֪ɱһ㶼ǵжģֻǶ˺һγĸЩ벻ס
ˣôˡͻȻַǷһĨЦ⣬ΪͻȻͨ⣬ӥۼײĸ
·㲻ߣ㴳ȻǸᣬǾͱ˳Ǹˡһ˿⣬ַݾѾ̡
ȻַȻԴ󵽾Լܹ׵ľͽˣҼҲ֪ûУ׷ȥܾܿ⵽
ַݾóԼľˣѾˣ¶Ҳνˡ
壬ַҲٲԥֱѡ˺壬ͻأʧУ˿ĻΪײˡ
ɨ踽塱ַ֮ݾѾ˿УԺ´ָ
ֻ˲䣬״ɨϣʾĸɫԲ㣬һطһȻãȴַԶš
û׵Ļַ˵ǵĵϾаððȻĸȥԿǿ϶ġ
ǴϿ׺߼Ѿ˸ԻַڰѾռ˲ٵơ
죬۾γĺ΢΢һȣַݿſף˽ӽš



157 һƵ
һӲݶУӥۺſڴ˴ȴַǰһӵϣֱӽɵ
Ѿȥ˺üӣַݵӰûг֣ϴ󲻽Щɻӥʦ֣˵Ǽһﲻ˰ɣôôûû׷
ٷϻעܣСаŵĺܣץסᣬ˵ˡӥЩݺݵĻش
Χ꣬û˵ıַѾΪԼͷŴУɱƽеŭ
ߴַȥԼҲȥӣǰ뿪˻أΪ;Χַݡ
ʵ֤ɹˣַܾܿݵ֮أһ뵽̲ס˷ܡ
Ҳȫע۲ܵʱȴû֣ԼͷһεӰڹ۲ǡ
ûӰȻַݣе¶ϷʣǰˣѾȫС
ַݲ׼ֱɱǣ׼ﾡã⼸˸סԼ
Ҫ֪һֿɲңοӥƵİ֣ܹסǵĻַʡĲ١
رһЩַݲ飬ԼȻܱܹ鷳
¶˾ĺַԺʱ´Զ¶һװá
װãһεɱ˵ɱˣڵַ˵ȴȫ㹻
Ϊ˱ַݽһķи߶ȣϾⶫǵһʹãͲ֪书ЧǷðѣ߽á
Ƿװƶûһ˿죬ַȴ֣·ӥ۵Ӷʱһæۿܣ·ԤеΣյĽӽ
ԤеͷֲַݵĿףԹ۲һּſԭء
֡ʧֱַװãʱһɴ̶˲õ˵ϡ
٣һ̰ʹˣס䣬ǸǼ룬Ǳ޿ɱܡ
⣬ʲôӥɫȻѾԤеΣգʵĹ죬ҲԴͷ
ڱӥһףǲҺʮ󣬱㷭˸ֱۣ˵ϡ
ӥǼãʵܲĴ̼ɵ˵ϣ׸

ⶫ治˶ºַǷһĨЦ⡣
˵ֱõ׸ԼĿײ֣Щá
Ľ䵽˵棬ַȥ˿ף׼ȥ̽һ˵ȴͻȻܵһɰɱ⡣
͵һַݶһ磬תͷһȴӥһУֱѡ룬ϾѾʣһӦַݣǴ
ܣܵ׷ϣַûսӥ۸ץסҲܱ¶ҲԥֱӴӸ˲ֿͳԼǰƵķɽ̤Ϻӥ׷ȥ
ɽûֵܹĻַ֣Ȼܷɺܿ죬ֱӱ
ĿǰٶҲ׷ӥۣϾһ÷ɵģһܵġ
ӥҲ֪ܵ·ϵĻǼûκѵĿܣֻڴд뿿ԼɵĲ˦ַݡ
ȴû뵽ȴַݵ⣬ϾҪ˼ɵΣַȴֱǰܵ·ϣַ׷Ҫһʱ䡣
׷ҸϣӥȻ۵ĹǺַ˫ֱں󷽣һյģ
ڣӥһܳԶ˿ԼѾȫ˺󣬲һʯͷϣڵĴŴǼһӦ׷˰ɡ
ٺ٣Ҳ𣿡ӥ䣬ԼǰͷһϷʵ
ˡ֮£ӥ̲סһĭ̧ͷһȴַݾȻ̤ͣ˿УϷʵԼܰôˣ
ѽӥټʶ㣬ǰһĻҲŵεѣϾ£ֻС˵С
ھȻʵĳǰ뵽ղַȰһֵӥѾַݵɡ
ַͨϷʵУӥֱӴʯͷڵض
вϵظ⼸֣ӥѾַȫû˷ֻܹŹԼ
͡ӥһֵ̿ģַʵͲסеЦ⣬Ц
Ȼ֪ԼеĻܻܿᱻΪɣû뵽һˣȻԼĳУֱ컯Ūˡ



158 շӥ
ӥȫѾ˵ַݳЦҲֻǲͣĿͷʱʱ͵ַһۡ
ֻ벻ףΪʲôַɼֶΣȴҪֶŵĽ⡣
ӦǺ±˷ְɡ˼Ƭ̺ӥǿסиԼһ͡
һЦַֹסѾ⣬ȻӥѾǾҪᣬѪĽ
ȿȡװģĿַݽ˫ֱһɷǵģİɣֻǸСѣǲɱģҵ֡
ǣʹ˲С˹ҵƨ˰ɡӥһַ˵ɱʱĵİл
ŹҲǲԣֻһ㱩¶ҵϢַװģӥ۵Щҡڲ
ӥ鲻ԽĴ˸Ͳַ֪Щʲôֻһģ
һ˳УðַݲżڵҸһᣬֻҪŵҩͿ뿪ˣȻ
һźںɫĵҩӥ۵ǰӲһҩһ˿ԥ
Ȼַݸŵҩ϶ǺöܾܿǸ˲ҪԼ
ڵӥѡȨ𣿺ȻûеģȲ˵ַصֶΣûЩֶΣͿʵܽɱ
ҧҧӥһ˿ҩһ˿Уһ¡
ڿԷ𣿡ѾµַǲܷŹԼģûӥ۲ԡ
Բ𡭡ַݻҡҡͷⱲӶӲҵˣҪţܵõҪġ
һ̾ϢӥɫЩȻַݵıѾ֤ˣǵҩǶֻһ˲䣬͸оԼʮꡣ
Ҹ㣬ܵõʲô̾Ϣ֮ӥҲԼĴȫãԻĹ˳˵ܻø档
˵ʡġַ΢΢һЦٿųӿ£ʵҲʲôɣⶫֻǸƼԺͻӴˡ
ΪӥۻһĴ㵣ȴһƽĿַݵ֪ղҲֻΪĶѣû뵽
ðɡӥ۵ĻЩˣӺַݲŵͬĿҿɲΣЩǾֹס£ԲԿ
˵˵ɣܸʲôôȻҶ¡ӥɫǿû£һֱĶַݲôԸȥڵѾ50ꡣ

ǺǡַݵһЦ˸ָǲһֱȱһŲͻƣڰڣ
ѵϽңӥ¶ɬַݵĻȫʹš
ӥҲ㣬ʮͻƵ˰ֻϧûеĹڴ˾Ѿʮꡣ
ԹΪΨһִϴȥǸҲ˵ǼаƷʻʮֵ㡣
û뵽ʱ壬֪ǸֻǸҥӥʧŻɱ䡣
ֻû뵽ҲΪδɱ䣬Ҳ벻ڲ͵ȵĹòˡ
ַݻе˼ȻˣֻôҲţַݿϽĹ̸Լ
Ҫ֪һĹν֮أԲй¶ģַΪһӵܣǵϵҲô
кβңھͿԽ㡱Ŀӥַۣݺ˼ɵĻش˵ȻûôҪܻһֳɵİ֣Ȼʮֻ㡣
ѵͲй¶ȥ㱻г׷ӥ۶ʱɴ˫ۣһŵģ
ǺǡַݵһЦ㲻й¶ȥҲңΪй¶ȥˣҲ£ΪҲҵӵܡ
ôܡӥ۵ٴα߸ַͻưһǴӵеٮٮߡ
ʵֻǻԵɺϻõĹѣ˭ͽ˭ַݵĿӥ۵ۿѾĶˡ
áӥ۳˿ַݵǸ߰ͷ­ֻҪҹɱ˷ŻҶɡ
ˬ죬ڴ֮ǰǻȥһ¡ٶһԱַ֣ãϸ¶˳Ц⡣
ʲô£˵ӥ΢΢һ㶣һ˿Ȳַݲ̣Ҳû취ǿ
ѵˣһˣɻַ΢΢һЦ¶ЦЦ顣




159 
˻һתĸоϴֵеһ뵽ѣȥǰһĻ󡣺ϴ鲻Խס˶䣬˫ۡ
ϴ˫ۺȴӥһӵɫԼϴ󲻽һ㶵ӥʦ֣ղô£ûǸСૣ
ӥصһ̾Ϣָָϴֱ۵ɡ
ŶȻɻӥΪʲôҪô˵ϴǰҪ󣬽˿Լĸ첲
⣬ô¡з˿־ֵֻ̿ѯϴԼĸ첲ϵѪܣȻɫǱɫ
ЩаӲ˲ѪܴƤѾĥˣѪѾɫģʲôȾ֡
ûԹ⣬ܼܰɣԺϴ˲˹Լжˡ
ǰֻӥһ˴ڣϴʱۿһ죬ŵ󺰵ӥʦ֣ΪʲôҪ¶
ȻԼֵܵûԼѾжȻҲ⡣
ӥ۲ûзʲôֻǽԼҲһɫѪɼȻҲжס
⡭һ˿ãȻϴһƨڵأ¶ãȻɫ⵽ô°
⻹򵥣ǱҸˣȻһ˶һϤ˺ϴĶУҲã֪ǰ
ַݡϴҧгݵĶַݣ޲һڽԵȫ
ȫû뵽ԭ˶׵㣬ʮɰսеɵͷȴԼϡͿľ˹ȥͷԼѾж
ַЦЦĿźϴң㻹ûǵ״ɡ
þӸµźϴַݵ˵ҵУҲģڡ
Ҹƴˡϴ˲䱩ŭվַݳȥֻûܳһϤӰ͵ǰ
ϴŲһ٣ӥ۵ӥʦ֣ǸС̫Ǹƴˣͬھ
ģҾ㡱ӥɫȻ·㣬ó˺ϴȥ·
ַһϷʵı飬ϴڵѪҺ侲һ˿ȻĶַݵ˵ɣ㵽ʲô

ϴ㲻ʵڷĲԼܵܣӥ۶ѾЭȥҲֻˡ
ܼ򵥣ҼȻɱǣ֤ǻЩãģҲǣӥʦ־֪ˡ
ϴûпڣǵݸһӥһɻӥûҪƭԼ
ʵҲˣӥ˺ڳһƣʼһֵĶ
ںϴ׶Ȼ֣ӥǳıԼĴһ׶
һ̣ϴףΪʲôӥ˸߰ˣַݵͷ­Ͼͻеľ磬ÿԸϴԼҲ⣬ͻưѾ̫̫á
ЦЦźϴַϷʵҲˣиƷʵĹģҶС
ֻҪǸңͻưԲκε⣬ǻҲһ֮
źϴ˸飬ַݾ֪Ѿ˼ԼյˣֻҪңǮƷҲȡ󣬾⡣
㣬㣬˵Ķ𣿡ʵ̲סеĳ嶯ϴ¶һ˿
Ȼģҿ޿԰ͻưĹ㡱¶һЦݣַݰٷְٿ϶ϴֵջ
ʵҲ֤Ĳ²⣬仰ѾΪѹϴеһݣһЭӮˡ
Ǻǣңѡдַã˺ϴֵܣҲκε⡣
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬϶ԼǷŭȴѡЭ
Ͼܻù£ߵ˾ͷð⣬ټнǮʽûɾܾ
˭Ҳû뵽ԭǺɱ˫ȴߵһȻֻ˾ĹϵۣѲôԡ
ȻѾַˣǲӵҲӥЩãǸô
Ȼȥ밡⻹ö˵̲סһַۣЩε
ӥ۶ʱЩɵۣεͷҲǣǸôܲŰɡ
ţ㲻õģʱæģҰҵ绰㣬ʱֱҾͺáԼĵ绰дֽϣݸӥַۣݵĵһžѵλ
Ѿַݲʱ䣬ڵνǹƼԻ־뿪˴˴μȥ



160 Խ
μŵĶ¥ҧűʸˣ¶һ˿ȻСĽૡ
ַ뿪ʱ䣬һֱԼг̰ŵģеĿҲ졣
ϱеľƵַ꣬ݸĵζϣѾռĵİڽɽͲչˡ
ΪҸνⶾҩȻÿ׬˶ǮӴĲ˻£һ̨ӡ㣬ԴԴϵʵѪҺ
ǹڣҲѾгչţܶҪȹڸϲ٣ڱɺܺãϾСǮκҸΣ˭Ҳ᲻á
ڷϣھ£Ѿʼ齨ҲѾʼҪ˶þͶ뵽С
һжõķ淢չмЩͷۣǾַݲҸνⶾҩ̫£Ѿڹ˲Сķ粨
ڹڼаٷ֮ʮͬʣѺޣϾĹ̫ĳԹ̫ˣ˷Ȼùڴġ
ڹϣȴ˲Сķ飬Ͼ˵̫ȻԲ㻪ģ˼Ҳ޹ġ
ڹϿû飬Ҳͷʹѣʵڲ֪ô
СǰҳЩ⡱˰죬벻ʲôܹİ취ʮͷʹ
޴ʱһְֺޣ˼ҹ㣬Ÿһ̭ңе㲻ðɣ
С㡭ôһ£ξʹתվ¶˾ϲɫղһ㷳գѱԺַϷʵĻҲǣֻʣǰˡ
ⲻˣѵ㲻ӭʵ̫ҵˡַһίģ
̲ס͸ַһξС֪۸ңѵġ
ûξ͸оԼѾˣҸĸоӿ⼸ַݡ
һĲƣۿžҪһȴĽַֹС㻹ûϴૡ
ðɡַܱЩܣΪ˵彡ַݻǾ̡
һ§ļУֱַӳԡУһԡбʴǵ

һĴսַȻһˬüܵӵȫͷš
Ȼ̱ڴͷָͷ붯һ£ַι޸ҩź˵㡣
СҪСٻҲˮɣһĲˡ¶ЦЩĵ
¶ɫַͷҲ룬ѾӦҪȵھͶ֣ǲʧ𣿡
Թһ̾Ϣ૵ⶼǽϱǷģⱲӲŻôԩҡ
ٺ١ַ޻˵ֻɵɵЦţȴѾ⣬˭Ҷһ£Բ˶ߡ
໥ã𣬡ˣ⼸̫Ǳ߶ҸνⶾҩǷͦС׼ô죿
⵹Ǹ⡱ҵϵ⣬ַȻҲһ㣬Ե⣬ȷѴ
һ˵ĽǶѾȴӼ̫׬ȡӴ档
ɴ˵ڵȺڲֳַ̬ȣʵԴ
ַ˵Щ⣬̬ǿӲǾ̫ôȨϵ㵺ǻĹġ
ַݽԼľ˵˳Щͷ۵СȷҪôֵ̫Ҿû̫ǱߵǿҷԺ÷չʵ
ĸһε㷢ַݰȻ㣬ͷİɣ̫˾ԲҾܾǵĲƷ
Ҹνⶾҩǲ򣬵Ժ÷Լָ²ƷǲĻͻ磬սᱻ̭
һ㣬ַŲɣԺеĺöૣֹ̫ǵĲƷ³һܲҡ
ַŵɫֻһϲַݣԭˣǿؾĴԴʡ
Լ˵ţһٸţ̫ҲһٸޣַѾ¶˾ģҧͲҾȥٿŷᣬҺΡ
żżҪϢ죬Щ齻ȥͺãûҪΪַҡҡͷһϧĿε
¶һЦݣνͷַݵĻУС䵽УҴӲڡ
ַԣֻǽν§˻Уܵõֺγǧĸ



161 ô
ƳϣδõĻʹȴΪ˹Ա⣬ųǹڵļǡ
һμ˵Ҫ̫ҸνⶾҩЩǶŵζèһԼ˺
Ҫ֪μſĵ˼ţһһǣŲ˵ģرҸνⶾҩУǼӾһ㡣
ʱ׼ʱ˵㣬˵УһϮְҵװǰ˲˺䶯
ǷӵǰѯԼҪ֪һУȴϯ̨һԲǾѯʡ
ڣҲ˲Ծֹͣ˳֣ſڵҶֹ˰ɣֻһͣôӦôͣ
ôһᣬҲټˣŵԼλϣȴŰš
Ҫѯʵģ֣һԼѡ񣬿ʼɡεһЦ˼߻Ŀ
ͬʱм߶ָȴֻѡһȡһղûһӵϵСվߡ
һĻЩղŷӵļǶʱڣҪ֪һϿҪģǴʧһûᡣ
㵽СɫЩͺ죬վһѪ³ҸνⶾҩǱ۸̫𣿡
¶һصı飬λûһǱǰ̫ҸνⶾҩǾͱԼĴǼŵĵߣԶı䡣
δ˻һֳʱըһ㣬˶ΪμٿдʵЭ
Ͼˣ̫ҲǸӴгܸŴӴ棬ҹϵǴҲټ
˭Ҳû뵽μŵ̬ȾȻ˵ǿӲ̫Ȼ֮ԸӴ棬Ըۡ
õһըԵźСվļ߼˹ȥǣһλٲˡ
ٴγȡһߣλ߿ú󣬲ſѯʵ³ǲμŸ̫гŻô
һµ⣬ͬ˵ȤһͿԿλߵ˼άʮֵĻ硣
Ǻǡ΢΢һЦشʵĺãʵǼ̫ûжìܣ̫ǲվڼŵĽǶϣվĵĽǶϡ
ţֻҪǻˣԶ̫ƬϷµһ֤ôֻΪֻһ
ֳٴըˣ˵ûֻҪһĻˣ̫˳ӣμŵνǴġ
ʣµ⣬Ҷѯҵ֣һ¾뿪ˡߵҲһůңҲѪȲǣ

ֻһСʱʱ䣬μŵѾ쳹磬ڶѪȣ޲÷ɵ˰ȥһȺСӴһ
˰СǣõϢ󣬶ǶμŽǿҵǴ𣬲ľĲƷ
ڹҲֿˣ뻪Ĺйʽģ̫гģ֧֡
뻪ĹгԼ̫Լ䱳нģ׷׿ʼǴһʱֵǲɿ
Ϊ¼ǵκַݣȴȱֵףҲǵ¡
ַţЭһ̫ˣϾ̫Ĳ˿ɲ٣ǾۼҲһӴ
ԺμŵĲƷ̫粽УַݺģԼĶģҾһ̫ܳΪ׸
¼ȶȲû¼ŶţԽԽȣȻվһϣһ¶⣬̫ȴǷҡ
һ˶ģȻμûкøУǿҽԲܵǸȻ顣
Ҳֻ˵˵ѣЩҸεĲȴǲˣϾϾһҩܾǣνǾĵݡ
Ҹβ˵ļͥܶԻĹû˿̶վŽļͥźſ顣
һʱ䣬ֳ̫һţʲôУɱвˣЩԱͷѡ
̫ҳһ࣬ҲٳûվЩ˼һϵйľٶ
գʵڶסѹ̫òĸĹȰμţɵǸһ£ȴһֲᡣ
̫һֱûкøУԱȻҲˣӲľ;ܾҪԲǼŵĸΪûȰ˵
̫ԱʱɵۣԼߵ಻ڣ˭ҲûȨ˫˭ЭѾѿˡ



162 ĺ
´һҹַľ׼ͣһ˵ᡣ
컹ҪȻκַһ죬ʵڷĲ¡
ַȻҲǿ󣬷շԺһʱܶ࣬ûҪھͱһ
¥Ѿڴ˵ȺڵѾСλãΪεڡ
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ǰַݶεʲô˵⣬һʱ֪ͨңһ
֪ˣǼүӿţһ˿ûӶ֡΢΢һЦ
Ҫ֪ү۷ڣıӣ붯μŵĻȾ͵ùһء
κַݱ׼ȥֹ˾ҶӨٻģһ绰ʹ˽
ӥۣѾڵ۾ˣʲôţӥСĵ̽
ֶ̣̣õ˰Ĺӥ۶ַҲû˿ޣеֻǸж
ãʲôطҿǡַݵ˵ͷ˵ЧʻͦģҲ˰š
ӥ۱λúַݱǰȻĲܳͨ˫ųȻ¡
ԼĵصַʵЩΣ˴СģȫǾ·ɿӣǰõıӶˣ¡
ַʵ̲סˣ·ʲôĶ˰ɣʱҳǮµġ
˶ʱһ㶣漴ӦûõĶȫ˭ԸҪ¶ǣ
ַȻ˵ȥ̳ǣһ˺üͷڱЩȰ˵
ˣַݷĸϵμţרõ˶¥һһ¾Ͳˡ
ôˣٵɴ˫ۣվΰ칫ſڰڳ˷صļơ
˿νӼ߰ߣڵݿǱڣԶˣȻзǳǿҵľġ
ţѾ˳ҡվ˳ַ΢ЦȰ˵
ģɻĿַһۣʵû뵽ԭгˣȻַݵ
ȻģԺǾսˣɱ𻹴ֵġþ˿ˣַݿɲԼﶷ
ȻݣʵҲֻƲƲ죬ÿԼֻͣлһ˿裬Ȼ̫˵Ʒ

ƿεİ칫ҷţֻüͷϣַݽ󣬲ŽϷ£ǣ
Ȼָӥۺףַһܵλӥۣڸ֣λǺ׼ֵܣڣҲһվ
ˣѵû˵㣿΢΢Ŵͣοֵ֪ϧ̶ȣַݲȥ˶ã͸
ٺ٣ǵλȽ⣬˵ҵġַڨڨһЦҲĹ⣬Ŀǰûκģ⣬үӶ
ϣǣ׼ôţһ˵ģ飬ξ֪ǲƲ磬ɲġ
ˣǵ֮أ׼ȥﱣоϵȣΣַ˵Լ
ʵҲȥԼļˣǵƷҲŲԻǰŵоǱȽϺá
ԣǻȥ𣿡Щȷѯʵַ˵Ĺ£ʵǱ
ǿ϶ûģǰɣһ˿Ϸʣַתͷѯʵ
û⣬Ȼû⡱˶ͬʱͷǿɲΥַݵĻϾСС
ڸõһĶˣҲνòõܣĵ
ȻѾӦˣʣµҲͼˣĽһ֣˸˹ȥ
ַȻȫŹǣֻоΧžͺãڲֹǽ롣
źһкַ˿򶥺ּŸȥҶӨٻѵ
ôһʱ䣬ҶӨٻҲƳԼĵһŸרгķǳңƽЩĹ
ҶӨٻڿν죬ȦɫҪ˶ãͻΪ󼶵ǡ
õĳɾַͣȻúοϾҲԼԸ
һ棬ȻһǣʲôĶˣͲһûͻơ
ҶӨٻһ磬ٽΣһַͣݾ͸ȥִˡ
ȻŮвᣬַݾ飬ûı䣬еֻ֧֣



163 żŮ
̫׸һԻĵķɻĽ䵽˵ϣֻһᣬǳڴӭȺ
һڷķǳʱеӴӳ߳˲Ů˵۹⣬Ҳעֻ·ˡ
ûǰִַ̫ݣֻڵǴˣǻˡ
񣬹ֻ׼һЩҪĶôִУһжÿԼ
ַһҲżһ⳵帽һס£׼ҹȥ̽̽
ΰɱһκܺõĶᣬ򲻵ѣַǲġ
ú÷ַݼɫ磬׼ȥ˵Ͼһ̫ܵȺɣ
ò˵̫ǷķǳַôοͣǻϹ΢Ц
ϸۿȴܷеһĨмԼĸ߰С
ַݲ֪Ǹ߰Ӻζһ֮ضѣָһХϮôˡ
ֻǹһᣬַݱȻȤתصԼķ䣬ʼΪҹǱ׼
ϸļ¼ҵĲ֣Լʮסķ䣬Ҳǿ϶ģϾ˲ģܻܿλá
ַݻǾʹһЩֶΣͷӼأȲʮǷڼңĸ䡣
ҹɫӸ˲ֿȡӼַݴһѼñѹͺҵլԺȥ
ò˵ҵķطǳܣŴԶģѾǱţȻصĺܺãǱַݸˡ
סͻַݶһŴ£շŷɼо󷽴һ˿΢ĶȻ˸ˡ
ϽϵĶַԳĶŶĵط
ֻһᣬһӰСǰƽš
ȻǸŮġΪԼַݲѲ³Ů߲ơ
ĿʲôַݶʱȤߵĲ󣬲Ŵ
һᣬŮӽҵһǽǣῪһʯͷ󣬴·óһŰֽֽʯͷŻԭλ
Ŀ˿ܺ󣬴Ůʱ·ʼأַѱ˺ģĸ

ʮӺ󣬴Ů߳ǰĴ֣ѸٵĶ㵽һʼ·
ַתرܣɺ»ŮԱŷӵ뷨ĲһԹۿš
ŮȡԼĺɫַ֣ϸһ΢΢Щʧ
¹£ŮһžµüͷİԹ㣬ޱȵۡ
йһ£ַݾôŮֻʮ߰ģֵǲѾڵģˡ
ΪŮܿг𣬶һڲߣǷž֤
Ҳַ˼ʱ򣬴ŮҲȥǺ׸⣬ྻģַȲѡ
ŮȥӺ󣬱ַݾԲƨźҲֵֻܱһƬȡ
ӣӡַĬȴ᲻Ų޲ö࿴ۡ
ڣŮӻһɫƤ£һſԵĦгųȥ
ַɻأȻǲŹλᣬԴӸ˲ֿȡԼδĦгǰ׷ȥ
ȻŮĦҲȽͻַģȻûκεĿɱԡ
ֻǼӣַݱ׷䲢ţװһӵģ٬ŮûȤ棿ǳ̫ûˣҪҵģ
ַ̫ȻмȥѧȻҪִַݻǿŸԼһżоƬԹһص̫ˡ
ŮüûлشַݣǼǰȥַݵһЦһٱٴ䲢еôżôɰܾĺ𣿡
ŮڷˣֻɫƵĿַݡ
ӴӴôô׿ɲãЦһַȻܱסԼ٬
ǱַݲˣŮӲŭЦһȻô룬Ǿһɡ
ߴһɲŮֱӽĦгͣ·ߣַһҲȵͣ䲻Զ
һЦݵǰȥַЦŶŮ㿴ôͶԵĽҰģһΣ
һŭĴŮһǱȾַɨ侢ͨ˵Ļ϶ûСʱͱ
С椻ݡַаȴװһŵģǱ˺𣬶ֶŵ˺ǲ
ŮٴδһַݵӴ߿һӾģ



164 սԭѩ
ҵĵһţַݿŵѽѽǸٲס֣ҿɾҪŶҺ֪
ȥ㡱Ů죬ַݷ˽֣Լ˽ʮУȻַݶȥˣܿǱ
Ҫ˰ִַḡĻŮҧҧ̧ȣַͷȥ
ž鷢ˣŮԭΪַݻ㿪һȴû뵽ַݲûж㣬ֱӿסĽס
ʹ£ŮӷָǾҵʹУ
һ̣ٱҲַ֪ݿ϶Ǹͨˣ̧ͷһȴַааЦݿ
˭ſҡŮɫЩߺԼַݵЦݣо󲻰
ΪʲôҪţôȣһǵһμˣΣԼǶһ֣һݵȣַһ
ңŲҡŮӺݻû˵꣬͸ַܵȵĴ֣ԼĴȣŲš
ίģֻţظӵ˼ŮӵУ鲻ԽĻһ
ſңȻҾͱˡҧ촽ŮӶݺݵĿַݣ޲һڽ̵ȥ
㱨պҪٱһŮģҹ£ҹܵ˼ҵǽǣ˵ʲôģһˮ۵ݣַϷʵ
㡭ô֪㾿˭Ůͷ𣬴ַݵĻвһֱڸԼԼȻûз֡
ԵǣĿǰΪַֹݲûж¶һ˿ɱ⣬Ǿ֤ҵˡ
뵽ղԼл·Ļ棬ܱܿǰӿˣŮֻһίۿж˿˿ˮ⣬ַв̡
ȿȡķſŮӵĽţַݸɿᣬҲˣ෴ҵĿһܰԸ𣿡
Ůһ٣̧ͷý䱸Ƶַݣѯʵҿ𣿡
εʼ磬ַÿˣʵ㣬ȥңҲΪɱһˡ
˭Ůһʱ£ƵĵȴַݵĻش𣬿ĳַݵĿԼһġ
ʮૣ¶һĨааЦݣַݱԼеĿġ
ŮĿĲȷַݴпԿ
׻˵˵ĵ˾ѣŮӦôÿ϶Ҳҵ˲ϣַݼġ
ַŮϣ˭Ҳ˭Ҳǲ
ַݱֺŮ¶һĨĳޣ˿ܺСﲻ˵ĵطߡ
ǷһĨȻЦݣŮıѾ˵һУַĦг

СʱַŮӵĴ£һ̫׼ĴլԺУͣ³
һƬ壬ɢһ˿ɭ⣬Ȼһ˶ûС
ܵװΣԼԺ䳡ǰ϶ҲǸңֻңС˲ֹһΡ
ɡַݵ˵ͷŮӵܵĵƹ⣬ַȥ
Եһ£ȥݺ衱ַݴºŮӾֱȥ
ַҲûµĴܵĻֻǲ̽˰κоһ˿ء
Ĵʿµ˺ۣԼĽѪҺȻѾ˲٣ЩۼҲ
ַƲ⣬Ůӵļ壬ȻģǱҴȫ
ŮôģַݹҲֻǸżȻѣƾһ뱨𣬾ֻ췽ҹ̷
һᣬŮӶһײַݵһѯʵ㾿˭ʲôݣΪʲôҪɱʮ
һʳʾŮӶַݵľģҲƼˮ꣬бҪһ㡣
ҽַݣĹˣΪʲôҪɱʮֻҽ˸ѡƷһڲˮַݿڵ
ԭˡŮһ˿Ȼԥһ£ſڵҽսԭѩ־á
áַݵ˵ͷǷһĨЦݵҲøң㵽ңĿľʲô˰ɣ
Ŀַһۣսԭѩص˿ʼԼĹ
ַݼ²һʮǰսԭ屾һ˵ңƾż峤õĵؼǿ
ֻǺþ±֪ɳ֣һҹ֮ͽսԭ˸ɾսԭѩŽһȥ̽ףŶһ١



165 ﻹǲ
սԭѩַݲ̾ҡҡͷΪ˸еĬ
ôó˶ôѹʱ޿űȴûκεİ취ʵ̫ǿˡ
ѹǷַݵϣֱѡŮȻһޱȵ
ַֻݿֻùѣһܹϲͻƵбĿܡ
û´ĻӦӦþĽɣַҡҡͷ̾Ϣ
ǵģռϣеĹϵңǲлᱨ𡱣սԭѩĵ
棡ַݿЦҡҡͷһĴ壬ôܻΪһҾ𣿡
Ҹ㣬лִڵģƽʱ£һֵĲɿͻѹΪףɡ
žսԭѩڸַݲ裬ǾɺһʱˤƬ
ʵĲˮսԭѩз˿˿⣬˵ϣ־˵ЩҺͽ㶼֪ôѵ𲻱𣿡
ɣƾǾԲܵģټȥҲֻѡַƲƲ죬ŮеЩм
ءͳַݲüתͷһȴսԭѩĿУǾɫ
صһ̾Ϣַݶ׵սԭѩԣȰοˣ±ģֻŮӶѣѾĹˡ
ɣǸĸȪ֪Ҳ㣬ǿսԭѪȥġ
˵Ҷ֪ҺͽǷŲ£е˶ˣС󣬱ǻȥΨһǻʲôսԭѩһ˿ã
ٴһ̾ϢַԶԣֻļǾͲΪԼױ磬ӣ˵
ҡսԭѩһ⣬漴Ҳ룬ҾǷŲ°
⣬ıˣǾܷ𣿡ɫһ֮£ַʳһе⡣
սԭѩַݵĻһص˼ҧܰңҺͽ㶼Ϊ
ַ΢΢һ㶣Щ𣿡
ǵģΪūΪͣ־ʲôǾʲôһ˿ɬսԭѩе˼Ѿˡ
ַͷһһսԭѩ毺õݺ󣬻ҡҡͷˣǺúûȥͺá
սԭѩҧҧһ˿޵ļᶨַݾϹ־ˡ

ɱһˣɱһ壬Ѷ˲ʮַٲҴ⣬ӳźá
ҪˣȻǱŵһ棬ֻҪһɱҾ׸
Ҫɱһַ֣ݴϿףɹļʶһɣܻܿᱻ˻ߣ˷Ļ͸ˡ
ԥһ£ַݱһȫĲԲУرķ
˰죬ַû뵽ʲôð취Ǿ˽һսԭѩĽۣ᲻ʲôת
ѩңʲôģַݶǰͷսԭѩѯʵ
ŶȻսԭѩ״̬ڣðŷӦҽǳʦҵʳ
Ŷַʱ¶һĨɻѯʵȻλϣΪʲôǲö
ҲҺܾ裬ڷǰҪʦԼԳԣ֤ûºǲŻá
ԭˡַݵ˵ͷ϶֪Լ˲ټ壬˶ֵĻӷ־ǲѡԶڳһ㣬Ƿǳӡ
΢΢һĨЦݣѾ뵽õĽ취Զ취ȷãЩ취ȴǺô
ͱ̵ַ֪һҺŨİҩº󵱳ЧŰСʱǱڡ
ҩһЧһͷţ˲˯ȥֵܵ˺ܴ˺ʹѡ
ҩ̫඼ҲѲԲŻᱻַۣ׼Ը塣
Ҫ뽫һ򾡵ĻҪһûᣬһӴļ磬ϾֻǼУǾ̫ϧˡ



156 ҹҩ
壬ַ˽Ĳ࣬սԭѩ϶˽Ͼ˽Ŀ϶ĵˡ
Դַݱѯʵѩ֪ûд͵ľۻᣬһԺȵ֣
ѵöҲ˵취вͨġսԭѩҡҡͷ
ɲһַһЦЧҩɫζʲôֶζ鲻ӺЧǲᱻʶ
˵˵㾿ʲôð취սԭѩһ⣬ߴַݵ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦĽЧҩĹЧ˳
̫ˣģʱǲ׸𣿡սԭѩ˻Сȭͷһ˷ܣֻҪַû˵ѵĻ𶨵ñ
˵ô죬ҩֻʹһΣ©֮Ļǿɾûˡַ֣һص
ͷİɣҾͻᣬ˶ϯһ¹ƣֻҪھҩ;Բġսԭѩ˷ܵ
⵹ǲַҲǰһһδûᣬʱ̫õĻûĵȥ
Ǿɣȥ׼ҩȥ֪ͨ㣬ǰ׼²˳٣սԭѩҹζ࣬ȥ¡
ȵȡַݸϽסһص飬㲻ܸ㡣
ΪʲôǾȵĿַݣսԭѩҩµȻԼ֪ͨô
һᴦõģҩ¶ʲôⷢΣգԴ»Դɡַ˵Լеĵǡ
ŮҵĳԹַ̫ʵںǻ̲ס¶ţʱûɣԼΣС
Ҫ֪岻һЩ֣սԭѩĽ㻹̫ۣܻܿᱻ˴ɫвʲô
ⲢַݲǽãԸʹȻһ˿ʧҪûһ˿
صĿһսԭѩҲȫַͬݵĹ۵㣬øмɫ־лл
л˭Ұૣһεʼ磬˽εεŮַ᲻Ǿȥ
ַлʣһʵˣѩ֪þƴ𣿡
֪͸㻭ͼֽ˵ţսԭѩͽַָݻƽͼƽڵĵطͿ˸Ȧ

ҹڷߣɱ˷ŻĺɫַȻŹᣬҹɫսԭѩﳵȥ
ֻߵ·ַݱ㽫Ħг˸ףããĺڰС
ֻǻɱʮһˣʧ˻ȵĻᣬԵ壬һ˿Ĳÿȷѡ
ڷװõƶ£ַݽķеפϷ׼ƽڵλú󣬽װõķ½š
ƽѴԱʩϸַݲٿſ׺׵ıӽ
һԱ˯ַȻһѣ˸λýȥһУ룬˻ҲֻԼǱó涣ҧһڡ
ַݺ׵ĴѵԿףѸٵĿţһȰ˾ƽѡ
ΪһǧĴ壬ƽеĺþȻ٣ַһȦ־ȻٶСһľ
Ϊ˱֤κβַ׼һҲŹԴӸ˲ֿóһ֧װ˰ҩעʼʼע䡣
սپֻʮӲַݱע䣬׵ĴС㱻Ҳ˾衣
ΪȷҩЧķӣǷϾЩ˿ɶߣָԾҪǿࡣ
һΧû˺ַ˾ƽѣԿ׷ŻϣһжԵô֪
˸صĵطַݾֱٻ˿ף˲һθߣʱĵطȥ
·ʱַݻǻĦгŻصսԭҡ
ַѸٵܻսԭѩɫһȰοʧûµģԺеǻᡣ
ʲôૣַЩЦõĵԳôܻʧܣ͵ſϷɡ
ĳɹ𣿡սԭѩСȭͷɫЩͺ죬ûһоôӽһжַݴģԿУѲණ
İɣҰģʱѾˣ㻹Ϣɣ鲻ԽĴ˸ǷַԼĿͷȥһ죬Ϣˡ
ǧַһƣģµսԭѩҲٴԹԵĻطϢȥˡ



167 ٿ
һ磬ַݱ˴ֻһᣬͼսԭѩ˿
һϹսԭѩ־ͰɣҲ֪ʲô˵㣬벻Ҫ⡣
⣬⡱ַݰ˰ֻ֣۾ȴЩֱΪսԭѩʵ̫Ưˡ
һϮͳ̫ͷǼģе޲ɷ׻˵ɫɲͣͲ˰ɡ
ַݿЩ˼սԭѩ΢΢ͷӬ־òͰɣ˿ɾͲóˡ
ŶŶáսԭѩѣַŷӦЩεͳԣҳѩա
šӦһ䣬սԭѩʳںãվһԣЦĿַݡ
Ҹһ԰ַݱЩ˼Դڵ
ҡҡͷսԭѩˣ־ȳɣýġ
Ϊʲôѵʲôأ̫ĹɣַʵЩͷԡ
ǵģ־ȳ԰ɣϴµĹأұҪءսԭѩͷ
ⶼʲôʱˣʲôƾɵĹػŸһ԰ɡַЩЦõĵ
⡭սԭѩЩ⶯ȴμϴĹأŮӲͬһʱ䲻ж
ߡ仹ǲԸַݲòʹԼɱﵣҪ󶼰첻ҿ𣬲Ҳա
Ȼַݴ˻һսԭѩʱЩίѩ֪ˣ־벻Ҫ
Ŷ¶һ˿Цݣַ˵̫Ůᵽˡ
ʲôַ̫һ㶼˽⣬Ϊӷгգÿѯһ£˲ô衣
սԭѩĲһЩܼ򵥵ԭϣķǳɿڣַ޲ڡ
սԭѩ˵ûһͣԵ˿ģַܹݵԷÿһޣ档
ַЩӢӣսԭѩһЦһʱ䶼ˡ

ٿʱ䣬ַҲֵ֮£սԭѩţһȥ֡
Լսԭѩ˿ַݵķĦгһ־Ħг𣿡
óսԭŷҮǸ׵׵Ļ壬ĦгĿȳ̶ȣַ֮ݶҪӿ
Ȼԡɰսԭѩַûһ˿һĵֿԺԥĽԿ׵ݸ
һڵƤ£ԭսԭѩƾһӢرǵĦг󣬸Ǵһ˿˷ܡ
־ϳɡĺսԭѩȲַһԣȲĳˡ
ٺ١ַڨڨЦЦﳵԼŮȴһַʽַݳ˳ˡ
ַʽͦӱģַȻܾһ粽ϳսԭѩ󣬲Ȼ§ס
ܵЩ̵ֺսԭ岻һһ˿ߺ־ץҡ
õġַݵ˵ͷ§סսԭѩ߰ɣҲġ
šսԭѩԹԵĵ˵ͷţɿֻһ˲䣬Ħг˷˳ȥ
սԭѩһУҪᣬⲢǺ£ȵĶܵޱȵ˷ܡ
٣ټ٣٣һĦгٶȱﵽ룬ѾƵسˡ
ȴһ㶼ںϾĦгûյģ㱻ͷҲκε鷢
οַݶսԭѩļҲһ֪㱻̫ľΧ£ҲӦһ
һ·ϿνǷ۵糸Ͳѱ˵۹ϣصǰš
ֻǵ˸һʱ򣬾ͱˣ׷ţͣ¡
˶ѾˣĿͣץԷǵûͣ£Ǽӿٶȵǰɱ
ǰԭսԭѩȴͨ˫ۣһģַݲò̾ԭŮ˷˶¡
ò˵̫жǳѸ٣ֻʮӲʱ䣬˱Ѿ⵽˺üζ½أƾսԭѩǹ˵ʣԼжȵĶ˾Χ¡
ʱţΧµľԽԽ࣬սԭѩѾоǳĳȥ˿ɾܲˡ
ɡʻһСǰΧסַҲòԶˡ
õġɻĿַһۣսԭѩʻλøַݣ§ס



168 ͸
꣬ꡱַݰǷеİťĦг㿪ʼ˱Σװ
սԭѩһЩ־ЩǴðİʲô𣿡
֪ˡַ΢΢һЦϵʱʼӴţʱлĽһʼŷ
ѽսԭѩŵһУ§סַݵһµģ
УԼǵŮ㣬ַݲЩۿžҪΧ¹ˣҲֻõٻζ
ˡսԭѩһ䣬ַҲٲԥȫšţɿ
ֵ̫ɫУĦгѸٵϿհڵһĸ߶Ⱥֹͣתǰţһʧǰ
ˡúһλս뾯ĲõСһ£ӳ׷𣿡
ž䣬Դͱӳһ£׷ͷ˼Ҷˣ㻹ܷɲɣ
СίԴس٣ҽͨ򰡣ⲻǸùܵ𣿡
һȥܰɣ߲͡ӳ˷ۣżϾȥ
ȵҡСʱһţһ׷ȥĦгǵһʣµ£ǹܲţǶӵˡ
Уַսԭѩźߵķȥÿ·һط·Ⱥ᲻סĲĿ
־Ħг򵽰ȻܷսԭѩСͨ죬̼ĸܼ
ԼƵģȫֻһַ΢΢һЦ޷ֻͣ˵ˡ
Ŷսԭѩһ˿ʧʶĦгԼĦгѾȫûȤ
ЩʧģַҲҲһۣ˼һº΢ЦϲĻҾ͸ɡ
ôԡһ˿˷ܣսԭѩѹ˼Щ˼Ļش
ûʲôԵģҵʱȥһͺˣַ΢Цŵ˵ĦгҲͽʶѣڶ˵ѾôҪˡ
ǡǡսԭѩǾԥĺ£˹ϵˣʵû°
սԭѩ˼ַٴʹɱе˵£ͱ£Ȼ𡭡
»𣿡û˵꣬սԭѩ˼Ͻֹ
ŶַǷһȣһƵóѵģ˵ʰһСŮֵ£
ҧҧսԭѩѾ벻ʲôлػˣֻǿַݵĲһ˿ɬ

һСʱ˱Ѿ˺ߣһƬδˮ峺ɳ̲Ҳԭ̬ģ
ַһٿĦг䵽ɳ̲ϣǴ˿Ƕ죬һͷˮС
ǰǷ·ûб߼ʵĴ󺣣ַݶپޱȵĿſտйƵĴ󺰵
һεźҲһַͬתͷһȴսԭѩһЦ·ҳ޶ȫֻһ̵ܲʵ
ûַΪʲô£ɺܶ࣬屾ûкøУսԭѩӡҲ˲ٷ֣ĻַݲεεŮˣʧϡ
ܵ˵ַݵԸһУԶΪôô
ַЩ㶵ʱսԭѩźϣתͷַĿתʱߺͷͷ­иһ˿⡣
ַҲع¶ε飬˿ܣһתҪȥˮתתɣ
ôȥûսԭѩһ˿ɻЩַΪʲôô˵
ⲻ𣿡ַصָָǰȥˮ½õģ԰ɡ
ģսԭѩ˷ܼˣϾַѾ˵ĦгԺǻ͸ģԭܿзоѾǾϲˣˮǰУֱȫܡ
Ȼġַݵ˵ͷսԭѩĦг󣬰˷ϵһɫİť
һ񶯸дʱʼţһ͵Ĳϳ࣬βҲһԼ
ˡһƽȺַ˷ǰĺбȥսԭѩǼ
ˮһɲǣƯװþѾãȵĽһƯ˵档
ұҲʼƶĦгǰнţʮֵƽȡ
˻˵ϺϣеĻѾǸܲ䣬ֻǴЦصϿա



169 ϷҪ
ʱתۼţַæ͵Уսԭѩһͬǲֺ
ȴˣҲûٳţΪҵͻ׼ʱٿɰڴһ١
սԭУַһصĶսԭѩȺɣɹˣһᷢźŵģʱô죬˵㡣
õģ־һҪСİսԭѩɵĵ˵ͷ֪ԼһȥĻǵﲻʲôæǻַݵĺȡ
һġַݵ˵ͷǵսԭѩͷĦгȥ
Ϲأһﵽ·ַݱ˸εĵطĦг𣬲˸ס
ֻǼʱ䣬ַݱͣôϿգϸĹ۲·
ʱỹһСʱʱ䣬ŵƽʣֻʱһ㿪ʼж
ÿ϶һ̳ӾƿóľƣЩƶǱ¹ҩģΪɴڡ
̨λõľƿӣȴ쳣ľЩƿڣַݶ˴İҩΪľЩ߲Ǻ£Ч
¾㱸ֻǷ磬ֻҪҵĺЩƣǰСʱھ׸
ţͻȻַ񲻽һ૵ѩôˣⲻܰѵһ졣
ҲֻһʱԻѣַ˲˹սԭѩһģһŮӣѩ˫̥㣬սԭ
սԭϣַݿһ˿һЦݣ˪ͷ˵һ㶼Ϊ
ַݵͦģһŮһǳ˵ļȻס¶ʵѵá
Ƿǰַݣ̲סˣɱһһô
ʱĵţ־ƲҲѾǿʼûһˣһܼóʦƷһûºŻͷ
ҪֳգԹܼҲûھỹʮӵʱ򣬲ſһ̳Ʒһ
ַݲ˿ϸʮӣ˵û˺ȥЧ
һ⣬ַѾ⣬ܼҾԲţϾѾƣضһεʱ𲻱Ҫ鷳
ַʱעȴһûᣬʧϡ

ڣҵֱϵ˿ʼεǳ볡ȻЩӵССϺַҲû˼۲졣
ڣھỹмӵʱһϤӰУǰڶ¡
ûĵϵѪ峤֮ʮһ̵̫ˡ
ֻҪݣַԺбֳСŮǲģеĺ޲̽ɱ
·ʮҲ·о鲻ԽĴ˸Ŀ˿ܡ
ͻĺѾǵһθܵÿɱǰĸо
ϸ˿ܣֶеĳǣʲô̿ʹڣеĻҲһ˿һľ¡
ЦǾۼϰ٣ҲнʮοеĻҲ档
ʮţǾǰƾҵߣҲܹɱ߽߳˵һ̿ˣ﴿
뵽ʮҲͰصԼλϣȴλ١
߿УַҲһʱʮŽ׵ľ룬һɱⶼֵˣֱԳƵ츳
ȫºַ˿ͬʱҲңԼûҲΪʲôɱˣȫʧܡ
ȴƬ̣Ὺʼǰļӣһλӣĵĸһλߵϸ˵⡣
ַѾ˽ʮӣҲ峤ñڵΪ
λ鵭Ȼߣɢһ˴ƣƣַѾܹüΡ
ʣɢƵģ̤˻ĲΣλߵȻˣΨһ档
ԼжַȻҪעֻۣǺ񿴵̫࣬λ߷·ܵʲô̧ͷַݵλãü¶һ˿ɻ
ˡ˿һַֻۣо඼Ŀ˼֣һΣյĸоԺŷ
ֻһ˲䣬ַݱ侲ȫŸ׵ԣλ߲ܻᷢԼΪʲôһۣҲֻһֱˡ
ʵҲ֤Ĳ²⣬߿ʲôûкҲû⣬Լ



170 ȫ˯
ΪҵմᣬȻǷǳʽ԰ź˺ñ㿪ʼ˳ƪۡ
ַȻû˼ȥעŵǸΨһȹƵĹܼϡ
ʱܼѾ뿪˻᳡Լ˸طʼԴٲȻ֪ԼǴ
ַЩͷ۵ǣһã˼µһԴȣַʵڲö֡
ʱ밲ҩѾʣʮңλܼûͣµĶǼ
һ⣬ٵȼûĻ⽫⼸һ
Ӻ󣬷·ٵַݵϣܼҿǳ̫ƬӲֱ̫ȥ
ǷһĨЦ⣬ַݻĽٵ˵ϣͿշǰȥ
ÿɨһܣֶʱ䲻˺ַȥ˿ףӲֿȡһܣѱź̡
Ϻַ˸϶һסܣǴ˿˿̴˽ȥ
ţôô㡭ڴ˹ܼЩɵδӦֻһѣдͨһˤ˵ϡ
ѸٵĴ˷ţַݽܼ˳ϿףһͬţС
һ̰ɡʵϹַȻ飬ֳָ̫Ѩһ㣬һ
ַţλܼܹλã˲캦飬вŲɱ˾ɱˡ
ٴη˸߿գַݼֱϵ
˿ñѾ˵꣬ҵıҲѾ˱ַҩƣֻñ
Ǻһƣӭµһ굽ڣñһվƺ˸С
ȻҵҲǽһ˸УֻϷȴǳٳûжַݿһͻ
Ҫ֪һĴȻģȾƵĻ˭ҲȰ費ˣȻܷ
Ҳַĵǵʱڶˣһơ
ַݳ˿ĵѾԲҪľһ£Ǿǵȴ

岻ǴǧңӴޱȣ̫ĺڰ˵Ĺϵ
ȻЩ˹ϵɱӵȵӼȻ٣Ҫǻĵļ壬˵Ҳ˵ĺǺ
ǣȴǻȻ⣬ЩӼԼҫ˲֪һ㡣
˵УӼĵʮ˵¼Уپв¶ʮ˱Űɱд󲿷Ů
ַݳ˿ԼǿŲԼͣȥĻ̲סȥʬΡ
˵ԭַݶɱһ廹ЩĲ̵ĻѾ޲һȫٴǵһμôۼһ
зŭԸӣַݻסˣϾ·߻ʵ̫޼ȶǲضá
Сʱʱ䣬˵˵ָ̲̣ߵһȦʱַһĨϷʵϷˡ
ҩЧӣȻҲҪ˵ʣ֮˵ձǿԵֿȻǿ
ҲȫߣԵҩЧʼӺЩͨ˺޷ģһͷԵ˵ϡ
ţΪߣҲеƤܣһŨŨ˯ǵ
ͻһĻȻǷ壬һλȷӦ˹󺰵ʳ⡭
䣬͸оһɳľϮɾ߰ϯ
Ҷƴ赲ɾ⣬޼£Ϊӵ͵ߵĿʼ˻˯
ҵҲ̲סˣǰץһ˱㿪ʼ˼飬óĽȴǣǲж˯˹ȥòûʲôΣա
˻һʱЩ˷˾裬ȵľͻ˯˹ȥ
˵ιȥˣаֺͻ涥Ųǣȫġ
棬ô죿ñ§סԼĶʮЩĵ
˿ҲѾоһɾϮȻ΢ȴӣܿĺҲЩһ˯ȥ
ֳֻʣһȺ߻ڿĳţֻ˯ⶫֿֿܵġ
ͱ˵ڣһƴĵֿɻֱֱվ˯ˣﻹ΢
ҩڣаֶ˯ţҲоǹ˯⿪ʼ
˯Ļܻϲ˯һ
ǳʱڣĸ˯ţֻĵֿţжһЩѪ˿
ڣʮӺҲǽһű˫ۣҲȳ
ֻǰСʱֱϵȫ˯ţЩˣȻ֪淢飬ǿǱģ̤˵һΥն



171 ׶
߿УǺɵһƬˣַһĨϲ
ǷֱܾȥȺ˰סˣӥթεһĻеľѲͬ
ԥһºַݲٿŸ׽һȫĸ߶ȣ󻽳˼ⷢ׼˶ԼвԴ
ַţǸֻ֣ҪԴһ⣬ҲĲ
һַ´˹ָʱһɫĸ¼ȥ
ٶȺ֮죬ֻҪ㼸벻ͿԵＸλãֱӴ͸Դ
ɾڼɳһɲǣ·Ȼ˯ȴһһ⡣
Ȼթ΢΢һȣַٴηһ⣬ȥĿԴ
ٴǰһһַȴ֣ĶϲŵȣҪ˰֣ȻҩǸ˲ٵӰ졣
ʼҲֻöֻףЩ⾿ǴӺζʲôûа
޴ʹĸоץ񣬻ô꣬ǵһô
֪ڿյϣ޾ļɨ䣬ҧһͷײһţ˽ȥ
Ǻǣɡм²һ䣬ַݾֱܸӦʱڵһâɼ
һⷢҲԤеΣգǰ˶ܣܳ˷䣬޹ƶţַݵʡ
˸£㾿˭һսųֻڰ𣿡ٴζһ⣬ʵ̲סˣϿŭ
ӵȵļôַܶãеԽףַԽϲ
׻˵رʧȫʢʱڵԼٶӵַݲٿǹ
ڵһҪֵǿֲ˯⣬һ߻Ҫַݲʱļ⣬ƣ
ڣĶһһûȫŲĴȣһɼǵƺۡ
Ҳһɱĺˣ˺ûʹһɼᶨǰš
ȲˣѾصӰжұеҲѪԼ־𽥵ʧ
ڣַݾ׼һ⣬ֱӴ͸Ľף˵ϣҲܲˡ
ַݿɲɾ裬ҲӾһҪī䣬׼ͷ㷢˹
ҺްܵĽ٣зһޱԹ޵źͷƤ顣
⴩͸ԲһɲǣַҲ̾˿һֵĵѵãɾС
˱Ͼͬ廵ַҲֻ̾Ϣѣûκҵ

䣬ַݽһ㣬Բҵʱ䣬ٿſ׾ҷȥ
;УַҲսԭѩԼźŵ֣ȫûѶȡ
ӿ䵽˶Уַ˸λ£ȴսԭѩĵ
ӵʱ䲻ӰǽͷԺУûսԭá
ɵڵصһƬˣŮ΢΢һ㶣漴һЩϤ˺зĺ⡣
ԥģŮͳ׼ذףǰŵñ˹ȥ
ûսԭľǴˣŮ޵ģˡ
ֻǵٽñʱ˫ֲȴ֣ΪǴûɱˣеĿ־УһϣŮʼղ˵ġ
ַĬĬĿһĻ˿̵ҲֻһͶѣôѡһлŮԼ
ڣ뵽Լĸĸɱֺ⻷У˾ǰܹס
һļսԭ˫ۣذͽñࡣ
ۡѪʱɽճŮϺ·ϣ˫۵ʱֻñһĿǣһĿģ
ŮȫеذҲղסл䣬һѵײ
վǸӰ΢΢̾Ϣһַ֪Ů̬ҲܶˣȻȫҪģǰο
ߵŮǰַݻûڣսԭѩһͷ˽ԼĻУһţӻڲסĲ
Ȼĺ󱳣ַݲȰο£Щ˶޶Ļֱ๼ɱǣǾе
УɱǣǾΪԼ˱˳Ȫ֪ҲܹĵͶ̥ˡ
ַݵȰο£սԭѩǲҲڻͣȻѾӦһĻ



172 Ů
Ĵַݻѣսԭѩһ˿ᶨ־˵ĶԣǶ๼
ǵģǵûеԲú¡ַݵ˵ͷһο
ллһ˿˿ŮַݵĶУתͷһȴսԭҲѾøм
ַΪǽ£·ϾѾý꣬г˸м⣬һ˿Ӧ
ַ˲صİǽ϶ǿǵ壬ܻ
ڼǰѾ¶˾ģǾ˭ܰǱǾͻΪˣȡ
Ǹ˵ĻŮпܻЩִַ˵ᣬб£еֻϲԼɬ
ȿȡ·ǿŮ˼ַݸϽָһŵ˵Щˣ׼ô죿
ַѣŮŻعһصˣһ˿־塣
־ǡ㿴Űɡúսԭѩûеˣֻýһнַݡ
˵ñ׶ѾǵԸˣǲ֪˭μɱǼ£ȫɱĻʵЩĲ̡
΢΢һַŴ⣬һȫɱҲʵڻеЩͷƤ顣
˼ַݲſڵɣǽǵİȫɱ˾͵Σ
ַ˵ķǳİȫȥĻȫʧȥûצϻһ
Ҫ֪ǧ꣬ҿɲ٣侮ʯĻǿɲŹ
ЩҲҶ֣ŹᣬϾͷ­ϵһѽǺԼᱻɱͳ֮ˡ
Եַͷ˾ѾעŮҲôºܺ⣬ͬĵ˵ͷ
һַߵŵĶʮǰ̾Ϣ·ɣǵ±ӱôĶ£ڿ
ĳַ֣һָһ˵̫Ѩϣֻһ£û˺
ɱ˵ַַɱּм̳еģҲĵһɱ˸еʹࡣ
ֻһӲʱ䣬ַݱ㽫ʮȫɱȻǶ๼һɱôˣַݵЩ
ַҲûԼĳԣʮҸ£Ůֵ߰ɡ
áŮסĵͷҲֻŮ˶ѣôʬһﲻǲм١
Ϊ˱鷳˲ûдҡڵ߳⣬ѡ˵͵뿪ùһĦгַǽʮ̶˺ϣ
Ϊʲôɱʮַݲ׼Űɱ׼͵СŮһҵķǰϴ

һصսԭѩңַݱ㽫ʮж˸ʵʵģԷߡ
һкַŻص˿УŮѾݺòˮڴ˵Ⱥţֻǿ߽ŮԼͬĵͷվվһԡ
ַ΢΢һ㶣ЩɻôһȰɣһҪૡ
ַݵŮһۺ󣬶˸ˣѩҡ
ˣַסˣðŷӦָԼڽˣ
ǵģˡ˲վһ𣬶ַһʮȵľϹشŹ
ˡַݲϹŶȻ֪̫ŮĻһͬѧŮͿء
ǰһģһԸȴǧĽãǰԳŮ͵ĻƵüιȥ
ǡɫ𣿡¿еĭַݵɴ˫ѯʵ
ŮҲһ㶣ҡҡͷսԭѩˣѩͽ㶼Ϊģڽɫݡ
ΪʲôַסˣɴûҪ󣬾ϴսԭѩԼҲܾ˰
˵ӣС죬սԭѩˣѩͽǰѾ˾˰Ǳ˴ǶΪūΪͣź
⡭ַݳԾˣû뵽ŮȻôԼʵЩҡ
ĵĸ˲ӵǰǧĵŮˣȡ
ַҲǸˣȻ⶯޲ú޹˼ɵĽ뻳С
ܰȲ˵ȥŮҲ֪ôȥͰ
˽սú󣬲ҧݵǲôģҾ͵ڿЦˡ
ֻû뵽䣬սԭѩоỨһίģˣѩͽ𣿡
սԭѩıͿɰһҼģټίģַݵĶ컯ˡ



173 
ҡҡҡһַݣʱ򣬾ȻҲÿڳݲ塣
·ŵ˭ͷϣǶĺ£ַȴǲҰûԽͰ
һʱ䣬ձ˽Уֻʣսԭѩ΢΢һ뽫ӵ뻳Уϧĸо
ءַݾþûлشսԭѩޱȵʧžȥ
ѩַжʱһţվ׷ȥɵ׷ȥֲ֪˵Щʲôֻ֣һȻ
ˣúɣиˡսԭһ˿ӵɫڵ󣬱սԭѩ׷ȥ
ַݺ뽫ס뵽ԼѾŮǵĻǾ̫̰ˡ
һƬžַ̲סһ̾ϢҲ¶ޱȾɫ
ͻȻһֵַתͷһȴǱʵʵʮѾþֵ
˻һѽʮϵĽ˺ַɫɭˣû˻ġ
˸¡һ̫ʮɫڲв֪˭ҿ峤㻹ϿңСҸɱȫҡ
ɱȫңַǸֳһĨϷʣбаʢٱʮôһвʱȫ˳
飡һŽʮڵأļ̤ŵɱȫңɱɱ
ˣˡʮһ߲ҽţһ߻ַв
вûκεãַߵĸˣҲ˹ȫļУתвΪĵŹҰɣǮǮҪʲôҸʲô
𽥵ģҽԽԽַսţֻʮѾӡҲ˿˿Ѫ
˿ַݴӲֿȡһ֧޸ҩʮ£ٴýס졣
˲ǲڻҪڣΪԼĹڡ
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Ȼ޷ŮַȻٵǵѾ¶˾ģǵĹϵ
ֻǴʱɫҲȥŮ̸ĳ˵㶫׼˵

ҹԺɵһƬֻЩ˺ȾЩȫʧȥ˺
ͻȻһİɫŵܵԺӵĴſڣţȴӦ
˼ΣԺھȻûһ㶯ûУʵЩë
գʵ̲סˣƿԺţֻһۣ͸оԼֹͣ
⵽ô¡ɵĺ˵ˣһ˿ã
ѵǺˣصĲһҡҡǰһˣѣѡ
ҡεѹңɴȴ˯һûκתģ
ʱѾ˲Ծ˵ǰȥؿȾѪñеͫ˫ŶסĴ˶¡
˰ú󣬰зһźʱ
ڣһ۷ߣǿ˹˸ֻһ̹Ѿþû˯ôˡ
˲䣬˸ղǻ˯ȥǰһĻȺʲô
ˡȷһĻİվˣҲ֪ô£СĸղѲߵʱ˹ܼҵʬǰͨû뵽峤ԼгϣȫˣҲ֪١
ʲôĻ㱨󣬴˲о춼Ҫˣ촽Ǵ˶¡
һ֮ˣΪֻҪЩֶˣܳΪ峤ΪΪ
ΪʲôܲǧꣿǾΪ㹻вİ֣Լڡ
񰵾ȫеֲӰﻹֵܵЩƻļ塣
ͨһƨ˵ϣһˣȫˣˡ
ԣֻʧ٣ģһȥ׷̿ȥˡͻȻǰһ˵õֻҪڣǾͲ˸ҡ
죬ȥ棬һҪһһ󣬴˶ʱǰİ˵ΨΨһĹǡ
ѾˡЩֵĵͷղ治֮󣬱Ѿ´
䣬һһֵĳ˽󺰵ˣˣʮﴦʬ塣
һļžϢѾע



174 帲
ʱţֱϵǣҲ˹õаֶû˲ɫ԰һƬ
˵ǷµĹЩаԵµļ壬ֻҪӽȫ
˶ǰŵһȺʧȥϢİ֣жʧȥԭɡ
ˡһλСڶסӴѹһʵңһӰɡ
ӣֶڸ߰˵ֱ裬೤ǶŭĿӡ
λһ㵽Լ۷ĸױⲻڳô䱻ΧסȫߣߣԺٱ
Ļǳ׶ҲûеǶЩһ˵ܹܣ
ֳٴһƬžУúһλ۷վ˳Բһǻˡ㡣
˵꣬˱ŴŵķȥҲȫ˴ͷãһʱܵ˷׷׸ϡ
νɽڣûգû˲οٻˡ
ֻǵһ˸һƿţһѩĵͷ­ѪŽͷء
˶ûعʱһЦҵ϶˰Ҫ𣿡
ʮ˶ɫ䣬·ղűɱ˾Լһ
ҿܣ屻һźʱܴܳȺŵΧסˡ
ȶֵİٴδЦ۾ͨû뵽ɣҲн죬һɱ
ɱŭЩѹļǣҲͲסеŭ˳ȥ
ӡ˿̣˶ߣʲôҫԼĵĽѲҪҪǱҪ
嶼ѱΧ˷ѾΪһ
ɱԼҽһƬʱĴѪϢЩ˿ɲַһй˼ɣԲˣСһûŹ
ֻʮӲ̫֮۵壬Ѿûţ绹һЩҲҲʲôˡ

һҹ֮䣬ȫ𣬼еؼرߺһգҵҲЩʽȫû
һĵͨ˵ȫûκεӰ죬̫ĸ߲㣬ȴı仯
ͷϵǰѽʧˣҲܸõڵ߻ͻȻҪǵ
һ磬ַݱ֪Ϣг˸̾Ǹ̾ĸ𼸺һִٳɵģȴûһ˿ĺڡ
Ҫ֪ǼᶨĳɣǴڵĻ̫ӶǿӲһЩ
ĸǾǱСҲɲֻùһҲ뻪Ľ
˵ַݴ˾ٿ˴󹦣ӰǣΪĹ⽻˺պս
ַݿɲ죬ûԼôεģȻмѣɲ뱻ЩӶϣͽҪ鷳
ַݾҪĲ칦ͣǽԼսԭõĸӹϵ
ˣ緹Ѿ׼ŶöĽк⴫ǽսԭ
õģϾ͵ַӦһ󽫷ʰã˴С
ʱѾ˱׼ŮͷվһԣַݽͬʱͷˣϺá
ֻһַۣݾʹסˣԺѸŮһŴϵģʱ鲻Խߺ
˵ÿ飬ַҲǾӣȻҲŮ
Բʱַһҹ뵽һеİ취ڵѩǲҪΪģǣΪеĳŵǿʵûбҪ
һ㶣ҲϸƷζַݻе˼ǵĳԣȻΪеǸŵ
ŵȫ翵ĶϾǲ˵ַݾͲ֪ǿҪǣһжԼԸ
ʣµԭУм֮ռһ󲿷֣ϾַݰǱ˴ǸΪֻýԼϡ
һ㣬ǾǱ֮Ѿ֪μһжûĿַ꣬ݣǲҵҡ
Ҫһ㣬ȴǽַøУرѩСû˽Ӵַȹ⼸죬ĵӡ
ͬʱַǿɵѾǿصıѩеޱȵİģԸַݣֶûС
ַݵ֪ȴԼãеŮˣȻὫԼ覡
ַݵĸйһ±һľǣĲԼá
Ůͷ˰Σж¶һĨᶨˣǶĸԸģǡ
ַݳ̾˿¶һĨᣬǾԼ



175 ó
ַݲƭŮֻ΢΢ԥһº󣬱㿪ڵҶģҲǣѾŮˣҪġ
ৡŮĸֺѩ϶ʱЩҰףۿҲˮš
ַ˵㣬ѾµѾŮѣҷǳ㣬ΰʾԼҪ⣬ɵ׿ڳϣʱǲЩί
תһ룬ٱһãֻһĻ˵ǻᱻŮ˸ߡ
˶ĻǷǼŮܸԼһЩǲΪַݵֻܹõĳ谮ͺãһ㣬Ǻĵġ
һöʱڵǲںģֻˣŮġ
ǡַˣŮѾħ˵ʲôûõġ
Կ˰κַݳ˿ɣҸһµĿʱ䣬ǻǼҪңҾǡ
̫ˣһֵġõַݵɿսԭѩ˵ļȻûеӦǣѾϣǣ
һϲЦտģַҲ΢΢һЦһµʱ䣬Ѿ㹻侲ˡ
ǻԸԼַȻṼģԸ⣬Ҳеʧ䡣
˵ŮҲûʧ䣬ַһĵķġ
Թ緹Լһͬ棬ϾַҪ뿪ǻûʲôõĻ䡣
ʵ̫ĵ۶ҲôطǴҴҶȺҲûʲôġ
Ůȴ²Ĵַһͬ˲ʤż˲˵ĺա
ַҲ൱Ĵ󷽣Ů˲ٵϾǮ˵ֻǸֶѡ
ڣҲˣһͬ˼£׼һͬһѵõϾʱ⡣
˵ⶬյ£һıܣǱһζ
˵Цı߳Աģ֪ɷ˶ˣһԳ˿εĽã˶ۺ첻ǣ
סͻȻַݷִۼһˣʲôϸһŵĺȴǡҸνⶾҩѵ
ôܣַüλ᲻֪ͨԽҩ̫
ֻһɡַݵ˵ͷɲ̫ģԳԹ󣬱кһͬǼҩȥ

ֻһַۣݾѿҸνⶾҩǵĲƷװԼڲҩװһģһġ
⵽ô£ַٴüʵ벻Ϊʲôμŵҩ
ˣôַüģŮжʱ¶һĨţΪˡ
û£Ҵ绰ַȰο䣬ó绰Զڻĵδ˹ȥҪ
Сôпո绰εĻӵ绰д˳ȻƤַȴһ˿ƣ
ٺ٣¡ַ΢΢һЦҲ˵һЩ޹ؽҪĻԤεƣ϶Ҹνⶾҩ¡
ǿǵҩƷ̫ۣʦİɡβģһ¾Ͳµַݴ绰Ŀġ
ô࣬ĸʦֻЩˣЩҩﵽô̫ģַѯʵ
Ͳһͷ˳ĬУðβſڵⶼҵĴû뵽ǰþȻôһ֡
ãзһĨ⣬ַȫû뵽һоȻǴ˸ɳ顣
ַݵĿУõвѾôǿˣʱҲûôעû뵽Ȼ˳
˵˵ɣ⵽ô¡֪˵˲ҪҪҪôƵ˵Ĺơ
ַݣûκκģĽľȫ˳ַݼߡ
Ҫ֪Ҹνⶾҩڿһҩǳǿ϶ġ
԰þͽᣬĶڻҸνⶾҩǳʱڣԸ߼̫
̫Ȼ֪ǰãһʹŸ߼۵Ҹνⶾҩһ߶μš
μŵӻƷ̫˽߼ۣ׬ȡЩĵǮ
Զ׼ģμŰѹˣһǮû̵Ҳ֪࣬챳˶ѹ
ȴû취ͣȻ֪һжǰиû֤ݣȫû취ͣһߵʽ
εĽַݳ˿ҲѾ¶˾ģȳסð֪ʲôڡ



176 㻹ã
ַ˵ֻǸСѣȴû뵽ȻԼһ
ҩе棬ַݺζԲںǲò
һ̫ʴ˰ַзһ⣬Ҳ԰顣
̫ͨҲðôҡҡͷŮ߰ɡ
һ죬ַݶͬŮһȹģߵŮеĽ㣬ַҲһǴųӵĿ⡣
ŮѷеĸԸҲԽԽãַݺοĿһ㣬Ͼڳеˣʹġ
Ȼһб㽻սԭҲûַʧ˺ôһѵʳ
ϯȻǻЦȫſˣԾȻ٣Ůڵء
ַԸ⣬ŮͻУֳ֮Σ飬ԾӰĽŮͻ˷䣬ֻ뿪ʱȴûŮ͵͵˫ۣ¶һĨʧ
컹ûַݵֻһȴһûκκʾĵ绰
ַ֪绰֮ˣ֣Ȼ벻ǿյġ
ԥĽͲڶʱһѾԼĵص㣬ָʾ
õģҾͺáҶ˵绰ַĴһ񷿣һ仰û˵ͽʵʵʮ
ءʮ·ԤϵʲôƴţҲ岻˵Щʲô
ַȻϻֱһ⽫ΣսԭС˳ȥ
ʱͣһƾɵһ׳ֱվڴ˴ַݺ󣬱ڵĴ
Ǹʮ𣿡׳һѾԵʮ¶һ⡣
ûҲ֪ʮ¼ԶԵûһ˿ĺøУַڲĻͶˡ
׳еɫȻַݾ۵ף԰˰ֵˣҴȥɣֻҪУôڡ
ҶҶһġ׳˵ͷǷһĨЦ⣬ֻôޱȵˡ

ʮַݱص˷У׼˯ˣǷһٸġ
һ磬ַݱ壬ֻţʹԺ䡣
Ѿսԭס˺ü죬ɻûĹ뿪ǰһ魵˼
Ŀĵǰţַϸ۲Ÿķ羰սԭ屾Ǵ壬ԺӷǳֻʧޣطԵЩƾɡ
ɴ˿ԿŮڵľ̫ãϾάôһԺӣÿ궼ûϲٵǮ
ţʲôζַݿҪҪŮһǮʱȴŵһʳζȻѾΪ׼ˡ
֮£ַѰζųķȥֻһĨٻӰæµţϴһ˿ˡ
Ůһģһһʱַݻϲǽ㻹ã˵һ㶼ǽսԭ
ֻȴȫˣٻӰĽŲ󣬶ʱתͷһϲģˣôѩڰ׼ˡ
ѩһΪૡַ΢΢һЦ߽˳У˿;еʳЩȵѩû뵽Ҳô
ϲͺáѩ΢΢һЦֻǺôһ˿ĲȻûбַݸ֡
ȻϲˣѩĶôܲϲַ΢΢һЦѩŮˣ۰Ľ
ǣǡѩԹԵĵ˵ͷһϲģ漴˵ЩʲôȴЩ˵ڵģ
ǵĹ˹Сǣַװģʲô²ܶ˵ģ˵ҿɾŶ
ǺðɡЩģַһۣѩŤҪˣ֮ܲǰҸӵ𣿡
ɵϡַֻһԥĽ§˻У󱳡
§ڻеѩȴһϷ˺ɫǵһα§סһ㡣
ãַݲɿӻͳһ֧Ʊ৵дһ֣ݸѩѩǮ°ɣúðһ£͵ǰԤ֧Ĺʰɡ
šͷӦһѩûһۣ㽫֧Ʊս˻У̧ͷ
ʱһӰܽ˳Уַݺ͵ͷѩ󣬶ʱЩɻˣ۸˽Ϊʲôô졣
㣡ַЩͷ󣬿˿ԵġѩԼǰѩʱʲô



177 ع鷳
ڣһŮվŲŮͷ˵Щʲô˵ڣһȴ¶΢Цϸһ۾ǳ˲ᡣ
һ̾ϢַݶŮȥɣһºٸҴ𰸡
ˣڡսԭѩһַ׼Ҫ뿪ʱ̧ͷһģ
û˵꣬ͱַݴϵѩ֪⣬һµʱ䣬ҲҸǵĿɡ
Ŷ֪ˡѩǹɵĵ˵ͷַ֪˵Ļı䣬˵Ҳûá
ֻ̧ͷַһۣ¶һĨᣬֵͷȻûǼлع
֪һ˲ðôðԼãȡַݵӵ
ѾˣսԭҲûκεĺڣַݵĻоޱȵİģְʮûиܹ
УַݻŮʵҲԼ̲סŮȥʱе鷳ˡ
ɻɺַݻͷ˿µĵ棬ǲһĨЦݣ̫ջ̫ˡ
֯񣬲ƽᣬΪڼ˲ٵѹ
ջ񣬻ԸΪ͵Ůֻڻûʱ䣬ջʱ
ջĿ⣬ַݱ˫ۣһ׼СһᣬŵѾɻ˵۾
УַݳķɻɵûӰŮջĿ⣬˲۽ǵһĨ⡣
㣬ҪѧתͷԵĽ㣬սԭһᶨĵ
ţȥɡսԭҲصĵ˵ͷҪַݵĹǾͱҪѧỪڴĿϣŮȫһ¡
սԭѩԥһ£Щ˼ﻹǮѧͦǮġ
Сսԭ˵ͷ뿪ǰһ֧ƱӦùõˡ
٣սԭѩǰһЩȲѯʵһµʱ䣬ͽĻѿ϶١
ҿӶͳŻûü֧Ʊֻһۣսԭ;סˣЩŵ򡭡
ۣôࣿǲʡŵ㣬԰ѷӴһˡսԭѩ˸߲ҵĵ
һû˵꣬ԪԪ˵ˣƵؽҲǴ´ࡱ֧ƱŻ˶Уսԭһӵı
Ԫսԭѩһ˿𾪣Ҫ֪ԪԪĶһʣŰٶ౶Ĳ࣬Ǯ˵ǹһˣһӣִܴš

Сʱ󣬷ɻڵ۾ַͣߵͼΰŵѵ˵Ⱥ
һͬϳμŸȥַȥ˴ټҡ
һ߽칫ңͼԭȵݣȴЩûй
СڻˡַӰһ̣βص˿·ַݾеĶ롣
㣬ˣʣµ£ͽҰɣ˵˵Щɳϣַһصĵ
õġε˵ͷμŵʽ˳ַݵıҲ
ȫû뵽μŵѾ⵽̶ȣȻҸνⶾҩ˽ձ飬Ѿ˹ԼǵǿǴ
ЩֳֹƱҲǿʼеĹƱɼҲڼµֻʱ䣬μŵֵ˽ʮڡ
λڲŹУչμŵĹƱòַݾ֪϶ǰڸ
Ȼ֪ȴҲ취Ӧԣķɲ鲻Ҹνⶾҩô̫ͨģû취֤Լס
ˣ֪ˣңʱ䣬һжˮʯַѶ԰̡
ķѾȫףֳˣͱҪһȻָʲôʱִܳҧһڡ
μѾȫʸ׼ҶŴ̨ǲ˵㣬ؼңһж⡣
ȻͱҲˡַ΢΢һȣֻеĺ⣬˲ڡ
һеԴͷȻڰãԴʼ飬׼ûԴַݱ㽫ŵ˰õԣһо͵Լ¶ˡ
µַݣһǳҪҪԴǱκһĹصķȥ
ʮ飬ҪԽҪõӦеıӦȻСŮһѾˣܱʲôĺá



178 
ƮһƵѩýԵЩأַݿʻǰĹص·ϣг̾Ϣ
һᣬʻһĹУַͣĹصϷȥ
ʱƬĹضѾ壬ֻȼˣſ赲ǰɨĹ֮˽롣
ԶַݾͷһĹǰۼһȺˣǸֶĶǰǹѩеӣ޲һ俳롣
һȺˣȻ֣ǹŵӣַݴ̫ץʮ
죬ַ˾ΪǱʮɱСŮһҸǰϢ
ˡַݵӰߵǰͶĻش
ȻлʣԻʱһеȴʮ˵
ţʼɡĵ˵ͷַݽŵ˻Ѫۣڵɪɪʮϡ
ĳ϶ûٳԵͷѪ˿Ҳַݵʱɡ
ɥĲˣַûκεͬ飬еֻһƬ䣬СŮһģѾ御ˡ
ӹһԵ㣬ַݹĶСŮһҾС
ǸĵģܲҡûйķϻַӲ
ǺǡϤĻʮ̧ͷǳѪ˿ԼַݵǸҲһβЩ
ŶһĨ⣬ַ΢Цû뵽ȻôйǾҿĹͷǲôӲ
Ұס֣˶ʱʮڵأö
ɱң֧ǡ֪ˣʮ¶񣬶ַݴ
СӼַݲмƲƲ죬Ȼ֪ʮ뼤ŭԼԼֱɱ
ַԸֻԸԴӻͳź룬ĴʮѨλС
ѨλЧܼ򵥣һЦѨܹЦϣһһҪѨܹޱȵʹ
ֻһѨλȻûôʮܾܿˣѨλͬʱ£ǾͲһһôˡ
ʮȻǸܵķǳǸܵһʹǧϰҧ㣬ʹ裬̲סĲҽС
һоޱȣʵͲסзЦ
ʹЦʱصĹֻǵһһ˸оڣһЦһҽУ˸оǻ䡣

٣ǡ鲻ԽĴ˸ַݵ񶼴һ˿¡
Сʮڵģʵֲ̫ˣһ߲ҺţʱʱĴЦ
ɫͨ죬һģĥ
һеʼٸ߾ǰЦݵַݣĹߣҲֻѡ
һСֶζѡڨڨĿһַۣݻû뵽ôֶΣͽһ
Ҫ֪Ժеıƹֶλ಻ʤͬʱЦѨԼʹѨǻֻǸСֶΡ
⻹ֻСֶΣٴδ˸ַݵЩԺ˭ҪУǲҲ̶á
ɱңɱҡͻȻһ˵ĶԻϣתͷһȴʮĿ˵
򵥣ֻҪԹԹ¿ļͷԻȥˡַ΢΢һЦ
ҵǸҿͷȷŹҡʮ󣬺Ȼַݵʹ
ৡַĳ֣ȡʹԼЦҲȻֹ
뱻ȡʮʱ̱ڵأڴڵĴŴַݵĿ⣬翴Ŷħ㡣
Ϣ˰̺ʮֱӣǰĹ˼ͷԲ𡣡
̫Сˣû⡱ַݻҡҡͷһ˿Ϸʵ
Բ𡱣·þ˻㣬ʮһٴ˵˵ϡ
ѡôַȻ֪ʮԸ񣬸ͲϵʶһѾǼˡ
ҸʹͺáзŨ⣬ʮ޿
屻ԼܾĥҲʧȥ˱ص̫Ҳһ졣
һ̰ɣ±Ӽǵˡַ̾˿ָصʮ̫Ѩһ㡣
ллһɲǣʮ·ѾԼӭԼ϶һ˿Ц⡣
ѾʧȥϢʮַתͷԵ߰ɡ
á÷ĵ˵ͷַݵһͬгķȥУǳʰ



179 ʮ
гַǰ䣬һ·ϵ˶˵ͷʾ⣬鲻Խķŵַϡ
Ҫ֪νеսȴôһСϣܲǺ棿
Ӻ󣬰УԸַݵһˮɫЩ㾿ôģ
ַһ٣Ȼ֪ѯʵʲôȴǲԸ˵װɵʲôôģ
֪ʵʲô΢΢Щַȥ̫νǾ춯أ֪ûмǼеһ
һ˿ԥַݻѡ˼װɵϾЩûͣԵ˵帲ɣƾһ֮ܰ쵽
סˣеɻأȻ֪Щʮ֣ƾַһˣͲܳɹ
һеһУַָݣϾͷڼ䣬ʮĴ˻
ɻҲУǾǽƾַһ֮ͲܽǶʮԼɱ
ǷһĨЦݣɻıУַݾͿԿͲ֪屻ҩľ
Ҳ֣Ͼĸ𣬿Ǳ̫Ϊ߾֪һͲˣͲܵõϸľ
Ȼòʲô֤ݣҸȷоӰʵ벻ףҲֻʼ
ǺǡַݼûдӦҲûзֻǺЦЦתƻ٣ǾͲ˵ˣӦңҪúÿμţڿ
ȿȡһᵽʱЩ˼Ҳʵǰ̫ƻ˰ҸҲͨ˳ȥġ
㶼鲻ַʵЩ֪ĿĲʦʳʲô
Ҫ֪⼸Ҳ˲ٵھİμŲϢڿҲû鵽ʲô
ַ˳˼УҪ֪ģܹܹҶĿ֮٣ֻôǼҪĻҲֲǣŻһĪչ
üַ˼ţƾŰһ֮Ͳܱܹ˶ĶĿڱ
ѵֻ˼һᣬַбһӰ𽥵
˭һ⼸ģ֪˭ڴеĻԲᶯֳͽһ¡

ǺǡַݵЦһƷһڲϷʵ٣ҵĳ˾ôֻ࣬˭йͬԣڸҩ˽
˵ǡ껣ҲǸˣַֻǵһᣬ㷴Ӧ˹
˾Ųʮַݵ˵ͷ˵һòΪǣһǵȷһǳͷ۵顣
ɺϵǣ˵һģһǱַݸŮˣε裬ѻ졣
˶Ǹҵģܽĵ̽磬ַٲ취ĻμŻ᧿Σ
Ļһж˵ͨˡЩأȻƴ󣬵ƶھУս
׼ô죿õǵַݣѯַݵӦԷ
ͷַҡҡͷһҵĸоһμŻ浵ǡ
ĿǰΨһ뵽ģȥϣһͬԿ껵ϣϾ֮£ѡ
ҲֻǿԿѣҪ⵹ң˴ӲƷ¹⣬ҪĽ룬ֻҶֵˣҲҲ
Ĭ˰ַԺٴһ̧ͷѯʵܴˣйӴ𣿡
ȻӴϵ㲻ûκεĿǣشֻ˲ַݵ뷨üһԸ껣
뷨һΪַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷ
Ȱ㻹Ƕ˼ɡǷһĨЦҡҡͷóԳܷǳ˽⡣
ΪʲôӭѶϣַһ£һܣӵδ̵Լ㲻
¶ԥðſڵҲûʲô˵ģǳΪһɣҪǮǮҪƣܱ£һȥԸ껣Ƕûһô
ǿɲһΪ𡱣ǷһĨЦ⣬ַ˶ܵθڡ
׼ҴԺߴҴҵܵ˰õլԺСˣַݻˡ
Ŷһ˿Ϸʣ૵ʲôûʲô£
ҲǡڨЦŵ˵ͷ˿ǿտܣ˵ĻҲȫֹͣ
ԴϴǸҩֵľֳ¼¼ǾѾµַƿһʽļֶΣܹȫı˶Ŀ
ڶǰǾѾȫ鰲ȥԼҲһ仰
Զ׼ģַѾʱ䣬Ҳȫû˿ĶҲȫ֤ʵеǸ²⡣
ѧˡЩȤȱȱĽعرգַҲѾʤļأѾ˰Լ껵ľ裬Ȼʱ䣬͵õԼҪϢˡ
Ҫ鲻ǲЩҩǴڵģҪҵһҲ껵˳ɱǳܡ
ַϸ˽һܵļͥջϢ
ҪһϢǳ¼ҵүزҪʱ䣬ͻݺȥ
ڼǵļ˵үӶǵĶֻҪүӻڣһǣүһȥǾͻǽƣһҹ
ǵļ˵ڱһı£˵ڱȸҵү˭á
ûַǿһ㣬ֻҪȻ˳¼ҵүӣóܳǾûκε⣬Ȼ¼Ҷᱳͷ˿ᡣ
ַݳ˿Ȼ¼ҵүӣֻҪһƿǿЧ޸ҩɣҪүӣǼ鷳£ûĻǲܵġ
֮ˣȻΪѣַľ͸ͨ˵绰ڿѾ·ˡ
ȻַֻϢһ£绰һȴġ
׼ûϽɡЩصӵ绰Ҫ֪£ûһ˿ĺô
Ͼַ΢΢һЦһµĳۺ¥ȥ
ַݴŲͬǣȻԼһԵ÷ǳʽȻһ˼ġ
ַ΢ЦŴ˸к漴ʻţȥ߰ɣʱ䲻ˡ

ʻǰ·ϣַһ·ǵЦݣȴôҲˣʱʱĿһַݣֹ
ʵַ˵ҪүӣΪַݷˣҪ֪¼ҵүѲõҽֻҴƱꡣ
ַݻе˼ȴҪүκãҲ²˵췽ҹ̷ɡ
תһ룬ַݱʵ̫ˣֿʱĶóȻһѵУ
ֻǸһӦͺ޲ԼƣҪ֪үӾǳ¼ҵ죬ҪӦַݵľΣڵ졣
⻹ǵģµַһʧ֣үֱ죬οҵеͷۡ
ӲͷƤ½үԭΪүӻһ٣ֻû뵽ǣүӳĬһ󣬾Ȼһ֣һҪ°ã㲻ĻԼ
ˣôܹڣֻӲͷƤˣеĵǣȴһֱûз¡
һμַֹʵͲסˣЦ٣ʲôʵľʰɣڵ
΢΢һ㶣ЩεͷʵҲûʲôˣ㾿жİգ
ʳеǵ⣬ص˿۾Ķַݡ
ע£ַݴӻͳһ֧űʯâǿЧ޸ҩʮɡ
ߴһ󼱴ٵɲһŽͣ·ԣĿһǿЧ޸ҩһ˿ء
⡭ǻҩЩȷĻĿдַݲ΢΢Щȡ
תһ룬ڻҩѿʼƣֻЧ̫ǿ⣬ŲСĺ֢һֱֹϢ
Ҳڿʼоֻֿд˲ֹһΣΪδƶߣȻԻҩ˽
ûǻҩַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷƹҩ£ˣý˻ᣬ̯ơ
⡭üЩǵĿһǿЧ޸ҩⶫ֢𣿡
ôң̲סһַۣݽ͵ͷһٸİɣҵĶûк֢ҪֻһƿҿԵ¸㿴
ðɡҧ˵ͷµҲַֻˣϾûԼʧǣ



180 㽫õ
ǳ˵ҶָľˣصԼĹʾӣԼĵط
¼үȻ̳һͳصԼصլס尾һ
ǵԼ󱲣үҲ͵ԸΪʹʵڽĥʹ
ߣַǴĵ׵𾴣һΪ໹ڵԼĺ󱲡
¼ѵõҪݷõϢȽѺãҲӡ
ͣͣһͬ³һŵʱǰЦ٣þò
ûǳ¼Ҵٳܣֻһַۣݾܿ˾Ƿ֮
һֱ΢΢һ˿Цݣټŵʣ˭øУϸ̽ȴܴһ˿
ȷþòпĵ˵ͷ˵ҲǶʱ飬ֻæµԼҵһʱ䣬֮١
λǣ΢Цŵ˵ͷ󣬳ܽŵַݵϣԤУԼҵĿģܿΪˣбҪ˽һ
ҽַݣСһöҳݡܣַԼվ˳ǫ
ַݣֺ󣬳ü漴ӦһȻģ
ǫˡ΢΢һЦٶСĻһģûˡ
㲻Ǵ𣿡ַգգۣһ΢Ц
˵ЦܴЦһ˸ƵλɣүѾˡ
áͬʱ˵ͷڳܵһͬԺķȥ
¼Թžŵڣ̤լԺһŨϢǹɱϢγĶԱȡ
ַѡһطסĻ϶ѡ¼ĻΪլԺʵЩĻš
߽һȺַͻȻԲһʱ˽Ų
ʯŴǧ챯衭һĽƷһһַ֣̲סЩզࡣ
룬ҲȻˣ¼ҵүӣʱ϶ҲǰӹŵЩ˵īһҲ֡
ڣ˾ͷ΢΢һЦָǰһСԺˣүӾˡ

¼ҿûжٷʵɰүСԺΧַݾ͸ܵ˲ֹϢ
Ҳˣүӿǳ¼ڵĶ˳Ļ¼Ҿ͵˲
г¼Ҵٴ죬ȻҪκεļ飬үڵСԺС
ƿСԺķţһϣŶѵõ⡣
ֻ״̬Ǻܺãͷȫ䣬ɫҲǼȵĲ԰ףϵڴŵΣʱʱĻ¶һʹɫ
ʣǷߣǳ¼ҵĶүӣֻǴ״̬ܻŶʹࡣ
˵ĽŲү̧ͷ¶һ˿ЦݵСӣôͷˣ
⡭ͷʵڲ֪ôشܲ˵ַУĿİɣ
úڨڨⲻǺþûүˣͦġ
ͷӻʲôɿģҵĺôôηηˣʲô£ֱ˵ǡүЦ
ٺ١һЦתͷ˸ַݣͷſڵʵҽΪүĲ
ʲôүԼͬʱһôһ˿Ծ
֪֢ڸǲ֢֮οү֢ڣܻŶˣκá
үҲİ취ҽõĽǱƣ˼ǣȫκ˵췽ҹ̷ǽݣͽȥˡ
ǺǡĬú󣬳үҡҡͷСﰡ֪⣬ͷԼĲԼ֪ʵھˡ
Ȼûһܾүȴίľܾ󣬺ȻǾ
ЦӣһһŵַݺҧϣֻҪһҩܵõȬ
ҩЩɻĿ˿ֿ˿ԵַݣүӻҡҡͷصСɱԻ󰡡
ûУүңַӲûаյ顱ûлͷ·ȻѾߵһҪͷҲǲˡ
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181 ҩ
ٴ˳ĬУĻַݿѾ⡣
ǲԸַݣʵ̫ˣ֢˵ٷְκãֱ޻̸֮
ȴ⶯ַ֪ݾμŵĻ֮ˣҸνⶾҩܾܿóģó֢ҩҲǲܡ
ԥú󣬳̧ͷ٣ȷκүүĲûаЦ
ڿЦ𣿡ַʼ磬һεĻش
֮ǰѾ뵽ĽϾүӶڳ¼˵ʵ̫Ҫˣ
ܡүӵĺתͷȥүӲż԰ɣүүˡ
гƣʹ࣬үЩ˶ѪֵܼڣѾҪﵽļˡ
ֻһ仰ó޾УүΪҪ͵Ϊ
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ȵȡܻ˼һүȴšӣһںȥ
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ٴ˳ĬУ˶һĿű۵үӣڵȴаš
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Цһ֢ڵˣ˿̾Ȼܵ򼱣֤һ㣬Ǿַݵ֧ҩǳЧ
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ȿȣû´ˡַݸɿҲ֪̫ѹûǺõˡ
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㲻Ѿ𣿡ַ΢΢һЦ֢ϲѾ˵һС
ٺ١ǰһڨЦ٣Ǹҩûʣģ
ȻûСַͷһͽ¼ңǰԼԸ껣Ͳóע⡣
Ȼ磬ҩĵƣҪҲϾ˿ϣɾˡ
ðɣ´лĻһ֧ɣԱʱ֮衱ַľܾҲûĵ
ɡַݲûشֻģɵĻشһ䣬㲻ٶԣԺ˲
򲻴Ȼ֪ҡҡͷ㲻ټѯʣΪȥĻЧ
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үӵɫЩ԰ףҲûʹɫֹסϲɫȻҩЧѾ֤һС
ַݲûվӭӣǵĺŲˮݣѾˣ¼ҵĶˡ
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ǺǡһЦүӽĿŵڵȻַϣλСӣ˵Ŀ˰ɣ
νϳɾԴַݽ뵽լԺУ֪ǴĿġ
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үˡķеĲ豭ַûκүȻΪѰ¼ҵİҶԸһˡ
˭үһ⣬ҶܽȻַ˵˵ʱ򣬻һ
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182 
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ڵ۾ңȻ֪һҲΪ֪ԲŻޱȵļ֡
Լһ껾ҵϣԸ껵Ļɾڸսǲݵġ
ĿǰַѾõҵ֧֣ټǳ¼ңʤļȻǲԶ
үЩǣȻǵ۾Ĵеҡ
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΢΢һ̾Ϣүַ֪ΪʲôصԼȫǱİ
ܾĻһͻó¼ұͷеѡˮ
Ҫ֪үҲڣϾֻҪţͱʲôãΪ¼ҷӸȡ
صĵ˵ͷүص֪ˣҴӦʲôҪܰɣһڱǳš
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һͬһڳܵĴ£һУֻǵűһŮַݱסˡ

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ӳܸղŵıǷǳںģѾ˷֮ʵȻĽš
ʵ̫ˡַݵĽͣ˿ַʲôһĹϵֻ˶ѡ
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˵󣬳ܱĽӭ˼У׼ͣԼͬ鷿
һʵĲˮ˸һ˳ĬУ·˭ȿھ˭һ㡣
գǳҡҡͷȿڵ٣лҲͲ˵ˣʲôƻ˵ɣһ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦ豭ŵϵˣҲ֪μڿǱ˲ٵǵĵһȻҪ֤ǵס
ٽ΢΢ףڵҲ˵ˣ˵²ǰڸѵˣ
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ˡһ˿أֻҪγֵĻԺ˶˳ֻӲͷƤϡ
Ҳû취ַֻǸˣҵھֻ顣
鵽Ϣ󣬾͸Ұɣһᰲֵġ̾˿ȻѾ¶ģȻհǰ˺ֻнȫ򵹣ȷġ
һģҵĺϢɡַ΢΢һЦѾڣμŵΣǵָơ
ֻҪ鵽ڰæ˽䲻ڽ˲򵹣Ҳ˽ǣϺþá
Űɡһ⣬ַ¶˾ģҪԼĵ



183 ʼж
̸һҲû˼̸ȥıҪ˱㻻˸⣬
ַģȻôܸ㵽һԻ㱻ϡ
ܸտʼȻǱտڲ̸˵һ׷£û취Ž˵ľ˳
ɺϣַ֪һп϶İŵģֶηǳĸѡ
Ƿǰַݿܻһ³ܣĿԵĽӽ
쿴ٯٯģȻǹ֣ĵףǣĵĿģַҲ֪ˣԼһ
֮Ȼվ飬óǷǳϲģѾн
ʱ򣬿ɵýңȻҸ㼱ַܵ΢΢һЦ
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ͺǼ򵥣շǳңڿνһϵƣԹĶʲôģǲˣֻоϺȷġ
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뿪źܣôôãʲôҪ𣿡
ʵıʡȻŮˣҲ֪Щǲ˵ġ
ͱ˵飬ǰ֪Һͳ¼Ѿϣǵһƶǰ
֪ˡЩίĵ˵ͷǸŮˣ֪ܲ˵ĻôҲʲġ
ѾַЩĻУµһЩҰ˾Ųʮ
ܹ껰⵹ȻǽԴϲľ棬ֻо䡣
һܹ۾𵴵̸бھ˭˭ӮֻпԵֶˡ
ֶΣַȻģõ̵һ̣ע䡣
ͱ˵ڣڰúѾòκεϢ벻İ취
ļ۸񲢲ԻصҺַݱһԹϰٸЩһŵ˵۾ΧиۿԼ
ֻҪҸνⶾҩЩطܵһʱõϢӦԵķ
ֻһ죬ַݶûҵһҸνⶾҩټЩż
򲻸ˣڵһҹǱڼװеҸνⶾҩڱ֡

¶𣿡ǷһĨЦݣַݻû뵽껺ͰôסôòŽҩó
Ҫ˲֪ǼĪΪٽƻĺ꣬Ҳ㲻˵׷顣
һҩͻᱻߣַҲ˲ôϢϲͨ˳ܵĵ绰롣
ܾãŽͨСѯʵ٣ô绰ѵϢˣ
û㣬쾧ַۡݵ˵ͷԼ̽ѶϢ
õģ֪ˣǵ֪ͨһ٣һЩܻ֡гأ֪Ժаӡ
˿һ˿绰𣬲ͨһ绰
٣ô绰ʲô𣿡һִĵͲд
ܱûһ˿ı仯ޱصǻˣĵ㼯ϣʲôٸ㡣
õĳ٣һ񡱣¾״㣬شһҶ˵绰
Ϸڿ𣿡ҹеķǣһ˿֪̾۾ĶһȷѪС
ӱѾǰ취ֻӭѶϣԼĶȫ壬Լе
עǸƽҹҲûм˯˳ĵصල
Ϊ˱Ϣ©һˣ㽫ϵͨѶ豸ȫûգɺ󣬲Ż黹
ǿƣЩְԱĸҷԹԵĽԼֻֻȴЩ˴񾿾ʲôΪʲôϸ
˵ľֻǷи߸ӵĶ
ʱ㣬ܿʱѾ죬ҲҲҵ飬һӵ
´üͳ쾧۵ķȥǿжĳȻʹá
ͬʱһӪУҲԼµʿܳ¹شûʿѹ󣬻Ų
ǰȥĿģΪľǱⷢ⣬ϾһȺ飬ɵһȺˡ
һߣַѴϸף쾧۵Ͽգʱעһװ䣬Ԥᱻתơ
¾㱸ֻǷ磬ϷҪ껣ã׼𣿡



184 Բ
쾧۸ۿڣһżȥһ˿ôû
ûǴ˴ν׵ĸˣпţ껵ľĸԲŻᱻίΡ
еѡ϶Ϊʵ̫Σˣ˽ҩץסǿɲǮôˡ
Ųò껵ľȨֻܾãܱסԼ
죬û˵żɽ첻֪Ϊʲôܾһ󾪻ţҪʲôһ㡣
ȡڣһ̧ͷһ϶ʱ¶һĨЦݣΪ˴ȴõĻ֡
Ȳżװķȥ׼һʱ佫װϴҹζࡣ
˭ھһСʱ򣬿ͻȻһɻûüתͷ͸оԼǱҧһڰ㣬һѣдڵء
һɫӰ˿ŵڿй۲õַݡ
ôƻμƻૡǷһĨЦݣַݵĳ֣Ϊ˷ֹһ
Ͼ˵㣬˭Ҳ׼ǰߣǲԼ˸գ
һεĵطţַݲ˳ܵĵ绰ǵû
Ͼ͵ûʲôͻɣܻ㱨һԼѯһ䡣
ȻУѱҿסˣֱӵۿھͺáַ΢΢һЦ
ǾͺãǾͺáҲ˿ҩ汻ǰߵĻǷǵ޹Ǵݾߡ
ʮӺ󣬻Ѿͣ˸ۿڣڹǵŬ£еļװ䶼˴ֻҪǩ־ͿԳ
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Ҳǲ֪ʱͻȻһ󾯵ۿɲǼͱΧˣ漴һȺĻ飬ʼۿڵĻʼ˲顣
Щ֪ʲôԭĹǣȻһĲ֪룬Щ֪ЩĻĹˣ취ʼܡ
ۿڶѱȴǵľǺڶǹڣеĽҲ˲ɢ١
ô˲飬ЧȻǲԶֻʮӣ˾ѾҵǼװеĴҸνⶾҩʵʩ˲
ַҲ֪ѶҪ¶棬Դ˸ףƿնȥ
ڿţһԵľһȺʣտʼޱȵǿӲ˵ԼҲǸܺߡ
ַݵֶζ಻ʤֻһСֶζѣǿžҲͲסȫ˳

飬䡭һӰ칫дЩǲ鲻ԽĴ˸
Ǵû껷ôƢǷƢҲϲˤɼε¶Ĵжôľ޴
ûʱۿڲѾȥ죬Ҳܵ˸еĻرȨ˺ܴһ֣һܵ档
ԼܾͲǰȨôˣֱ
ַݣܣҸûꡱһŭĺһƬž
ɫ԰׵ϣɫޱȵû˱ԭǸλã˶Ŭ
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˿Ҳ֪ŭ⣬Եһ֧̺ϸ˼˳·
ʣڵַ˵ϣ˲ֹһӲӲԼûҡ
Ψһ·ǾϣһͬԸˣ˭ҲǸͷ۵顣
Щ֪ʱȴ⴫µѣ٣ôһˣҪ𣿡
ʹĽͷ̻ҸУг˷ŭ
䵽һɶǰһ˵ġ͡ΪӰȥǰõ鷳ˣû뵽Ȼˡ
Ȼ껺뽫øʹһ٣ڵҪѵʱԻ˻ֵɡ
õģ١˵ͷ漴˳⣬һ㽫ԼһѼñ˽
٣þòѼñĺȻժñӣ΢ЦĿ껣һ⡣
㣿һǰͻȻ֣ʵЩͷԡ
ûңѵ㲻ӭǰɹѹصġ΢΢һЦ
Ǻǡüı飬΢Цô᲻ӭһˣΪǡ
˵ЦˣҿûôǿԸһЩ顭ֵ
Ըꡱһ⣬ӵĴǣǳǿ㣬Լһ߳εԡ



185 ν
ξƵͷŰУַݾٱԼʾ⣬һڸΣǶлˡ
ַ˵ޱȵ˳ģȫԱ񣬶׵껸ǲ㱻һߣס
ټμѾ˽¼ɼۿʼǣҲ˻ϵЦݶ˲١
ȻУַ˾Եãû˵ЭһҲ˳ĸ㶨£칦ƣˡ
С£Ҷǻݻվ΢΢һЦҲǽоһ
ҩ˽ҲóǳϾǱǣˣճλãԼˡ
Ҫ֪ЩְɶҪλãȻǰڿʲôЧȶ󣬾ͻһӴԺĲĺô
жݣóҲǸ˲ѣַ֮Ĺϵܵϵ
һһԺƾƵ̲סˣվЩԹǹûôռˣұûģ
ȿȡıԹַݸϽɿҲΣϾ˵ûɶҲû̵Ǹࡣ
Ҫ֪ΪѾԳƵ˽Եˣ˵ҸͲںһ㣬Ҳⱻ˿ࡣ
̵ʲôãҵھλĻԵͷɶҲû̵ԲŻᱧԹԼˡ
ַôԼѳԿԸɿ٣ֵܵôԿȵңǲɡ
ŶʲôѵǸҩһ⣬Ҫ֪ǿЧ޸ҩΪ˲ٵӡ󣬾֢κõҩ˭ϲ
ȿȡַݸɿһϷʵҡҡͷ˵ǣҲ˵ǡ
ʲô˼Ͳһ˵𣿡ЩˣҪ֪үܺãڰ˺ָܶ࣬ͱ˳һغ
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ַݿЦ֪ĽϾҩĹЧʵ̫ǿˣܹо֢˲Ķ
һ̾ϢַһĴӻͳһƿм޸ҩݸɣҩүʹõһЧЧҪһ㣬Ҳ϶٣㲻ɣ
ƨһѽַеԹߣֱŵ˻һ䱸ųܣԼһ㡣
ЩȻӣεҸС첲Сȵģ𣿡
Ҳǡ´һܺȻ󷽵ԷȾƣŰ
⡭ַݶʱܶһۺ󣬶ӶԷпһĨЦ⡣

ܵ˵˽Ҹνⶾҩ¼ѾĽμŶҲõνǽԴϲ
˶ǳԣȵľҲǲ٣ܺȵĽ٣Ͼϰ֮ˡ
ַƴƵͬʱȴǱͻȻ죬ַݶʱеľƱü
٣²ˡ֮ǾƵܾεţǳֵΣֻȴЩš
ô£ַü֪˾Բ˵˵ˣһиݡ
˿ͳܣַݵ˸ѯ˼Զ
λԼˣʲô¾ֱ˵ɡַʼ磬һνĵ
һĻʲô˵ϽͷղܸҴ绰֪ͨһ٣νһȥ껣̸ʲôʵڲ֪
֪ˣ°ɡӻֽˣַüô
Ԥе£ֻû뵽ᷢô족ҡҡͷһ̾ĵ
ϣǱȻһ£Ȼ˽껸һԸģһ
Ҫܱǲܵ飬껣ǲӦ顣
ҲֻƲƲ죬ҲԤϣֻǶǺΣֵʵЩð
Ҫ֪ĹУεĹϵԸģ˲ûжĳ𣬵Ǵĵ׵ĿôһӵĻˮ
˵ıȻַЩΣӺȴ˼ӦԵķ
˼ȥַҲû뵽ʲôð취Ͼ˵ĺǲܵһ¡
νƤһַ벻κεİ취ҲֻпѯʵûʲôӦ԰취



186 ԰
ʵģͲְˣıƵˣֻҡҡͷһǿŰģ
ȴһֱü˼κһɣǺЦҪκ껶֣Ǽǲܵ顣
Ҫ֪껸ճô϶Ҳŵ㣬ҾһҪ֣ЩˣҲǡ
ַݵ˵ͷ˵һûҪ֪ôòѾǳ¼ҺһͬʩѹĽ
ұһɣѹһû£һѹףǹɷ˵Լֻ;֮һɡ
ΣǾ͸޴֣ûκεְ񣬶ҶĿ࣬Բעܱ䷴һòʧ
뵽ַ͵һƣҡͷô㣬˼ǣã
Ȼܵ˵ͷ껺˵õĵģҾҲֻܰС
ǵʱעǣץѱǿɾеܣϾȨı˽ɲС
ȷַݵ˵ͷ껺ξ޷ĵҪҧһںѣһù˼Ƿҧһڡ
԰ö֣ǾͿԺ޹˼ɣһж˫ʵҪĻǾлᷴǡ
ַ˼ʱȴͻȻһжýʵϣţ㱳Ķܰ׼ңӦûɣ
ַݵһЦҪƷӵδܻƷ
ַ¶һŵЦݣϷʵңøұȣĺܲҡ
ܴЦһַָݵҾϲ٣ĿԴɡ
ʧġַ΢ЦӦһ䣬ȴǰã׼ý𣿡
ʵԸ׼£ַ׼ˣ׼ҵƷѾѡãֻҪӴʽֶ֧ѡ
ǰμŵӱƻһֱǳţƾҸνⶾҩμѾ׬˴ʵʽ
Ȼһ붼ȥϡԴʣµҲּ֧ƻǰڵִУԺҸνⶾҩ֧֣ʲô
˵ҲͲټƽô࣬Ǽ˾ֻҲûиղôңȻεĳ֣һӰ

磬ַΪ׼ͣЩһֱǳۣܷúõ˯һȻ̳ѡ
׼ãҲźǷ߽˿þû˯Ȼˡ
Ҫ˯᣿Ҳϰַࣿ΢΢һЦߡ
ȻѾ̹Σַɶγ˻ȣ㣬ղܡ
Ǹַܵǻ۹⣬ε˯ʱҲ˴룬̲סַһֻۣȴЩ̵ġ
Щεӣַݽӳ緹ɣһȥ档
ãʹĵ˵СԴҪַ֪ͽ뿪ôǻûúɹ
ֻųţαͻȻڵˣ껺£׼ô죿
ȻǴӰַ֡΢΢һЦԼĽȫ
ǣڸҵǸٹ̣ǺѶǲЧĴĵ
ڰ׼ңģ꣬ڶĹ˿ȺҿڱһֱҪǷǳѡ
ǺǡַݵһЦʵʲôϹ˿ͶǼٵģңڸڰ׼ҵǰҲǵĹ˿͡
ε˵ͷΪһ˵֪һ㣬Ҫ֪ͬһƷʮ飬ʮһ飬Ϻã˿ʹѡʮһģ໨һǮġ
ֻ˿飬ʮһ飬Ǻʵģʹ£ǺܾܿͻƷҳһ˿ͷҲͻҡ
ףʵ֣ջһ޷ֿʱʲôǿ̸
Ȼֻ֪ûпõĶѵУ¶ڴĿַݣе˼Ѳµ϶кö֡
֪㡱ַĵ˵εıǼ⣬վһ˷䣬ʱоѾһˡ
ɡϵݸΣַݼͷ˷ˣεı£ôĶ׼Ҽ
ҲǲֻǴԵĿһбһЩģǰ׼ұ
ĺϢַ۽ǺЦԼŮˣһٸģȷѡ



187 ڲ
һʱ䣬ǶݵģַŮ죬ҹβһҹվȥ
һͬһַͣԼװ·Ŵ֯ĳص˽ӻ㣬ֱص˻С
һ·ɻַݱ㾶ֱȥͷӷ·ѾԤϵĵǷž˫۵ɵƯ
ֻöѣû뵽ȥңǾȻȫˡַͷŪ
ǺǡͷӲû˵ʲôֻǵЦЦֻȴ¶һ˿ĪĶ
巢£ô͵֪ˣҪ˵²ַģһٸš
ַֻݲԸ˵ҲùѯʣϾ˭ܴڣֻҪܲԻɻС
ͷӿЩͷƤ鷳ַŵүӣҸǲǸøҸǸˣ
˵ţַݴӻͳһ񵥣ֻҪͷӸϣͿԺ谭Ľڲˡ
ȻȻ뽫ַݵܿȻǲܵģͷֻôӳóһͨӡ£ȥ
ллҾˡĽ񵥸ַ֣ݻ˻ֱ֣뿪
СӡͷӶʱЩЦãַݵıӰҲ¶һĨο
Ҫ֪һ˵ûʲôȿһԽǣʵڡ
˿󣬷û׷ַ˿ͷӸѹ̫ˣ·ܿһ
ģԺҲټˡ뵽ַҲͿˣԺҲ
ſڣɹַ̫߽ʮ׺˫۵û
ˣ׼Ͼ͵ڲȥˡַ΢΢һЦش
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ãҲûɶ£ʹȥڲɣ˵ţվкַǰȥ
һ·ϣΪַݽһڲĹԼôȻַݶ֪Ǻš
Ƚ϶ԣȻ֪һЩŵ˽Ļϸ
һ·ǰţߵ˱عؿػŵڲڣһߵؿڣ㱻һסʾ񵥡

Ȼⲿû˸ǣڲȴûˣַݲŻᱻס
ҲǸС֮ˣȻĽ񵥵ݸȴϡ
ԭǵǵϵǺ󣬶ʱЩˣ̧ͷþַһۡ
Ҫ֪λ˽ʮ꣬⻹ǵڶμģεѶϴΣҪࡣ
Ӻȫȷ˵ӵʵԣĵݸַݵԽˡ
ллַ΢Цŵ˵ͷͬүӣڲȥ
һ·ַݶϸĹ۲ܵĻΧڲȻС࣬Ҳ࣬Եúǿ
ǲ𣿡ھһߴĽǰʱַݲͣ˽Ųһ˿С
Ҫ֪ΧЩǳ似鶼ǳοڲǺĲ
ַҲ֪ʲô޴ĹͣȻķ飬ǲܵ¡
ǵģΪƼʦĽϣʱ򣬺ٺ١˵꣬һ㶮ı顣
ʵΧʱַݵĶУַ֪ݰ飬ǿ
ԲŻƤȥҽϣַΪͽȴԼˣҪա
ԭΪַѾûˣȫû뵽ַݾȻ񣬶Ҿ˵һЩȷķṦΰ
ڽϻ᲻ĽַݣѾôҪˣϾпȨѾ㹻
̫ˡַжʱһϲҪ֪ʦûΪ˱㹻ˡ
뵽ǺĲ飬ַжʱһƬȣ޲ͳȥ
ַһԾԾԵģ˶ʱҡҡͷżľģ㻹Ǹȥɡ
õġַĿ˲һۣͷ˵ŽӴȥ
һ·ϣΪַݽڲĽҪ֪ģ˽һ
£ַҲŴܵķ羰ò˵ڲ̻൱ãޱȵ£ԱΧֱá
䡭ͻȻַݿ˹ߣһٻӰϸһͣ˽ŲԭͫףҲʼ˾ҵ



188 
ȻֻһӰַݰٷְٸҿ϶Ůĺȥ
һͬЦֵĳ棬ͬˮӿַݵԺôô
ôȴַݲûиϣѯһתͷȴһ͵ģ
˳ַݵȥȴһβŮϣжʱЩЦá
žһַݵĺϣЦûϢӣһӰͰԳ
ԭΪַݻЩεͷϬԼ뿪û뵽ǣַݷ·ûвɱŴ͵ģ
νϳɾڻ²ַŮоɣǻǻȥˡ
ߵĶȻҲĶУ鲻Խü
˵طϲģÿطʱ鶼ޱȵ
ȴǱˣҾĿǰһĽߡ
Ҫ֪òܺãҼҲʮǿԵڲĽ߷ǳܾ֮࣬ˣѾʮ
ɷϣڲ˲٣װˣԥתͷߴǧ롣
ɻûڣַݵӰֻԺը˰㣬һƬհס
ַַݣദ־ٴռԺ
ΪЩ䶼ѱȴǲ֪ЩֻǱǿѹȥѣһϽˮ㣬಻
˴עŶԷԺĿԷе⣬ȻǶŶԷ
żӿԺӿֳƯжʱӿ˿˿ˮ⣬СҲǱһίģ
ǿסԼ᲻һԲתͷСԼȥ޴鱬ʵЩ֪룬ֻ
ԶȥıӰַ֣뽫סɻߣȴǲ֪ôڣʲôɽ¡
Ÿ׷˿˾˱ŤС°㣬ԸϽ֧е
ˡЩȻҡҡͷַűǰŵȥɡ
ŶЩϧĿȥķһۣƯַȫһ
£˭Ҳﲻ˭ֻܿԼˣҲپᣬַǰȥ
ֻ˶û֣һŴ󣬿ַݱӰҧ촽

ַȫû뵽ôͼڸղǸ棬ȫĲ֪롣
һ·ϣַݵԺжصһݵӣǰǰЦֵڵȴô
ַ֪һжģĳ֣عĺְܿɣ
ڽڲ֮ǰַݾѾȫ뿪ֵ
ڿԼеλ޿ַݾЩ֪ˡ
Ȼĵ׵ַԼһ𣬱ϾԼ
ַȴޱȵԥΪͲ֪ôʱ򷴶𵽷Ч
ٴγ̾˿ַݼ˵ڸ£һԵɡ
һᣬڲĵǼǴΧֵȣﷴࡣ
Ҳǣڲ˷ǳ٣һġ
񵥸ҰɡԱЩĽĿַһۣôܽڲģضǿŹϵġ
ڿӲʵģǻܣҪ֪һǵѶҲܵ͡
ɵӹ񵥣Ǻһ˿𾪣૵ôܣ
ôôһɢİԱ˵ľȣһѷĴϵǺеҲȴ١
Եһ¡ȹ󣬰Աٴζ񵥽һ飬ɵõĽȴĲ档
ЩȻǾôйԼҪ绰ѯһΧλͷӣõĽġ
£ЩҲٲһˣǶַݱ˳ߵľ⣬Ҫ֪һеļʵ̫ࡣ
ѸٵľͽַݵãƣĽ˳ȥָ˺ڵڵط
ȡԼı죬ַֻݷ֣λھʱôһ˿ĲȻ
ѵָҰһͷַݶʱЩЦãҲںϾʵһıƶûá
Լı죬һͬȥַϸ۲һܣΧڲỷǺ



189 𾪵ľϣ
ΧֶᣬڲĻҪ࣬һֻ˶ѡ
̤ŵʱͷͣͣ΢Цǰָͬһͷӭȥ
ӣģΧȥģﶼñѡͷЩĽ
Ҫӵ˫ۣһϷʵĿͷ
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˵꣬ͷַߵһԣֻƵϣȴһ˿ڵȻ
ⲻַݵĺģϷʵôô찡ѵͷӺ
Щǿĵ˵ͷ߲òϵȻˣȻôܹס
жܵõߵĳϣַݲ²⣬λϺܿѾͻ˻
ϾڲԱɲΧȫǰ£ڲŹϵ⣬ǰ֣۷Ķֹһ
Щһ˸ѹƲסȫǴʹš
ǻôԼȥɣ㡱˰ַһۣҲ֤ʵַݵĲ²⣬׼һ
Ҫ֪Щ֣ɶǸ棬ǵȻԸţˡ
ַҲʹˣڲжٸ֣Ĵʮ
ⲻַЩ࣬ϵһǾܹһЩСҶ
˵Ĵ£ŷȥֻ·;ַݵˣͶм۹⡣
ЩԵ޹ʵĵĿ⣬ַȻ֪һǺȻǽԼ߹ϵˡ
Ŀ⣬ַݿԽ֮ΪʼɣӰбַҲûҪ͡
ڣڶıԼ۹£ַԼİʮᡣ
ȻѾԿףʱͿԴ򿪣ַûվſڣţû˵ĻٿŽ롣
ˡһϤĶУû˭ͼű¶һЦŵӡ
ô㣿Щ㵵ĿǰַôҲ벻¾Ȼŵġ



190 𾪵ľ£
ܿʲôˣ˹һѲĽɫԱ
û뵽ȻһֵݵģҪ֪˷ǵûʲô飬гȻ˵ѾͽˣҲЩ
ô𣿿ɡƿ˷ţַڣеһˮ
ȻԤϵܿڲһû뵽ȻģʵЩȡЩȵĿַݵ
ַݲûлش⣬ǵƷ˿ڲֱ˫۵˵ģɡ
죬͵ʲôߣȴ֪˵ЩʲôֻõͷĬַݵĲ²⡣
ճĬú̧ͷѯʵУ׻û
Сַݲû˿ԥ㽫ĵ׵Ļ˵˳ΪΪԸ˵ѣַݵıɫ
㻹һ𣿡ֱַݣɫޱѯʵѯʵһ仰
ò˵ַһˣ鷽棬һͿ
˴С÷һֱǿûһνʱ˺ȫռˡ
ַݾôӲɱ˳ֻµʱ䣬ͽȫģβǷϣ
֪ԼҪ߽ǽУǲ̫ܣΨһԸĿģַΨһܽ⿪Ľˡ
룬ǡַݵ˵ͷֻȴ¶һĨɬԸ̫ǿҪŮгĲ̫ܡ
͹ˣô֪ҧҲһ˿ֻҲޱȵʹࡣ
Ӻɷһ£޷ģͬڣԼ
㡭ַݴĿʵû뵽Ȼľ
Ҫ֪ԼֿƸˣҪȴˣȻֻǵ˼ѡ
Ĭúַ΢΢һ̾ϢʵûҪôģҺ֮䡭
׳աݺݵĹַһۣŭΪҲһ𰡣ֻֻ㣬ѻģģȫ
ַٴ𾪵ĿݻĻ𣿴𰸿϶Ƿ񶨵ġ
ַݾǸԵԼϲĶøˣŵ㣬Ҳ˵ȱ㡣



191 ڸв֪
ллַݳĬã˵ۣˣѾûκεĽ١
лǴӮĻҿ϶ϡ͸ַһۣڰֵ
Сӣôûã׼Բߵʱ˵Ӱ⴫˽˼
˭ü˼ϵĸоǲ̧ͷַѯʵ
ַεͷ˼Χˣ˵˸ʦȥһ档
ϺַݸϽߴһϾͺãԵһ¡
Ŷλ֣ЩȵĿַһۣҪ֪Ҳлʦֻȴֻ˸ѡ
˵ֻǸӣҲ˶Ľ£û뵽ַһڲѾӵˡ
Ľϣʶ𣿡ַݲûǽԼλʦֱ˳
ȥַû뵽ǣŸһ˵꣬ɴ۾һĽʼɺ޵ģ
ôǽϺ𣿡ЩɻĿһַۣвסĲ²š
Լλʦ˵ҲǸ֣ȻᱻزؾǾͲģı飬Щڴ
ڸв֪ĽĿַһۣ͵书Ȼˣʲôġ
ǱҲܸҵѡַʼ磬һνģ
ǳǲмĿַһۣ͵һֵطôܻ᲻࿴飬ѧϰ似
Ҫ֪ǽȫһƶı⣬۽ҲǸߵĲУܵõһǰָǳ
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֪᲻ˣʱַ֪ݺǫЦЦ
ôһ˵Ҳȫ񵱳һʦǿп޵ģ취ֺã̵ʲô
ˣȥæˣ£ǵ˵ɡַҲٲ飬ӻֶ˴С
űرյһ̣зһ̾Ϣޱȸӵɫ

ַݵӰſڵʱ˶ʱһ͵Сӣôųѵ鷳ˣ
ȻûУֻǸˣԶ˼ѡַЩ˼ͷ
Ժİɣȸʦȥ˵˵ͷٴδַŲķȥ
һ·ϣ˶ؽŽϵַЩطҪעĵط
ַݴ˽⵽ԼǱʦΪʮ䡣
ʱҲһͬμӹգ˲ٵ湦ֻǵصԼʱȴԼ޶ȫɱ
˱һ飬ԽΪܾ˹ڵķͣһһŸ
򲻸ģΪʮʱ䣬ڱҵɱԼ˵̫֣˳
ֻܸ㱨ĻĽΪ˵۾׼ݷһԼǰЩֵܣ׼Ҹɽͷӡ
ֻɵǣպʱŸճҪ֣ԽΪ㱻£Ϊ˲ֵĴʼ֮һ
ź󣬽ΪΪɱرǶ̫ˣһԹޣӲ֡
һ·ɱ˹ΪҲʮҵʱͻƵ˻
˵ΪͻƻǸΪЧһЩ񣬿̫ɱŵ̫ȥĻǱضһ޴ķ籩ԲŲžز
ҲȷģϾΪôˣƴɱһӣҲȫܸڲ
ܵѬհɣôΪɱıҲѾֻ˶֪ⱾֻǱѹ˶ѣָʱͻᱬ
ǸҩͰַ鲻Խӣһ˿Ȼ
ǺǡϷһЦȷǧǵС㵱Ͳ
ȿȡַݸϽɿӦòɣôҲʦǣ
ô᣿ϷʵĿַݣ˵ʦͽܲ쾭𣿡
㡭ַݶʱԼǱʦ۸ԼĻҲǳصġ
Ҳֻ֪ΪԼѣҪ֪һΪôߣôܻԼͽǨŭ



192 ʦ
һ·˵ЦŲķȥڵ󣬾ͼΨһڣһͷ׵ˣһζĿš
ַݸҿ϶˾ԾԼǱʦΪȵ֪ĻὫ䵱һѧ
˵ַԵ൱ĵȻϾڵʵʵѾȻ㽯Ϊ似ҲνԺҲᲹ㣬ֻǶĵʱѡ
Ͻаߵ˽Ϊǰһ̾ĵ
ǺǣĽģغһĶֵذɡѲ˵ĽŲΪº󣬲Ļش
仰ֶ˼˺ЩЦõҲʵ𣬺αң
Щ̾ƵĿһˣΪ̾Ϣǵ˰ˣͻƻ˰ɣһһ㡣
ǰ컯Ūˡ˸̾Ƶĵ˵ͷҲûȻı飬Ȼô꣬ѽһС
˵ģ⣬ַȴǽ¼УҲһ뷨Ǿǰ߻ָơ
ַزʶȴôæرĻһԼȥ
ڻʱ򣬱Ͼ޸ҩ֪ԽԽãеʱ䡣
һ̾ĸַ̾ݸһߣҲżȤ˵ŹȥĹ¡
˵ĻУַݸܵĶǵĹ£ʱҲѪڣΪʲôԼǸʱ
϶Ľ˽һСʱַݣܵϽҸͽˣˡ
֪ȻΪ춼ţʲôҲ֪
෴ǣﷴϢͨģϾȺɲ٣ϢҲġ
ԼδͽܣΪȻܲģԻ˴ʱ飬õĽȻ⣬˻һ㡣
ַǮƣһҲģֻҪͺ˵ΪҲܹ⡣
ýΪģȻַʮڵ飬ǰɱĺࡣ

ַݵĵһӡ󣬽Ϊʾǳ⣬䲢Ʒþе飬ÿ˵츳Լġ
츳ԼศɵĶ츳ȴûģҫٺõ츳ᱻ˷ѵͬģٿ̿࣬û츳ǽҲޱȻ
ַͣͽ밵츳Ȼǲɵģһ㣬ղҲѾˣ˹ôãΪ˿ǷҲǷǳ⡣
ʣһˡΪĬ˵һҪĶǾԡ
һ˵ܾܶ飬ֻм˲޾һУߵĶ壬ЩСų֮վһ޳ɡ
ַǰɣǰɡַ֣ΪԼǰ׼ʼһβԡ
ðɡȻЩԼλʦʲôַݻķԸ
ɵµһɲǣͻȻоһΪһɰɱϣ˼Ƥ
ʶģַݾ뽫׸ٻҲ˲䷴Ӧɲһˡ
ֻһ˲䣬ַݱ㷴Ӧ˹ԼλʦԼĿ飬ԵĿ顣
ֵľţ֪Ļᱻ϶ɲϸǰŬһж׷ˡ
ֻɱʵ̫ǿҵģǿҵʱҪĸоϣձ
ֻһַ֣ݶԼλʦ˸µ֪˾ǸĺϵûһǧҲа˰١
ҸַݾǣΪѾʮûɱˣȻ˵ɱŵĻǼֱ
亹һһεĴַݶͷϵ䣬һվ뽯Ϊƴһĳ嶯
ʱţַݷӦһ£ҲһƵɱ⣬𽥵ǿš
ʮӹȥַݵıѾ̩ȻͻҲٱֵ˲
һ˲䣬ǹɰɱʧӰ٣Ϊַݣϲ
뱲ӹ¿꣬Ҳ˼ӣֻǴûһַһ˵⡣
úúãӽ쿪ʼҽΪ״ˡ󣬽Ϊʱվһɵģ
ʦϣͽһݡַҲǲˣԼλʦѾóϷˣԹݲԵöˡ
úúáΪٴδãҽַݷϲɫ



193 ͻ
ǰһĻʵЩζʵĵַΪͽ
Ҳ֪ԼⱲӶͻƲÿʸַݵʦǿںѡ
ǺҲȻˣϾ˭ַݶһΪҵĺײǣ
˹֣˸˵ϲϽϲͽ˵ǰ棬֪ûǾͱҴ
ҵĹŵӣôܲģͷһٸİɣϽǷ顱Ϊȭ
Ǿͺãûʲô£ҾȻΧˣԺپۡ˵ͷ˱˸ǡ
õģ´ǰңǰѾԻΪҲǵ˵ͷҲ֪˵Ը񣬴˵һ
ʦɡַ΢վԼΪԼ
Ҳãȥɡ͵Ŀַһֳۣˮھ˵Ըǳ⡣
ҡ˸뿪ھַܾڸüŪ۵ĴɫȻɻ󣬵Ǽʱıտڡ
߰ɡ˷Ӧַݱס֣뿪ڲȥ
һַԶЩɵôʲô𣿡
Ȼ¡ַݵ˵ͷ漴һľʮȾϹȣҪллΪôһʦҺ⡣
ͺãͺãԺùѧϰԺӵ񣬺ñЧ֪Щο
һġַ΢Цŵ˵ͷϾ˺ԼʦĳԾˣҲңȻԸһ
ʲôûҾҾˣҲͱˣԼȥС˻˻ֵ
Ȼ¡ַ΢΢һЦӶͳһǿЧ޸ҩݸ˵°ɣơ
ǺǡҡҡͷˣԼԼ֪ʲô鵤ҩùˣûõġ
ңһáַݲûйĽֱֻͣ˵˫ۣһš
Ǻðɡַ˼֣ҲپܾԽӹǿЧ޸ҩһ
ˣѾˣȥɣټνĬѲκεϣԺҩ󣬻ӻֱѡ뿪
ַҲû׷ȥֻҪ˺ˣغܸܿܵҩЧķӡ

ѧգֻô궼û˽й֣ԼЩģˡ
ȻҲ⣬ϾֻǸŶѣ˶ѾȥǣҵֻΪһȶѡ
ٴβеΧѧɵԼϣһѵõ⡣
ֻеȴһҲƽĸ߲ͻƻѾʮĸ䡣
ֻʱһα˷ȻǱȴܵˣȻ侳磬ͻƻѾǲˣϾͻƻҪ󣬾ڲմ档
֪Ϣþеķ뽫ľ޸޼¡
⼸£ҲͿˣ챻ԭֵǸִ̼еޱȵĸ̾
ֻõ̬ܿӦ˹ۿʼС񣬵ͻȻһӿ˫ۡ
Ĵ򶷣ôѧ˲ٵİˣӿЩ˶ڱ𽥵ĸƽ
ѵСӵҩκҵľַּݸҩЧȫڴ
ǿѹԵ뷨ѧսŵĵȴҩЧȫӣڰСʱǹڻɢ
ৡѧ͵˫ۣԭǵӣ˿̿ӥ۰һԾ˸һ
ҡ˻ûüѯǲ˴ѧգͼȻںһƣʼһ׹
׹ѧѾϰ˽ʮ꣬ÿһˮ㣬Ųۡ
Χϴ󣬲پ˶ͣ˽ŲЩĿŴѧա
ڣһ׶βһƺ󣬴ѧϥôϣƤôƽ
ǰÿνھʱѧվͻܵһεĶסһȫתһܡ
Ҳĸоֻ΢һǸ谭һĤһ㣬һͱơ
䡱ǹھתһܣڵͣ󣬴ѧֻԺһը·˲٣һ·ôò㡣
ѧ֪ԼѾͻƵĻ磬վз˿ϲЦ
ͻƻûüϢǹӴѹûΧѹſ¡
Ӧ󣬼˶ѲµѧһͻƵ˻гĽҲֻжʼˡ



194 ڽ̵
ȻѧϷ飬ַȻǲ֪֪Ҳκεľȡ
Ͼѧڰ۷忨ô꣬ͽͻƻо͸ˣֻҪ޸ҪֻһŶѡ
˿ַ̣ѻص˲󣬲ŽΪһͬһƬյأȴĽ̵
ԶΪȿڵͽĹԼ似ʾһɣҪ˽һĿǰ
ΪѾйӣֻżָһ¶ѣַݿ״ӣǴȻһ
ҪģȻ˽ַĿǰʩ̲á
õģʦַݵ˵ͷһº󣬱㿪ʼоƬи׹ʼϰ
һʼΪϱ¶һĨмĶܺõȥ
ҲûżǼַȥʱţϵĲмҲȫ¶һĨء
Ϊ׹Ƽ򵥣ȴǷǳļѣܿɹǣȻչ˵ÿһλ
ڣַһתͷһȴֽΪĳ񣬲֪Щʲô
ַݲûпڴ˼ǹվһԣȴ˺ѯʡ
Ӻ󣬽ΪЩĿַݵҲµûϽ׹İɣ
ǵġַЩ˼ͷŵЩҲòˣ͸ȥˡ
ΪЦַݵļ㵹ʵϣǶԵģЩǰ˲˰
þͺáַ΢΢һЦԤϵ˹һΪǰﲻԼġ
Ҫ֪ԼĹǿδǧŵģԶִܹȵġ
Ȼ²һΪһ̾ϢǰﲻˣĹҼõģȥͺá
˿̣ΪҲˣַΪʲô;ͻƵ˰ôĹ벻춼Ѱ
ַݵ˵ͷȻʦҴһȭ㿴ɣ似棬һôС
ţչʾһ°ɡַݴ˻ȻýΪ˲٣Ͼһͽܣʲô̲ˣǲŽжˡ

ں˼ƣַһʼԼĿǰõ似УΪ޼ȭ
޼ȭַ࣬ͨģֻһۣ㱻ΪЩһһΪַָ
ŽΪַָݽȻǷɿ죬͸оԼ޼ȭԲ˲١
оַݲ̾иʦͦģ߲·
ڣȭַ֮ݹĶԽΪϹллʦָ̡
ǺǡΪȻֵӣȴͻȻһ䣬ص޼ʲôϵûĻ޼ȭɣ
ַ㶣ҲˣΪڲôã似˽Ȼ֪޼ȭҲʵ
ַҲûʲôģ󷽵ĳϵҾȹ޼ҼĶӣŮҵŮˣǲŰ޼ȭҵġ
СӡΪʱЩЦãҪ֪Уûм¼һ㣬ַݵŮԵҲ
صַݵļ򣬽ΪĳĿڵ޼ҵĹϵȻǹܲϣֻϣгͻʱŹңɣ
ַݺĿһºҡҡͷҪһߣʵЩֻõ˭Ҳƫֻ
ȻЩʧַݵ̬ȣΪͲʲôϣشҲǿܹܡ
Ͼʲô˶˽ģֻҪ˽ĲأǾûʲô˵ģַݵļ򣬽ΪһͺãǼɡ
õġַݻ˿Ҫ֪½ΪǸ̷ӣҪӦûж˵Ҳͷˡ
˼Ƭ̺󣬽ΪŵҼϹ򻹲ϹȴԶ
ɣҽһײ޼ȭһʹãضսӦ֡
̫ˡַݶʱЩȸԾҲ֪һ㣬ɿûʲôõĲ似һֱϵڡ
ǺãȸʾһɡΪ˵ͷվ˳룬
ɸղ̤һܵһɻߵϢٵ˴ĺȻ˫ۣصĿǰȵʲôˣ
Ͻô뿪һСʱͲʶˣһϷʶϤýΪɴ˫ۡ
ֻ˲䣬ѧЩӱǰһ󣬽ΪЩŵĵϴͻˣ
ȻͻˣȰɣѧһĵɪرǿΪǸģи泩С
ôܡΪŵ۾ǰ˵ȷǴѧգһѾͻƵ˻
ʵЩףΪʲôǰһ̻ǰ۷Ĵѧգת۾Ѿǻˡ



195 ϲ
ٺ١ѧ˫ֻǰǰǱΪ٩üˡ
⵽ô£ѵǾԼˣΪ˿Щͷԡ
ѧǾ֪ķǳǸ߿ƼǹõҽǺް취
һСʱľ˾ȫˣһͻƵ˻ʵ̫˷˼ˡ
ܣ°ɡѧտǸ˾Ȼַܽݸй¶ȥ
ַݸǹҩ֪ҩ϶ǳŻὫԼһԲŸԼ
˵ˡΪ޵Ҳûκεİ취ѧղ˵Ļ˭Ҳ˳ʲô
ԥƬ̺󣬽ΪǸĿַݵͽȻȥɣҸϴҪٽɡ
ûµʦǾȥæɣҾȻȥˡַȻ⣬Իӻֱѡ뿪
˵ҪҲˣҪ֪һĵǿǴ飬Կġ
ַݶµģýΪοĸ˸룬૵Ժóɾܱͣȵġ
ǰѧҲǵ˵ͷ¶˺ĪһͻƻƤ罫յ¡
Ϊ˲ЦһϷʵĵڲ֪ڣˣҲ¸㣬СӵҼֲģֻҪָһΣҲþˡ
ŲҸƴˣΪһϽ͵ģѧնʱһ׺ݵĵ
ΪͻƻܴĹˣ㻹ǷЩ򡱣мĿ˴ѧһۣΪȴЦ⡣
ٷְٿ϶ַԺҲǸߣڼ޻ҿ϶
Զַϣ൱ĵ⣬ڴѧùֻܱʾͬ顣
Сѧʵ޿ֱ̣һǺ͵Ҿ򽯴Ϊ·ȥޱȡ
ȥΪʱһȻѾŮɫطץסĻҲеܵġ
ԸϽ˼Ϊɴӵϴû뵽ôȥˣ㻹ô޳ܡ
˴˱˴ˡѧϷһЦ򽯴ΪȥвҪ
ΪһֱڶܣҲǰ취Ϊ󺰵ס֣ڱҡ
ôһˡѧպںŽΪ˵ʱ䣬ҲԽĿˡ
Ϊʵ޿̣һƥ򣬿ҵץצ֡

ҿ㻹ץҸƴˡ
ƴ˾ƴˣץңץң
ƽϣܵ˵뻯ĽΪȻռһƣƲûж󣬿νܾˡ
˭Ҳ˭Ȼֶʼնûº֣š
ַڴ˵Ļ϶ᾪһص°ͣ⻹ԼǸĪʦ⻹һص
ˣôˣֵôǶ˲ͻȻһƽֳϵ˶鲻ԽĴ˸
ǲǺ´ˣʶķӦϾǶѾǻˣ˾ȻҲϢĽӽǵԡ
ϸ磬ҪʵϽһ̫ˡ˶ʱ֣ѧһתʱߵ
ȸ״ȶֵġֻôȻΪǻϷ
˺ˣһĲ죬˵ͣɣôѵˣôϲݡ˲ҡҡͷһϷʵĵ
˻뿪ڣ˶ʱǵĻˣǵԺ˵ǻȿᣬϵطǡ
˵꣬һȰı뿪˴˴뿪ٶȣ˾
˶һۣǴӶԷпһ˿֣ѧոǵϴܼ
ǰ˵ʮǰѾ۷ˣ֪ͻûҹӦͻ˰ɡΪ˵ͷЩ²
ӦûаɡѧճĬһ󣬷ƵҡҡͷӦûûаɣϴͻƵǸ磬ȥ˱ˡ
ҲǡΪ˵ͷԺвֳһⱬը·ˡ
ǸˣνǿˣǿϴҲֻ˵ǿֿѡ
ۿ˾ԲţһƾܿɽʯǿļϢ
ѾͻƵ˻Ǹ˵Ļǵһ뷨ֻܣƴһ
ڲôʱһͬǰǱڲΪصĵط



196 ׵Ĺ
ֻһСľݣǲʻͶûʲôĵط˵͸ñȴ
ֻʮ˲֪СľݣŵĴʼأ̺壬ʵ̫ˡ
ʱһСľݵſڣһ̳ǸմٳϾƹţڵȴʲô
ûŵĺģĹĿǰı񣬱ڹΪ
ͷɲǴģʵʵĴģôеĻߣѾʮд󲿷ֶǹģֻļǹڵġ
Ҫ˵ò˵Ǹ棬ǵĹҵļ̳ˣСͱϤĽ̵
ҲԶʮ䣬ͻƵ˰ɨһ
ǣǿֿɵӣŮԵĴڣʵҲˣҵŮӣΪԡ
ϵ鷢ˣһ˳ܻңһͨŮӣҪ顣
ôܣҵӵܣڳһ̣ĻѾעŮȻ⵽һµķԡ
ҲǸͷһ֮±Ůܳңǡõʱˣ㽫˽
ƾ츳֪٣ʮͻƵ˻ġ
з磬ҲһԼĳˣһλĴ崫ͣħ
˭Ҳ˭սһ·磬ȴ˻ΪԼĳ衣
ڽʱУ˾ǹһÿ˶᲻ڶ
ħʼҪѹһͷսҪѹһͷ
ҲûƣǾԴҪħ࣬ԹףħԿ϶ࡣ
ǵˣѣһδУ˶Ƿٳɳ𽥳Ϊ˶ǿߡ
ڣ˶൱ڻ۷ľ磬ħս˵Ҫһս
ȻԵʹӦȻ֪Լܻܿħϣߵ·
Ϣɲ֪ôģϢʹźӵĶУǿҪȥ
˺ܾãڼԼ֮䣬ѡԼļˣûǰȥӦս

֪ˬԼȻħףһڡ
Ȼǳţôһֱ˭Ҳκβ˭ȻᱻһССвŵ
ֻû뵽ǣ¹ħ˼һ㣬Ҳûгֹ
ҲֵУżһͬ˹棬ɱ鷢ˡ
˷ֿһʱ䣬󣬿ĳ棬ԼźѪУ¶ʹɫ
⼸ܸҲ׷ԼӺӶȥ֮ǰһ±ҪǾǸ
µķУһ̨İ򿪺󣬳ֵħһģ
˵һڣھƵ̨㣬һսɣ֪˭ǿߡ
һԲĹصϵ̨ħҲڴ˵ȺֱӿʼҵĶԹ
Ϊŭԭɣһս˾Ȼ˸ƽ֣˫ֻʣһԵ˻ȥ
ԴԺ˶侲ҲֱӳͻѰŻᣬԷһ
ˣˡ鵭ȻĹһھƣӻ˹ʣµľƣ㵹˵ϣеİҲ˲ֻʣ貵Ĺԡ
ˣɡתͷֻվʮˣҲѾʮ䣬һ
ǿΪﶼͱ˵ڣʵǿţΪ
󷽵ʮߣҲƴӣֻҪһ£Щ˾ͻΪͿأ
ʮһԲصԼǰѾһ̳δĽѾơ
Ҳٴһֻ̳ôһģǷڱ˳ȥ˿ܺ󣬵첻̸ֻΪףѧմͻƻΪһһ˰ɡ
顱˶˾̳Ȼѧײһ£һ
˴ѧȻһĸ̾⻯칦ƣѾ֪˶ꡣ
ܹóԸַݵĹͣȻҲ˵ǺкñϧŵĻҲн졣
ͬ۹ãҫлҶײһºһ˹ͬӦ͡
˹ˡҾƮ˿У˶ͷ͹࣬һξ˽̳һͬˤ飬к󷢡



197 
ˣջôַƿźֻɳϣĿŵӡ
ڲȻеĻᣬʵһС׶ȫ
ţСַ΢Цŵ˵ͷߵԼķУóơƣݸһ޵Ȱɣġ
ҾͲˡĽһơƸ£ͰС
ַЩ۹УĺȻվȰɣʱ仹磬ҳȥһˡ
ɶ£ַʵ벻«ʲôҩ
񡱣ĿַһۣһţͰС
ַЩĪĿһۣԼȥӾ˰ȥ
ҽӣӡĿַһۣʮֵĲƣַЩĪ
ҽӣΪʲôҪӣǻûʱ𣿡ַݱЩĪ
Ҫ֪ڲĸȷãӦҲһƣǾÿ±һ񣬲Ȼͻᱻϳȥ
ַǸսڲһȻýŻɻҪ
ղҽӵϢѾȥǸ˫ҰֻҪȥǼһ¾ͺáĿַһ۵
⡭ַסˣû뵽Ȼô͸жֻȫû׼
ȷǸûᣬַݲվֵлл
߰ɡ¶ޱȸӵɫһ߳ţַȻǸϡ
һ·ϣ˶һԲַݿóǵԣԸ˵
Ҳܹ⣬ϾԼŮƸˣҪ޴Ҳǳ
ַóԼ֤׵ľͽȡ֣õԼ飬Ҳϡ
沢ûмļֻͥǼʵԼһЩóĶ
ַݺϸĿ˿Щȵķ֣ѾͻƵڣسϣŲı֣رԼ档
ıַҲһ£ҲһֻҪзԼþͺãʺȥ
һʱ䣬ʱ׼ַݽӷŻ˶Уһͬص˼С

һҹ޻ڶһ磬ַݱ㲽˲󣬴˿̵ĽΪڴ˵Ⱥ
ʦ簲һϹַվһԣдһ˿ڴ
Ҫ֪ͿѧΪĲģֻȴ±ˣʧ
ػüʱŻȥƾ츳ѧһѡ
磬ɡ͵ĿַһۣΪƬյȥ
û˵ʲôϻΪصĶַݵײҽԼĦؼģѶȿܻеߡ
ַݵ˵ͷɫصĶŽΪ˵ʣµʱ䲢ˣ֮򲽷Ļڽļ죬ٵķ㡣
ˡַݵ˵ͷΪһصһѸһơ
շתŲ֮䣬ַݷ·𿴵һˮζӰַ·ʱǰ
һַ̣ݵ񾭶һֱţ˿и˫۸᲻գۣ´һʵĶ
߳һײʱ˵˵Ҳ̣տʼַݻ´࣬һɵģɵ˺Ҳ𽥵Щˡ
ھҪ޵ʱ򣬽Ϊͣһڴ
һ󣬽ΪӵĿַݵҪһ飿
ˣ԰ɡַҡҡͷƾǿļΪĲԺ㣬
ðɣԣʲôģҡЩĿַһۣΪЩɻǲĿˡ
ַһŵģǸ൱ĴΣߵһ׼ۿ
ߵΪղվԭλãַһսΪķʽ̤˵һ
ƾǿļַݸտʼǱȸ䲽Ȼô࣬ȴǱȽᡣ
ΪȻǿĵͷѣַݰԭĹ켣вȷѡ
ܹԼĲûһͣ٣ʵܿɹ֤츳
ʱţΪҲˣַݽŲûиտʼôᣬ˵ʱͣ
ýΪЩţҪ֪ײ͵һǳɣ;һ㣬ɴʧܡ
ַҲ֪һ㣬ȻѾǿ֮ĩˣǽƣҲܾʹͣ
ַݵԺУûʧʣеĸ֪һͶ뵽˲С



198 ˾̾Ķ
̫רעԭɣַֻԼеȫʧһ㡣
ĴҲհףû´ָȴǰսΪн·ߣʼ
ԣΪЩ𾪵Ŀַݣʵ벻ףΪʲôղŻһֲȥַݣھȻ˵
ǸĶЩѶȽϴĶַݾȻıҪȷԼûнײ̸κ˵ĻΪ϶ΪַѾѧᡣ
⡭Ϊ鲻Խ죬ΪڵַݾȻ۾ϵĶûֹͣ
鲻ԽǰȥΪ뿿һ㣬ַݵǸʲôƾôľ֪Լͽܿ϶ʲô˲õ״̬С
ɲӶû£Ϊ͸оһſĵԼļϡ
ͻȻһĻŵĽΪǹǺ϶ʱ׼ػȴһϤ𶯣ҡ
ףôˣΪתͷһȴ֪Լ󣬵ȴֱĶַݡ
ֻѣû뵽Ȼô츳ܳĺ󱲡ȻڶԽΪ˵ȴû뿪ַݡ
һĻĽΪǽŲѣ¸һܣԼͽܸ߰
Ҫ֪䣬ǾԼʶ걬ĴڣֻҪһڣԼͽܻܾܲջ󣬱Ͼ˲ദһ첻̸Ƕǳ
ˡ뵽ΪĭЩΪĵף㿴Ҿôһͽܣ롭
İɣҲͽܵģġΪû˵꣬˼ֺЦֺ
ǾͺãǾͺãС֮Ķɾ֮ˣôῴͽΪȻĹά
ͽϷʵĿ˽Ϊһۣ٩ԼͽܺܲⰡҪøң
ȿȡΪĹǺɿ˵ЦˣӣҲҵͽܰ͵ҵ˴ùɡ
αñӵ˽Ϊһָۣûͣµַݵ֪ڴʲô״̬𣿡
֪ⲻ𡱣ΪЩĿַһۣɻ
жһô꣬йһζ򡱣૵иһ˿Ľ
û˱ĺôΪҲڻڵʱһƬհףʶŴԡ
ֻһʹȴһ㣬ԭЩɬ似ȴԲȱϲѡ
ϧǣֻһκҲûн״̬ԿַݺŻ˾ȣиͽ֮ġ

򣿡Ϊһ֣Ӷû͹Ȼû״̬Ҳûн״̬û
Ҫ֪һֱΪ׷״̬Ϊδ鱾Ͽĳĳĳ뵽˶򣬾似
Ҳ׷ֻϧ⼸ʮȥˣûн򣬵ڿˡ
Ȼ뵽״ַ̬״ӣǿϲѡ
ףǸôЩŵĿַһۣΪЩ֪Ҳǵһο˶ʵڲ֪Ӧԡ
ʲôֻҪܣҪκ˺΢΢һЦ
õġΪһжʱ¶һĨţҪַ֪ݿνӣ˭ҴĻƴ
ǵĵǶǶģҪ֪ڲûˣҲ൱ƫƧû
˵ע£ַϰͻأ䣬ȴǴһȭУнΪȻʶ޼ȭĻʽ
漴ַݱ˫ۣʼ̤ʼһδεϰտʼЩɬֻ飬Ѿȫ̡
ַûͣ£Ǽţ޼ȭ֮ϵҲԽԽ졣
ڣСʱַͻأͣһͷԵڵأΪһ
ףôˣϽַݷ𣬽ΪЩҵѯʵ
һЦֻ˶ѣϢһӦþѹˡ
Ϊ㶣Ͻһַڵ״̬Ҳ״̬
Ϻ󣬽Ϊʱ˿νļңʵַ̫ݿɣԲŻⶼûҪַ֪ݿƵʴСʱȭιȥˡ
ַݺᱧ𣬽ΪЩǸףȽͽܴȥˣ㿴
ȥɡĵ˵ͷĿַԼΪ뿪һ˿ЦȤСһ



199 ĺô
ϣô
ЩĿɿڴĿǰһĻȫ󲻵ַųȥСʱŻˡ
һʱ˵壬ķģΪҡҡͷ˿ܣѯʵ
ΪԸ˵Ҳǲٶʣַָָݵķߣɡ
鷳ˡΪ˵ͷĴ£ַݷŻĴϡ
ˣһʱҡôһ仰ΪƮȻȥԼͽȻģȻҪݡ
ĽΪͳţŻصַݵķУһ塣
óĽַۣݻΪԵʣ̲סЩզҲ̫˰ɡ
ַ۵ȻǱǽΪѵģҪ֪ѾǰˣСʱͽľȻ˲Ű
ȻһҲַܿԸģϾһʦĽ̵ĻҲƴѧϰ
һ̾ϢַݵдһĨĽҲʦֻϧǸѡ
Ҳ֪һʲôʺˣкôõƵġƲƲ죬һ˿ʼɡ
㣬ǼŮˣһͨɫ˵棬һͨƽӵܣȻཻܸƾʲô
ٴһ̾Ϣ¶һĨǷϣԼΪʵԼ·棬ַҲ걬Ĵڡ
·ַǰϵַݺݺݵڳԼԸġ
ͻȻӽϳһѾ̣ݺݵĵһ㣬
¶ĴܸУ˴صıϣ֪Щʲô
úתͷĿһַݣվ뿪˷䣬ӱӰԵôĴܡ
űϺַ˫ۣҲǷһ̾Ϣ
ĸܣֻ˶˽ģҲ׾ôĵˣȴǱƵòߵ
ֻţԺҪʲôһܰͰ͵ԼĲˡ
Ӹ˲ֿȡһǿЧ޸ҩ£ַݱ˫ۣϸڵһС

ʵģַڵһ⣬·Ǳ˺һʹ
ҾǶһ£оѣܷһǿЧ޸ҩ۵졣
ҩĻӷַֻЩģƣԼʹҲѸٵˡ
֪ǿЧ޸ҩĻ϶ڴɸü죬ҩֻҪһСʱ
ַٴθܵ˻ǿҩǿãܹƹ㵽еĻЧԶ
ⶫеҩ䷽٣ʱ죬ûұ
Ҫ֪ͷϣ˵㣬ҪԻûлҩôҪƾңӦû⡣
һڴͷһСʱַݲŸоѾȫָһͦվ
ڸղŴڵǸ״ַ̬ݲǺ˽⣬ҲգʱʽΪǡ
ַȴܸܵԼı仯仯ж󣬻һ
ַѸٵĻӳһȭ򵥵һȭɴ۾
⣬ͻưˣַŴͣһŵģԼƲ⣬ͻưٻҪ£ɾôһ죬Ѿͻˣһ˰ڵż
ǾͻˣܵԼ޼ȭҲûǰǹɬУ춫ҪԲϼ֡
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ʱһڷг֣뽯Ϊʩչһ˿ͬ
Ϊƣʩչʮֵİַʩչȴޱȵ飬˲׽Ӱ
ȻиƣΪԭۺѹˣַݵѸ٣ٶҪԭĿࡣ
һʱַڲм޼ȭȵǣȭͲҲȫںһ𣬷·һԡ
ڣַͣʵͰǰһΪԼΡ
ôܣֻǼСʱѾͻһ磬似ȫڻͨ
˵ϣַϸ룬϶ǳԼղѧϰʱǸ״̬
ڼһƬհףͲ֪Լʲô似ȴǱӡԼĹҵı֣Ǵ´
ʵ벻ףַҲˣ򿪷ţ¥ȥҲѾҡҡͷֱʳȥ



200 Ը
Ҫ֪ڲʳõʳרҵʿģǲɫԼӪǶǾġ
ַݳԵķǳģʱĹ۲ܵȺķһ÷Ѱλá
ϸ磬ߡûⲿַʶ˵룬ֵ
Ѱȥֵַݺ϶ʱ¶һĨϲɫ
󲽵ַȥЩϲϵܣɶʱİôϸң
ǺǣⲻŽһֱæ¡ַ΢΢һЦ͵
ԭˡ˵ͷȵĶַѯʵϵܣ˵ģѵģ
ҶѡַݵһЦҲ˲ʵֶβɵģԲֵҫ
ϵ̫ɣȻӢ۳갡ϸңͷˡȻַ˵ĺܺ˾ˣ벻ò
ǵ䣬һг㴫˹ǺǣţҲ²ݸ壬ƾҲ񣿡
˶ʱתͷһֻһʮӣһмĿַݡ
ɲˣɲˡַݱ˷̣ʱ̲ס
ǰɣжʱһ⣬仰ȫǴʹš
Ҳ鵽ĸûзѡȥûȥԽַ˵񣬶ʱʼɵ
㡭ɫŭվáȴǱַס½ǵˣôΪģܲˣԼ׾ͺá
ðɡ˵ͷ漴ص˵ϣֻЩ߷߲ƽ
ַݲʲô鷳ԭΪ¾ôᣬȴɲĵ˰ɣԺסţ𴵹ͷˣǺǡ
ӳĻַݲסüҲ㳳㲻ţȥ飬˵ĵǲ档
Ӱ˰֣һϷʵʲô飿ҵһ£㾿Ｘ֪ˣ
һ⣬ַʵڱͱ˵̼ˣȷҪұȱȣ
ȻȷӮңҾ㡱ǷһĨЦݣԼӦøַһ̵Ľѵ
Ը

վַȥԼӣȻҲǸϡ
˾ǰ֣ʳڵҲǷ׷׷еĿӣ˳׼֡
Ȼʶڲϵ״򰲣˵ѾͻƵ˰ڣڲҲǺеĴڡ
ַݣȴһ㶼˽⣬Լûκ˶ַݱģҡҡͷ·Ѿڵϣ׵ģ
˶Ծĵص㣬ȻڲĶԾ̨Ҫ֪ڲǲ˽ģһץס϶ᱻϳ͡
ôˣìܷԲҲһԾ̨ҽԹ
Ȼˣÿ߶ǹҵıԴԾ̨Ҳֻܽ˴ˣɱ򲻿ɵġ
ߵٶȲ죬˶ǸϽܻԼᣬԼһǰۿ
ȻƷզģϵĹȴʮֲԴһǺۿġ
ʱһѶѵ˴ϣ˲Ÿջص
ֻһܣϻͣһͲͣ𣿸ղɻ뱻ı׵ɻ𣿡
ַݶ򰲣ǴȥͲˣҲǸĺ֮΢ص㣬һڡ
һ·ܶȥַݷαԣȻɾûһμˡ
ŮҲһమֵŮ˶ѾԾ̨ȥˣȴԼУһ
˿Уһ񵥣Ҳһ˵ϣַݵġ
ַ֪ͬһҲ֪Լô顣
֣̿ϲɬԼίһӿУһܵĴ㡣
ӵȥҧҧ촽һĨᶨ૵ǣ˶ϰɡ
䣬ȴͻȻƿˣԼѺ˷ܵȥԾ̨ɣ˶ԾŶ
ԼȥɣҲȥҡҡͷ˿ǳңôܻ˼ȥԾ
ŶЩʧ治ȥǿһʲôַݵĶԾһܾʡ
ַݣٴδģ֪򰲺Ҳֵܱ



201 Ծʼ
Ծ̨ǰһӭ¶Ǹ飬ַݿ󣬲ЩЦ
ˣҲܹ⣬ϾЩʱһֱæµ˺Ȼ뽫ԼôϾʱһ
δ̧߽߱ͷһ˿˵ǺαأһС¶ѣ̶ֵȣ
˴ƪȻҷʵͲסҪѵһ¡νȸ״򰲾ˡ
߿ǳɾȻҥԣƲƲСӵԸһ֪
ٺ١ͷһεģȷĳͣͽһˡ
һ̾ϢЩ𱸵СŵɣҸʦ鷳Сǻ
һעġ򰲵˵ͷмĿַһַۣݾǸսڲͷ࣬ⲿ֣ʱ
ַݻ᲻ʲôһ㶼ںԼʦǻϣ˭ܶ
ⲻ֪Ը񣬾лʦţҲ꣬ϾַҲûʦ
ૣ˳Ļܱ֤鷳߼Ȱ˵޹ŵַݵϡ
˵ʵǼ̫֮󣬶ԹûнӼܹȰ裬Ȼ
³УѾʱɣַȻ˳Ҫ֣޼ȭЧ
ȵȡɻδַݿڣһЩż㴫ֻͷ󺹵ĳ˽
ʲô״̬ô򰲴㲻֪Ѿˣôȥ񣿡
һǰַݽںѵ⣬óĲᡣ
Сٹ¡üȻʶǱ˵ĻͶֽѵˣΪɵġ
û˵ֱĶַݣûн򰲵ĸУںַֻݵ̬ȡ
İɣӮַ֪ʵڵݸҲ̲סһů̲סһЦ
㡭ַݵĻشĹǺһŵģҲȰοԼеס
ߵ̬ѾȷˣҲȰο̾ˣ˵˵ǱԺ󣬸δɡ

һᵽ򰲶ʱ£ƵĿַһ۵Ҳ˵۸㣬ʱˣظҿͷͺá
ҸоõˣַȻ֮ƽϣȻ˵ľҪһڣ涯һ
Ҫ֪Ծ̨ϣûκεĹأ估ղ棬ַɱּЩֶΣҲڲ֮ء
ѯһԼַǷһĨЦҵҪһͺá
Ǻą̃ɣǧҼסԿԣ˭º֣ɱҲһصĶ˾
˶ǵ˵ͷȻ֮ЩìܣûַҪ۳ĵز
˲̨ȥһɵģڲͣ򸽽֣·ѾӮ˵ģ
ַǽ˫ֱһƵģαԵĿģֻΪ˶ԼѣڹصǸʲôģֻǸѡ
̨ʱԼ㺹˹̨֮һ
죬ַһһ뵽ڵĹϵʵ˵ڣֻýŵĿ
ϬԭɣԶԶַݾ͸ܵһеתͷһȴǵĿԼ
ֲַϲȻԼǾ֤һ㣬Լеĵλ޿
ַݿһʱͷаٰɬ
׻˵ģַǴĵ׵ȴôҲ
⼸ÿַݵ鷳Ϣͻ᲻Ծнţйȥ뷨
ȴǲܣֻһֱѹŶַݵ˼û뵽ټ˼ȴȫ˳
ѾȫˣԼ뽫ַǾԲܵˣѾ׼ãַݳ˶ϡ
ǻһ𣬻Ҫ׵ķֿȫƾһ뷨ϣ
˼ʱ߼Ѿվã漴վǻ󺰵ʼ
̨ϵ񲻽һýĿ⿴ŶԷսһ



202 ѹ
һϣʱߣַڴ˵Ļһᾪȵķ֣˾Ȼǻߡ
һλȻǽַͷĽΪһλ򰲵ʦ
ʱΪһ̾ĿҲ˵㣬ͽܵȷҪܽһˣģǻ
ȿȡΪһѵ⣬ʵЩ̧ͷֻкݺݵԼǸ۵ͽܡ
Ҳ룬ԼǸͽΪʲô裬Ϊİӡ
˺ˣϽȥͽץʹĽѵһΣ֮ǰѾͨ˵죬֪ȫԼͽܣԾܱ˵ֱҲûɷ
ˣͺáΪҡҡͷַݵУһ⡣
ȫû뵽ַݾȻֻôʱѾָҿģͲӲŵġ
֪Լͽ֮ܶ󣬽жزʧ
Ϊ˵ãʱ㶣ʵ벻便ģԼͽܿǰڰ
ַݴˣҲǸڶѣϾôᡣ
ΪֹҲֵˣ˵ط£ۿ˳еʽ
Ѿʼȴ൱Ĭ׼ȶԷȳУվӺ󣬶Էһ
Ǻǡʵ̲סˣȳֵģû뵽Ȼץסᣬǿɾͱˡ
ϻࡱַһۣڿһֻӬһ㡣
ЩܻҲʲôȣַݷ˹
мһ֣֪ûУʮͷ͵˰ڣ֤򰲵ϰ츳
ټиʦϵĹʮֲһ־ַݸеһ˿Σ
õʣַݷǵûлţǸӵ侲ȭͷŲʱ򣬲乥Χ֮Ųơ
һգʱЩ죬ղŵĹٶȿɲȴַͥɢľͶ㿪ˣʵЩ²̨
ְܶ㵽ʱһĨ⣬ٴζַݷ˽
ڸղűַݶ㿪Եʣ򰲷˸Ѹ͵Ĺȭͷûַݵϣֱ㿪ˣֻ
һаˡҧҧٴַݳȥ˼Ĺơ
еǣٶٿ죬Ѿﵽ޵ַݵ塣

ͱ㣬ʹʹĸҴһͣͣ򰲲ַݼ
ҿ϶ֻҪַݸȭԼֻҪһȭܽſ£ȥʱ䡣
ɵʡַ̲ס˸ۣͽ򰲵ǵʯԼѧ
һǴͣͣģԼûȫʩչʵЩˬ
ַݵ򰲽ŭƵľȥ˽
ַȻУʩչ޹򰲡
¥ϣһĻɫˣԼͽھǷ蹷һҧȴ˵ı߶Ƕ˶ˡ
ĻҲûʲôð취Ͼַݵٶȿ죬վ˲֮ء
ʵЩȥˣתͷһɬĵϽ㻹ز¶ͽܵȻԼѧ˺ü˰ɣ
üꣿΪһжʱ쳤Цĳ嶯Ҫַ֪ݿֻѧһ簡˵Ļ
ѡԵı˳ĬһԲļűһôģ
һӵĻңֻʹŽΪϼһ֪ԼͽܲΣգѵԼһ
Ծ̨ϣַͥɢ㣬ƯƵĲ½Ƕһ˿
𽥵ģַҲоûһһ˿ͣ˲ƲƲȤˡ
˵ţַٴ̤̽ԵĽɲΪԼܹȡʤ򰲡
ַڿϳˣȻǿϲԥıóԼǿʽӭȥ
飡ȭཻʱһ죬վԭأһһ̩ɽһ
ַȴǱ͵ȭ˺ü϶ʱ¶صı飬Ϊ˿ָͷˡ
ֻһ̽ԵĽַȫ˹Ҫսʤ򰲣Уֻȡ
֪ӵ˰ɣȥԼһЧ򰲶ʱЦţַݷ˽
ֻû뵽ǣһַݵؿʱǵӰٴʧˣѪ
תַݷʱȴоԼصһ۵졣



203 ޳͵Ϯ
ûַݿʼˣƾٶƣȫڱܹ򰲵ʽȷȻĶ㿪
ǾٶΪַݴƣȻһȴڲ֮ء
ڣȻһ½ʰôΣ򰲾ܲˡ
Ҹƴˡʹ򰲼񣬲ٴַݷ˽ҷеٶȾȻӼ֣üζַݡ
ַҲǵ֮֮յĶ򰲵нз
ʱţ˶֪ⳡԵӮѾȷַѾվʤһƽϡ
򰲲ǳˣҲǺߣַݺüػҲ𽥵ıòЭ
ûзǸӷĶַݷ˽䣬Ҳ䲻
ֻϧǣȫʢʱڶַݵӰ˵ѾˣķҲֻ֮ѡ
ڣ򰲵ԽԽأһι¶ַץסһ߷ڵأ˼κҲûվ
ôܻ䡭ڶԾ̨ĵϣնظ仰
ȫţԼȻ˱ԼٻСһַݣڼŵܹܣ
СÿαԣӮһֱЩߣͬ޵С
ַ֪ܸݶĴжôľ޴߳ĽᣬⱲӾôһ겻
˴αԽַݻʤҪǵĶԼʱҲվ̨ϣŽ
ĿַһۣıҪַ֪ݵٶȣѾȫԽ֪κһˡ
˴𰸣ڳΧȺڶʱ۵Ļ⣬Ȼַݾʲôݡ
²Ҳ廨ţʲôͽܣʲôܳӵܣʲôɵĵӡ
ֳʱֳһƬ˿˿ͬʱֲЦ
һǰַݻǰڣлϼУһºַݾǳʲôɵҩһ㣬κεķ֮ġ
һߣеĴʯͷҲȫ˵أû뵽ż²ַݾȻɳ˵ز
û˱ַݵʱֻǸûͻƵСߡ

ٺ١ַʱһϷʵЦĶС
תͷһȴԼѺĿԼѯʵô˧ˣҪҸȥϢ
˵ʲôૣ̲סԺ˸ۣȻзϣжַݵĸоȴǱȫ˵ˡ
ߣ㲻֣ҿɳŶ٩˽⣬˳ǱԼˡ
ȥɣȥɣֲ㡱йôܱ׳ԸϽƲ
㡭ɻĿһۣڵѾȫˣԼʲôҲûֻ䣬תͷ̬ķչ
ȻѾˣȴ·ʧ˻һ㣬ͣ߶Ǿ仰նޱȡ
˵ʵַݻ治򰲾ʹ˳ȥһˣϾ˵츳еģԺͻƵӦòκε⡣
һߵļֵȻö˵Ȼг𣬵ַҲ߳Ŀǰ
ԿһºַѾһ취ǾǼ򰲵ĺʤģ˵ǳޡ
ַݶʱ˫ֻǰһĶ򰲵ôղŲͦţ𣿾ô䲻𣿲صǸ˵Ҳǿ󣬴Ժ㿴Ƶ߾𡣡
ַݵĴ˷ͬ⵶һ̽򰲵ַ࣬ݵĳޣȫѹʧ˴ܸУʱһ䣬ݺݵĶַݣ·ַݾɱһ㡣
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ʵڲ뵢ʱˣٴηīزɷѣ㲻УҰС
ңԼȻ֪ߵֶԲ䶯֣ԼĹ˵ϣֻ˭Ҳûз֣֮˵ĺ⡣
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ڣһιݣַҲôһ˿̣ԭǣԼӮˣǾȡעû뵽򰲾ȻƵòô
ַЩ̾ʱٴζַݿͷԲȥɡ
źĴһذףַݵؿھȥ



204 
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͵ӵһ˲䣬ַҲ˲Ծľʵ̫ˣҪȫܿǸǲܵ顣
˲Ϣ֮䣬ַݱȷľǾǱܹԼҪڱ˲
ַۡݲƺһûԼᱻӸͱˡ
Ҫźٴδͱַݶӵһֻ̣춼ˣһŻȻַݶԼǶôҪ
ȫԼɵΪʲôҪѡӱܣΪʲôӭѶϣַҲԼеĵλڻķô¡
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ס֣һŭĺɲǸоԼǱǯסһ㣬á
ѵذ׵ڵأһ˿֪ԼѾŭڲĵߣԼʦҲסԼ
Ǹʦߡޱȵķŭû뵽򰲾ȻԼƤӵôһǺĶ
ַˣҲѲΣ׷ҲһЩͷ
ַȻע˵״Ҳܻҩ᲻ᱩ¶ϽӶͳһܺ£ȵͿĨ˿ܡ
ҩЧֻ֪ǼӲ˿ڴͲѪַܸоԼ䶯ʹС
Ŀһͬɥ֮Ȯ򰲣ַת̨ȥʵڲ࿴һۡ
ǹҧĸоɣַԳһЦҲ˹Ѿ̬ˣûȣᱻ䷴ҧһڡ
̨ȥõҽƶӶʱ˽ַݺ˵ǹôҶɵȥ
ˣѾˡַҡҡͷԼĸ·ֻѾʼ裬ȻҪٰ
ʲôͷҽˣַָٶȼֱǳҲ˰ɡ
ַȻҽʲôԾֱȺȥɫЩɺ

ȺУַ̨жʱӿһȥ嶯
תһ룬Լôȥ󣬻᲻ԵԼ̫ûмֵһ㣿
ԥһ󣬻ǾǰȥΪַݵ˿ѾʼϣҲûʲôΣա
ַóЩ߿Ƽ֪ȻһֻǵǵĿַһۣѡ뿪
ڸղŴ򰲵ڰɣַ߹·߾Ȼûһ
û°ɣַݼȺʱЩǵĿַݵ
ûˣֻǰһѡַνҡҡͷҩЧĻӷѾоʹҪ˶ãԼָܻ
ðɡӣֺĵ¿ηε뷨ҲˣַݲûǿţȻղµǹҩá
תͷ˿Ծ̨ϵ򰲣Щԥ׼ôѵôˣ
ǺǡַݵһЦôܣųǻһûҪˡ
Ҳǡ˵ͷһ£ЩϱضַԼһϾزɷϡ
˵ţ˱һǰһȥһ·ַݶţԼ컹һۡ
εźһƿ޸ҩջָֺһƿ޸ҩ겻ѡ
ܵ˵ַݵջǷǳĴ󣬾ͻƣ似ͻͽȻ˵СˣҲ˴š
ϣ˿̽ΪɫīɫȴһĲ԰ףγޱĶԱȡ
ĿһΪԼɣֻҪһ
һġаٰ㲻ԸԼ̵ͽܣĿ¾Ȼ˴ӣҲҲκεԡ
ס˵Ļٴηһ棬Ϊһʧ˷Ѹַݵᱼȥ
ԼıͽܾȻ˰㣬Ƕѣ϶ͷˡ
ԽΪҲûͱˣֻдƻڲĺг
˶ǹڶԾ̨ϵ򰲣ʱŭһ䣬ȴǻȻ֪ߵһĽݲԭ



205 еĻ
ΪֵķзʱַѾصУɳϢ
һζȻܣϵʹϵӰϾĴû˲¡
ϸһºַݰ¶ģԼг˽ǰ
ȻԼνԼļˣԼŮ˶ܵʹĴ
׿Щ̸ζԾַݻкܶôģ似ϵĥϵĥ
һ·ʵ̫˳ˣ򰲵ͻȻϮһ̵Ľѵǲ²͸ġ
ȱˮɡַݻŵʱһˮǰݸ
ллַݵͷлղôҵս˲ѪҪˮ֡
ˣ°ɣַݺˮЩǵĿ˿ĸ
ڵǹʮ˽ģͱַˣͨûʮ£´
ȻߵҪָĿһ㣬ټַݺǸҩָܹǹǺϾҪȥս档
İɣ϶ûģ֤ᵢ񡱣ַһů΢ЦŻش
ѵ䣬ű㱻ƿˣֻΪһ۵ǰַݹĵͽܣû£
ȻΪųΪԼʦԼĹĹעǾĿõġ
ַݸϽվϹʦˣûµģ㿴
˵ţֱַӽȥ¶ԼǾɵԭͣȴһ˺ۡ
Ѿ裬¶һ鲻С˰̣Ҫ˶ãƾȫָ
⡭ΪǾˣҪ֪ǣͱһҲ÷ܺùַݵ˿ھȻѾˡ
ˡ˿ĭ˺ŵ޸ٶȣַǳˣµǹҩ
ҩ𣿡ʵ̲סе⶯Щѯʵ
ҩļֵһƿĻսϾ൱ڶһܸıƣɱˣҪױȡ
ΪҲ˲þɵַݵѵϼһľǱҩκõģ
ǾɶڴַݲЩɬЦЦˣһһƿɣûˡ
ٺ١ЦЦȻֵȴַݽöó

ʦġݸΪһƿǿЧ޸ҩٵݸһƿм޸ҩš
⡭õ֮˿ΪеĺɫԹܣٿ˿ԼеɫԹܣЩɻôһ
Ȼһˡַݷ˷۵ֻʦǻҩЧȻͬͷһٸİɣҩЧб֤
ðɡϸһ룬ҲȷԲǿм޸ҩ
ȻǽԴϲַҲ׷һԼʦһǶˣȻԸǳ£Ըһƿ޸ҩҲܹԼģֻҪǲ⴫ˡ
Ľ޸ҩŻ˶УΪЦĵͽܣͺúϢѣʱĻԶ࿴飬аġ
Ҳáַݵ˵ͷȻ޸ҩЧܺãȫָҪʱģǿȵĶõѡ
ǺãʱҪҴкͺãǼ飬㿴Ϊű֤
Ǽ飿ļΪĻַݶʱ£Ҫ֪ʦǲĹԱ˿飬ԲǷ
Լͽ𣬽Ϊʱ¶ɫ⼸νǲ֪ˣȻԽԽá
ΪһԥģַҲټѯʣ԰˰ֵûµʦΪѾͲ˵ˡ
ʲô˶һ㣬Ϊ¶˾ҧҲûʲô˵ģǵñ֤⴫
ȻᡱΪصı飬ַʱҡҡͷһĶģ֤
ǺðɡΪ˵ͷǼ飬ʲô似Լ飬Щһܽᡣ
⡭˶ʱɴӣҪ֪һߣǿǧѵ飬ûһߵ᲻ʡ
ЩصľȻһеܽᣬ似Լܽᡣ
˵ͨ˵õһκε⣬øֿĻҲͻƻļʡ
Сɵļʣ˶ڰ۷忨һӣֻһɵļʣҲĴͷ­
Ǻ˵̬ȣϾд֮ҲһⱾҲעһѪܲԺ



206 ħ֮
ʵҲһ飬˵ͻƱĿ
Ϊ˻һʱһź˵㣬Ժը죬ǰ춼ûлع
˵ֱż񣬶Ҳǿˣ书Ϊֱ춯ء
һѪȥĴҶҵ˼ɡ
ΪⱾ̫Ҫˣܹİ۷߷񣬾ǻ֣Ҳƴȫᡣ
˵Ȿȫ൱С˵ľ澭ּĶһ츳ˣҲƾͻƵ
꣬ꡱУصĴϢ㣬˴Ϊ
ûǰڵַݣǴ۷ǱѪޱǿҵ֮ġ
رܵõǱķĻΪͻͽǳַݣǲܡ
ַݿԲں似ںͻƱĲ²⣬ȴȤġ
Ҫ֪Ǵ˵Ĵڣδ粻ʱͻбֳ֡
ַڵԺͻƵ۷Ǿôһ£ò㡣
ѹͷļַЩɬʦЩ飬Ҫܿ
ܼ򵥣ֻҪڲ⼸ϼһͿѡһǱǾͱˡΪҡҡͷһϧģ
Ϊʲô˼ͬ˳˵ϵ鶼ԷǱһɳķ
ҪΪһ˿ϷʣǱûпΪҪ
ǵġȻܹΪϷʣǲĻôܻġ
ܼ򵥣ɱһˡΪһ̾˵Լ˽⵽ʵ
ɱ˭ٴͬѯʵҲһ˿õԤУ׶ɱˣĹʸ
ȽΪڽͣ˲䷴Ӧɴӵѵ
µûλħһɱɱˡΪ˵ͷ
ˡһĭи¶˾ɫЦⲻħ˭ɱ

ħַԴѯʵħ˭ѵ׻Ҫ
ɡΪصĵ˵ͷ˵Ķսһֱ·硣
ˡַҲ̲סһĭЦ˵˵û˵
۷ʲô磿ַȻǺҲܲµ˲ܷ⣬Ǿ͸˲ˡ
ʲôӵǻǹɨ䣬ܴǴˣǲʹʹʲôģɱȻ۷ߣ޵еĴڡ
ַҲǹԼĸȥԣ˲㱻ȫ̷񶨣Ȼ˵޼᲻ݣˣһҲ״
ԼѶвԷԼвɾʹˣ۷ĸ֪ǿϵǿ
ҪܹУֻҪԼɵĹֻҪһʯͷܽԼ򱬡
ַôĻʵ̫ˣϾıѪһӴıء
̾˿ûϷˣȫǲ·˼ά룬ɱħˣҪЩ𣿡
ʵҲûлᡭΪƬ̺󣬲ԥԥĽ仰
ʲô᣿һжʱ¶һ˿⣬лĻ
ɱħ֮ӡΪ˵ôһ仰иһ˿ء
ַݶʱ˿ħħ֮ӾԼͬˡ
ֻҪͬˣַݾ£ħ֮ӵΪѾ൱ڻڣȻĻ
ΪȻַݵı仯̲סѵħ֮ô򵥣֪䱾ǸֶսҲֻǫѷһѡ
οԣһֱһ൱ڻħڱɱѶȲֱɱħ͡
ַҲٴˣϾ൱ڻڵߣҲǲĴڡ
ǸͲɱħɱħ֮ӵļɻߺܶ࣬ϾƾΡ
ַѾ¶˾ģ׼ԺлᣬضŹνħ֮ӡ
ڴ֮ǰҪħ֮һ˽⣬ȻˣʶĻǲЦ
ַţڲħ֮ӵ٣ʱͺˡ



207 ԰׼ҳ
һҹ޻ڶһַҲûмһԿʽ
ЩЦԷǵǣĹȻԼ׸ģҲ⣬Ͼ˵ĹϵôãȴڸԼˣҲġ
׹ַݿ˽ˣһԺһ߿һҲһЩ顣
̣׹ַģ̵ܴѧٶ
ַݿȥҲʲôЧϾѾ۷ˣҪģӦôͻư
ַף뷨ԼҲûҪ£ֻҪſͺá
һСʱַݷѾǰ˵ˣԶ˸ȥ
ʱΪѾλһ㣬ڻķҳַݶʱ΢ЦŴкʦ簲
磬ԼȥɣҪʲôģԳҡΪ˵ͷһ仰
ַҪ߲ʱ򣬽ΪȴͻȻͽܣȵȣȹһ¡
ʦôʦҲӣַݶʱ߻˽ΪԣһԻģ
Ҳûʲô£򰲵ĴѾˣ²µʲôΪʼ磬ȤĿַݵı仯
¶һЦݣַνĵҲ߳ڲϾ򰲲ûнɱǻʦʮֻ̣ܴ
㡭ΪЩ񿴹ַݣǿ͸ԼͽܣҲ֪Դôģզô
ٺ١ַȻܴӽΪнһЩϢЩɪЦЦ
ǵɪʦ㣬⴦û飿еĻ͸˵ȥȡΪҡͷһЦ漴ðĻ
ǿԴĻȻԼ׷ȻԼѣΪԼͽܣҲ˼ˡ
ϾҲлģԼͽƤӵˣûеܡ
ллʦˣҾѾˣϾ˵ܰ߳ڲɱܡַ΢΢һЦ
ҲǣͺãȥɡΪ΢΢һЦʵҲͦԼͽţǼ⣬ԼҲѴԼͽܹʴȣûҧŲš
ַ֪е뷨϶һ仰Ҳ˵ʴַ֣
Ǳ˽Ϊַݲûеһʱ󣬶ǸԶڵ۾Σһ绰

μŶ¥ƷĥȣǰϵͼҲǷŵЦݡ
ԴӵõַݵĲƷϺƬҲûе飬ؽƸ༼Աֻһʱ䣬Ƴ˼Ʒٿŷᡣ
֪ЩԶԶʱĲƷ˶ĺ䶯˶μŵʵˡ
ͨȻ뱼ߣѯμŵЩƷʱУȲ
ΪͬеĹ˾ǣȴһƬƲҵЩ󣬼ûٿǵĲƷ
Щԭ̸õĿͻҪǹѹͼ۸񣬾ֱȡʧ޴
׵ȻǰʽˣϾóЩƷȫǵƷ
ֻһʱ䣬ͻȡĶʧڣοԼԭֱӪ꣬ڱޱȡ
ðϼſֻŵǣѾûеĹɼۣĵĿʼµȻ࣬ҲǸеֻš
ŴɢۣЩҲ̲סˣɢʼۣҲ˰ϼŵĹɼ۷µ
ΪϼŵƶˣȻ׹ɼѪĿ£ԲòѴʽƱ
ɰҲ֪ԼôҲֻ΢ס˶ѣٳʲô۶ӵĻǰϼžΣˡ
Եǣϼŵ棬ֻҪⷽ治ǰϾͲᵹ
췢һУҲðøеη壬μʵ̫ˣȫڽϼ
ǻһЩС˾ǰòһЩСֶΣǹţļõС
ƫƫμѾտʼǰĴҵֻܹƽֶμұӻͲóһʱ䣬ûЩһĪչ
Ҳе֡ǷһĨЦݣԼӳԼ;Բ̡
𣿰ø֪ιصԺһĨϷʵǸƳǸˣǺǡ
ηǳڴԼǶƳ絽׻ʲôӣõɫֻεѿ



208 
ŵһȿȣν˫ַŵͷϣͷڿϣ˫ЩҲ֪Сڸ
¼ʱУѾơһ׹ŵִε˼˻һ󣬷־ȻԼ˽˵绰죬ڴ
֪˽˵绰ûмԺпַܻݴģڴĻȥǲһĨ˵΢Ц
ѸٵĽĵСҵˣҵૣ
ˡԶڲַݲһĭξ˵ղܣֻһ仰ѣޱȵ⶯
ٺ١ַЩεһЦȻǶ룬ż첻㣬ûң
ߺߣҿɣлҲ˵ĸ绰ʲô£
ٺ٣֪㣬ġ˵ţַݱ㽫Լ򰲵ĶԹԼĴһͬ˵˳
ȻԼ˵û˵ֻǺǵ˵Ͷѡ
ܵܣ㻹ǸǻЩͷ۵Դβ²ܵ˼
ûұҪ覴ñرϹǿҹǵ鷳ַЩص
ˣַˣʮСһǵĻǾͱҪնݳȻ׳⡣
Żΰֶ򰲣Ҫõ٣ҪǷԼļŮ˺
֪ˣͷİɣ˿ǸʱըþЩͷ۵
ţİɣҺϾͻʱֱӽַݵ˵ͷڲͳȥˡ
˵˱Ҷ˵绰Ҳ¶һĪЦݣСȻ֮졣
ΪַݵˣַݵĽٶȵģǰܳû뵽ʱȴѾսʤڵĴ֡
ûǸŮ˲ϣԼǿģοȱȫеŮˡ
عԼϵߵ绰ִ绰ϵý壬ٿ߷ᡣ
õģܡǸɴβ΢΢һЦԼЩɶѡģЧʼߣҲ

ʱѽ붬ҲǺܺãһѩƮڵأҲХţ鲻Խӡ
Ȼ˶ӣȴɵֵסýǻȵ飬ΪǽӵһϢǾμżһʱĲƷ
νʱǾȫԽʱܴĶμŵĻЩý϶֮ԱǣΪֻǸͷѡ
μŸô˵ǾԸţϾμſǰǰŵġ
ͱҸνⶾҩѧԤԣҪʮŻ֣μȴо˳οЩ߿ƼƷҲѾ֤һ㡣
ȻεķǸѵڴΪǰƷμŶû˵ĸߵ
һĹ㳡ֳѱǹľ˸ΧסһƣòΪ֮զࡣ
һƷȻܹþפأɼ䶫Բ˷׷ײ²⣬ⶫйذɣ
뵽ǲٴһתǰ᳡УЩײڸǵĶһƬȡ
ȻҲм߶зЩףȴûһ˿뿪ֻұԹһᡣ
ڣڽĵȴ֮ʱ㣬ٵڳ˵ǰ
۹£ɢž˵εĵУٲȻѾΪܻӭŮ֮һЩʲôߡ
һȻ鹦Ǿ˵òҪǣһŮԴôĻҵֱ˶
ЩĽǷԣܵõεǾٻʮ궼ԡ
ҲֻˣַݵģԺҲַݵġ
ھͷ֮£΢Цϯ̨ϣżߵ֪ʵں䣬ܿˣţ¼µĶһ䶯ȫ硣
žžžֳʱһƬΪ֪δû˵ջ˵ܺ䶯磬Ǿһܺ䶯硣
һ׵Ļ֮΢ЦлҲ˵ˣ֪żˣԣŨصǽǡ
ֳʱһ֣йԼߵѾŵǱڸǵϣȴŴ𰸵Ľ



209 
˾ʷһ̣첼ȻҿԷ»Ͳ˺첼ǰ
һλĽڷϵĺ첼и¶ϣɫ
Ҫ֪ǲʣԼȽԣΣǿʱĴڣԻ䶯
Ҳ׵䳵͵֣̫Ԥ̹ͬſٵһ㡣
ͬһ̫ͣѾȫ˵
ЦͣǱδ綼ޱƳĳܳͣʮ궼վڳȷ棬οڡ
꣬ꡱƲϵ˸Ľ·ҪǮ㣬ٵתš
ֻ˵϶¶ɻɫΪ̫ĳͣȻؼһ֣Ǿ̥
˶ɻţû̥ôܣѵ÷ɵģ˵Ŀʱ˵пܡ
֤漣ʱ̵ˡԼǵʣβûлش𣬶΢΢һЦ˸ӵ
˾ɻֱӴ򿪳˽ȥ˼ĿɿڴУʻԭط
䡭ֳһƬ󣬶ʱͬըװ˶ţ⳵ôģȫΥȻĳʶ
Ҫ֪ͨɻܹУȫǽƶҪͨܲɡ
ֱɻܹԭɣҲǽԼӴӴܹɡ
̫ȻûнκεĶҲûκεܣԭطȫΥɰ
һ˲䣬˶뵽ͬһǾһֱڿƻƬеUFOҲֻܲԭɡ
һƬУμʻ̫ţУ޹ɵת˺üȦ󣬲ŻĽ䵽˵ϡ
Ǻ䶯ˣҪǰţ϶¶˷ܵɫ֪õϢ˵ǰ
Լǵʣ٩٩̸̫ܹκζܹеԭȫ˵ںĻܵķôģȻֻտڲ̸
κҲٲ֪ȤȥϾ˼ҵĺĻܣôܻ㣿
һ߻ƣص˼УֻľȴʮܣΪǻȵĻ᳡Ѿ֤һУ̫һΪһӴĲƸ

һ˲䣬̫Ļ⣬Ѿռ˸Żվͷţ˵Χۡ
Ƿ׷㷢μŸ߶ΪμѾǰأĶ˲ٹ⡣
ȻҲвѶ̫ֳ˼ȵĻɣ˸ָƷм˵μڻȡ裬̫Ǽٵġ
֪Ľڼдʱòټ߶ϸ˽һ̫ȥһͬм¼
һʵƵԼ˽£ЩɵԽԽСֻаԼˡ
ȻˣҲһЩ̷ӼԼļһսڵרңǱһȺѸ˸Ѫͷ
˽⵽ʵ˶Ƕ̫൱ȤֻһǹٷĶۣ̲סզࡣ
ƿһڣһֶ٣װ֮ѡʲôܣƵ
ͨҲҪǧŰ⾪˵ļ۸˶Ŀ࣬ҲȻˡ
Щ½ϵĳܶǧзɵĶˣ̫ǰԵۣȷֵôǮ
ǺοǣμҲƳһЩȽĶС͵ķֻҪʮҾܸ㶨ȫܹǵķΣҲΣȫܹεǡ
۸˷ǳģ˶תһϣǾǰȫ⡣
ϾڵϣƵĽͨ򣬵ȴûйμܸ㶨һ
ǵĵȫģΪֻһСʱͨ־ͷյĹޱȵϸ񣬶û©
ٴˣΪϵĹɷǳƶһжǴͷʼμžȻƶ
ǾȵǣμžȻô͵õ˽ֵܾͬ⣬߼ûϵĻǾԲš
ַ֪Ļ϶᲻мһˣЩδģȫѾ쵽ٳ졣
ڽַܾ棬ͰݹȥǿˣۺǲףȫиɻĴڡ
ڻ跽棬ɽܾһеμҲҪеһֵΡ
ʽӴ󣬲Ǿ˵ǰԵô΢Ȼں



210 İ
顱ϼŵܲð칫УƷıǣ¶һ˿¡
ǼѾˣԼϰѾûзôƢˣһǼƢһΡ
ڱڵȺУ߸ǽͷĵ͵͵ģи¶һĨ壬֪϶Ҫùˡ
ʮӺƷֹͣˣڴ˰ЩɳƵߣһ
⡭԰õٻˣܷЩֻУ߽˷䣬ͷ٣ʲô𣿡
ɫĿһۣЩƣĻ˻ֵȥ껺Σھ
ǵģȥߵ˵ͷи¶һ˿ٺ飬°ûзйԼһ١
ǰҲûз£ԴӦһ߸Ͻתͷ뿪Ĺ˷š
μšһ˿ɺ죬ôʱı飬ͬħһ㡣
μŵνȫϼŸ޵ԨУҪ֪ҵǰϼŵ֧
֪֮ҵһǰδеĺƽ١
Ϊʵ̫ȽˣһܹȫǵķΣڶκεȼϣȫûκεĵơ
ֻƾ㣬ӽڵҵ壬˵Խִŵ㡣
ͽһ죬ϼµгУȫĿͻѡ˶ԭ򣬶Ϊ˵μŵķг
ðþֵǣϼŵĹɼ۱㿪ʼѪƴȫҲֱӵͣ
ٳ죬ϼỴ̂ĻҵС
ʵ֪ǰϼţĳҲͬĳû⡣
μŵͱˣƾһ֮޷ֿǼЩһͬʩѹǽһӴ
԰Ѵ⣬ǾԼΣһͬеĳǶۼһͬʩѹƳμŵĽȡ
ȻһǾǾ÷глҪܾãȻڼ佫ԼеԴȫۡ
ӲμţǾܵģΪгĴѳɣѾĸǶעţǲֹ䷢ۡ
ȻҲðϼſֱܱ࣬Ʋĺðɣ׻˵ɽڣûա

٣Լʱ䵽ˡʱҹҲڴ˼лعߵ߰ɡ
ʻ˾ǳüҵıȣ۶ʱȴޱȵ֡
Ƕ֪˰ɣμžȻ˿ԷеĳҲҪκεĶҲ˵ֻҪȥľȥģֱ̫ˡ
Ȼ֪ˣ׼һˣԹڵϳûԹڿгʲôоˣٺ١
ϲԺһ쭳ǸоԻǷ񡣡
ĹӸǾۼһ𣬿۵ĻȻμŵķгҶֳ˹
ðõɫӵҲȫܹ⣬ԼľҵҲܾһ
һ·ܽһ£ʮ˶̫ǿҵĹȻ٣Ǿ˵ļ۸֮£Ӵ󣬼ֱ
ϵĸж٣ú̫ĳɱǶ٣ֻ֪ҪףԲᳬ۸İٷ֮ʮ
ομŲֹÿεĳγ¢ϵֻƾһ㣬μżмֵļš
뵽жʱһУôһֱҲ׷£Ҳȷˣϼŵʲ˷
μһһοʱĴ£ǵĽŲɻ̫Ҫ俹Ļѻʯ
гѾ޷赲ֻð취һԼʱԽĿǰ״̬תһ¡
ֻǾĿǰԣμȫ·ԼµĲҵһֱѹƣǣԺҲǡ
԰Ѿã׼ѴҵȫزҵȻ𲽻ܼѣһͬǷز̵ؼҽмײǰҲ˲ôˡ
֮ǰѾڷزҵͶһЩ˵һ׺ܶࡣ
ԼεİŶȹѹظͲ⣬ڷزҵμžԲֲˡ
μŸҲ֣ԼԼε£ҲܽȫѹƣǮ
뵽òһμŵĹʵ̫ǿˣִĸо



211 ƶ
ƿεİ䣬˿ѾȺڴ˴˺϶ʱ¶ص顣
λãϾԵҵͶʲ࣬ҴҲҵѹǺܴ
Ǳ൱ĹעΪڰþһϵƣˣԼҲܵǣ
껣ʧɾʹˣյ֧ҵǴĻʯͣҵҵҲϢϢصģֻͻǳˣѡ
Ͼͻϣʯ͵ļ۸̸ǲҪǮԼʯĸࡣ
ηгĳ֣ӵԼʯ̽ܵһ𣬶ŦȻ档
̵ȥǵʯҲȫϾǷгǲҪԴġ
Զ˵Ҳһѣ״ȰãܻҪһЩ
ΪҵȰ˵ʱԻǮʯͲеģȨκξһʯįеȨᱻϡ͵ܵĳ̶ȡ
Եζһģ߳ѹصĻֿ֪
٣Ǹô죿ɳƵѯʵ
ǰã취ɡҲϣĿΣ벻κεİ취
ǺǡεȻһЦʵԴ֪гֵһ̣оѾ˼ƽϣһԻõ뷨
ˡɨһ֮ε˵֣һԼ˵ʲô˼
ˡһ˿ã漴׺ȴ¶һ˿⣬Щ˷֪ܵˣ֪ˡ
ԭˡҲеĹؼ֮ҲǷһĨЦݡ
ûԵĹˣȷܰǵĴæҵж٣ҵصҵж٣
Щҵ׷׵ֶ̨ٵ¸ְʧҵָúȥδӣ
Զ˵һᣬֻҪ΢ɿһ£ЩԼĴǲ˵ЩǶΪԼҵĻӦ
μֻһҹ˾ѣôɵôĹˣǱҪΪ³еһΣһ㶼ܡ

˫ֵĲɿʱͲòվԲķ
μŵĻһ⵽áһμһò
òķΧ϶Сøҿ϶Ͷ϶ǵķݣеǵÿȡˡ
ȻⲢֹг뵽гҲտʼọ̈̄߱ҲôҶء
ٹȻһﾪˣ֪ôˣȸΪ󣬰öʱٱ
ǰپ̵Ļǿ϶ûʲôˣҾ㡱ҲȻһЦٱ
ˣڴҶһϵƣֻͬЭܻø棬һ˰ɡҲվ˿׵
һ¶ǣֳնʱԾһֱڶξƣѯžδ¡
Ҳ㷢ÿһǳи¶ܵɫ
һ̲ȫףΪʲôεŽˣƾɽﾢ;Կ
һֱӺȵҹŷֿԻص˼У껶ûκε˯⣬ǴεĿľʲô
Ҳ˰ǣǿ϶ͼϾڲûκεĹְȫ¼ҹһ˵ʲôסֻǳġ
ô룬Ҳ벻εĿģҲˣϾĿǰԼûлֻкô
һҹ޻˽ƣŻ˯ţһ磬ǱҲ˯žľ˹˾˹ɶᡣ
ڹɶɻĲ²У˶˵˴˴οĿģǾǲԱҲԱǳĿֲ
˿ֲɶȻǱԼĲϾôǿ϶ٵ鷳¡
ҲдʣǾǣԱԣгкЩ
ֻһ仰ùɶҲκεĻﷴڴ£ɶҲòͬ˵󣬲ҴӦ˲Ա
ڹɶǴӦ˲䣬һʷĲԱʼˣʧȥԼΪĹ
ȻҪһͣҹ˾ĴҲܼ򵥣ǾǷгУǵĳͶȥˣܲǮɣ
׻˵˶иȺб˰߿ʼ壬źһжμǵûЩǶǷŭˣìͷֱָμš



212 ƻ
ʵҵĲԱֻһθ˶ѣõϢĳԼйصҵҲ׷׿ʼ˲Ա
ܽҵ̶ȵģûһ˻򵥣ǶҵΪʲôԱĿġ
ǰⳡϵĳˣҵ£гҲ׷ͣ£ìͷ׼μš
һҹ֮䣬Ĺ¸ְ͵ʮ˵֡
ЩˣЩ˵ļҲ׷ײ뵽˿μŵĴУһӴκ˶ͷޱȣҲȫӡ
Է׷ɳԱʼԹǿʼ⣬ɹ˶Ҳ£ҪҲܼ򵥣ǾǼԼĹԹҰŵ¹мһˡ
Ҫ֪Ĺʲͣô꣬һֱҵҪҵĻǽܣ
ߵⲻˣԱֻýĿŵ˸棬һԱҼḺ
ЩϰǶһ㣬¶ίҲԱɲԱĻǰ׻ǮǣǲҪǿ̨𣿡
ԱٴҵǶô˵ˣѵǻܽǿǰǲǱƵñ˹
գԱǲòҵμţ취ϾμģҲγеǣ
ԱźȻĽӴǣ˵ԼԸİɣһյģȫյĻĿǰǲܵģֻܾΪ
ΪͺãննٰɡԱҲһμѾ˵ͨˣҲʱĽ
Ҳûʧ㿪ʼԱһ֮ڣ˽˵ľҵ⡣
ЩĹǣȻϲ񣬱ϾμŵĴǳĺãҷг˲ҵȫܹǴչȭš
ĹҲ㣬ǵ֪μŵѴֵַַתͷΪμ˵׷˵Լǰǹ˾Ĳԡ
ϾǶǸԱΪǴô꣬ͱֱӴˣֱ̫
ô๤һᣬЩûаŵĹҲ׷Լˣⲻ̫ԩ𣿶Ϊʲô˱ˣʹԼ
ЩҲ׷ɵۣЩǷ׷׻صԼԭҵҪǲ
Ҳһ˼¶μģԳʱҳһ࣬˶ͷ

Ȼѻ𲢲ôױģڵĻûн𣬹һ˳
ر̫ǵĳͶ࣬Ҳ˵ҵ֧ҵԴ˵ĹˣҪĹ
ȻҲ׷˶У⶯ԴͷȻ̨μš
˿̵μʲôûǳɴ˷粨ʼŴ˲š
г𲽽׶ΣԼҪ˲ŵ֧֣δ˷粨һǳõĻᡣ
༼ԱǶԼĹ˾ģμŵʱǱ൱Ȥ
ڿѾ㹻Ѿѹµʱվ˳ٿ˼߷ᡣ
ڼ߻ϣЩίҪ򱻸˵Ĺ˵һǸίˡ
һֳʱһƬǺʱĴǹ籩жôǿҡ
ڴУٴĿڵұ֤ǵĳǣգұ֤֮ڽǵľҵ⣬ڼ䣬ǿƾϣǹ˾ȡһǧԪľȼý𡣡
˻һٴ䶯ϾʣµЩ˿ɲ٣һҪȫµĻǵҪ
һ仰μŻĳЩ̵ĹҲȻ
Լһֱμţȴû뵽ѾھȫάԼˣԼĹ˾ȴȫԼںɿô
˼μҲǳоǵĹԭر˵£˼ȴԸǮԼ
Ȼһһǧ࣬ǿˣμһ¾͵óǧǸӴ֡
һеЩ̹ˣԼΪеҲҲμˣǽìͷȫתԼǰĳ
ͬʱҲһͨǸеޱȷŭۣǾǣܱǸĸߴңһϵеĿ£˾ĵͶ˳ͽֹǵ£ǱһЩҲܹ򵽣ѡ
һͨҲŭˣǿɲ㳵ôֻ֣֪ЩĿ£ǵķˡ
Լͬʱ䣬Щǵǳţμţȴǻ˵



213 ؼˣ
㣬һĻƯμŶ¥ַո߽űףŴ˴μƻĴɹ
ʵڸһʼַݾǽг˸߶гϾҵʵ̫ӴˣӴǵֿˡ
ַһʼô˵ˣû뵽ȴôƯһ֣Щܻ
Ȼǳ˴ÿҪǧĽǮΪЩ¸ڹǷʡ
ʵϣôǮܹμŵε棬Ի˾̾
˵ˣ˵ڷ棬μ˸߶ȵԼͬУԺʲôǶȹμŵĲƷһ㣬ͱȸǵǮ
ͬʱϣʴȵμţڰµʱҲܵķ㣬ͬʱҲܽ˵ֱһʯ
ǺǣС𡱣ȻһЦܵõַݵĸ߶Ȼ泩
ȻϵӣַݶʱһƾҲõĴԺԥģεĴ
һҵⲩսһַݵıУĵϻСȦȦ
ֵĸоַһ⶯ֻһαЩС˽ɣĲˡ
ȿȡȻЩܣַݻǷŹΣתƻ㣬˸ٵôˣʲôû
ȻС˵ţα㽫⼸Ķȫַ
ԭһ֣㱻ΰŵڻҵӰĵһĿ꣬ȻǶַݵĸĸҡ
ɵĿĵغȴַݵĸĸѾ뿪Լȴ˸ա
ҲǸˣֻһ˹Լˣֻǻ˵㹦򣬱˸Աߡ
ڴߵļ£ûʱ䣬ڻհӰѯʣȻ˵޵ĻգȻ뿪ڡ
ַжʱһ˿⣬೤˸۵ĻԼĸĸѾΣӣϾĸ߿ûܵ°۷ߡ
𣿿߲ˡַݺ붯ĸĸǴŭۡ

Сʱַ뿪δã˸ûûͷĽ䣬Լĸס
һλֱַӷɵ˿УҽٶᵽߣŶеķȥ
ֻһСʱңַݱ˶еϿգ˸׵׷ɨϵͳ
ֻһ˲䣬׵ϵͳҳ򰲵ϣҿʼ˸Ƶɨ衣
еķΧɲСַҪѰҪһʱ䣬Ͼ򰲲ԼʵݵǼǷ䣬ȻƾŸܹκϢϵͳͽҳˡ
Сʱַڶн⣬һҲСùУҵ򰲵Ӱ
ʱſһŮ˵ϷйţŮʹıһܲᡣ
ַȻۿֻø׼¼򰲵ԲϢ뿪˴˴׼ҹǰ
Ȼ׿ԲѴ֮ľͽ򰲸ɱƱҲҲһɧңòʧ
ҶԸ򰲣òŸ׳ַ֣Լȵ
뿪˴˴ַȻѡ˻صԼļУôûԼĸĸҲʵ
£Լĸĸûжٵ˽⣬򰲼ʱֻǡˡĳ鵽һ󽱣߸˵콱ȥˣǻѾ뿪
ԿַݻȻϲ쳣һ̾ĹģַȻůĲѡ
ȻǷʢѣҶӨٻĸĸҲһͬǰһͬ˶ֵ͡
ҶеԼӲûм뿪븸컪˸컪ڵȿȣݰ㿴ҲСˣҪȸСٻѻ鶨˰ɣ㿴Σ
ʲô飿ַݶʱһЦ֣¼ʲôŶʮһˣû䣬СٻҲҵڣһϢȥ̫á
컪ʱɵۣϸҲ˲ͨˣȷͻСҶ̫͵ǻίҶӨٻ̫ߵĻֻҶӨٻɲõӰ죬аٺһ
Ҷеһۣͷ컪̾Ϣðɣ¾͵ȵ˵ɡ
ԼײٱȣַһϾֻǸҶӨٻĻӲ˵ʲôЩԹ
ַҲʵڲ֪ô죬һʱһʱɣԺô죬ʱ˵



214 ɱ
ҹ˯еַͻȻ˫ۣи¶һ⣬ɱڿʼˡ
вһ˷ܸУɱּãַݻûڰҹɱ¾ĸо
죬Ըͽʵ֣ɱĻĳˣܲ˷ܣ
ԺԥĴ˸ףƿ˴ûоκ˵£ַ뿪С
ʼ׷򰲡Ժ´һָ׶ʱ˸ӦϵͳȷĶλڵλá
ַݾȵǣһû򰲾ȻѾɱţתƵţӼСĵĳ̶ȡ
Сַݵı£̸һռ䣬Ȼһᱻַݸץ
ֻʮӲַݱɵڵùݸ²䵽ϣ˿ס
һɫҹ£ַص˺ڰУҹɫַݻڵķƶš
ַԭõɱּеĲʱţڲ֪˸ѧõ
ȽɱּǲͳĲ걬ĴڣԴ˿ַݵٶȣѾԽϣҸ͡
ֻǼӵʱ䣬ַݵͱڷ⣬һ֧ŵǽϡ
ʱ밵ɱɹֻһ֮ңַݲоӿ죬ڸؼĸоʵЩղܡ
ûһַ̣˵˷ܣ˿̵ȴǲò侲Ȼһ򰲷־Ҫķһˡ
ڽɱַҲûҿ϶򰲶ζĸйٷǳ񣬿ҩһ뷿䣬ͻὫ侪ѣòʧ
ǿѹе˷ܣַݻ򴰻Ųţ׼Ӵȥ򰲵
žͻȻַݸоԼǲȵʲô͹´һƬ
ȻС򰲵Ķȴͬһ㣬˲Ӵͷ𣬶ݺݵĵ
áַ̲סͷһڵڰУŵֻôһ㣬ƴ
ԵϣֱַӴĲ¥ĸ߶ȥһ¿ж
ߡ򰲴һʱҲӴַܵķ׷ȥ

׷ַ϶ʱһϲ֪ôڲͨڵ³֣û뵽Լ׷ˡ
ַݹٶȣ򰲸ԼȫܵĻ类˦ûӰˡ
ͬʱڱܵʱַҲ¶һ˿Լα˰ڵģ򰲵ľĸһĽ͡
ЧȻԶ׼һֱ׷ţû뿪˼ԸһڵɱֶѣһѹûС
ֻҪʲôģɱԵĻܹɵѡ
ͬʱҲԼСģǿ鲣ƬҵģͿĨ˺ɫû뵽ЧȻɱֽӽԣǻΣա
⼸ʱ䣬жǷǳѻ𣬱ַݴܣʦڲ뱨ȴ˸գ˯ɱ
ӿ򰲼ߣǰɱָ˱ɱ֮ģο⼸Լί
һ׷һӣ𽥵ģǰܵɱѾвһϲ
Ȱ㻹ǷɣԹ˵˭ָʹɱҵģ˵һܸһʹ족һè׽ģе
ߣ룬Ͳǰַݹѹź󷽵򰲾
ֻ仰Ǿı֣ǿЦͷӲҲ˺㡣
ǲǣ˾֪ˡַٴһһٷһΧǽ
һƬϾɵĽأ֪ΪʲôһӴΣС
ʱҲ˺԰һᣬֱӸַݵ󣬷롣
˿̣ѾʧȥַݵӰǰõķӣһɿ־С
ǷҪȥʱһѪӿȻˣǾͱˡ
ַݣǴм֣򰲶ݺݵĿ˴ӺӰ߳ǸϤӰ鲻Խ˺
ȻϴΰַݵУѾһ˿ӰԿַݺ󣬸Ͳҵһʱȥ
ֻ˲䣬򰲱㷴Ӧ˹ַǰԼһģܺõô죬ڿ϶˵ġ
뵽򰲲ЦȷҪҶ֣һ϶ܰɣ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦһȻģʵе㵣Լ˿ڻӰ񷢻ӡ
ԣַ׼ʹ׵ķǾǻףʹüǹһ
Ժԥģֱַ´ָҲһ˲㸲ǵϡ



215 һ
Ǹʲôַݼһ˲㱻ǵ˱ʸеĿУЩĿɿڴ
Ȼһֱڲ̿򰲣Ͳʶף֪Ļ϶һʱ뵽ľܣһַָݵΪ㵽棬Ҿκβ㣿
򰲿ַݴ׿״ֵȫԴ͸׿ף䱾ɻӰַж
뵽򰲶ʱһַݷ˽ֻҪ£ַݾ͵ñſ£
ڸеַϷһЦ̧򰲷һ
·ͻȻ򰲸ûַóʲôҼٶʵ̫죬ܣҲûȫĶ㿪
ȫǲͷƤ˹ȥֻһ˲䣬򰲱оһɻʹͬʱһͷսζıС
ɡжʱðɣݺݵһٴַݽӽţֻҪӽַݺԼ֮
ҲٲտʼĴˣʱעַݵ֣ʱļ
ֲٴηˣַݺȻ̧֣ҲһƼֻǹ̡
ءһתԤȺСжʱͬɳ˴ӵյַ
ǵ˴ùҪ֪ͨĻȫ飬ػǻǻµģϾǹ룬ҲᱻĻʹ
Դ겻֮£ٴ㣬ֵӵٶرĿ죬мӵ
Ҫλã򰲶ת⽫ס޴󰭣ĵطӵѾûУѪ
Ҹƴˡ˺򰲾Ұް㣬˴ٶȶǰࡣ
伴Լǰʱֱַһڿգȵͣ򰲵ͷһ⡣
зɵĶ㿪ɿڿеַݺһɫ
ȫѹһܷУԼһˣⳡսô

ֻƬ̺бһ˿׺ݣ૵ҲܷҪ
˿ܣѾһ˿ۣǾǽ뵽ЩĽУԼַݴλս
Ժԥģһ̣뵽ķУȻһˮ
еĶɲ٣򰲻ܣʱӵҵһ׳ĸֽС
Ҳ֪Լ־ǴϿ׵ַݶֽ֣ãһ
ֻû뵽ַȴǽжһЩ㲻֪⻷˵𣿡
ȻһռȻʵȴӰѾȫ¶״ɨ£³ɡ
һܺõĶᣬַݿ᲻þôø׾ͽһУԺԥĽ뵽ҹɫС
ֻһ֣ǱħַݵϱѷɵɫĲʣڰ
ͬķɵַлϰٰѣЩɵַ˴ģϵɱ
ԹһδַȻֵܻͼĴԺڰÿһرע£ȵʲô
ַںڰУͬһ򰲶صķȥٶȺܰȫ
ڵֻҪһСľͻˣַģΪҪ
Իɱ򰲣벻κεˣ򰲿ǰ۷ߣˣҪ˲ѶҲίʵ͡
ڣַŶ㵽򰲲ԣȽŵ£ֻĶðҲھҵ
侲侲ǿƵԼ侲ַס˺һ⡣
ģַֻԼ̬Լ״̬Ѿﵽ۷壬кԥģһתѷɵֶ
ಡһߵж󣿾һһ˶ֶ̧ķɵٶѾԽӵ
ѷɵƷε򰲼ȥе·׹֮Ǳɡ
һɡһ˿򰲾ֱеǸַֽţֻҪַֽݣͱɡ
ͣ
ͬȻ˲ͬĽĿһĿڴķɵٿ˿ǰһƵַݣ૵Ҳ
ѾˣϾͻеĺϽս˸˲ֿУַЩ̾
ղŵһ˲䣬ܵвֱӴӲֿóϽƣԼǸֽ
ǰӮˣֻΪʲôذ¶֮ʣ򰲵ȴ¶һĨںޣֻںޣȴַЩ
ʲô֮ҲƣҲǷ˵Ĳǣͱǰ򰲣뽫ԼˮֱǴĻ



216 үӵ
򰲵ַ˵һѹûУϾԸԼļˣȫۡ
ô˵򰲴ǸʮСˣôΪ˲ٹ͡
ַݻǸ̾һ˴ط˸ӽˣϾΪÿ˵Ը
һкַŻص˼УĸǲûκεĲŰȵ˯һ
ڶһ磬ַݱ˴УΪͷӣǾͽһͬȥִ
ϸףֻһСʱַݵӰ˵۾Ͽգ׼ȥĵʱһ绰˹
Ͻ˸û˵ĵط䣬ַͳֻһȴģ˲õԤС
ʵҲ֤Ĳ²⣬绰һͨ󣬱㴫ǲһ˿Ļһ˰ɣүлҪ˵
ιʲô¡δַΪ£һѽ绰Ҷϣϲ¶һĨɬ
ַݸҿ϶үԼΪһͬȥ񣬲϶̫Ѻá
һ뵽ַЩ飬Ų֪ԼǸȥǲȥ
ȥ˵ĻԼ֪ôͣ˵ᱻһʹʵЩΪ顣
ȥĻǺܻܿῪңҶԺһҲвõӰ졣
ַҲͨҧ죬ͱ£˭׷˼ҵŮ
ַҲԥӲͷƤ˼һӦ󣬾ڵĴԺȥһεĵط
ϴҲͬεַûκӭӣûΪѣǰкһõ˷С
ҵĴԺȥԭͦԶ·ַ̣ݴ˿ȴֻΪʲôôֻʮӾߵˡ
˿̵ҴԺŽţַӲͷƤǰȥŵַݵá
Ժһ˻ӦַݶʱЦһٴź֪ڶԼΪʾ
˭ַ֪һɧѾŮˣҪɧ͵ľ̰ĲҲֲ˼һԱŸ
ַ˺üκҵϹܼǰŸĬַݵүԺ㡣
ллнŵҪַҲֻӲͷƤˣͦأһģ

ԺУүеĺŲˮŲıʱڳһӡ
ûַǰʦʵĿģֻԼ֪
Ѿصң˵ˣַݻһͬȥμ
֪Ϣ˵ը˹ַݳģŹģֱִĳ
ûзʲôֻȤĿһ˺󣬲˵һ춯صĻǾǣѾˣҪַһ𡣡
仰ʱͬ㣬׵⽹ɴӺð춼ûع
ǼֱţΪʲôһֱǿƵȻŮһַͬݣֱΥһֱǶ֪
ʵ˵ʵ˵ַһϣġ
ַеĺöܶ࣬ҵİǾ޴ģүѾѡʲôһжԼѡ
Ƕ˽⣬ַһᷢҲġ
ǰʵȫǴǵǿĳû˵ЦǺĶǲһʵ
ֳһ˶þɵжǸԴԼСžš
һҲ׵ľ˽⵽е뷨˸۵֪ʲôͲַһǰɣ
ٺ١˶û˵ֻεЦЦ֪ʱ;Σտڲԡ
˲ڣвһҪǲҰ쵽ĻԺİæ
вĸ˿æͷ˵㾡˵һ쵽
ˣرǼеˣеһжǼ٣ԾܵίҲϧ
ҲûǺΪѣֻǿһûԼַеĵλ취λ
ȻȻͬ⣬һҹ󣬲һϵеķ׼콫ַһļ䡣
ĵ׵ģѾΪַݸеĬˣΪĻ⣬һͷʹޱȡ
˭ַԼװãôôԺ۸Լô죿



217 θ֮
߽СԺУүӶŲ豭壬ַ˺ҲͷҲתһ£һ㡣
Σϴǲ˾޴ַһЦĬĬһԣκεĴ
ֻһԵЩִٲ뿪ֲ֪οڣĸŮš
һĻȻ㵽еƼ̲ס͵͵һЦиǾ̵ġ
һСʱһַ̣Ż˿ǰȥкүӺãòӹǻôӲʡ
˵ַ꣬ݶֻǵĵ˵ͷ˶ͬûҪүϹĵ
кַݵĹάүǲ䲻ȵĻشˣˣСл
ⲻϵ׳𣬾ƾүڵӹǣŵ˶ɼ죬ʵұĿģַٴŹά
õĶԲߣֻҪүӸ嵽ģɾͻһЩ˵ĹϵҲ̫Ϊ
ү΢΢һ̾ϵ׳ҲַݰŮѶ뽫Ҽˮֱǡ
ޡүӲ˵ĻȻøϣûүôĹ˼ɡ
ȿȡַݸɿʱͬգ˵Ĳûдֻʵֱ̫˵㡣
СӣңҼǲĵģĵģʲôλãүҲԴ̸ֱӽԼʵĻһ˳
ַЩ͵ĿүӣðŻعЩεãҶôŮˣ˵ĵģǼֱǳ˵Ρ
˵ĵãǻܵκε˺֪Ҳܱ֤еİܱ֤ңܵһί
һԼ˵Ļ˵˳ַֻһɣѾ˵ҲѾ޻˵ˡ
صַݰ죬үֻпԼ̹ȻǺЦס˵Ļ
ﻹ໰ûʳʱ˿ҲûҪ˵ʲôˣַֻݵļ¶һɫ
뿪ַݶʱ˿ҲһĨٺĸо
ջҲǾ޴ģ˵УѾԼοؽҲԼ
ƨɣֱַѡԶǷ֮أɲˣʵ̫ˡ
ֻû֣һһŮӣѾǿ޳˶λνһʯ

㣬ַЩŵڻȴţԼʱʱ
ֻΪ˱գַľ˻Ⱥ򣬸տʼܵȻ浽ֵʱɽŵһͿ
ʱ˾ǻʮӣַεĵȴУһĨӰڳ˻һַݸǼ
ǵӰƤ£Ƥ㽫Ĺ˳ȻīǶ˵ò
ڱ˿Ŀðĵط͹ĵط͹һ֣һݡ
ɿַУȴһȥˡ
ī£оҵڲţ˽ַݵĻдҲô
ǿѹ±еЩҪܣĹĺ
˵꣬㲻ַݣӱǻȥٲȻһּܵСŮģ
ȻǱӵַԵЩΣʵлǺܸ˵ģΪǾ֤Լһ˿顣
ǰԼһۣһȻģǲ֤ԼѾȫû˵λǲˡ
¶ϲɫַݸϽ׷ȥһ˰죬
û뵽ȴǺˣǾе˭ΪʲôҵİϽ¡
ַݶʱˣĿȴ·ûв㣬Сľͨȥһģַݡ
Ȼôһַ֣ⲻҪסϸĽһǷɻɵʱ쵽ˣ˵治׵ߡ
ַⷬʵǿЦãȻ˭ҲԹ˭ⶼҵૣ
ַݲŵ˷ɻֻԼλʱȴһĻ㲻Ľ
ֻһַۣǻðɣԼӦøλڼоõĽ˧磬һĽѵ



218 
ǻĴͳ£ַݺǿ׵λ˧磬Ӣĵռҵҵλãصλú𣿡
ŶʵڶԲλλƯСԼᣬ𣿡˧һǸȴûκŲ˼
ַݿǾʮαԥľܾӦÿһ£ǷɻϣǳĿȹݣҪֻҿճˣOK
˧Ȼ飬ҡҡͷNONONO벻Ҫôڲɢõһ¡
˵ţ˧óԼǮгʮſֶٵݸַݵܾģǰɣ
ȻܾĽǮս˶УıУַҾͲˣףɹ
㼪ԡ˧üάΪʲôüΪղŸоԼļ·һ¡
عͷΪչԼȴͻȻоԼһͷΣûӦ˹ȥ
ιֵû°ɣôͻȻˡһĨϷʣַʹλ˧һŵ
ٴλһģ˺ַݶʱɤӺ񣬳񣬿һ£εˡ
ַݵһնʱֵȺڣԼսǶʱһš
ڳǵļ£Ե޹εģּ鲻ʲôΪ˲ɻɣ˱㱻̧˷ɻ
Ǳ̧·ɻĽ˧磬ַֻΪĬˣղǼƿɲǰװģȻƤʲô󣬾ͻоԼչۣһ۲̵ʱ䡣
˼ˣַȻǴֵԣֻǸһ£СɣСˡ
ȿȡַοɱĹǺɿԴǵĵڰ㣬ֻɫô㣬ֻС
˵ֻ𣿡δַ˵꣬ٴζ
ٺ١ַݵɪһЦظңҲֻٷ磬ǮȨ˲ˡ
ǿסеǹЦ⣬ֱӽͷתһߣЩмҲԼǸС
ٺ١ַݲ磬ֻȴǾͦܵģ죬о·صУ԰Ǹʱ

˧÷ɻʮӲɣʲô󰭣ӦҲԤʱ䵽еĿĵأᡣ
;Уûٺַ˵һλֻǾıһ񾲵ģ
ַҲûٴֻżתȥϤӣһ˿ᡣ
Ѿܾûоİˣ·ֻҪԼߣӵһС
ʱһһĹȥڿԽ׶ʢ٣뿪ʱھȻ޴ʱеַݽܲˡ
ã֯Ѿаţһ·ɻѾлĹǰӦ͵˾Ƶꡣ
ϰ֮˵ĻָȻǼǿֻǼСʱ˯ߣַݵʱȫָ˹
Ѿַݵڶγˣһȥ̫ܶǸ߱ۿˣЩܲˡ
һַݱ˾ƵĻ԰Уʼһĳ
ϴεĵǹѾָĲˣжҵĹֻҪСһ㣬Ҳκε⡣
һ޼ȭȻʽ򵥣ַڻͨ£ҲǳС
ַ֮ſʼŹʼһıΣЩ٤ȴǱ٤ӵļѣұѵĶЧ
һ״ַ꣬ݿжʱ³һİһѹ۲õĽŮɵľ
Ŷ£ǻʵ̫ˡ˸âλŮƵĿַݵ
ò˵ŹʵĽӹ죬ַҲҲõ˲ٵŮҲвƯĲǣͱǰλ
¶һΪ˵Цݣַݿڵˣǻѧ𣿡
ȻԸ𣿡Ůжʱǿҵĺģ𽥵ַݽӽš
ȻһԣԻĹ൱ȤַҲǳĸߴӢлĻ⡭
װģԭﰡλǡŮҪַʱһٻӰʱ§סĸ첲ýŮһʱסˡ
ַҲסˣȻ֮ǰоѾ˵˻һ£̫ǿˡ
ʵȴȻ§Լĸ첲һһܵģ



219 ʧȥ
סֻΪ񣬿ɱˡ
ŮֻȻȥҲ¶ıԣݺݵĶַ¶˱ԡ
һ˲䣬ֱַ˶һˣпɬͬʱϻôЦݵ֪֪ġ
ߡһ͸ַһֱۣƵʹȥ
һͬԹͣ㿪ʼ˵һǾǿⲿ
εĿһʲôǲҪֻ֪ҪԼֲסͺãԻ˴
һţ״̬ԥıסַݵۣ˾һ°㣬ʼ
ַȻоҸѣȻֻ֪ʱģһģ
һ·֣ȻҰþԼʳȻ򹤳ĵطȥƬݵ£ʼԹڲ
ƾַݵȻܽĶ£˵ûκεѶȡ
о˺˱㽫ѡ˻ؾƵֻ꣬Ÿַݱһ
ʶģַݱĶԿȥһ˵ʱȴַݵݸһûз
ǱˡĶߣַû˵仰ͻȻͺٺٵЦ
Ҳ˲䷴Ӧ¶˽ߵɫСȭͷַݵȥһСŮ˵ģ
εĳȻҲٵ˸еľĶʱ¡
˴ӶͳԽ˵˾ʲôãѡ뿪ٸˡ
ַȻ˴Ѿ뿪ȴ˽ѡûиǼš
һ·ص˾ƵУַĿڵѾˡ
˾ͺãһطˡݸַһζתͷѡ˻ط
񡭡ַסˣΪУĶ
ѵ֪ˣ뵽ַ鲻ԽĴ˸Ͼģܻ顣
תһ룬ַݵ϶ʱ¶˷ܵɫ֪ǸٵѾˣȴûв𴩣ǼԼΣ֤ʲô
ַݲɵϣֻ˲˹ԼϷȻԼʾ
ٺ١뵽ַݶʱվԭɵЦ·ˣһ˿϶вģ

ҹַݴϴĳʳķǰʿš
ֻ꣡һСᣬű㱻ɡ
ٺ١ַڨڨһЦ˷УȻǰɣŶ
׻˵ļԲȶȻ֪Լܻи飬ڲǱʱ
ַݽвƷŵϺҲǰһΪЩ˶Եġ
һУζ鲻Խ۾¶ܵɫ
ĵľ׽˫ۣþַݵڣǼ鼴ʲô¾ֱ˵ɡ
ǸǸǧַȴǲ֪ô˵ڣϾڵѾûʸ˵໰ˡ
ԥ˰ַ¶һĨȻȥ̽ɣھƵϢͺá
Ŷĵڴȴû뵽ַݾȻˣеտ֪
ʵҪĲֻ࣬Ҫַ˵һһɣͻԹԵͶĻ
ֻʵַݾǸ׳գҶӨٻˮɣ鲻Խһ顣
Թףַݻû׷ŮӣԶڼŮȫ˽⡣
޺޵ĿַһۣͷԸϵķˣǷ˾ǰַһ㡣
Է;Уַݺüζ뿪úģɾôҲ˿ڡ
ʱˣΪʲôеˣηηţΪʧȥ
Ȼ˲ŮѹϵǰȴһԷ棬һ˵ܾĻֲֿܿˡ
һԭͣȴ˵ĳĬжȹҲ࣬ԼЩԲĶӵĲ˾Ȼôóԡ
㲻֪Ķˡַ΢΢һЦڵĲĳЩǳԽ
ڣ˵Լﻰȴû뵽ԼȻСĲ˵ڣϹ˴ʱ䡣
ͽȻַʰӣŲ;뿪ʱȴǵǶСĵ㡣
ֻһ仰ѣַݳ˸ɾҲһģģҵĺϢ
꣡űرգʱɳϣͷľͷ׳ա



220 Ϣй¶
ҹ˾ҹ֮ʱַȴĺȻ˫ۣ漴ѸٵĻԼҹ¡
ַ֮ݶʱƿ˷ڵĴˮܵ˳ƶ¡
ʱ˲й䣬ѲܵмͷԷԼҹж
ҹеַݣͷ·ǰҹ㣬ܹͷԼ࣬̽Ĺȥ
ҪܹߣԼˣַݵнٶȲ죬˰Сʱʮӵ·̡
˹⣬ַݴӰҵһǴͷ˽ȥֻû뵽ǣŸһȥһյǧߵ̽յƱϡ
꣬ꡱͬʱַҲ˺üǹ˨ȻѾǱˡ
٣òҹӭһ׼ַͨҲ𽥵ӦǿҵĹߣתͷ
ֻǰվˣȴһȺǹӣȻеǹߡ
ַݾȵǣǰ˵ӣһͨɳȻǴֵŷˡ
໹Ӣֻ¶ı飬ȴԵЩͷ·̵ʨӣԼ㣬ַݲü
Ǹ˵ֻߴ˵ط𣿡ַʼ磬һεģ
Ǻǡ촽ߴ˵طǲ˼ɣʵҲͦÿ͵ġ
ˣһ£ˡ˵ţַ΢һŲתҪ뿪
ʮİգЩǹǲܴԼһǹԵıڣһǸߣ׷
ȷҪߣϷһ䣬ƵСŮѴɡ
һַݷ·㣬µĶʱͣ
ɫѿתͷֻǹѺһŮŮǲŷֱ𲻾õ

ʱ˿ַ̣ݻ뿪ǾǷ񶨵ģεʼ˵ɣĿʲô
ѵӲûж˵ʲôֻǴһԽӹһֱӶַݵĽ£Ǻú̸̸ϵ顣
ǺǡַݵһЦҲǲԣȷŹȻһ̸
ԡӻ˻֣ץסӶʱ⣬ɰ󣬳˲ϵĽ
׳գ˭ˣܾܰ˻Ҳ𣿡ʱַܵݵǰ
߰ɡַݲû̧ͷһۣǵͷ˵ϵĽ׼Լϡ
߰ǲɱҵġʱһѽץסַݴϡ
ҡַݲûжԣǵݸһŵܹ
סˣת˲֮䣬ַеɫҧҧԼСģҡ
꣡˵ַ꣬ݱ˽ֱӵԷ뿪˰ɣ
ȻԡЩһЦĿ뿪˴˴˽ַݣôӣͲǵĿꡣ
ӺַݲȫȷѾ뿪ǶʱһĨЦݵʵҺ֪˭ǣһзϵ顣
ûַݲɵӣŽֻǸɺϣȻǱˡ
Ͳ֪ˡҲϷһЦߵıڻ˻֣תȥ
λͬıڣַʵע⵽ˣƲ⣬ʵȻ
ֽԼεһɲǣַףԼȫСɵĶ䱾ʵȫԱ⻯ڵߡ
һ˲䣬ַҲǻȻ֪λӵݣȻǰ˽⵽ģħ֮ӡ
һߣ뿪˹һ·񱼣֪ԼַݵΨһϣһ·շתڿ£ҵһСùס¡
ʱޱȰգΪʲôԼǿΪʲôᱻץסȻַݾͲݾ
ҲףڲǰյʱӦľϵڣ취ַݸȳ
ͬʱҲ֪һ㣬ǾǱˣϢй¶Żᱻõץס
ĿҲǾǲŹûõķϣЩȻһҶŸɣԸһˣټ򵥲ˡ
ϵҪԣԭй¶Ļܸıĵľ²ϣͻΪе
˵ַڵҪԲԶңĶᱣ
ԥƬ̺Ȳĵ绰ΪֻдˣĿǰֵΡ



221 ŭĽΪ
ʲô֪ˡ龭жʱһĨ˵ĺ⡣
ڲڼĿԣرϢ©ĻԵľͲǺ޷ĵˣ׼õĵˡ
ãʵǿӻ߶ûУǾǱɣΪ˲ܸᡣ
ڼ飬û˲ʹޣԵ֪ϢȻǺ뽫˲侾ٴ
ȴǲܣΪְλҹҲ״ݾڼӵ
Կ˰κ˾žȥ׼ʱ֪Ϊ
ҲûǹԼʦתһ룬ַգŭӦʦΪҲԼǰʦǿӲЩ
ֻǼʱ䲻СܵڿĽΪԣϣܷһ˵
Ϊû˵Ǽ飬Ȼ⣬һ߶ѣж£
䲻ԼҲ˲˹ҧϣʵڲ˵м£ǹַݵģǹء
ʲôԲ⣬ɶԼǸͽܣĲˣһĸ֣Ҳֵܱˡ
һץס·֮䣬Ϊ㽫һƬյУЩǵ˵⵽ô£ͽôΣˣ
ｯΪĴ³Ŀ˿ܺСڲڼ飬ַݵĿǰ֪ǵϢ
˵ţ㽫ǵõϢһֲ©Ľ˽Ϊ
ЧҲͼӰģΪɫѾڳ˽̿и¶˶ݺݵ׹⣬ȻǷŭ˼㡣
ַѾ˽δ֪ʱ򣬽ΪҲ̲סԼͷķŭ̧ȾͶԵһš
顭һը촫ֵĻˣԭлĵȻȫ飬ΪĽҲѾ˵С
ˡ鲻Խһĭⲻһοֳ֣ڻַŭʱȫֻǵһΡ
еǾԵģҿ϶һߵͨϣǾˮ϶١
֪ˡһ˵ĺ⣬ΪֱľȥȻ뽫ڼн
ҲûκεԥжȥбҪǱߵϵ

˿̵ĽΪŭգû뵽˶ͬͰιڲȻڼ顣
ȻⲢŭģŭľȻڼ飬ȻһǶԼıͽܶ֡
Ҫ֪ͽǽַݿԼ׶ӰҪݲðʧ
ȴǱʿٳָ֣ʲô˵Ű˵ֽŶѾУܲŭ
ʹȫȥɾҵĲȻҲò˶׷
ڣǰЩȡĳԱǣһΪڵģĻҵסȥ·׷ÿΣ۴ɻ
ǸҪŦƽػģԸһܵΪŭ񷢷ŵԱҿס׼κһߡ
ŵȻ֪ΪΪʲôҪôȴִҪ󣬲ΪʲôΪǳϡ
֡һΧסһ׷ͷ㲻֪Ĵ˳ЩżϽˣ磬Ҳ
ʱΪڻͷϣԼûˣͱĸϸѵһ٣еĻʱͱˡ
һû״ˣ㻹ѵˣ֪֪ڼ飿ΪһŭĴ󺰵
ⲻܡڼ֣߶ʱͷһ֪ڼΣԣҲ龰
ܣΪһЦøܣͽȥ񣬽ãҵϸһڻδ֪ȻȥҲܣ
⡭ɫǺ죬Ǳɫ֪ΪΪˣЦ˵УǾС
Ĭ˰κһȻģϽԲ𣬿ôû£Щְˣ½ȥ
ΪҲһľᣬֺγԼѵ鷳²غԼͽܵڲߵһֶܳشʧ
Ѿ֪ˣڲ׷˭˭ʱҪȽڼסһϵֻǰһӰǵǰеĺ˲ڡ



222 ׷ͽ
ڲ˵еԵڳк˶һ
ǽȥɡһˣʱ˵ͷͷ߽С
ʱڵļԱѾȫסͷڵأɫһ԰ס
ղǿ˵ˣ⼸˵гڼ飬ȻǸҿ϶ԼģڲɱŹһȫɱˡ
ǵĵĶǶģͷ߽󣬱˻ֵɡ
ŵǶʱӦվһԣûȵԼĿеս
˵ɣǾ˭ֵַݵ񵥡üͷգһŭıѯʵ
ҡҡûӹ
ԱǷ׷ʸڷϣû˳ϻ߱տڲԣֻж˰أʵںһŭ֮£ͨͨ
ȥɡҡҡͷԹɫıޱȾͨǰЩˣûһѣֻԵԳֲ顣
õģסȻ÷񣬵Ĳòν죬ԲһҵԼҪϡ
ϸ̽һһ˿ţźãҪӡ
ô£üͷһ壬ıǲһû
˽˸٣˵ȥԼĸɨĹҸˣ˿̿¡ɫЩ԰׵
ˣҲϢһˡĬ˰ΣЩɬĿڵ
˵ĳµĹˣҲöͷȻ޷˽
Ҷģ׶ԲˡһĨȻһ˲о˲١
ҲǿһᣬΪҸô࣬ȴж׹Ľ֡
û취ûйأɷԲȻ˼ܲĴǾͱҪ׷ΣȻҶ棬ڲҲ˲ζ
һỊ̃ɫ֮ǰһ񣬽ȡԱȫٻذɣǸʲôһԽ
˵ֻ꣬һ֮䣬ʧǰǾ˵ٶ˶Ŀࡣ
Ϊԥһ£Ҳȥķ׷ȥǣַݣԱһʱõϢ

뿪ڲҲֻһ취Ǿǳֱ뿪ֱͣƺ
һѯʣŵ֪Ѿȥ˰СʱʱһҰһٶȿֱ
Ҫ󣬺˸ҷԣֻʱ䲻һֱܸͣͣƺϡ
ԥĴȥ׼뿪ʱ򣬽ΪҲ׷һ
ɻɣΪЩԥףҪҪϵһ·ԱȽֱͣ
ˡҡҡͷһĨصʱϵԱĻܻܿẦ
ΪҲһ㶣ת˲˹ʱϵԱĻָṷǽֱӽԱɱòʧ
һ·ϣն൱ĳĬΪַݣΣв֪ʲô
ڣСʱ󣬷ԱͻȻףֱͻȻͣˣǸô죿
ʲôΪһĨɻܵˣȴͣⲻץ
һԱѾˣӦǲ׷ϣˡ
вһԱ޹ģֻ˵ǸֱɥĲ޹ʿŹ
ԱҲûκεĹ˼ɣȫɻĵصȥһԵĿյͣ
ɻԱڼʻϣ¶˿־壬Լ
顭ʵͲסԼеķŭΪŻվһȭ
ŭһȭ£ԭʵıȻһ󶴣֪һȭ
û˵ǽԼ·£ǵ˷Աϣҡ
˵꣬۲һܵĻһ򼲳۶ȥһʧ˵ǰ
һ̾ϢΪɫһѿһͬԵķԱæɣж
õġԱҲһƬˣ˷ԱȻѣÿҲܼ
һ̵ò̾ĴҲɥĲ޲ѣ޲ýʬΡ
˺Աж֪ͨڲǰӭӣʬһ£Ǽ̫ˣûһ˿ľ¡
ǱߣҲҪ̫ĹעΪħ⣬û׵׷ֻܵҪĵȴͺá



223 ηԾ
ïܵĴУһԲʷУи¶˻ҵɫ
ûǸմڲ뿪ûõڵܲӵûһİա
ڲĸжǳţôʱƣֻҪǻϵ׷٣ܹܵ
Żڵ֪׷ٺֱºֽǷԱɱԼܣֻΪһߵ
˿̣ѾӵֵıԵֻҪӵʱ䣬ܵһӱߣȻ˳ˮ뿪һ˿һĺۼ
ħ֮ӡһĨߺޣȫû뵽ħ֮ӾȻԼܴôΣա
Ҳ֪ħ֮ӴǲκεɣһģԷŵֻһ֮䡣
һɽ壬Ǿ۵ףжʱһĨ˷ܣתͷδ׷Ƶץңûš
ʵսǿҲͰڶѣиسǾǷֶΡ
һ·˲ټѶϢΪľҪԻ׷Ǹ㲻Լ·ߡ
ԼµļѶϢǳģ׷Ҫ׷ٻʮӣʱ֮ززˡ
ˣתͷܵʱȴԼʱ·ϣһɫӰ
ٶȻǽһϸ˺иһ˿
ȫû뵽׷ˣȻһֱײβ
仯۷ľ磬Լӣô̸õ뵽ҡ
ԼµĴڲץʲôĺԻ
ܾĥֱ˽⣬ҧҧһĨ
ӶͳһСƿӣš󣬽ǲҩˮֱӵ˿С
ֻһ˲䣬һɾҵʹдĴ󺰵ץң±Ӱɡ
Ѫʼһ㲼ݣ俴ͬеħһˡ
ͨҲͲסѪҺʧֱͦͦľ͵˵ϣҲû˺
һӣܵǰһüͷյû뵽ô
ٴжϣһǿҵıУɫҲǱޱȵѿ
ûа취µĶҩѪѾ·ûȻ

Сʱʬͣƺ˿ӦķɻûԽΪԱڷɻĬš
ˣѪΪֻԺһը
ǵģˣԾ˵ͷʬһԣһģ
ôǺáһĨȻΪȻ֪Լͽܵ䣬ź취ȡ
ˣҲͶˣַݵҲ˷룬ޱȵļѣϾɲǵĵ̡
Ȼ˽ΪĵǣȻûеһʱ佫ַɱӦʲôʲôͼɣ
԰ô硱ΪǰʱһѾûκΰ취ǿð
ԽΪϽԼһ˸ǵףұ뵽Ů߱ţȻҲΣա
ȥɣͽĿķϣʱ϶ϵʱһᰲźõķ׷龫񣬰æҳ˵ĵص㡱˵ͷ
ϵҪȻ֪ʧ鵽˭ַݣԳֽȡ
һͬһӦԵķӦֱǰ󣬲ѡ˷ֿ
ȻǻصڲУڲڻҪػһһѵҪȱϯ
ڽΪȻǲε󣬱ֱŵ۾ȥ׼䱣סȴٷ˵Ϣ
ǱߣҲַ֪ݵүǿҪȻع취
ȴִѡ˾ܾҪĻҲˡ
ĻȻүӹǺҲûκεİ취һֱţƢҲǺġ
ү˵ʲôҶ˵绰һĨʹɫ
ַڿסǽŶֺµɫҲôҪȡԼİȫ
ô뿪˵ĻôԵַݣԺĻԼĻ˵
ҧסأа⣬ֻɫһ㵽ǹȥ
ȻַݺܿͱתˣԼҲܿΣУܱʲôĺá



224 
˫ۣһǿַݲٴα˫ۣЦܲȰѵƸŲ
Ըħ֮ϤַݵĶУǿҲŲһԡ
İĻУһҪעģȻܵĻַ˫ۺ󣬱ܡ
һʮƽ׵С䣬ܵǽ涼ŽĹ󣬺ȻǾִɡ
ҲûκεĴκε⣬ǰи첲׳ΧϾȻðžҵĵ⡣
ˣǻֱؽӵħ֮ЩϷʵĿַݵ
ȷЩεʼ磬ַУȴǹزסӵĻܹӳȥ
ֻħ֮ӵԻһ׳ţһ춯ⲻιȥ³
֪ͺãԹŮ˰ѷϵķңҾͷȥԴϲΣħ֮Ϸʵ
ɵ𣿡ַʼ潻ˣҿϾͻȥ˰ɣ
ַݸҿ϶ħ֮ӾŹԼϷţ󽻴ԼˣҲԼŻع
ǺǣҪ֪̫ˣĸ족һ⣬ֱ˿ĸоܲá
ΪʲôһҪģַһνģʵлЩ
ðɡħ֮Σֻվ֪㲻ôԹ־ܣҲʲô̾ˣŮ˱Ƚɡ
˵꣬ħ֮ӱתͷ뿪谵ĵңַҲһҲʼת
ǿ϶ģôܣҲһ⣬ϾɲǵϣǴڵ¡
ڵϣֻҪٻףֱü⽫ǽڸո󶴣ǾͿֱ뿪ʱɣ˭Ҳץס
ڵ£Ǻĸְ⣬Ǻ׿ɲأԲֱӴӵȥ
Կ˰κַû뵽ʲô÷ֻȹ۲һܵĻپô
ô۲죬ټ򵥲ˣһǰַݾ͹˵΢͵ԣֲԼƤУҲ»ȡߡ
㿪̵棬ԥµһС͵״ʼܵĻɨ

δ״ɲǵɨô򵥣ܾȷɨ账ܽǿȷӦ
ֻʮӲ״ϱʾ˷ԲһͳʮȻ
ַҲʮȻǸԼһͽ
뵽ַݲǰһΪѾ뵽һѵİ취ڴ֮ǰҪиǰᣬǾЩͽҪǿ
ҲûַʧЩͽУڵ൱ڰ֣икüﵽ˻ĳ̶ȡ
ַݾ̾ǣһǿߣȻл۷ǿȣȴôȶ·ʱȥһ㡣
ͬ˻в٣ַݸҿ϶ˣ̫߱ãòŻ־˻
ҲһӴӽһҶֵ췭ظ
˿ַѾ˶ۣǾǽЩȫųȻɧңԼڳûӳȥ
ЩˣضħһҺ֮ǣصʱܸħɲٵ鷳
뵽ַҲ޹ǣ֮ǰһ飬ǾǽЩ
İ취Ҳܼ򵥣ֱַڳ̵깺һİҩȻһʪԼС͵ĺϡ
׼ҪƷֱַӽҩ˼ʪУ˼ʪ
¿ռ䱾Ϳ̫ʪʼֻһСӷС
ұͲͨ磬ҰҩɫζͲõı˷ַ֣һ㶼ǡ
ʪһСʱַŽرգôҩЩ¡
ʵҲ֤Ĳ²⣬ֻǼӲЩ㿪ʼ˵£ҲȻѾˡ
ʧʧֱַӻ˸ףŸļ⣬ֻһСͽŵդһӣַҲ˲˳
˿̵ĵѾֳһƬΣЩûιȥĸֱ֪ԼĻˣԴţַݴԼȥ
ַȻ֮ãԴ󺰵ȴҵģҳȥɡ
˵ţַݿʼһʼΪЩǽӡһ޸ҩҺ¡
ЩȻǳɣҩжЩȴһں£˵ɵĿѾԽ
ֻһСᣬַݱǵǿߵļ࿼ǰеȻŵ˺һ



225 Ӣħ
ַݿͽǻ࣬һͷģǰλ۽𷢵ͷȴȫ߸֪
ϵһӢʽװɾ࣬ҲûǰЩͽһͷ棬һģʴڲ
˾ĶţλģͷڵҳȥɣƾЩˣֻħϡ
ŶŶáַŻȻ򣬸ϽٿŸףλͷ˳ҧҧݸһƿǿЧ޸ҩɣƿеá
ݶҼˣҽйͷڱԼţǿЧ޸ҩһں˿С
ֻ˲ҩЧùǰһ֪磬ѾκҩﶼѾ˵ֿԣǰƿҩȴ˲Сãܲȣ
ȹ󣬹Ҳһ˿ַһȺһͽ󣬲ҡҡͷԶԶƻûãǣסħǶҪ
ĻȻһɧңǺжôǿħ֮ǰǿߣ˵У޹ʷʧ
ַҧҧҲ˲˹Ҫȥǹ֮أԾַۣܺݻǲòѯʵٸ㼸ƿҩָܻ۷״̬
ƿˡһĨ˵ԼеĲ²⣬ǲҪô࣬úºܹȷϡ
ʹĵݸƿǿЧ޸ҩַϵǿЧ޸ҩѾˣɸⶼ¡
ҲǺԥֱӽЩǿЧ޸ҩ£۳˼Ӻ˫ۺ
ħǸǵˣ߰ɡһ⣬ڹ˵αѺεľⱲĳ裬Զħܲޣ
ʵÿһ˶ˣǱ۾һİȴħץųΪǵĹܹޣ
ֻ˲䣬Щͽ˸׹⣬ַЩڣһ·ȥЩڵϵȻ׵е룬Щ׼ͽ˺Ƭ
ַȻֹħʲôûɫһЩ֮˶ѣҪԼ֣ûһѹ

˿̣εͷϣħ֮ӶԵеһлȻ֪治֪ԼץȥַݣȻôɧҡ
һеֻͨܵԶڻĵβŵ绰ȻǸճûõķϡ
û˱֪Լ׵ҰģҪĲֹǿҪһƬһƬŷ޵
Է϶ǵҪԲԶԢֻҪֲϣǾȽĲϣһԼĹңҵΨһ̳ˡ
˵뷨ǷģڱͷħԼ̳ƷԵħ֮˵ȫǼӦ顣
μŶ¥üͷţȻϣ˿ȴǳ˵ǣַݱץ⼸ĺ鶼ȫƻ
Ϊ˿ҲŵһԣЩ֪룬ͽûԼͽܳԽԼôȥֻֻܸżĵȴʲôҲˡ
˲֪ʱεĵ绰ȴͻȻԥĽ绰𣬿Ǹİ绰ûκεĳɣ
ǸˣѾ֪ҪʲôԹԹԵĽϵϸңǾͷַݡħ֮ЩϷʵ
ɫһϿԸ㣬ѡ潻ףص㶨ȻҾύ
Ǻǡħ֮ӵһЦشҲǲԣ͵ϢɣҸħʸá
˵꣬ħ֮ӱҶ˵绰λ˼˭ΪɫȴǱޱȵѿ
ħжôǿ̣֪һַ䵽УǾ;һнַ˶ء
ϵϣǿϣҲͬ⣬Ͼǣ̫ˣ˵ַݵıֵش
һʱ䣬ΪĿУվϣ˵ǷϣǽٷҪͳͷ취¡
վڹҵĽǶһַݸͲʲô£Ҳʲôܽܵ
ҲǴӽΪɫпһʲôӶʱһתϣʵ㲻ؿ飬ûҪȷģֻҪ΢޸һ£޼ƿʩ
԰ôû뵽ΪʱǰһֻμŵĿԱ֪޸һ㶫Ҳ˲Ϳǿʱ򣬾Ѿˡ



226 սħ
Ҷ˵绰ħ֮ӵжʱһĨϷʣصȻͲ˵ʱܸǴ
ڷϵαҲ޹ʵķʧѾμǰһԱʱһ֪
õ˫ַŵԴпϣеů
֡ͻȻһ̶ľ𣬲أħ֮Ҳ˲˫ۣһĨŭ
飡һƽԼԵ˸飬ħ֮ӶһŴĹܼҵ쾯
үеЩͽȫܳˣſͻΧܼһֵ̿ģЩͽжôǿ֪Ҳһ
ʲô֪Լ׵ǿ󣬵ħ֮Ӵ˿ҲЩţ˲侲ߴңȻǾһɱˡ
ǵģүܼҵ˵ͷȥʼԻڵϣƴڴȥ
ħ֮ҲûţֱſڸȥҲʲôʧϣԺ
һ尡ϣǰʱַ˵ͷϣʱĶЩٿǹһǼǹǹ
ַݵڻ£ЩԭҪǹǣȴȫƻΪֻҪðͷͻǸǹ¡
ݳӢ۵ᣬ˸֪һֱȴǴڿƻõӰУȴû뵽˿̾Ȼǵǰ
ʵͰڷǰĲԼ۾Ƕڸ׵ĵֿҲǱࡣ
ʵַͿƿշߣȴǸԸգڻȺͽ룬ԭҲܼ򵥣˵ĵ˾ѣЩ˱ħѺôã֮ǡ
ħҲĵˣַݲŻڻǣΪԺԸħӣȺĵߣӦܸħ޴в
ŽǰʱһӰͻȻһվ˵ǰȺǿߣȻͣ˽ŲһǰĽŲȻͣ
ַһȥֻһȴǰԵޱȣĺͷ䲻ŭͬκεĵֿ֮ġ
ǹԹԵĹȥҪҵðԵ𣬾ֱͦͦվǰһĪģ

϶ʱ¶˿־ɫЩ˵ɫУַѾ³ǰλ˭Ϲϵǿߣħ
ħҲֻһŵȺʮߣʮֵ϶飬еֻǲ̣ûһ˿ĵǣɼħȺеĻѹж
ַһԣϽ˴ȵʲôֻһ˶ѣôˣйλħ൱ǿڣҲ
ԼǱ˭ץûǰˣô꣬˷Ƕٵʱ⣬ѵǶ𣿡
ַôһһ뵽ЩεĶȹģжʱ⣬ħķߺҲ˲伤˳
ߺ޹ߺޣͷȴûһ˸Ҷħַ֣Ҳ֪ҪһӣҪվͷˡ
̯ģַݺԥĶ׼ħһǼǹħҲҶѾ¶ȷɾ裬ԶʱŲһ
ַҲǽⷢӣźҿҲҲܣԴһɵ
𡱣ħܣЩ˷·Ǵ˼Ѫһ㣬Ҳû˿־壬ħͳȥ
˿зеĸףħüͷգ뽫Ѿʱֻô󺰵ħڣ
϶඼ҧ󣬸οħǰȺ˻ϣǸǿߣħҲҺԼܽǣֻúԼ
ٶҲͽٴ˷ܣħ޵еģڿȴһҲܣǳˡ
һ쳡Ļˣ˫ʲôƲ磬սȭȭ죬Լĺɱ쳹Ƭա
ַûߣԼеƣʼսϿߣʱʱսеħڷһǹǵ
޳ܵоȻħڶҧгݣҲ൱ڻħַݶ֣ͶԸɶַɵĶܣγɲв
Ψһַо޴вļħڣڶǱסܷĶַݶ֣ڵַݾ԰ȫҲħеǼǹ׼Լ
ħҲǷǳǿģȺͽǱľ粻ͣôûж֣ϵĹ˲٣Ȼڶ࣬ȴǱħڴĽڽڰˡ



227 ɱħ
ַȻǿҲûκεİ취ֻܶһЩȽİ߶֣˹ؼá
ͻȻһӰڱԵʱַǰһΪħ֮ҲμӵƬսС
Ҫ˵ַ޵ˣħ֮ӣûбʲôץסвħ֮ӻǵһˡ
ǳޣлɱħܹ֮ۿɾͱʼǣַݲݾܾ飬Դ˿ַɱէ֣ôҲزס
ħ֮ӷǳСģַɱļʺСҪֵĻҪһ˵ϣȻѳɹ
ʵڳ֮ǰַݾѾݸ˹һζԼһƿҩϵԼӦͻ
ʱĹħȻܹɱҲסƬ̣߲޴˺
˿̵ȴԵЩˣЩԼ˲ħȴһֱڽֻôһᣬѾвסĸо
Ǿڴʱеζȴ߷ħ֮ӣҪϲܽħ֮ӻɱħʹ
һħĳԹģܹɱħ֮ӣǿĵһ£ԥĶַݵ˵ͷ
еַҲ˿ָӵҵģ¿ҩȥɱħ֮ӣȻҸסħһСᣬһҪ죬ħ֮Ӿĺ󷽲Զ֪𣿡
ٴε˵ͷҧħƴһȭסڵѪҺ𵴣׼õĿҩ˸УѸٵħ֮ӵķȥ
ַҲҧҧٶȵߣħӿ֪ҲɱħֻҪһСˡ
ЩмĿһۿеĸףħһ˼һ۹ķ
һۣħ˲䱬ˣΪˣĿ꣬ȻԼΨһĶӣַܲŭ
ʳӣħôһӣƽʱҲʵչмѣԺҲ̳ԼĹңܵһ˺
ɴ˿̹ĿȻԼĶӣҾвǻɱԱŭҲ˲öַݵļӲǼŹ׷ȥ
ħСַҧߵٶȣҲܻ᲻ˣħţͼһʱ䡣
Ŭͽ͵ģħܱأⱼܵٶȴһҲһ·ϺֱײײɵˣоǱͷײһ³һѪֱ

ҲǸʡ͵ĵƣħ׷ǼӿٶȣʱѺ¿ҩٶȼܶͬһһ㡣
ʱǰ赲ӽħ֮ӣΪͻΧ˲С鷳ħȴ˸ҵȽ˵ٶȾȻܹƽ
һսħ֮ӣҲߵĶжʱһ˿ңҿ϶Լܲ˹һԴ󺰵ҿڻ뿪
Ҳӣħ֪Լڻħ֮ӺܱܿɱȴɲΥħ֮ŵΧס
˵ʵֻһ˲֮ѣѾӽħ֮ӵΧһȭǰħƷҽħ֮ӵŴȥ
ʯ֮䣬һħڷһ˵ħ֮ӵǰ³ֻ֪һű㱻Ӵ֮£ħ֮ӷȥ
飡ǹɾ޴ͬħ֮Ҳײɣڵ̲ס³һѪ𵴵ĸоޱȵܣǱסˡ
ȥɡڣŭħҲϵֳŹȫһȭȻвʣҲòɱħ֮ӣħ
Լĸ׸ϵħ֮һղܵȻô
СġͻȻһֵźħ֮һӴļ¸УƴԷš
ȫ״̬ͱȥˣˣжȻǳٻ˲٣ֻܾĿһǼ⣬Լüġ
һĲ𣬿ԼĶüĶ䴩ħ¶ľҲҲûκεıȫһҷɣ嵽Լԣ鿴ơ
Ա͸֯Ѿս·ҲȲħ֮ӣעѾȫͶˡ
ħҲˣǿ֪ħĿеĵλھȻˣĻôףȻģ׷Ǿ⡣
ֳһ˰Уַȴޱȵ侲˴󺰵ڣҿӡ
󣬱ŭеħжôǿȫЩֵܹģַŻʹҸϽȻ



228 
𡭡һıתͷħ˫ͨ죬ҲǴŰɱÿȶסˣ·Ǳħסһ㣬ĵ׵Ŀʼ˿־塣
꣬ꡱۿɼٶȣħͬһñ׳Ǳ˰ǿ׳
͵ǰһħֱץסһ൱ڰ۷ߣ˫־ôһ㣬ֻ˺һ죬ֱӱ˺룬ѪΧһ
ܰҲ֪˭еĿ־壬һƴŴȥҲ˲ʼɢӡ
˿̵ħ·Ѿȫʧȥǣɱͽ󣬾Ȼץסһħڣֱһȭ򴩣˸͸
£ܵ˾ͲֹͽˣħҲʼ֪ħһʧȥǣǲ˭ᱻɱ
о仰ô˵ģһֻϻʱ㲻ҪӮֻϻֻҪӮԼͬС
˿ҶƴǰţЩǣҲԼԵ֣ǴڵأΪԼ
һʱ䣬ֳҳһţڿеַԵ÷ǳУƿյƣԼƽٶȣͲñı׷ϡ
ϵĹ˿ȴ鷳ΪµĿҩҩЧѾȥ֢Ҳǿʼ˷ǹĸоҲ޷ղŵּ١
ȥܿᱻħ׷ϣħУ˿ѾڣԼΪʲôҪַݵĻƿҩȥԸħ֮ӣԼ޴ܡ
ҪʱȴоԼʲôץסˣֱ˵棬е˿УתͷһȴǸһͬУеһĨԹҲʧӰ٣ֻʣĸм
ɴʱ֪ôģǿзеĸףħһֱӴӵϼһѸղŻɱµذףþȫȥ
ԭ̬ħѾǿ˿ʧȥǲǹǿǰ֣ӳȥذף˲ͱƽ١
ΣգΣգܿϵͳٵľ𣬽ַݸһƴԼϷš
ֻһˣǷɵôˣһԲûȫܿǷɵֱȲ
֡һɾҵĽײͬʱһɾҵʹҲݵַݵԺ̲סʹκεĻɣСѾذ׸䴩
ƣַħٴζʲôϽʻŸȫٷţȶ㿪ħĹΧ˵

ʮӺ󣬴ȫħӰַŲٿŸ׽˵ϣһɷ׵Ĺŵ˵ϡ
סǾҵʹֱַҧѾ˹ذֱӳ˳һԣСҲʼѪ
סҵʹֱַͳһƿǿЧ޸ҩͿĨ˿ϣٽʣµİƿ˸УŸоԼ˲١
һϵоյðգͿַеԼֱ̱ڵϣڴڵĴŴ
ǰĹҲǲ״̬һһ˾ɵۣ˭Ҳûп˵ֻǴŶԷ
գǹ̲ס̾۹⿴ַݵҼɫˣȻ˹ߣȻһҲܿɹ󡣡
ҲҼͷӣħԼѾ֮һˡַҲ̾ĿŹ˿̵ǱȴܱǶеķȡ
һĨѽɫַݵ˫۵ǻˣǸ֯ľӢ
Ӣ㲻ϣֻǽѡַݺǺĻشҲΪԼ֯һµΡ
Ǻǡ΢΢һЦϷʵַݵʻܳΪӢǶ˵ľѾҪ˰ɣڵԺҲܴﵽΡ
ٺ١ڵǫ飬ǾαˣַһЦȻתƻ⣬صħˣ׼ô죿
Ȼϣһ⣬ľ磬Ҳǲ˵ͷɾȻħ˽ŭ
ȻǺãûȤϣһħ󻼸ַһĨϲɫ
Ȼ֮»ôӳ飬ʱӭҵĹű͡ҲȻܣȻǰ뻪ĲûжٵĽ飬ڲ
족ַգȻԼϵʽݸ˹ҲҪô࣬ԹʵԼλ취صӢټ򵥲һˡ
족ҲַգȻڵַݻۣʾͿԿԺԴ˿̽ãǻ¡



229 
Ŀյϣַ빫ϵˣԼŵ˫ȶһϵˡ
ħǹͬĵˣʱǸɱħ֮ӣԻΪħľжɱĻԼƬ̵İ
ַҲģٴεݸƿǿЧ޸ҩ״ָ̬˽һ󣬱վɽģˮԺ
ټҵѡҲվøַݱԼߵľ⣬ûַݵĽȣ˿̵ǰյĵмš
¶һ΢Цֱַӻ˸ڿնȥ˿̿Ȳ˺Ѿ޸ϣǿ׵ǿ֮
ϵĹԶȥַݣиһ⣬૵һ˻˰ˡ
˵꣬һԼϵĹһԾ񻰹еѪ㣬ǿ
һξ룬ַԼӦϵһ£ǲٵԼ
ַݵһ뵽ȻΣҲԼеλأǴǣӦһ
ֱӲεĵ绰֮ͨЩҵǲģΪĵ绰Ҿͻı⡣
ͣʵ̲סεᣬַڨЦһ㣬Ѿӳˡ
ʲôַݵһ¾ϲ˲㷴Ӧ䵽ħϵô׵ӳٴξΪ˱Իңֱ˵ĿİɣòҴŵġ
⡭ַٴɵۣɿСһС룬ǵһڡ
ͣͣͣһ˲֪˽´ַݵĿ˵ַݵʵԣɫҲЩǺ졣
žͺáַ΢΢һЦõǵϵ㻹ûȥɣ
ȻûУֲɵôô׵ĽȥҡҡͷһֽǮһֽ£Ȼޱȵ
Ǿͺáַݳ˿λ̫Լʧȥ˼Ͼô˳ȥ
˿ͬʱַҲǸѾȫˣ˭㽫Ͻȥ֪æתһʦ˵һ£Ѿȫˡ
֪ˣʦԣһġε˵ͷеһʯҲ˲们䣬Ҳһ˿
ԵĽΪҲȫֻи޴ɻǾַôħӳģ
Ҷεĵ绰ַݺԥĵĵ绰룬ڰȥ˲䣬ȴǽҶˣΪһϲ

˿̣ɫѾ𽥻ƣԴǼСùУԼǰذס
ҹһǰǴѰַݵ䣬ܹѾǰҪϲܵѾȲˡ
԰ʱȥ˲ٵթҩʵڲеĻȺͽһҲܱץסĺá
εѾǱűľˣǰ·ֻнûˣܾȳַݣһֺη
˿ʱ䣬ҹ룬ʰԼ׼ĶһƤ¾װ¥ȥ׼Աȥж
ȻСùݣΰͲжãԸյòһȺСע⡣
һ˵ȵ£СϴʱǰλϵŮһ𣿽ҹȽ𣿡
شСģֻǱһ֣Ϊ˱ַȣͷֻѹеķŭƤЦôֻѡ
˵꣬ͷ޳Ө׵ץȥû뵽ǣԼûץס֣㱻˲䷴סˡ
ҵʹûͷҲַܱȣˣȻϮңֵǸϣһҽзݡ
𡱣˷ܵʣµȺҲܱ侲Хž׼ηߡ
ʡ͵ĵȻԸ֣ûһս֮ԸһȺС죬һҲѲס
飬飬ԼҽֻһӲʱ䣬ȺСȫڵأʹİţǴ˿̲֪Լͷˡ
Ůһ𣿡ʱһ˵ٴͬü
ֽηʱȴһΪû˵ģһޱȵϤ
ŵعͷõ壬һЦݵַݺҲֹסĴ۽ǻ
һͷ˽ַݵĻУĿ˿̵ȫףʧȥԼεʹࡣ



230 һҪ
ɻϣĿֱָԶڴ˰ĻĹ˿̵ͷȲһһŮܵпһ𣬲֪˵ʲô
Ŀս޲ĽĿóζַݣ˧ֶȥң
ֻϧַڵֻһˣҲװŮˣҲֻǱѡ
ܸңôħӳҿ˵ˣ˼ֱǿ˷˵ĵزһĴκ¶һĨ
ַ֪ԥƬ̣ʵܳ£֪ԽԽãѾԼŮˣҲڲԱ֪ҲӦõġ
Ȼˣ˵Ͳ˵ˡַԥ˵Ҳʣ˳Ȼͺá
Ҳûʲô˵ġַҡҡͷ뿪ʼ𣬽ȫ
ַ˵ǵεúʣԼĻ;ͬʱҲӺַôӳˡ
ַݲʲô̵¹شѡԵȴǲûȻĹ¸ûȥ
˼˵ܱÿŮ˵ĿжиӢᣬǳҲãҲãǸҲãЩƣ鲻Խǰһ
Ȼˣ벻뿴ǵĸĶԣַѯ
ԥĵ˵ͷɢž˵ĺ棬ȻԸ׳ĺġ
Ǿ͸ɡַ΢΢һЦɻϣΨһһûͷڵĵطȥʣط䡣
˵ĿȻȥףпȴôļˣжһĨɫЩ졣
ҶزʶҲûʲôҪ͵ģ˰ͷһ߽ͬ䣬˷š
ͷȲյȻһ˴ҲԵӵһ뵽Ȳ䣬䡣
ǺǡַϷһЦȻװֵѧŵİһ˸˧Ķ󺰵
꣬ꡱֻӲǰַݱѾȫǵ˿׵УУ¶ǡ
ҪҪһҪſᣬըĶ˭ҪԼһĿ֮˷ܵĴ󺰵
ֻǺŷ仰Щ̫Ծɫ˲һͨ죬ųȥЩ˿ǻʲô񿴴Լ

ȻʧˣַݲԸⶫھֻһףһѾ󶨣Ͳתˡ
Ҳûк֣ЩʧҲûǿ󣬹ԹԵĸַ󣬵ͷ䡣
һǹɫŨˣȻղ˷ܵĴ
ܳͷȲյˣҲЩвҲ׸߿µĸоȫַܹݡ
Уɻڵִ˵۾;ַҲǽʣµӢĹ˶һ˵ɼγ̶ȡ
·ɻһ̣ŸоˣԭǶôҪΪӻԼҵ߽롣
Ѿȷ¹ϵҲûκεıӣֱ߳˻˿ңΣԼΪڴ˵Ⱥ򣬼ȱĳֺеĴʯ¡
ЩӣľѳۣҲòַͬ÷ĴڣҲ΢΢һЦûκεĳԴףӭֵãӭļ롣
Ժչˡɫһ죬ԭڿκȴҲûǰĽ
һĻȻҲַޱȵ⣬᲻ϰദʱ治֪ô졣
ĿǰĵȫǶģŮһֻ˼䣬ͬһ
ַ֪һжεĹͣڴϣѾ㹻ľ飬ǺԸҲеޱȵ
ŲַݿһοĽΪǰȥͷʦ㵣ˣԲ𡣡
˵ԲΪԼĺӣЦǺǵĵΪʦ˰ȻܴħֱֻΪʦա
ǺǣҶѡַͷΪԼѯʵģɫһ֪ʲôش󣬸һͬڲ̸Σ
ַصı飬Ȼˣ²ֻӳô򵥣һиεĶȴǵķ
Ȼޱȵĺ棬ʱѯʵĺʱҲֻסʱַԼ˵



231 Ķ
¹شַҲܻμϢһٳ·ϣѡηֱ𣬲㣬Ҫע⣬Сħ
֪ģҲע㡱ε˵ͷַݻֱַֻвЩء
ηֱһҲٲ飬ȫٸڲϵȻͨȨ˿ֱڲϻء
˶û뵽ǣһ·ɻȻȺţʵЩ̿֡
ֱתַݵϣ΢΢һЦȻܴħӻ
Ҷѡַ΢΢һЦߵԣСףзǳҪͨ
Ŷһַص󣬶ʱ˵ͷɡ
˶ʱǰǴϤСԣŵ԰ȫʲôֱ˵
ַݲûԥʼԼѺν𣬲ѵϸ˳;Ҳǽó㡣
Ҷٴ죬ҲַݲһѺܴħѣ⣬ʵԼǻҲռ˾һ֡
ַ˵֮һĨӵɫ˵ħ֮ӵ˵һ£ñ
浽ʱȴ뵽ԼѾĺӣҲǳ׷䣬Լʹɫ
ԶԼԼŮѪʹɫ·ǰһ㡣
ʱȴܻڻ䵱УӦõʵ취ħҪи
ڵַҲṩһѵĻᣬʵȻ֪֮ǰǿߡ
Щ걻ôãʵҲѾЩ˻սʤħҲôѵһ¡
ʱ̧ͷôŶȾжߣ
빫ദĲ࣬ԶڴˣǱ൱ľģΪڵĲ
ַ΢΢һЦڵٷְٿԷģڵĹûκεħϣΪһͬɱħĶӣħ֮䣬ֻһĽ֡
ãҲ¶˾ģһ˿ѾʮˣҲøħиˡ
ʵ˵ʮǰӦѾȥδҲ᲻ȥһֱڡ
йһžħҲǶôѣʱһȻ

뿪ôСľݣַЩѡ˷ֱڵǶҪúϢһ
صУ·֪Ѿްˣϲ㡣
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л¶һĨʹɫֱԼȥ뷿ۿ̺ˮҲ̲ס
˭˵ӲᣬֻδʱԼİŮ˳ȥĵʹ֪ѳɶ֣Ҳ޼£ֻĬĬĽܡ
Լų֤վһĨᶨһҵԼҸ
˫ۣѵĸо·ҲǲģʼŹ
һ飬飬飬ûκֹͣĿʼŹ·˺һľ磬ҵš
ûȫһɲǣֹˮһ˶УʼַϴʶŹ似
ʱ䲻֪˶ãȻĽ˰ڣûκͣŰڱš
ͬʱ似һδεУҲʼ˷ٵĽڽԼѧϰļ似ڻͨ
СʱľٲȻѾ˰ڵ۷壬ֻҪǰһǰڡ
ɴʱ·Ѿ˼ޣɫһĲҰףҲǿʼ˰ڶʱֲܼȥ
ƾǱʶһ;ûͣ£ǼŹ򲻸ˣһ̣ͻƵ˰ڡ
ͻƵһɲǣ·ҲԼʹҸ˹ȥͨһɵ˵ϡ
ҲǴ⿴ӵַݣϽܽһ۾Ϳڵιȥ
Щȵ죬ַ૵Ƕιȥ˰ɣʵ̫˾ˡ
һ״ֻ̬ιȥ˶ѣַŷӻͳһƿ޸ҩĿУŻ˴ͷ
һЦݵݣַҲһԲͦ࣬ڿȫҲ˶١
úõ˯һɣáӴϣַ΢΢һЦ뿪ķ䡣



232 
ħ¼һ䣬⼸ʱҲ˳ŵУַҲ˴˻˲УŲǺĲ顣
ַݿûǣԼѾʸۿıľ飬ûż׼ĻһȻź
תۣʱҲ˴ڵǰϦַҲеĲ飬ߵ˽ΪԵʦҾҪؼҹˣҪһ𣿡
ʱΪַݽ˲ٵ⣬ʲôַݶʽ̣ΪҲĵĽ
ԶڽΪַĵͬʦĵλԲŻԼһͬؼҹ꣬Ľ䵱˼ˡ
ΪҲΪ⶯ѾþûиܹˣĻᣬĲŹ
ϸĿһ󣬽ΪòҡҡͷַͷնʦҪԼȥɡ
⡭ַһ˿Ȼȷڲ֮أ˶뿪ǽΪȴ뿪Ҫְء
ַЩ֪ʱòȴǴһʹģ˭ǷСӵૣûʲô£ɡ
ٺ١ַݶʱǰһԽΪʦ㿴϶ô˵ˣҲ÷ĸһ˰ɣ
⡭ΪЩԥʵЩ´ѧղϤЩȷϴ𣿡
ˣûвУͷĵĹɣķѧ֣һı鿴ŽΪ
˵ʲôѧôһΪʱӵֱָŴѧյ͸ҳǿɣʱŪһ⣬ôʰ㡣
СмĿ˽ΪһۣѧϷʵͷһٸİɣҹԱ㻹ĺãͿˡ
ߣţݸ壬ҿʲô˵ţΪһӣֱ뿪˲ķΧַҲݸ˴ѧһм򽯴Ϊ׷ȥ
һǰһȥӰѧһ˿įγԼ˹õĽգѾûˡ
ҲҸͽˡҲ֪ͻȻðһƺ«ѧ͹һڣй˵

ڲʱûǲ뿪ģ˻ĴڣǼ¼ϽڲҲòҷһγ٣Ͼһ꣬Ҳúķһˡ
ַҲ뿪ǰһͬһǳ飬ǾǴϸʼڲǣŹ
ڲҶڽǮôǿңַѡʵΪ
ΣһѵĶȻȥǰһ죬ʼҷŴڵС
ȻᣬַݵһƬ⣬ûõǣյ͵ж¶һĨж
ѾˣѾû˸Լݹ꣬ȻǰˣҲԼˣҲǸܵ˹ա
һ·ŶæǲúȻҲǣַȴһһܾһ⡣
ַ˲࣬ѧȻǷǳϤһַƷҲġ
ַݽһɫʱѧжѾˮҪ˵һжĵĻɽΪȴͻȻ֣䳰һ
Ҳܼ򵥣ȻǴһܣַȴܸܵ꣬±ӣҲѡ
ڣֻʣһݣһᣬֻǼδľƣȴ˿϶ϲ
ڽΪĴ£ַڲĺĴǴѾ˱ССǰ
˿̵һ޾ţڵľ˵һǷǳѵ飬Ϊ壬ѾƾԵ
ַݴ˿̴ľȴͬδĳƺɺһƿҲڵء
ǰַݺԥĽеľƹ޶£ǶһһԣԼеľƵݸһɡ
ӹַݵľƣһ˿ƣһ𣿡
ַݲûйǽĶ˫۵ңһǵ
áһĨˣ˹˵ľͺһƿֻ˲䣬۾ͱϷãþƣѡ
áһôҲͲסֱֱľ͵ַݸ§ס˼
˯ɣһҲˡܵʹַ࣬ݲ֪Ҳ֪ȴ֪ڵȷҪһ
е·𿴵ʲôõ飬ҲǷһĨҸЦݣַֻ֪Ǽ󣬵ӵƬ̣Ȼ㹻



233 Ǹָ˰
ʱţμŵķгҲʼ˷Уֻڻ裬Ҳֻļܹʹá
μźͽֵܾĴ֧£Ķʼ˷ĻС
ҲѾγ˹ͨͱ۾붫ľͽͨ·
һ磬ַݱԼΪһͬǰҴԺ
ȻǷгЩطҲǽֹзеģͱڵ⴦ԺϿշеĻǽܵصĳͷ
гͨͨͲҪĹעɳԴĽϵͳأԼΥĻܷܿгͻԶϨͣԭصȴĴ
ڵҴԺʱַ˹˵Ļŷг㽵䵽˵ϡ
ֻһۣ˵ŲˣǰͣԼŵΣѵľһС͵ķ
ЦſַеģǼֵڵ̫ŻҪܲעĿ
Ľ۹⣬ַ˴һͬҴԺҵ˰ꡣ
үӣַݶѾϤĸĸ棬ȴԵЩΡ
ַ׼ó˺Ŷס˵죬ǷԼһ
ѾʮϤûñĵһ飬ַͬˣһͬŲˮ
һδĲˮڣ˶ЩүӸǶ޲ڣҶɽǿŲҶӶ޼
ַ΢΢һЦԴ۱ʾޱȵͬҶδҲ򵽵ˡ
ڲǣ˵ĻϻҲˣүȿڵСӣûȤøְţ
ȿȡַݸɿڰֵүӣҲ֪ɢְλţܾһֱˣûʲô˼
Ҳǡ͸ַһۣүӼְҪҲգǸطͺãҲΪЧˡ
ٺ١ַݵ˵ͷڹְûʲôо⡣
һͬãڵ緹ʱ䣬ΪҸеԼ飬ַȻǰĿʼơ
һٷԵĴޱȵĿģĸĸҲȫַͬŮ
Ȼһ㣬飬ǱʵгƷ¶ܹأҲûޡ

ͽүҲȥϢˣʣµʱ䣬Ȼ˵ʱ䣬һ£ŵ۾ȥ
һϳϱ¶𾪵ɫ˫۷ŹĿַݵüһ⳵ֱը죬ʲôʲ̫ţ˲ֹʮ
ôϲĻһַ¶һĨϷʣǴ󷽵
ģһ⣬û˲ϲο絽˼ķг
ٺ١ַݻһЦϷʵȻģֻҪҪҾ;Ը͸㡣
⡭ʱɵۣɲЩһ˼ɵĹ
һһ˵ļ֮£ͻȻӵôһǱض˿࣬òʧ
뵽Щ̫ˣСûӵйһҲʽ
һԼ̫Ŀߣֱ£ģᡣ
ַʵ̲סˣ˸۵֪ɣλж죿Ҫ˰ɣʮڣ㻨˰ɣ
ٺ١ʱס죬¶ڨڨɫλƴƴģô÷
͸㲻Ҫ뿪ҾˡһģַЩ̿
˼ǣҵĺ÷򡱣ʱ˾§ַݵļ޵
磡һŤߵתͷһֵֻı鿴ʲô÷򰡣ⲻûӦ޸𣿡
£СӵģǾòܵġֵʼ
һ˲ڵ鲻ԽĴ˸ûüǸĴָ䡣
ҽͣĵǸԭ£Ҫ֪ɲͨˣϵʹ
ͣʵ̲סеЦ⣬͵Цֻ˲뵽ʲôһĨȻ
ַȻ֪ʲô飬һ뵽Լĸǡ
СǸҵζŨͥܲκһ˿ůеֻǶķߺޡ
һѽ§˻Уַݸ㷢㣬Ҳңø˵ˡ
ǰޱȸӵɫЩã֪Լô
ʵںǰ˵ʱȴǳٳûȥΪ֪Ǹҡ
꣬ȥɣʱһԵеãַݲһʹٴΰο



234 
ŴϿս䵽ͣʱǿŵԼٴ˵
ȥһͬʱ̫Ž䵽ͣĸٸ̲סһֿڣ԰ڵģɽȴǱ걬ܲơ
ˡ˴ӳʱһŵǰŻŵдһĽǶʼɡ
ǺǣóپõˣǽȥɡַǫѷһСԳӭӣһޱӴҫ
ͬʱӲҲԷӳַܶݵĿأȻĻַ˾᲻мһˡ
һĻַҲǷǳпȫû뵽ֻǰʱ䣬ʹһУΪ˲ɺӵĴڡ
һӴĿԽ̵֤ҪԣûڵԼֻǻججĴڡ
ʶַݵ˲࣬ʶܵҲУΪ˵ˣȫһʶ
һУһЩӸȴ֪ǾΣܳ˴ѵĴڡ
ħԼģӴƸӵⱲӶٷܶ
һֱζǶһݴһֻ֧ޱȵأֻ֪
˿̣ȴ§һ˵ĸ첲һܵģЩʹַݵðŻ⡣
Լܲߺǵһ˿ⶼȫȥһĿЦ۾ĹƽƽĴڣǵ
˵򾩶ȥڼЩԱԼܾϹкҲĶ£ǿɲκεķɡ
ʱˣ껣Լˣӻ߳ɲĴյһ
ɡһ˿ϷʣֱַŰԼ껣Σȫӡ
ͦɡһĨȻμŵһϵνʹͳ⼸ʧʮλ
̫ˣЩ˱Ц̫ˣЦˣӮҡһ˿ʹޣʧıȰû࣬ǮƣעصȨƶʧ˲٣ܲʹޣ
㲻֪о仰һȣȣ㲻УԺСǷһĨЦݣַٴƵ
ߡͬʱҲ뿴ַǷɪݣһоͻʹ
λʧˣף족뿪ǰ΢ЦŶһȭ׷ȥ
αԶεıӰͬ˵˳Ӧ󣬶ͬʱЦ

ԴйҲޱȵһ㣬ûһڶƵźŸַݵӼҲȫʧȥá
ǾԼõļԼ칫ҶֶЧҲǿԿģǵϢҲûй¶
ַֻܰ̾ϧҲ֪ҲǱȻģ⼸˶ûзĻֱ̼ǡ
ת뿪ʱַͻȻһ⣬ΪͻȻ뵽һˣȻγ߷
ǰʱַһֱڲԣû֤ݣ׵¶ۡ
ôˣ˷棬Ƿǳһ۱㿴ַ£ѯʵ
˵ɡַصɫһգѾа˳ɵİܹ϶ˡ
УȻŮæµȴǴյһѣɳͷڵ٣˵˰ɣ
ַݳŵ˵ͷ󿪿ڵشҶ֪ΣգΪڲ˸ڼǰɣ
֪˶ҧгݣַڿνǵĺģµĻһжҳһš
ѵʲôϵģֻ˲Ժ룬˳
ַݵ˵ͷҡҡͷֻǸ²ѣҲҿ϶ֻǾڼм񡣡
顱һ⣬μˣǾ֤طѱ͸
顱ͬʱҲ˳ܵľ裬ԤУܿҲҵ˴ڣǹҵĴڣòıʲô
ʱ˲ŷ֣Լε˽⣬Щ̫ǳˣֻȴûصĶ
еĲ²жǲһĻ̫ˣıĶǶ̾硣
˶һۣжһĨģǾξվǵͷϣһҪ



235 Դ
ΣҲղǰɣô˵ҲֻǸ²ѣҪõ֤ʵԸø͸
һ̸ַ֮һǺЦŶ˵λһ⣬֪ûȤ
˵˵˶ʱȤμڵʵҪܰ⣬ܲǸȤ
Դַ˵ֺͬڰͶһöˮը㣬ԴҵܸıĶ
ţ˰ɣⶫıƷеȻǲмʹãԴȴֻͬҪϣǾͲܲʹá
˵ԴǿԸıĶֻҪȽˣĹܾԾܾӴҲ˷
˶ͬʱһȻַݵܷ֪˵ԴڵԴЩƣ
ǺǡַݵһЦĸָ۵ͣ㹻ǿ󣬲ȫȾõκεĻеϡ
ˡκεԥҧͷȻЩգ˻ᶼܴĻһ
Ȼϵ£ȻǣǼеҵֻҪһ¾ͺˡ
еĲ豭ַ΢ЦңǾԲڽľǸһɡ
ɱ˶豭²豭󣬳ѯԴϸ
ַȻһһ𣬺˰ѾӦǵɣҲֻ˵һЩĶȻһֲᡣ
ҲǷǳ֪ȤһЩԼҪ֪󣬱㽫ʣµһнҵˣٴַݺ
ڴ˿̣ղųȥ绰ĽΪҲ˽ɫЩصĶַݵͽղҴ绰ȥѯһǷϵѾһЩüĿ
ΣڲѶϢΪȫģҵĸ˼Ϣ⣬ҲǷǳġ
Ϊһ󣬲ſڵ˽⣬иС壬춫ʤʮǰѾȥҲһ꣬Χ
Ǻǡַݵжʱһ⣬ܿ϶ĻǸɵӡ

øңøΡҧҧҲҵһݣ˵죬ŭ
ȣŮ˸Ǳֳ൱ķŭַݾǵһУξȻվǺ޲ýƤǡ
ر侳ַͬһȥʹޣġ
ˣȷһߣϾû֤ݣô˵Ҳֻǲ²ѣڱ£ôӳ顱ַݿڵ
ԹԣҲٶ˵⣬һ̸ۺ󣬱һͬ뿪˾Իص˼С
˵ʵַݺ뽫Ůһͬؼй꣬ȻûеǸز治ϾԼĸĸȽϹŰ塣
ȻвᣬַݻǲòŮԼټϻţŶֹ˾ȥ
һŬҶӨٻѾΪֿȵһǣȻ鹦ּŵƣȻҲٲԼŬ
һ˴ȦҶӨٻĸоۣҲûеôģΪַݣҲֳ˴绰⣬ûʱͬԼˡ
ĸоЩԽܣڿһݳҶӨٻ¶һģǾ˳Ȧ
ҪȻ˹˾ڵһ·ԣϾҶӨٻܿܳΪһ˾ǳ
ҶӨٻ¶˾ģԾôԣҲǼּƱҪȦ
˿̵Ѿ̵һ㣬ֻһͳŮˣûҪƴƴַݵԣҪ顣
ڶֹ˾Ķ¥칫УҶӨٻڴŹѾ⣬ͷ¶棬ǺúõĹҹ˾
ʵ˭Ҳ֪ʵһֱЩԱԼһֱûΪַݸʲôһֱڸ鷳
ҶӨٻúõĹҹ˾һԼģҲΪַݾһౡ֮Ȼûô࣬⵽˾ͺá
һݷӵļҶӨٻһ֧°ͣʼԼַݵֹ
ǺǡʣѧʱģҲӣַݵ־£ԾЦ
꣡ͻȻű׵˿ҶӨٻϽԼЦݣɫһ˭ôôò
ѽԼŮѣôҪҪȥһ£һϷʵһƤЦҲ˽
ݡҶӨٻһвԾˮҲò衣



236 һؼ
׻˵Ů˵õرԼŮ˿ĻûͲĵһ
СٻôˣҵĴôòģԲ𡱣ַһ¾ͻˣϽǰסҶӨٻֵ
ҶӨٻ죬ҡҡͷû֪æģҾ̫ˣԿ̫ˡ
Сٻַݷ˷ƤһĨΣ˵ŮǶ⣬ҶӨٻ㿷֮ޣԼƶʱ򶼸Լ벻
⼸ԼҶӨٻӣָԼĶ㣬ʵЩԲ
ԽҶӨٻ§ڻУַа¶ģԺһҪʱ˸衣
úŷַֿݿҶӨٻϵۣʹѣʹģ۴ȥ
ǻȵĴҶӨٻʱĽһӸ¶һĨϼ
һɿɬζַݵԺԼӦЩʲôġ
ԥģֱַڳ̵Уµһõ壬ЦСٻұħ
ŶҶӨٻʱ¶һĨ棬˫һգգĿַݣȴνħ
ע£һõ壬ͻȻͳַݵУͷ·ƾճһ㣬Ҳκεĺۼ
ѽҶӨٻ߾ϲŵƾճֵõ廨⣬⵽ô¡
ַݲûлشֻ΢΢һЦôֵģҪҪǣ͸Ļ
ǿ¶һЦݣҶӨٻԹԵĵ˵ͷллݣҾ֪ˡ
ллͺˣַݰһ壬װģûһʲôʾ
࣡䣬ַݾ;ԼϣһʪĴУֻʱ̫̣ûȫܵ뿪
ôַݺٺһЦһܱ㽫ҶӨٻ§˻У˵ĺ촽
˿˿㣬ӿдַݵıУ̰˱˵ҶӨٻӶЩ
ã֣ҶӨٻַ̱ݵĻУ¶˿˿Ȼɫôķ֡
˾ĸѵõַ֮ܰſڵСٻǻؼҰɡ
ãҶӨٻ˵ͷôҲޱԼļˣÿԺúõľһ

ȻѾ˳ȦҶӨٻҲûκεĹ˼ɣַݵֱ߳⡣
Ǹ䶯ĳ棬ֹ˾ĹԱˣʵǰǾ۾Ҳûκεá
飬飬顱·ЩĽҶӨٻˣжһĨ
Ȼ˵ҶӨٻѾĳҹӵŮˣɶΪ飬ۼΪʵһֱţҲǴһϣ
ַݵĳ֣ȴȫ֤һ㣬òʣԼصĲȨǸеޱȵȻ
ףĽʼɺ޵У˶ֹ˾Ĵſڡ
ֹ˾ǸʲôطռȦİڽɽĹжӶ˷ˣǽȦǲҪǮ㣬ٵתš
ȻǺ⣬ϸһֱҸЦݣͣһԵĻţ趨Զн·ߣŶзȥ
ĶᴫѾѵϢ֪жٷ˿顱ǺƤϣַϷʵ
ȥġ͸ַһۣҶӨٻЩ̾Ļһ᲻Щ˿
ĺܺãһޣһЦһ𳪸裬һ裬ʱȻ̣ܶҲĵġ
᲻ãǾͼǰɣҿԽϢѹҲġַݳһȰ
ҪҶӨٻԥҡҡͷ§ַݵĸ첲ҪҲûҪҪ㡣
ȿȿȡһڿŴ羰ĽΪʵ̲סתͷԼϷʵǼùҡ
ٺ١ַЩεͷһʦ㿴ھʮһ뻹ܻʮ꣬ûһ뷨
ȥġΪ̲ס˸ۣЩ̾ңˣⱲӶԲʦĸ̫࣬ٶԲˡ
ʦĹ۵ǴġĿŽΪַΪŬܶ϶ûйֹ㣬һΪеԺ
ͺȥȻдٴҲΪ˺ʦĸȪ֪ĻҲϣһ
һ̾Ϊһ˿ȻȢĻԲԼţȢĻֶԲԼĸĸһֱ²ģıܼ尾
һܵģҲǶһۣûȰ裬ϾĽᣬԼ⿪
ַȴǰһ뵽Լڳ̵пһԽΪеá



237 ֵ
ͨĽγԣгʵ̫ˣͱ˵ٶȷ棬ֻҪ趨ԶУٶȾɻ޼ıܹú»ײ
ֻСʱгѾ뵽˶ĵؽ磬ӿиЩϤĵطжĸп
ֻһˣȴǱ˸ӵĸпǿҪɹһɽʱΪݺĶ˵Ǵɽǰͣͣ𣿡
Ȼַصĵ˵ͷЩ²⣬ȡԶУŽ䵽˵ϡ
ʧ˻㣬ΪһԲľǰǼСȥ߹ĵϣһһǳĽӡ
ΪʲôˣַȻ˽⣬Ϊ鲨̫ھңѾƿԼ
ͨߵĸСǰʱΪ˲ڵأҲǾһ㣬ƴš
ˣˣˡײǽΪĸСͷǰʯ壬ȻѣΪĶͷҲһ˿Ѫ
ѽѪҶӨٻʱһϽԼİóһŴ򽯴Ϊȥ
ɸղһ㱻ַָסȥˣʦ״̬ԡ
⵽ô£һĨɻ󣬿֮ҶӨٻŷӦָĸСѵǡ
µûɡ˵ţֱַߵ˷гϣԼүү׼ļƷ˳
һԲߵĴСǰƷַ֮ݰĿ˸ͷ˽Ϊԡ
˿̣ͷϵѪҺ̣ΪĿĸСһƬַݴУ޾ıˡ
ԵЩĬΪûַҲһţ𽥵ģۼһΪ˻žۼˡ
ȻѾı䣬óҲǼ٣ͬķгȫǵһΡ
һʮʮ٣ۼ˾ȻԽԽ࣬տʼҶΪ˿˺ʸһȥ󣬴Ҷڲ²д˵ݡ
ַҶӨٻȻûʶϾ˶ˣǴ߳ȥģǲûһӡ
ΨһĽڽΪˣǼĹݣΪҲ˿ıҸ˳

ú󣬽ΪŲĿڵ֣裬ТôŻǣԲ𣬶ҵĴ
ţΪٴοڵСϣôʱ޿̶ȥǣҲܰһҪҡ
Ⱳӣƭ̫̫࣬±ӾţҲҪһ𣬵ҵĹ
һλ£ַ⽯ΪеİˣǱ֮󣬿ܾ޿ˡ
ɽΪȴڹҴ֮£Ӳסɱ뷨ֵڣɲԸԴַݱʾޱȵľ塣
ڴʱһϵӰߵ˽ΪԣòޱȼĴ󺰵ǴΪ磬һǡ
㡭ЩȵתͷΪϸһˣȴôҲûϳЩεǣ
磬Ǵ󼪰£˱Լ֣ýΪһ
ʵҲĲΪߵʵ̫ˣϿǰģʵ̫ˡ
ԱΪжʱ˲գٽԼĿеһգΪѾȫܹȷˡ
㣬Ҷܣǽ󼪣㵱𡭡ΪһƬհףõϢУԼܵѾһδսھȻٴγԼǰ
û磬󱨡󼪲˲ᣬ˵˵Լо
ԭǳսֻۣǱڸ˹ȥҴǲûϸ̽Żᱻս
󣬽ŷߵսѾˣҲҲԭĲӣԵü󣬲ŻصԼļ硣
ȴǵ֪ԼĸĸɩֶȫΨһĴҲǲ֪٣ҵӴ˾һֱȴΨһĴ
ôҲȢӣҲĺ꣬ԭΪⱲӾôȥˣҲԼˡ
û뵽·תȻڼнӵǵϢ˵һԼĸǰţԼĴ硣
У޵뷨˷ǰֻһȥϳ˽ΪݣΪΪ뵱Ǻܴ˵һģһ
ֵȻһǧȴһԲֱ㶵ĶŶԷ˷Ƥ˵Щʲôɶȥ
գ˻˵ʲôһЦ֮һӵҲǽӵһ



238 ϯ
Ϊ˿̵飬ӵظãԭû뵽ԼиֵܻţҾԼǰ
д󱯵ϲ־ҵת䣬ýΪʵЩӦӲϾ֪һô
Ϊͽַܵݣ˿ȻҪվһԿһºַݶʱתǵǣʦףϲӣҾϯȡ
𣡡һϲϾ׳԰׺˭ϲַݿĳϯĵαض͡
ΪҲʱӦ˹ȷôûλǴԴһ٣ҲǷ֮¡
ַ£ҲҪ˵ʲô֪ԼͽеǮԲҪʲô
ַ֮ݶʱתͷԵҶӨٻСٻһ£ȥɹƷȻ֯һǰѵӶóһ¡
һգץʱʳľͻϻȻʱ
ûµģȥɣһᰲźõġҶӨٻ˵ͷַݵ⣬Ͼ¹غʦȻһЩ
ַ֮ݶʱ˽ΪԣԽ󼪵ʦ壬ͷһСٻϾ⸽̫Ϥ
ǵȻģȥæɣһᴦõġ󼪵˵ͷͬʱжַҲޱȵͬôĵˣʵڲࡣ
һСġΪĿַһۣϾַһУΪҲΪӡ
һнϺֱַϳŶеķȥ·ҲǰԼĸĸ˸绰ѯҪҪһ
õĴǿ϶ҪҲ˵ַ˸ʦһֱûл˵ʲôҲԸ
ַзɻصԼļУɲǣҶӨٻĸĸҲ֪ϢһҪ
ԭֻһ˾ܸ㶨£ȴǱˣ˶ԭҪһСʱĲɹʱ䣬ֻ˶ʮӾѾ㶨
ŵ֣һѵʳľˮͲ⣬ûκһ˿нٶȡ
æµ˫ĸźĴ˻ţַݵĸĸȻΪԺҶӨٻĸĸҲǸӵļᶨ˾ģǾǽŮεİס

ֻǶʮңű㽵䵽ЩСɽ壬ڽ󼪵һ£ǶǷӵʳľˮ̧˳
ַݹĶȻˣԿЩ֮̾Щ˶̲סЩ࣬ûǮ
û뵽ǣÿһ˶һ̼һв裬ǺͨлҶҲϳҶ࣬ȻǶ⣬Щ˵ҲԳ֮ΪݳƷˡ
ֶ̣ȻַǸӵˣҲ׼̨ͣѾãв˵вˣ˵ĳˣæǲú
СҲһ߳ǹĸһͬ͵ֳȻªҵ黹ַޱȵķġ
ֳļܽ˫ĸĸֱַѡߣ˽ҵԺУѰԼҪĶȥˡ
˿̣Ϊ뽫󼪣ͬһȺ廳Ĺ޲ǶЩŵʹޡ
ЩߣַҲʹ޲ѣа⣬ԺлĻ϶׵ķŹǡ
ͽܣ鷳ˡַΪʱվͷĵ
鷳ʦףЩӦġַһЦǫģ
ǺǣСӲҼŮ޵磬ҿ϶ȺҲûסʼַݴȤ
ſڱտڵľҼŮҼŮȵȵȣǼ޲ȥһ㣬ַǺղѡ
Ҳȫܹ⣬ԼӱǸ߸˧ǫѷ𾴳ЩŮĲѡ
ˣŮӣһ֪ܸλСҶ𣿡ַһεģ̲ס²۵
˻һЩͳͳ죬ǲ룬ҶӨٻòĿãԼŮŮʲôȥ
ǲƼַҲһ˻˻ֵʦʦλǣģԼȥ䡣
ȥɡΪ˵ͷٴԼֵԼǽԼЩľ
ַҲڵõͷţʼ⴦ԺпʼѰԼĿꡣ
ڣ򲻸ˣʮӺַһҵԼҪһգ֤󣬴ǽΪޡ
ĽòкַŻطӳ̵йһ߿ƼΪ޵ò˽ȥ
㶨ϺַֽպãҲǴһĨЦ⣬ڿ¾㱸ֻǷ硣



239 Ƽ
һδũ磬˷ϰڵĶһ⻹ũ𣿾ǾƵҲԵûôðɡ
ˮĹę́ʳϷɵģܵȫУЩھƵ궼Ѽ˫ͷƷȫС
ЩʦַҲûţ³׼ЩʳȻôʳĿɾ˷ˡ
ϣ˽Ϊ뽫λ⣬Ķ峤Լĳǡ
ַݱûʸȥģɴȴ˵һаģȻʸӣȻϣȴǱһɳǸӡ
һȺȻҪڿǰַȸλϣȻŸԼһ׾ơ
һصվַݻһܵǣǣʦʦʱʮٴ۵һǴϲӡ
Ϊͽܵ׼磬Ϊף˵ףʦʦԼλǶ꣬ŮԶƯСϻ۽֡
˵ô࣬شҲ˰ɣеܶ룬ôû˵꣬ⲻӰҳԷʵ̫ˡ
˶ǹЦַݵĬʣҲһվƱ߾š
ˣ˵Ҹˣ⡱˵ţֱַӽǴŵǰһڽǽƸ˸С
ãþˬºȾƽˬַݴ˰Ȼޱȵ⣬ԼҲǽһ
ʽʼΪͽַܵȻҪһʣԾʱزģڵַݾȻǲö˵ġ
볤ǹһȦ󣬿ʼЩǿʼƣҲˣֻҪƣǶһ
ȻˣϵĽΪȻҲûţҲַһͬȦƣϣɲʱǰơ
ԭƾŽΪľʮﶼһ˿⣬ɽɴ󱯵ϲı仯̫Լ׾¶ǣ˺Щ⡣
ڣϯ֮󣬽ΪҲҲֲסֱſϣɻѵַݽͻ˷С
ҵĴλޣַһҶûסȻᵡͣǽԼõķżڳһס

˵ûһ˿⣬ǾǼٵģɼСʱַݵʱ賿ĻȻһҹ£㾲ĵŽԺӸȥ
ֻһᣬַݽٵ˽Ϊǰһϣ칺һ˳
ɲǼ䣬һɹ϶ɵӰԺУòζǾģȫϽΪ޵ģ
ӰһֻǾĿǰһ۾ܿǼٵģû׼ȫַݻòһЩ
ܣ˼ӵ죬ԼӪյһЩߣ˽Ϊķǰһ춯
˭ֵʶǿȻǲö˵ģ춯һ֣Ϊʱ˾䣬һֵԺС
ΪԺֱӰеͫ׶ʱףҲǱʩչ˶һ㣬ֱӽԭء
ַҲٲԥϵһСͲڽΪôһҶţΪеԺ
ΪӵַȻûֻƾŸо˸ȽãƾŽΪڵ״̬Ҳܻῴʲô
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬Ů˷ʱ򣬽Ϊɫ䣬еˮһ
񡭡һ˸γϵӽΪдǰһ¹Ӱӡ
ɽȴǣִӹӰϴ˹ȥûһ˿ĴУסˣ¶Ĳǿ־壬İˡ
ַݲûͣ£ǿŹӰ¶һõЦݵΪΪģĺǰ꣬Ҳûйֹ㣬ԶеӢۡ
񡭡ΪſڣǧȴʲôҲ˵ֻܺᣬǰѾŮˡ
ٴ΢΢һЦȻĿŽΪΪҺͺҪȥͶ̥ˣֻһֱиִδӦһҪ𣿡
úúãҶӦ㡱ΪͷǰԼԼģ϶һ˿һķ
ɵϣҲŲҪҪúõĻţңȢӣΪǽѪҲߵİ꣬ӦҺ𣿡ַݼٰġ˵ԼԸ
ԸҲýΪеˮٴξ̣촽ҧѪŴע⣬ͷҴӦ㣬񡣡
ΪҾ֪㲻ΥҵԵģúõĻȥ±ٿš˵һַá񡱻ֵԼҲر
񡱵Ӱ𽥵󣬽ΪҲ̲סԼеĲԼˣһѽǵӰ˻У󺰵񣬲Ҫߡ
ȴûЧվѡȥʧǰΨһҪ



240 
񣡡һʵźҲڽһ˯Ľ󼪸ѣʱһ˳
һԺУ󼪱㾪ȵķ֣ԼĴڵأˮ͸¶İˡ
磬ôô䣬ôܹڵϡ󼪶ʱһΪѯʵ
ҿˡΪ΢΢̧ͷֱŽ󼪵۾ֻǰҲû˿ȥ
鲻ԽĴ˸̲ס˿ܣûԼɩӰ׳ŵӵ磬ɩˣ˵ʲô
Ҹϰ壬ӣΪǽѪΪ̧ͷԼĻȫ˳
ĬȻԼҴɩĻҲޱȵĳأսǰûȢӣؼȢ֮󣬲ŷԼȻû
Ҿֻʣֵܣûúһֱеʹȴûκεİ취
˿̣ԼĴˣȻԼ˵㣬֮ˣԼãҲԼᣬԺпΪ
Լҵɩ˵ҲὫԼҴһ£ԼҵɩȻ˵ˣҲܸԿڵ磬ɩİɡ
ܵܣսʧȥΪѪֻܽˣȻҪôĸ
ӵԼֵµͳͳڽΪУǱͱģٴȼһ˿档
ԽΪҲ񵱳̣˺þúŵͷ󼪣Ļһúÿǵģԣܹʵˣһġ
˿󼪵϶ʱ¶ľϲɫ磬㣬һҪͰǽܷȥͿˡ
һġصĵ˵ͷΪҲٴȢӻճкʵˣҲܾ
ֵܾԺãŸԷֱص˼УַҲǴĵ׵ΪԼʦеˣϾӦǾϣǣ
ʰԼõֱַתԼķϻأֻû뵽ǣһӰıӰ¶һĨЦݡ
СӣˡڣΪͷ¶˻һЦΪʵͷַݵĴڣֻûв𴩶ѡ
˿Ժ貵ǿգΪ૵Ȫ֪ҲҰɣҵȷҪһˡ

һַȻãԼʦ£бгɾ͸Լ˵
ȻԣϾôʣʣˣҲ̫˷ǰɣ̫ˣԭϴӲȾƵַݣ̲סСڡ
ַ˵ĸˣҶӨٻʵ̲סˣǰСôôˣǮ˰
ȼǮˡַ΢΢һЦԼȫҶӨٻϾҲʲôܣ˷Ȼԡ
ѽ֮ҶӨٻ̲ססͣҲ¶һ˿ϲɫϾַݵʦҲʦˡ
֮ȻõһˣҶӨٻʱģʼ˼ûкʽΪӵѡ
˰ûʲôüĿüݣûʦĸƬ뿴
ŶеġȻЩҶӨٻҪƬʲôַҲûжʣֱӽΪ޵Ƭ˳
ѽַû뵽ǣҶӨٻٴξһָƬ󺰵̫ˡ
ʲô񣿡ַһʱûӦͷŷӦСٻ˼ǣʶһŮʦĸĺ񣿡
ƬԿҶӨٻ˵СԴֻ˳һ긾ŮƬ
ַݶһֻŮӴʮģ⣬Լò뽯Ϊ߷ƶȡ
ַݶʱϲ潯ΪһͲʶŮˣһƵŮˣӵܡ
λϹڵĻǿԽһ°ʦҲǰɣַݶʱλ긾Ů⣬ʦĸĿ갡
ڸΣ⣬ַȻǲмһˣŮѾûаսȫκã½ĺ
ٺ١ҶӨٻ΢΢һЦڵλҵľˣ񣬽ʮ꣬ɷǰþ֢ˣһֱһˡ
ããáַݶʱãŮȫ潯Ϊ׼ӰһºҲ̲סЩͷʹϾ£Ҳ˵á
ҵ˴Ů䣬ǮԼȨû˺ܴ׷Ҫ׷ĻһлԼʦıˡ
ĿܱûûĿĺðɣַѾ¶˾ģһҪٳ˵ĺ£ôúĿһ



241 Ǯ
Թ緹ַݱҶӨٻţԼҵĸĸؼңϾʮˣܻܲȹɣ
ڽΪԼֵԼǵİٰ£ҲϾԼļңԼˡ
˫ֱ˿Իص˼Уһ䣬ʱ˺䶯
еķг٣˰ĻǵһμοͣԼǰܲΧһ
Ŀ֮£ַݵһ˳ҽŶ򿪣ҶӨٻԼ˫ĸһͬ˳
Ȼһ䶯Ͼ˶ԼС߳ȥģرҶӨٻǳ˷ͷ
ҶӨٻֵַʱ򣬴ҲٴˣΪ˶²ҶӨٻ֮󣬿϶ַݣ֡
ǲ֣ұҲ룬Ͼǵ˽ǿ֮أһ¶ǵĳ·ɾˡ
ǰһĻȴȫһ㣬ǰһһͯŮģ
Ҳãرַݸĸһˣ˵ǿһ𳤴ģܹһҲǷǳο
ȻҲЩַݼҲмһ˵ˣΪҶңһ涼ҶӨٻǵġ
رһЩͶҶӨٻһ˿뷨ģǽַݱ͵һǴ
Ҳˣϳ˻űļֵ϶ַʵбµģȻ̫Żķг
Ȼַ˶УҲһ㶼⣬Ͼͳڱϣô˵ô˵
ν½磬ȻԼЩھǣַҲĵĴ󿪳ţǰչ˹Լңûչ˹Լҵˣһݴ
ɲᣬӶסκ˵ͣҲû˸˵ģǹάףˣܹߵһ
ھһַűŹصԼȴܰļС
ʳ׼ãַԸµ˳׼ŽĻʳҶӨٻҲǷ򳪸棬˳пʼæ
һģȻ˫ļҳޱȵ⣬Ҳ޲Ժӡ
νŮ£ǸĸΣ˶ǴСųģߵһҲȴǵһ׮Ը

ϦҹνǻΪͳҲΪŨصһգٶŮڽ죬ܷĻصļУΪԼĸĸžۡ
ַҶӨٻһңҲĴյһѣͬףѵõӣ˫ʵҲһˡ
һž۵ʱַ̣Ҳĸ̾ǰʱܶ࣬Ȼȴܿġ
ȻǮˣҲܹԼκεĻһӷˣһһģжɰɡ
ַҲûԼĸҶӨٻĸ۾һסȴǲԸ뿪ȥİĵطԴҲͲ֮
ô˵춼ĵӣֻҪľͺãҲÿôࡣ
Ϊ˵ģַվΪףһͬ˵Ŀʼ硣
һ˽ǺͺԳԹ󣬴Ҷû뿪ڵӻǰһ졣
˫ĸӶȽϵÿ춼ǵϳ﹤Ȼ󽫵̸͵μţûʲô˵ġ
ʱҶеȴվ˳΢ЦҲ²£ǵĵ̳Ӫҵж٣
иɡ̳ַݵĸĸֻ˶٣ҲѼǲֻܲ²ţ컪˵ԼеıȽϡ
ַݣȻǼǵԼ˶ٴϣ΢΢һЦڵûǴĻǧɡ
û׼ȷ˵ǧһٶ򣬾㽫ɱԼͶʳȥҲ׬һǧ򡱣ҶеĴ𰸡
ôࣿҶӨٻʱȵסͣһŵģ⵱˼µǣҲֻ׬ٶѣЩǮǶֹ˾׬ġ
Ҷ㲻˰ɣ컪ЩĿҶеӴ󣬻ЩԽܡ
ûҶе΢ЦҡҡͷȻӻͳһпݸַݵһǧ򣬳ɱԼķֺ춼ˡ
øɣҲȱǮһǧпַûһ˿Ĳ
Ȳ˵ǶӮǵһڻûжμһķֺ죬Ҳһǧ
Сݣ治ҪЩŵĿַݣ컪ŷ֣ԼԶӵ˽⣬̫١
ȻǮǾЩóԺúȵģԼͺáַ΢΢һЦ
ðɡ컪صĵ˵ͷſصջ˶УֻڻЩûԼôǧ̣



242 
һֵϲַһңҲҶӨٻң˸ꡣ
Ȼַѹ䣬ҶеǸݴͳַݷ˸ĺԤϲ졣
磬һͬԷȾƴƣȹɶһ죬Իص˼С
ҹַͻȻһѣ绰һȴ־Ȼһĵ绰ԺжʱһӰ
ԥĽʱһϤ˹ǹף֣пǺúģ
пաַݿЦҹĴ绰ӦԼ𣿲Ҳܹ⣬ϾӢǰ졣
ңԶӢűУһŮ˵ǰַݴŵ绰ܹ⴦űĻһʧУΪŮˣȻӢȨӢŮ
ɴ˿ԿӢĵλжôĳߣӢܹŮƽƽˣҲֻйһˡ
νӢʼҵػʧٵЩŮҲޱȵĵ£Լͷ
ϾϣôһЩǿĴڣͱ˵ħҪɱĻûһ˿ס
ڹһԼʧٵԭŮҲħޱȵʹޣҶڹҪħȥҲ֧֡
װ֣ѾѰħ䣬㿴ǲǸýǵĻףҺŮһ棿
Ůַסˣ֪ӢŮеȨԼܹһĻе룬ַҲ⡣
ַѲǵ˲䷴Ӧ˹ҴŮʾߵľ⣬ףҲѾӦϵ󡣡
̫ˣһԺ뻪һͬӢҺŮڴǵĵٴο
Ȼûʲô⡱ֱַӴӦ˹󣬱ϾûôҪߣһڵʱ䣬һС
Ǻõģף֣Ҳˣһںټ˵ţҶ˵绰
ʱһһֱ˵ŮˣõǵŹ˵ҩκ̩𣿡
İɣǸܴ漣ˡصĵ˵ͷޱȵţַܸκһˣԲʲô⡣

һַһٴγԼĶҰ꣬Ҵ
һַݵĶҲƾЩδCPU׬˲ǮԶַ൱ĸл
;ҲѯʹַݻûЩȴǱַҡͷܾ˵ԼѾϻ
ȻƱػԼҶеޱȵʧȽϳױ¶δ̵ԣֻǸС¶ѡ
Ҷȹһ㣬ַҲûʲôݿߵģԼҲһ˿ɵʱ䡣
ҶӨٻҵݺܶ࣬ûлصУַֻһ˳ϻţǰ޼ҡ
һ·гڴ˵Ⱥţֻ΢ЦŰĿַݣȴ˳ǰ󺰵ûиҴ
һಡѱĻָ˽ҲѾʼϰ䡣
ַݸ޸ҩ֮£ԼǿУȫͬ˵Ĳ
ȻҲǺܴģǾ޸ҩѱù⣬ʵܲҩԡǻĻָٶȣֹһδߴٹַݸ޸ҩˡ
ǵĵһŴַЦôﶼںˣԼȥðɡ
Ŷ˷ܵĴһֱӳ嵽˻ųǰ˺䣬ʼѡԼ
ַҲߵӵǰӶԲʵ̫æˣôò㡣
ûϵġ񾲵ҡҡͷ΢Ц֪£żͨͨ绰ҾѾˡ
ַϲһ㣿ͬһԼ˴ȴ赭дĽҹһ̯ˮģů
һѽ§˻УַӶһʱ䣬ʱȥɣϾһֱֿĻһġ
õġӵ˵СԴһ˳ģֺγַݣͳȴԼ˷ܶ
ͻȻϷʵ˵飬˵㣬Ҳ̫˰ɣⲻڽ̻С𣿡
ȥӵƤԼҵܵôһ٩ʱɫһ죬˳ַݵĻ
ַʲôûʱݺݵĵСӣ֪֪˺£ǿҪ˶ʺ޵ģŲԺҲû޸ҩˣ
һᵽ޸ҩ϶ʱһţͷҴˣҲôǵĺ£Ҫ͸Ҹ䣬֤û˴




243 ּ
ߵﶼǴԼĳ⣬޸ҩַ׼µ
ӵǸƷַ࣬ʲôΣƤݻױƷӦоУЩԼġ
춫һݣҲûǣȻƾݣʲôУϾҲһ⡣
ַ޼ãһͬǴϤСԺʱ춫ѾݺȲȺš
֦֦÷ʢǰ¹ѩûɢȥΪɫ
ˣºȿڲ衱΢ЦĿַݣ춫Ƶǰ˸ơ
ϸƷһڣһɴ˵еķ㴫ַݲ̾˲ֻܴ˴У䲻ãȴǱһζ
ǺǣҲˣطȷǺãȴûϤζʱľãʵ⴦СطҲһˡ춫ǸпĻش
ַȻܹе˼һתȥһ
ˣ˵Ĺ۵㲻ͬҲͲͬ춫֣ЩɺĻش
춫վֱĶַݵþûˣʵЩеĻţҴһɣ
ðɡͷַܾкаգڵ춫Ķ֡
ԼδӮȻǹҲסˣֻԼһ˵̣ʵԴ
춫ȴǲԸŹЩ͵дˣҼһ޼ȭûлķϡ
⡭˵̶ˣַپܾĻȫǲ֪ôˣֻܵͷǺðɣ޼顣
Ȼ춫˵ͷһȻģɲΪһǰͻưڵַݣ
οд޼ȭΪֻ˼µַݣܹϰ˼ʮԱȣȫһѹ
ܵע£һƬյϲԶΪ󱲵ַȻҪһ
վֱӣַݱȭϹ޼ͽ̡
ţ㾡ȫְѣҲģʼɡ˵ţ춫ڳ޼ȭơ

Ϊ춫Ȼȳ֣ԵȻĶַݵȳְɣС
Сˡַݵ˵ͷ춫֣һ޼ȭеĻʽ춫ؿڴȥ
޼ȭǸͣʲôɣ֮಻ĴѹԷܡ
ַǰҲһ㣬ϾȭܽģûʸҲûı䣬ֻĳЩʱܸоЩ̫˳
ڣǴζַ֮ȫҵԼ·ȻҪȴһɲ䣬ȻҪһ˿顣
Ͼ˵ĲһãֻʺԼȭУܷӳЧ𵽿˵ʤЧ
ַݵһȭпƸͣϸһĻҲôһ˿ô塣
޼ȭ춫֪УǾǴʲôʲôͲκεı仯ԺԥַݻĹ켣ȥ
û뵽鷢ˣһֱȭҪʱȴͻȻ˱仯ֱԼС
顭ַϵɲᣬ춫Ӳһȭ󣬲˺ҲǴһĨŭ
ڸʲô޼ȭǸͣ㿴ڵĴ򷨣⻹޼ȭ𣿡סСʹ춫Щɸֵģַݵ
ΪԼˣеŭԼǴΪַ޸޼ȭеŭ
޼ȭѾҲȱǵؿ飬˵ЩȭжǾ֮ľ
ַȴΪǵѡ޸ģǶ޼ǵĲ𾴣ܲеŭ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦ޼Ҿ˼ʵ̫̻ˣɲС
춫Ҫڷַٴοڵ֪㲻ȭģҲˣҲ˵ԼȭõģǿģԲŻкǳ޸ġ
Ҳˣղڵ޼ȭǿ϶ͱνʺԼĲõģȫûҪʽ
㣬㣬㡭춫ʵЩһʱҲʵҲʲôԣֻЩ߳ŭ벻ǣǴһˣǿ
ַ֮ݵһЦҲûһ˿һη壬޼ȭκεá
춫ȴǲôΪԼƱҪַףǵǻ۽ᾧǲܱġ
Сʱ춫϶ʱ¶˿Цͬʹ޼ȭַݼȭȭ⣬ʽȴǱַһһƽ⡣
ٴַһȭ춫ҲòַͬݵĹ۵㣬εĵӮˡ



244 ڲ
е춫ʵЩزĿַݣЩ֪롣
ַһЦͷ޼ʵҲֻǽҶһζѣȻôӮ㡣
򣡡춫ʧУΪһǧҼڶε˽⣬Ǿľ硣
ֻǶô˵Լ룬޼ҵߣҲûһܹû뵽ַȴͷһ
һ뵽ַݸ˵Լ츳ҲͼֲˣСӣ̾硣
ٺ٣޼ˣʵǸ͵ĴҲûֻǲʺҶѡַҡҡͷ
ȷи뷨ҲиĴ򷨣ֻҪʺԼǾͱʲôǿ춫ҲڿˣһĨȻ
ŶҾ;ýȭбȽʺңԸ𣡡˿̣ðַݵ
С˵춫ǽѹ˵Ĵʵûʲôԣַݸ޼ȭƮдһ鶯ȫеȭ
Сӣ⣬Ժôʰ㡱ԼҺӾȻҪѧ˵ȭ춫ҲǸоɫһ죬Щסѵ
ô˵⣬һѧ˭ľѧ˭ǲ춫ѵ⣬ʱһתƱ
ߡݺݵĵһۣ춫תͷַݵС֣һеҪд㣬ʧһˡ
õģ޼¾æʲô½ҾСַ΢΢һЦͷǫѷ
õģǾʧˡ춫˵ͷܽһº󣬱תȥ
û˳ڴˣҲǷſˣޱȺ׷ַһЩʲô
ַҲûκεʱȥ֯ľȫ˳ûκε
ΪӻЩַһȥȴǸȻı飬·ʲôҲںһ㡣
ַȴۿУһ˿ȻϾôÿҲŮˣôһ˽ġ
棬գǵӳ׼ƴϺҲû˿١
ΪһֻһĵİַݣÿĶģԳȫǲǵѡ

һĺʱҲʽʱ䣬ַܷ׷˻С
βдʲôңֻԼ˾ôһɶѣûôʽ
ϯ䣬춫ҲʵںǸʲôԱ˽һЩһԺԼˣҲʴӡ
ȴһ֪ⶫû˵ֻǿԵĻԵ
ȻЩʧ춫Ҳûκεİ취ֻƵĺžƣڴԼԺҲζ
ʱЩĿַݵǸôǿ˵ʮߡ
ӣڻصǸӣ춫һֱǿľģΪ֪Ѿкüұš
Ǹӣþ۹⿴ַݣ춫ʵЩԽܣַעҪΪŮˣɾȻǸԭҵĲӡ
ַ΢΢һ㶣ҲӦ춫еĵǣҡҡͷ޼ʵЩȫûҪѵ㲻֪Ǹӵףҵҳ𣿡
Ȼ֪춫üַôһ˵еľҲǷ˲٣ûȫķſ
ַҲǿĵһ˿ɶٴȰ޼Ҿһ䣬ЩΪʲôᱻǸӸҲ֪İɣ
춫ü˵ͷЩ嶼ΪаŮ֣ͨŻǸӵķŭ
ֻҲйԼǾ˭ɥĲ飬嶼һͬ串𣬲Ҫ˶֣ǵжȻȲǸӣԱȣʼôһ˿Ĳ
춫Щַֻ̹üɱе޼Ҳܱ֤Ǹӻ᲻Ҷ֣ܱ֤ҾԲҶ֣Ƕ֣ҲԼ塣
˵ز춫ɿڵĻǾʵ̫ˣֻõ˵ͷС֣ʵҲ֪Щʵ󣬵ӡ
ɣһ飬ܲܽСǸȥĽ뿴Ǹӣǲô춫һ
ַݳһЩŵĿ춫޼û˵ЦɣСߣ
ǵģ춫˵ͷСԴСڻСӦøһһӶĻУӦȥƴɱŲ˷һ츳



245 Ե
֡оʵ벻Լĸ׾ȻԼ뿪ȥ洳£Σ춫ȴһֱǳĬû뵽죬Ȼ˳ִ㵵ĸо
ַصĵ˵ͷ춫뷨࣬޼ҾСӣû˸ԴСĳɳ
ȴַͬݼСڷܶǶȫ츳Ĺ¶ƴķǳɳҲ൱Ŀ졣
Լ˵춫жʱһĨ⣬жȻѪˣֻоѪĽѵŻõĳɳ
ù춫̼С߸ף㾿²ѪˣµĻ׾Բȥ
£ֻû¶貵ĿƽĻʣԼĽӵǿ
ããá춫ãЦŵ޼ҵĴж춫֡
һ춫ͷߣˣҪŻǾͱҲӡ
ԲᣬҪǶΪԺһĨᶨԴಡκúѾģԼٿһΣοˡ
ϣסԼ˵Ļ춫Ժĵ˵ͷԼҵĶηˣĻɫѿ
ַҲ΢΢һЦС𣬵˲УҾԲһ˿żѹ㣬Ҷ˵һ仰
ҪҶҪԼһ˫֣ͬ޵֣˭ʹӮŬӮͲסСȭͷ
áᶨĻַҲǱܼҲǴע⣬ԼԲܷɾ裬Ҫܡ
ΪʲôԱȣΪִǿߣħѾ졣
˺˰ˣڴע⣬ӲûжԣֻҲΪԼܸܵеԺΪôꡣ
Լҵˣ޻˵ԼСһ䣬ȴܽԼĸ״ܣͬһ

Թַӱһͬǣ֣޼ҵĴԺйţ֪䣬䵽ǿԵǰ
ν飬ǿŹԸҵԵַݱ뵽ǸƢŹ֣ȴǸ˵ϲš
ֻڵϲѾһԼҸҹƽҸַҲĵΪеˡ
Ҳ뵽ʲô˿Եֿ˿һԵСݣ¶һĨΪȥʱĸп
ͻȻӷ·뵽ˣʲôַݵֱ뵽һĶ
ʲôַҲ˲ȤֻʲôҲû˵ַֻݵ֣ǴСľȥ
ԭϲžסĵطϲѾߣȻķϣ˴ŵʱѾ˻ҳ
̲סȱӣһҲĻ̲סüҲӴ̵ʱ䣬ԶҲкĸ飬ķȥ
ݣһ£Ƚɨһ°ɡ˵ţӱһԵɨѣʼɨ
ַݿЦԼŮôܾվŹۿϵһĨˮ֮㿪ʼŷڵļҾߡ
Сʱԭ˻ҳ֩ķǻȻһ£ҲǷеĹߣڷΨһϢ
˵ʵַݺһΣЩ̫Ӧһ㺹ӣоֵˡ
̲ס§˻УŴǿŹҵԵָоַݲɽĸй٣Ҳѡ
εĻַ̲ס˶ȴǲ£Լļѵõ
ðַŷӦԴӶ㲻˵ʲôĶ𣬱ҾǴɨ
ѽŷӦȵĽԲҸˣȵңϾͽҳ
˵ţӱߵ˷Ŵǰһͷóңһַݵ㣬Ŷ
Уַһڣֻ˵Ļβ˴Ĵ
һȥϰɡָָǰǿԵ¶һĨڴ뷨йˣֻһֱûлᣬ˻ᣬȻ
ãһ𡱣ĸһӵ㷢ַվǣһͬǰԼеϵһ
ǽһңеĸ鼫ٷַͣҲ̲סеĸ飬˵Ĵ



246 С
ʱǹĺܿ죬תһȥһʱУַͬһͬɽˮҲȥѾӣиŮ֯ϲźɷ
һ磬ַѲò뿪ΪûԼӦε飬ҪһͬȥҪһ˵
ԾٲᣬַҲò뿪ΪкܶҪܾþ
ᣬȴװһںģַḧңҲһңҾ㣬𣿡
õģעⱣԼԶ㡱ӹɵĵ˵ͷһͷ˽ַݵĻС
һߣҲǱ춫§˻УһģôᣬΪǿҲǲò뿪
ḧСԴ춫ĸסǸУҪúõıԼĻ޼Ҷ֪𣿡
֪ġ˵СԴҲ˸ţڿҪʱȴǱҧסˡ
ǾͺãְԶΪԺȥɡ˵꣬춫ֱתͷȥû˷֣תͷȥҲˮ
СΪԼӿνǲģȥʱ䣬һֱԼߣ뿪벽
Σܿ뿪һʱ䣬ûһ˿ᣬǾǲܵģΪ˺ӵδҲòô
춫ԶȥıӰҲ̲סЩʣѾ˵Լޣֻܽʡ
׼߰ɡַҲЩпһʮ겻СӣҪԶ磬һȫİĵطƴҲʵΪˡ
׼ˡջԼĿ⣬һĨᶨ󲽵ַݵĻȥûٻͷһۣԼһ۵Ļ᲻뿪ˡ
ӿԼҵܵԶȥıӰҲ¶˿˿飬СݵĶĽɫԶĸ飬ʵġ
ǾӨ飬ַ۲ѣ̫ɿĻҲ˵ֻøһӵңһúտģҪġ
˵ַ꣬ݱɿӣתȥԼȥҲһ᲻뿪
ϻţֱַ趨öеķԶк󣬲λá

ڣԵЩأ̧֮ͷ㵱ʦ书𣿡
һʦԼ·һ㣬ԲԼޱϤĽԼʦ
ַݵǿģ԰ַΪʦŻޱȵķģ˽Ļǵ˷Ѳٵʱ䡣
ңַҡҡͷܾһʸ񣬶һûн̹ͽܣĻǲ˷˲𣿡
ɫһҡͷЦڲֻʶһ˰˭ʦ
˵ҰҾˣ⡱ַţһԼϵģ
ڲĹϵɲտʼԼҲҽΪһҲûʲô⣬츳Ҳؾûգ
ǺðɡȻַ֪˵ûԵ˵ͷҲٶʲôĴԼ
һᣬűѾַͣݼСУӰٴ˲˵ע⡣
ֻû뵽ǣַݾȻһСӣⲻ˲˵Ϲ룬²᲻ַݵ˽ӡ
Ȼ˿ַҲŶʮ㣬˭ҲǣɴʱҶӨٻҲʰö֮󣬶ʱȵݣ˭ҵСӰ
ȿȡַЩεĸɿͷӵĵܵҪһͬ۾ȥ
˵ţַһָҶӨٻҶӨٻҶ㣬ʶһ°ɡ˵ַ꣬۰Ͱ͵ĿˣҲЩ飬ȻҶӨٻ֪ӵĴڣ᲻жʼɣ˭Ҳ˵ǰɣ
ҶӨٻһȻЩ̫ȻϾ£˭Ҳһ㲻ǲʱȴˣ¶һɵݣҶӨٻ޵ָ˵Ҷ㳤Ưˣһ
СԡĸŮ˲ϲޣôһ䣬һĽҲѾɢСһϲģ
ĳЩʧУҶӨٻЦ˻ţԼó˲ٺóԵĶݸ𣬲̽ӵϢ
ҲǷǳĴ֪ҶӨٻԺַܾܿݵĴ󷿣ԼĽԸҲܻԴùϵǲȷѡ
ֻһᣬ˱һЦģַҲǴ˿˻ìܣ²ûз



247 
һᣬűɵ˽ΪڵСɽвַͣһһСһͬ˳ŽҵԺȥ
ַݾȵ鷢ˣ˿̽Ϊһ帾ףǿЦıͿԿ帾Ǻ⣬λ帾ȴǶԽΪۣԸ뿪
Ͼ磬ұø׶ܾĻǲӣﲻ˵ġ
ַϷʵУλýһΪʵڶ帾̫ȤҲǿֻÿϧĴ帾뿪ˡ
ΪҲڵõ˽ѣߵַݵԵʦôΣͲ֪Χ𣿡
ʲôΧҾ帾ͦõģʦҲ˼ҪҪһ£ҿ϶ҵʦĸġòдοԵ٩ΪĻᣬַôܴٴε٩
һ£뵽帾°ʹǿž޴룬Ϊ̲ס˸ǿˣ̫˵㣬˭Ҳܲǲ
ع󣬽ΪݺݵĿַһ۵첻ɹǰɣҪҪʦдһ£ҿûʲô
ȿȡַݶʱɵۣȻܴ󣬵Ի֣ûκεķֻȻİֵʦԶģôĶ֣˰ɡ
ߡһߴΪҲڰһӣҲͲƽôˣߵ˽󼪵Ե󼪣ҪҪһȥ۾
һ˿ԥ˵ʵڲûʲôǣңҲԼҴ絽۾ȥ棬ǵطزģԼʵڲӦ
Կú󣬽󼪲ҡҡͷ磬һǾˣ۾ãزģڣʱʱĻȥ°衣
ðɡεĵ˵ͷΪ˸־ǿĻʵҲˣҪְܷһС
ΪЩįҲòȰο磬ʵҲûʲôģһˣǣڻһҲҪ˶òǣ
ҲǡΪ˵ͷǰصɻҲûϾһʱ䣬˭涼ɽ·˷гҲСʱ͵ˣʵǷ
ʱַҲվ˳ݸһӵʦǮŰɣóԺúȵģƿҩˮҲú£˳ٵġ
⣬ô˼򿪴һĴʮԪ󳮣󼪶ʱһЩŵ
ַ΢΢һЦʦЩǮ˵ֻǾţһëѣЩǮպðɣӪƷԣ㲻ΪԼΪʦҲöౣ岻ǣ
ðɡַһģҲʵڲþܾӺķŵ˼УĿ˵ϻţ뿪⴦Сɽ塣

ϣΪĿַݣЩζĵͽܣοǶлˣæǰæģЩ˼ˡ
С¶ѡַһЦʵھùⲻȥǾٸ׹ˣ
͸ַһۣΪתϣѯʵͽܣ˭ҵСӹǴ򰾵Ĳ
ٺ١ַһЦһŮѵĵܵܣ޼ҵӵܡ˵ַ̲꣬ס˿ҶӨٻı飬
ֲãԭ޼ҵӵܡΪ̲ס˵ͷȻЩЩɼݼڵַݵĴڣԶ޼ҲѾȫܡ
̲סߵԣϸĹ۲һ󣬽ΪٴѯʵСѣүүѾˣ
°ôһ⣬ԼٶȣһֱоǳԺ
£ôܣЩŵĿ𣬽Ϊ˿˿ȷǸ˵Ļܾͻ˵䴵ţˡ
ַȻ֪һվȷϵʦֻ£Ҳٲˡ
ַݵ֮£ΪЩȣ佲ȴüͽܣ㲻Сٶȣʵ̫𣿡
ЩȵĿŽΪַݲ㻹ѵ֤С츳𣿡
ˡΪصҡҡͷһ;ľǽ̤ʵأСڵ̫СˣҲǲȣһζĽûжԾǻԺͻưӰ졣
Ŷַ̲סһüͷʵҲйĸоôȴôͱͻưǴΣǱѹե˳֪Ҫڰ϶á
뵽ַ̲ס亹ѣİԼΪʦ˵Լӵܣ̳ռӳɴҲԿиʦǶôҪ



248 
һ˳УַݳĬãƬ֮ŵʦҾСҸʦ˭ȽϺã
⻹ʣΪ̲ס˸ۣȻǴѧˣϼһѾͻ˻ҲеĻţҸͽ̵ܽţ¡
žַһ⣬ʱһƵ԰ôˣӦòܾСŰɡ
ңգеաΪ˵ַۣͽܵĻѾ˼
ǺǣǾôˣʱҲÿԼľһоͿԼˡַݵ˵ͷ
ţһ㵨˵۾ַһתֱİ˶ֹ˾
ֱߵ˽ΪԣַЩϷʵʦҪҪȥŮɶˣҪҪͽܸһ
ȥġΪ˷ƤЩŮǶʮģҿɲ˵ţ۲ݡ
ɲһŶַϷһЦŽΪ־ȥɣ˵ʵˣ·ܹ㣬ܸɫˡ
⣬ðɡΪЩΣһˣַҪףʵЩӡ
ִַŵק£ΪҲֻа͵øŽ˶ֹ˾ĴĴš
ò˵ֹ˾ûгŮһɫ˵ŮǣýΪЩۡ
ַȴǱ͵Ŀ⿴ţЩǣûһ˿ȤֻЩճЩʲô
λǣҲǺĴַݣΪ⼸ַѾȫĻȦһͬȦģȻҲԵĻţԼΪǵҶӨٻ
˲²ַݵʵݣõϢҲֻѧǶʱ䣬ʲôģȴһ֪صһͿ
ߵ˶еĽ㣬߹ֵ֮Ҳ֮
ַȻǽЩ˶УҲǸִ̾ʵģ̸ֻѣбҪ˵˽ǹ
ڣ˽˵ݣ˶¥Ķ³칫ңһţһλʮңĺܺõĸŮ˷š
ֻһۣΪʹסˣͫҲ״ʧ󺰵㣬񡭡

ĪĿ˽Ϊһۣλ긾ŮλϴˣҲʲôҽм񡣡
㡭λмŮӱԼʵ󣬽Ϊɫ˲ޱȵĲ԰ס
ԳЦЦΪҡͷԲϴˣѾˣôܻϡ
񾪽סͣǸĵԲҹĻ䣬֪ӡ
ôܹ㣿Ϊҡҡͷ˵ԲңϹϴˣ㲻ɡ
Ҳģ㻹ýڰϾܸҲҪúõĻţΪȥ˻šǸп
ǰúõĻšΪ˵ͷҲǸпޱȣǰŮˣѵľ޵ķ棬һб㱻Ļ䡣
漸ݺһˮ󷽵ĵ˵ͷǺȲɣﻹЩҪʧˡ
˵ţ㿪뿪˷䣬ַҲǴյ˽Ϊԣ̽ڷʦüְô
ͦõġΪ˼ı˵Լе滰˵ŷӦʲô˼
νʼ磬ַЦûʲô˼ʦеĻҿ԰˵ýŶ
ȥȥȥʦõ˵ý˵˼˵ͥૣʲô֣ΪЩ̫Ȼ
һĨȻȻǱַҶӨٻУһۺҶӨٻϣ̵ְɷǰѾˣûеĻҿ԰̽̽ڷ硣
ΪһҲһ˿⶯˺ð󣬲Ų˼ⲻ̫ðɣһ˼ҡ
ʲôõģ²ô֪һ˼Ҳ˼ૣַЩɸֵĳ
ǰǰҽ㶼˵ҸҪԼȡģȡĻ㻹аٷ֮ʮĳɹʣȡĻһϣûˡСԴĵ
ҡڴĳȰ˵£ΪҲڿеǵҧǾ鷳ˣԸ⣬Ǿ˰ɡ
ôˣַݺɸֵĿŽΪİɣ¾ͽͽˣһ㱧˹飬һָż̸ְСʦˡ
¶ǵĻýΪƤߺֻǶǼĵһҲεַݺ˵ˡ



249 
³칫ңѹ˼ĽΪ˿ȴԵЩִٲеļ¶ûиܹ
ʵӿĵһۣΪѾĶˣֻôһܽ鰮˵ߡ
ַȻǽԼʦıֿУȻϷޱȣʵҲԤϵ㣬ԲŻ
֪ԼʦƤַҶӨٻ˸δ飬һЦжۡ
һᣬص˰칫УĸҴˮ׼裬ַȴվְ̣ˣҺСٻ׼Сȥ䡣
ŶǺðɣףĿġ˵ͷĸΪ˲ˮһ͵ȻϢ
ǡΪɲôΪվ˵ԼҲȥȴǱַһֹס
ʦ˰ĳҲ˰ɣְϢɣǿ죬Լȥͺˡ˵꣬ٴεݸΪһַ˱뿪˴˴
ڣһԵЩΣ֮󣬽Ϊвһ˿ᶨ̧ͷŮʿɣ£ǲģ
⡭ԵЩΣһ֮󣬻ЩĿŽΪѵĺ𣿡
Ϊ㶣ЩпĿ˼һۣͷǰ߷ƣԵһҲŻὫϴ
ڰ˵˵ӵĹͦġĬһ£ЩĿַݵ
ðɡΪһᣬʶʼ𣬻Ľһս׷ʱİ齲˳
̫˵ԭ򣬽ŽţΪˮ޲˶Լ޵Ρ
˶˵Ĺ£ܲüжԸӣǱ߿ޣһΪսĲпеģһҲΪΪӢ¼еܡ
ţҲٲղŵǰ裬ַڴ˵ĻּܷУԽΪѾһĨУֻҪԷͣܳΪһθ顣
ΪҲˣǰļ񲻹òԼǰڣůĵ飬ҲоʮֵϤ
ʮΪѾϰһŷ֣иߣǶôõһ¡

һߣַҲҶӨٻ˽֣˴ǵĿģȻΪһͷ
ȻǺ⣬ǮǲײԿʲô򣬷Ǯеǡ
һ䣬ǾǴ죬ණҶӨٻҲ·Ρ
תʱ䣬ҶӨٻŸ˾һԱ˸绰ѯһ½ΪĿǰ״
õĴȴǣ˾һֱڰ칫ûгνĵ罺ᣬ᲻߿
֪Ϣַ̲סһЦΪ˸绰ʦﻹе£ܻˣְ̳ԷɣطҶ㶨ˣڡ˳Ͼͼְ̻ؼҰɣ˼һŮ϶һ˻ؼҰɡ
˵꣬ȽΪӦַݱֱӹҶ˵绰ҶӨٻԼ͵Ц
ȻǵһƻϾǵʱɲ࣬Ծܵ˴һ¸顣
ΪԼʦ£ǮʲôַΪ׼͵ص㣬һУֱӰ׼һ͡
ʱȻޱȵΣҲˣַݵǹڴˣԲŻš
֪˳ֻЩ⣬еľֻˣڲһʵֻһ仰ˡ
ȹ˸տʼĲӦҲ͵飬һǸʱûеĶ
ֻȴ֪Լ˵һһַݵ˸УҲ¶οɫǵŬû׷Ѳǣ
һСʱҲͣΪҲַݵּ⣬ͻؼС
ĬҲڲᣬ˶ûѰʲô⳵ǲȥ
;У˼ûĻ⣬żҵķȥھһСʱͻȻһӰ
٣ѶȻ׵ӽ쵶ӳſԣӰһλεذףͦ˵ġ
ȻһûйԼͽĵһӦΪ㡣
˱ֵĻᣬΪȻŵĶԼİɣûµģͽˡ
ƲԳԷơӰŭһӶŵ򽯴Ϊȥ׺ݵģٴŵļʧС
ߡһߴΪ˲ֶУӰĵӸж£׼סʱȴǺӰСҡ
ַݵΪôֺЦָжǿĹ˼к󣬱˸ᣬַݸˡ



250 Դϲ
ָҵţҲֵǡϷȻҪȫף뿪ʱַҲǱĵ˵˾ݻʵԡ
ΪҪȥ׷ȴһѽץסȥ׷ˣ˵ͽа֣һ˺Σյġ
Ҳǣһˣͽֻô죬㲻ǺΣգѵõģΪҲ˵һ䲻黰黰üֻ΢΢Щɬ
ŵģݵĿŽΪûĸŮ˲ϣԼҵǿģΪڵı֣üеޱȵİȫС
Щ˼ͷΪǫһԸЩСëûģ߰ɣȥû뵽ΰôҡ
̲ס˵ͷ뽯ΪԼȥ˴֮֮ľһЩ
һԭܳ·ȴΪ˵Ѿһ𣬱ö֪˾ѷ֣Ѿ˼ҵ¥¡
˿ΪȻ˧ȴܼӣһ磬㿴ôãҪҪȥ
⡭ΪҲһ¶һĨȻðҧûµģֻҪ㰲ȫͺˣҵûؼˣɡ
ǺðɡȻвᣬΪ˵ˣҲ˵ʲôһͷĻصԼļС
ʦô˵㣿ΪջĿַֻ֮һɸֵģ˼ҼְԶ˼ȥ㿴ԼȻܾˣеϢ𣿡
㡭ַѵǹѪͷΪҲΪԼĵСеôˣûһ˿ÿԿ
ʱҲǿȥˣվүүϲҪ˵㿴ҽ㣬ϲָ磬׷ģѵҽ㶼𣿡
ĻĴ̼˽Ϊһǲ˵ˣµȷҲԣ´ξˡ
ַ̲ס˵ͷοŶһʦͼ̸ְСʦˡ
ȥġַǺڵĻȻýΪ̲סһ죬ֻлЩڴϾСǷǳϲ
ŽΪһģҶ̲סЦýΪߵûߡ

һҹ޻ַ󣬱ٴνΪ͵˶ֹ˾УԼҲҶӨٻһͬȥ۾
ΪȻ֮˿ᵽʲôһղĸоһ˾УڼĵĻȡ
ַҲҶӨٻԼˣʲôǹʹ԰˷ܸ˵ӰЦ䡣
ʱǹĺܿ죬ת۾ѵӦûزӵʱ䣬ַݲòѡصУΪ͵ˣȻӢ
ͬʱΪҲò볯Ϧദ˺üļ˵ټǲжѾȫ˶Է
ȴû˿ڣжǷǳɬַݾãҪԼæˣȻ˵ıƤҪԷףǾǼǳѵ顣
峿ҶӨٻ˼񣬶ѯʵְ̣ýô
񲻼˼ıشͦõİ˺̸ܽҲܿǸΪЧĺˡ
ҶӨٻЦȻẓְ̇ʵңû뽫һһͬЯֶȹ
⡭ɫһ±ͨ죬ЩŤҵȷôûҹϰ飬ܲԸ˰ɣһԸĻǲǶˣ
ѽҶӨٻ΢΢һЦЩɸֵĿẓְ̇˼ҽɾͿˣⲻ㿴̽̽ڷġ
𣿡һʱվԼΪʵЩԾʱɫҲǲһ죬ǣô˵ૣ
ⲻҰ̽¿ڷ磬׼˵ҲˣϽһ°ɣ˵ŶҶӨٻƤգգ۵
šһʱŷȥϽ·ԼƯһ㡣
ҶӨٻҲûţϽոַݴ˸绰ԼߵϢ˵ַϽж
ַݵĸκεĵ飬ʱ˽ΪķУҶӨٻǷֻǻ˸ֱ˵˳ΪĴ𰸣Ҳ˶ϲˡ
¾㱸ֻǷ磬ַݺĽΪһ󣬱㽫һҿУʦ˼Ҽְ̱ϾŮˣ⻰˵һˣҲóɡ
֪ˡΪ˵ͷҲһĨ׶ҪŮ˵Ļǵȷ̫ˡ
˵ַ꣬ݱ뿪˿һᣬҶӨٻҲżһ󣬱뿪
ѾزһжôȻΪ˵ԼĻҲĸףԴϲ



251 Сʦ
֮ûб˸огɾ͸еˣһַҶӨٻһЦĬԶ
ҶӨٻŽĵַһĨСٻҪزȥˣҪúչԼҪ̫˺𣿡
İɣֲСˣȥæģһչ˺ԼġҶӨٻ˵ͷһĨᣬȻÿʱÿ̶ַһ𣬵Ҳ֪ǲܵģ󷽵뿪
ַĬȻֻøҶӨٻһӵеĴӵݸҶӨٻСٻҩˮö߼ְ̺£ϾҲСˣӣСʦܣǻһ¡
ⶫ𣿼ְ̺˲°ɣ˿еǼι࣬ҶӨٻһĨɻǲַݣҩˮȷ̫ͨˣ͸һ
ãæʦһ£Ѿ˳٣׵ġַ΢΢һЦ
õģһġҶӨٻ˵ͷҲٶʣĿַһԵĻţҲվҶӨٻ˻ֵҶ㣬ȥɣһָģٻġ
ǺǡҶӨٻˣСԴָͲùˣԼһҪŬԺ󱣻Ŷ
һġƴĵСԴ⼸ҲҶӨٻˣҲһ˿飬Ȼ᲻뿪
˿ȴǲò뿪ˣ治һӵģֻԼøǿ󣬲ܱԼ뱣ˡ
ɣҶӨٻҲջĿ⣬ſȥַݽĻ˵󣬽Ϊʱɵۣôַ֪˼٣
֮֮Ҳǲñͨˣǲдѧհţزȥһ
һᣬַݱڲĽ³֮ǰ趨ûŵн·ߺ˳
û˼ʻģֻҪ趨ԼȥĵطͻԶеָĵصͣ£Ǹ߼ޱȡ
ĿŻȥ߽˴Уֱֱ֮ڲڵĵط
Զȥĵ۶һĨᶨŰɣһٻģΪ˽㣬ΪԼ

ֻСʱֱͣڲͣƺַݾֱĴŲķȥ
˿̵Ĵѧеģɹַ̫ǰ󣬶ʱڵСӣڻˣΪͷģ
ͷַǲ˳飬˸ʦĸʱ᲻ûԾһ£æһˡ
ʲô˸ʦĸѧյ촽ˡO״ʵ벻ΪôˣȻ˵ڶֱǻ֮
ǰҲЦҸ㽲Ĺ£ˡ˵ţַݱԼ˳ſʼرǽΪĹһ
֮󣬴ѧǾȵɫȥˣأȽΪԣⱲҪ΢õ㣬Լĵֻ˸ֶɽΪȴʲôûС
뵽ѧղϷһЦϼһˣţ۲ݰ˵ҶĶˡ
룬ҲǲԣҸһΣַҲϷʵĿŴѧյ
˰ɡ̲ס˸ѧտɲԼ飬ȻһȺͷЦ붼ܡ
סֹסѧŷַ˸СӣʱһϷʵңĺӣ
ôܣŮѵĵܵˣ츳ҲŴڲһ¡ַݿЦõҡҡͷ͵
ѧжʱһ⣬츳ȷСС;Ȼ磬ЩȰ
ַͬĵ˵ͷǰʦҲô˵ˣҲŴڲҸʦȻⲻ𡣡
ʦѧ΢΢һ㶣Уʱһ˿ȣֱӦ˺
ȿȡЩεĿѧŬԼôһЩСһ벻Ϊʦ
ûϴӦתͷ˿ַݣͷŵǿԣܽʲô
ѧһĨЦ⣬ʱ˺óԼľѧһƮݵ仨߳ʱ˹ȥ
󣬴ѧͣһ˵ģӵôСһѧ𣿡
ѧʦϣͽһݡ˿Ѿֻʣ仨ҲٲԥǵĹ˸ʦ
ѧȻǸ˵ĴЦϽúúãҵĹͽΪʦҵĹŵӣҶὫұѧ㡣
ллʦͽܶóϷĶԴѧտͷҳʦνޱȵ𾴡
ַҲ̲סһЦƵİź֮ҲҪٵʲô԰ĵԼˡ



252 Щ
һҹ޻ַͣƺеȴţѾ˵ԼĿģҲǺԥĴӦ
ӺӰ׼ʱ˴˴˸к󣬱ַһֱͬŵ۾һܻظȥ
˴˴ȥǾܣȻܳͻǰȥַݱ򹫾Ǳһߣ׼һ÷ɻӢ
һСʱֱ׼Ľ䵽⴦ܻУȻҲûе飬Щ˳ݵУһרõľӢȥ
·ϣַЩŤĶףм˵š
˵ɡɫ䣬·ʲôѾˣĵȴַݿڡ
ģʦ˵ţַݽΪĿǰ״ȫ˵ϣܵõͬ½⡣
Ǻ°ôܲͬ⡱˵ͷҲ¶һĨЦݣóĵΪΪеˡ
ַҲһ˿ûֵģҲȫ
ὫƶȹߣȫĲ棬ԲŻն࣬ýΪڿǶˡ
ɻϵʱȻǷǳģַݿ˿ʵ̲סеĺģѯʵףҺʣѾ˱ͻƷ𣿡
ˡԥĳַݲϲʲôʱͻƣͻƺǲǵħ𣿡
ַݵĻɬһЦҡҡͷôͻƣɣ磬Ѿֱܳˡ
ôᡭַסˣ¶ŨŨĵǣĲͻƱĻ仹ʲô˼ѵҪһӿڻ۷
ġصĵ˵ͷҵ˽⣬ȷѾٶûֹˣ׾Ѿֱ֧Ҫ
ľû취𡭡һ˿ãȻַʵЩԽ
Ҳûлᡱһ⣬Ŀڵҵȼأ⣬һЩС磬˵ܹ֧ͻơ

С磿ƽпռ𣿡ַɫ䣬Ļ˵ͻƱ磬пͻơ
ףܶҽС𣿡̲סеĺģַݿѯʵ¹ԼԺľͻƣַݲòصʸ
˵ͷʼԼ˽⵽һн˳ط̫ȷַҲԽԽء
ҵļأڼǰʱҵÿ˻۷壬һصĵط˵и󣬿Խ뵽һƽпռС
ٶǰ˲ʱͻƱص磬ԴǰҲû˻ص磬ЩǰȥˣҲҲûлһж˷롣
ҲѾ˵ʲôˣʵҲȥǸطˣֻôһֱŲеĳޣԼزħңһӡ
빫ϣҲΪȴ׮ԸֻҪħͻж׵ְλǰǸصĵط
ԭˡַһ⣬ʱ浽˻۷壬ͻƵĻָȥǸط
ǸصطΪʲôҲû˻ҲĲ²⣬ߵֻ
һǸ磬ԭŴңȴǱҲûܹЩǰȥ˶סˡ
һ²⣬ǾǸܳʲôҲܵӰ죬˵Ĵڣֻܽܳ
ʵһַЩܲˣϾʼնˣزĻǾͻƵʲôã
ȥΪûʲôǣңַݵǣʵ̫ˣ᲻ԼĸĸԼǼοɰŮˣֻΪͻƱַݾʵڲ㡣
뵽ַ˾ϣǾǲȥ᲻ڵһУͻƱͲܣ۷磬ҲѾ޵еĴڡ
лЩ̫ģַݿ˰κ󣬲ŶԵףǸܳĻ㵽ʱһ¡
ûַĺܼ򵥣ܹͽ뵽ͻƱܳĻҲͲˡ
Ȼַݵ˼Ե˵ͷԵĻҲܾ翴



253 Ӣ
Ӣ׶أӢ׸ҲȨģԸܵޱŨӢ׷硣
ַһͬǰ׶ҲţƮɢޱŨ
Ⲣֹ˽䣬˵ǰṩԣǰȫı㽵䵽һܵĻС
˿̣һǳ·ڴ˵Ⱥһ»һλβϹܼģǰλڹűеȺ򡣡
ţ鷳ˡַݿһ䣬·׶ؽһűȥ
ַǰӡУűĴʾѪԼֲ߽ű֮󣬲ŷеȫͬ
УֲŸ໨ݣӾǸ߶ͨͨ߱һš
ʣȫһ˽˵ĺȼٴ壬˵⣬Щűġ
ַݻǵһűڹܼҵĴ£ǺĿܣʱʱĻҪѯһ䡣
ȴ·һΧжȤֻǰű
̤˹űУɫĵ̯ݻװΣ޲֤⴦ű˵ȨԼ
Щַһ㶼о֣ͬŸԹҵػӵһطӦõġ
˶¥ڼһŵʱ򣬹ܼͣס˽ŲλҾǵˣŮ빫Ⱥ򡣡
鷳ˡַݿĵ˵ͷһۺ󣬱ǰȥƿ˴š
۴һž޴ĳӰڷУһͬһλ긾Ůڶ棬΢ЦĿ볡
һλȻǲǰһͬսĹһλӢȨɯŮ
һַ̣йɺǻĸоǷһǰŮһ涼ޱȵҫȴ׼͡
Щܵ飬ַݰڳһ׼ʿ񣬶˵μŮ£ôǡ
Ǻǣˣ˵£ɡȻַǿĻŮ˶˼ֺøУ˵ЦǺǵġ
Ϊ֮һԼͷ·ǻײ˵һ㣬ֱֱĿŶԷҲ¶˿սĻ𻨡

ǿΨһĽǾǴսһȻ빫˶Ѿվ۷壬ӢϧӢۣ˶һս
ֻϧڲսʱ˼ͬʱջ۹⣬ٴοԷжһĨЦ⡣
лҲ˵ˣףǵˣһٽǸħһ̫ƽ
ԸҲվ빫һ±󽫱еľһ
ַŮϵģ˾ٱҲվСһڡ
˵ѾûֹܹɱˣǴʹôģɱ
뵽ַҲǲòпҲֻħλǿߣܱƵλɡ
ħϢھʲôط²˳٣ַݺǹħڵ䣬һղȥжᰲ
ûУȥˣʧˣѾ˰ɡɫЩأҲ˵ʹ
ȥЩˣɲʲôϺзЩӢĸپӢû뵽ȻȫԵħС
ַݲһٴ׷ʵ㻹ǵãһδѶħʲôط𣿡
΢΢˸ħЩصһۿڣҹħѾ뿪ᣬȥһ
˿ַ̣ݵޱȵĵǣˣħ͵ɵ˻ģûԼŮ֡
ĻԼŮѣû˿ķضħС
뵽ַ̲סҧҧ飬Ҫ鵽ħĶȻ˶Σա
Ȼ֪ڼ׷䣬ҹƣħӦȥط˵ţħָָڵͼϣƬƮڳԵĴ½
ַ̲ס˿ϸҲùû˵ħȥĵļʵȷС
Ҫ֪ĲңǲӵڲҲʮֵ֣Ļܻܿڻġ
ʱҲصĿڵҲ׷ģ鵽ħڣǵһʱ֪ͨԷһͬ׷ɱ
ãֻҪҵ䣬ɡĵЦЦħеһֻ̣аεܸоİ



254 
űȻޱȵķʢһźˣһҲ̸˵أദʮǢ
һСʱҲѾĻڹܼҵİ£˸ס˹űеһС
ߴĻˮƣַסӢʹĸоڴͷһʱ仹Щ˯š
һλһֱȾԺǾħŭʱµ޵иУ·䣬ûʲô˺ܵסһ㡣
ʣħĳǾ޴ģ޵е̬ޱȵҪǸ磬Ҫߺܳ·
ͬʱַҲޱȵĵǣħ޵ˣԾɱӵνǺ޲ðƤ⡣
ԼǺ£ַµľħԼŮѶ֣ʱŮǣԺ޷
ǻһֱڣħȥҪɱħѶȾԲȵ׶١
ججţһֱ˴ҹַ˯ţĽУһߣҲ˳֮С
˵ħ֮ӦøеĿУŵϢʱȴֻʣ˰ˡ
ħ֮ΣԼźҲܸ໥ƴһӣͷȴԼĺûס
˿̵ħ棬úõһ䣬ֵһֵ𣿡
֮ȫȥ˳ΪǿߣĿû˷ԼĿ֣ʲôã
վǲһģһֻƴĲɱɱĸһݡ
ڴ˿̣ңԶķ޴ɳĮУħɫĿǰһһĨķ
˿Ҳʧȥ˵ʹ࣬Ҳ֪Сӣ빫ϣĿֱָԼͷ
ԴУǾԼķ񣬶ȥƴĻ˵ΧҲһжɱ
ħһľǾǰһͬȥʱ˭Ҳ
ҲˣһֻɱһЩСȣһһ˰ˡ
Ȼһֱһִٳɵģûй¶˿Ϣʣµ飬ֻˡ
ţֻҪԼ¶һǼһѶʱֻҪһ졣
뵽ħĴЦʵԱ˲̣ԼҲޱȵĲ̣ħǸӡ

һҹ޻ַ˸ʣҹ˯״ǳ⡣
ĳ˸ˮ裬ַƿ˷ţȻһվſڣһ
ϸһȴǹűλϤĹܼңһַݱʽЦݵŮͣʱ𣿡
Ŷַ΢΢һ㶣ŮôþܾԵ˵ͷȻʱ䣬·ɡ
õģ롱һƣֱܼǰַݴ˹űеһƫС
˿̣Ůڴ˵Ⱥţַǰ󣬾Ȼðǰԭҵͻ
ˣŮͣСܳһֵ̿ģַݺǿ
Ǻǣ̫ͻˣɣǱ߳Աġ˵ţŮ˸ƣλϡ
ַҲǲٿףλϺһתδ̣ŮôʲôҪ˵𣿡
ǵģæŮصĵ˵ͷһĨ˵ҾȸˣһҺҪˡ
ַ΢΢һһĨصðһ䣬Ҫˣʲôˣ
ŮĬˣûֱԣǻһ̴ܵӣӣڵȴʲô
ַݾȵ鷢ˣЩǵõָһ㣬ͷϹֱ֮뿪˷УԹԵĹ˷š
û֮Ůʿַݣص˵仰ǰȴӦһҪҶ˵ЩԲ˵κһҲС
ŮصУַݸоˣ򵥣ҿܻ൱ļѴ
ӦģֻҪ飬Ӣֿܻ꣬øĺô
һַݻǾһ˻ˮԵͷҴӦҪ󣬽˵ЩҾԵڶ˽
㡱Ů΢Цŵ˵ͷ˵ȵˣɯס̩ա
⡭ѵǣַһĨ𾪣ΪϣȻǰŮһݣҲǺ֮
ŮҲûκεͷûȷҵŮҲСŮ



255 Ļ
ַȫˣΪӡУλ̩յĹȻûκεű
ģֻһλǳĲŮȫݡ
һܣǾλʲô⣬ŮŻ᲻Ϣ˶´˷
ĿǰŮǰ˶ֱʹһֱֿӱųʣµģֻеڶֿˡ
ŮĻУַѾ֪˸еԭǾλˣԵĹֲĿǰĿѧ޷
ԺһĲ²⣬ַݵԺѾ˴ŵ˼·Ŀڵ𾴵Ů£һ£̩չ£ʲô
⡭ŮһĨԥ˰ҡҡͷ˵̫ҵȥһ˰ɡ
Ҷˣ֮ǰǻȳԹͰɡ˵ţַݱڴڵĳͣϾڳҲûʲôã㶨Ҳܸ㶨ˡ
˿̵ŮȻûκεθڣַݺǵĳͣԼеõҲǷ˲١
ַݷưĹ£Ҳ˲㶨Ĵ˸ãŮ߰ɣŮ¡
ŶŶõġʵǱַǸһŮҲһĨЦ⣬ǰˣȷǲˡ
ߵ˴ſڣ˿һʽүѾڴ˵ȺţַЩĿһۺͬŮ˳
ò˵үȻѾãķǳãλǳĺȫԿӢĻʼҵ̡
һ·ϣַŮųĬҲŸԵ飬ŮǵַܲܽԼŮκãַȴţԼǹκú󣬻Ľ
СʱүҲصı£ӻʹĺŴ룬ͣһɭϵʽǰ
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һ·ڲȥܵܵķַ֮Ҳ̲סЩ࣬Ůסûôܰɣ
ڣھعؿ֮һǰͣŮΡΡƿ˷ţǲ̩գҿŮˡ
ĸף̩ˣҺ㡱һԾϲӷ߳һӰ
иİӰ֮ӰǴһ㣬ֱӶ㵽У˷š
ҴһƳȱַ̲סһҲ¶𾪣ɵȵȸӵɫһУʵЩԽܡ

һ̾ϢŮַݣǰ˵֪Щʲô˵̩յĵȷȷһ̥ʮµŮ
ɡַٴδˣ˼˰ŻعҲһĨףҲʲôŮôضصǰˡ
ĸף˭ַ˼ʱǹرյķڣһ˵Ļֻ⻰УޱȵĻ̿Լź¡
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Ŷõĸסõĸ׵Ŀ϶֮󣬱Ϊ̩յĹСĴ˷ţεӣַݡ
𷢣εɫӣԼϸƤʹգӢѪͳ
ֻϵۺ俪һЦǰλ̩չȻӢǱ־ԵİƤͬһ㣬һɫƤ
ûڿλĵһַۣоޱȵĻɣλǲŮɷ
Ҳֻһ˲ѣַݱѡŮϾΪӢܻ顣
ΨһĿԾǣλһֲֹԭӦİɫƤȻ˺ɫŮҲַ֤ݵĲ²⡣
ԭλ̩չճʱͨ˲޶ɰݣܵ˴ҵһϲ
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ȫŻŮܵӢõҽ̩չ˸Ͻļ飬õһޱȾϢ
Ǿ̩չڵĺɫ쳣Ķֻ࣬Ҫ䵽֮ǱҲɢ
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256 
֪ǰ˵УȴһˣһĻʼҺᣬ´ȥǻʼҵδ棿
һֱ̩նǱڲ˻ʼҵУʮһֱй¶һ˿Ϣ±˷١
һƤҲò̩չַΪеĹݣȴͬͽһ㱻طκ˿
ԼĻΪʧȥɵĸоɱǰλ̩չȴɼǿĻţɾʵַݸе
Ů̩Ĳ˵ַ֮ݶʱ¶һĨЦݣڵĿѧһɫػûʲô취˵ȴټ򵥲ˡ
δ磬Ѿȫû˵ΪʲôΪһλΰĿѧҷֻҩ
ǷΪɫףƣڣֻҪһƿʲôɫܹҩͬķ
ֻ΢΢һºַݱ̧ͷŮаٷ֮ʮļκãڴ֮ǰѰҼζҩҩġ
ҩģŮʱЩɵۣʲôУҩûУΪӢûʹùҩȻҩ
ַǰٷ֮ʮļѾȫ˵ССҩˣϵ취Ū֡
̩һֱŮеʹԼΣΪ˻ʼҵòԼŮʹѾʮ꣬ڼ˻ᣬܲ˷쳣
Եİиҩĵɣһ֪ͨȥռҪ˶õʱ䣬ͻн
õġַ΢Цŵ˵ͷһŵӣдһЩҩǿҩЧúܺãҩЧȴܰԵ֮
ַҲ˳׼һЩҩ̩ղӣ˳ҲƼһ¹ҩΪԺҽһĹס
δ磬СҩҽѾΪͨƽǶѡҩоΣΪû˱Ǹϧ塣
ȻˣҽչǶӣҽҲܵսʵ˵õͬȡҽ
ַҲδѳɣһ㹱ףһɣҲֻ˳Ķѡ

ЩˡһַݽҩĵĵӵݸŮתͷԵ̩ա
˿̣ͬҫ̩չҲһĿв֪ʲô
ַתͷ̩չʱܾС㣬͵ĵͷСָһµС㡣
ַ̲סҸգԼǲôֲȻôһŮӸų
Ҳ֪λ̩չʵǺΪû˽ӴԶַһֱһݽġ
ַҲ̲סһۣôһŮӣĳ谮ȴֻܱ˲˹ӡ
ַݰ¶ģһҪλκãúõԼӦܵǧ˵ĳ谮
ʱõҩŮҲ͵վַľһлİȥҩĵ⣬Ͱȵȣ࿴̩յĲ飬һܿġ
˲ɣ˲ãַݿܹΣȻỳַݵƷԴ󷽷ı뿪˴˴
ʱֻʣַ̩չˣ̩չһֱͷһµģַ΢΢һЦ͵ú£Ҳǻˣһҽ
𣿿Ϊʲôûд״ӣַݵĻͶᣬ̩չ̧ͷַݵг˺档
ַЩεӣȻ֪˵İ״ʲôȻЩҽǣҲΪڵҽеĬ
һ˵Ǻַ¶һĨŵҽȻô״ӣκ㣬Щ״ӵȴС
ǾǣЩ״ǶûãΪ𣿡ַݵгһɳݣ̩һڴģ
ַԣҲޱȵĸпλ̩չʵ̫ˣûӴȫһŰֽ˵ʲôͻΪʲô
ŵĻСʱͻᱻ˹ܣʵ̫ƭˣܱһСŮƭ
²Ҫַͷۣκ̩֮ŮҲᰲʦнȻ޷ϻȥ
ͷԺһַ΢΢һЦõģԺˣҾΣҩŶ
̩յ˵СԴһĿַݵܸҽʲôҺܺҲĸҲӲ˵
ַףŮ̩˵磬ǳڱ磬͵ܳȥʱй¶ݵĻǿɾˡ
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257 ҩ
Ҽ壬̩յˣҲĲң˵ǳԺȷ棬̩ȫõǣҵǣûκεַʽ
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̩ջܳǰڻУַҪ˶ãı£¶ǲõЦա
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ַ̩ǿĵģŮҲ̲סһЦѾжûп̩յЦˣִ⿪ĵЦݡ
ǰŮ΢ЦŽеĴӵݸַݵҪҩġ
ЩȵĿŮһַ̲סӴ򿪣һҩõĽȴҩĲֹ񣬶һԶԶĳԽԼҪ
ǿַеľȣŮ΢ЦŵңЩҩһλĳǱҵģǰΪĵһλ͸ģһֱûã
ŮˣҩѾʸˣһҪЩմԼһòյ¯̲ס˵ͷַݶŮһҪ
⣬ú𣿡ַݵҪŮʱЩɵۣҵҲҵղ¯ʹûС
ʵַҲ治ΪŮΪҪһõҩòǲõġ
ȻûУַҲֻҡҡͷȻûоˣúҲǿãȥɡ
ðɡŮ¶һ˿ټĻʹȻҲһش¹Ҳһ޽һΪʲôΪ˽ܵί
ַݲûϵͳѧҽȴδҽҽϸĽҩĵδ䣬ֻҪ«ưˡ
úҪҩģϺʵˮʼСİһбһŵҩζ
ַݵǾҩڣҲִֻȻҩİƳҩŲ˺

ҩϣҲڼҩַҲǲ뿪һֱ¯ǰҩﰾá
򲻸ˣСʱҩҲѾã˲עʱַͳһ֧ܸıɫİɫҩ֭С
ҩЧǳǿַݲ䱻ҩıҩЩ΢ַ֮Žҩ˵˿С
ҩŮ̩չı鶼ͬһڴдһ˿ǣֻǵʵҩζ˶ǲԼͬü
ҩĿɬζǳģǴй˵ַݶЩܲˣΪӢ˵ŮԼ̩չǸܲˣͲû³ˡ
һ˲䣬̩չ˲һĨܣַݿеҩһ붾ҩ
ŮҲǼˣ̩ղȣǲ޷κãܲǿİɣƵ۹⿴ַݣ취
ַҲЩΣжʱһ⣬΢Ц̩գɣ˺ͻģˣʱҴȥ԰ò
𣿡԰ֵʱ̩յжʱһĨ˵⣬֪û԰Ŷħ
ȻģֻҪǾͿȥ԰ˡĿ̩գַԼԸ˵
ãҰɡ˵ţҪַݳ֣̩ձȲĽеҩͺһڡ
ޱȿɬҩ֭Ŀǻǹɾ޴ĳ̲ס˳һ뵽԰֣̩ǿסǹɶĸУӲĽҩ֭ȫ˸С
žžžһǿģַ̲סƣ޵̩գģ¸ҡ
ַݣŮıȻҪӾһЩ̩յҿ̩գΪеԺ
˵ĹȻ̩ԭɬĳһĨۣҩϾȻ¶һĨЦݡ
ⵥͬ׻Цݣַһ˲סˣҷģûмЦݣôЦݡ
ҲһĨЦ⣬ַݴԼĶóһɿݸ̩յɣϾͲˡ
лл̩΢ЦĵͷлӹɿĳҲ¶ҸЦݡ
ɿԹ٣һξ˵ĺóԣ۵ζǾþõĲ촽·һ֧ģ



258 Ȭ
ЩŵĿ̩Ŀǰ״Ȼڻҩģ̩Բͨĺ˱ɰˣǵһֲֹڵĺɫؼޱȿ١
ôôȡַݵע£̩ͻȻоһȣҲǿʼ˿˿ˮ
̩̲סһֽ˲ԼĶͷ뽫ֽʱȴֵķ֣ԭ׵ֽѾ˺ɫ
ȫûȻǽ̩ոŵľһȻóһֽ˲ͷҲǺɫġ
ٴξֵļһ̩վֵķ֣ǶͷֻҪԼĵطֻҪһĨһźʡ
ַ϶ʱ¶һĨЦݣ΢Ц̩գҪţҩڷãûĨĵط𣿡
⡭ַݵĻ̩侲˲٣ַԷжʱһĨŵɫ
Ȼȱᾭ飬ܱ̩պ֪Լܳȥ棬ΪԼ븸ĸһƤڵģڴԼҲ븸ĸһǰɫƤ
ַβҲûбʲôϣڿַݵҩѾãһôǿҡ
ңңҡ̩յһĨ㶵ĿһĨɫƤ˵ʲôȴôҲ˵
ءһͳĿַתͷһȴŮȻϲ̩յУڵϲɫ
ҿ̩գͨһˡһ۰Ŀ̩գŮĨĨᣬų˶˵Цݡ
𣿡̩ҲϲõˮһѽŮ˻УĲ𣿡
ģҵĹŮ̩ôһŮԭµ·Ҳ˺ɫ˸˵ĳ棬ŮҲѾ˲ôֻ࣬ʣϲá
̩ռ˺Щʱ̺ŷӦĸףȥϴ裬ǵңڿ϶ˡ
˵꣬ŮӦ̩ձһ·СԡҷȥŮſַݣһϹлκ̩գԶӢĹ͡
ӦõġǺЦЦַɳϣȴ̩ճԡصʱӦþͻΪһģ

˽ŵĵȴУСʱ̩֮Żһ˳Ĵ󺰵ĸףҽıҲ
ַ˹ȥֻһۣԶŲ۵ĸоɫƤ̩վѾľ˰Ƥ
Ө׵ƤɫĳԺ˫εɫ˫ۣ·Ǻˮеа㣬ַ˵񶼸С
ַݲûʲôӣܺɫƤǺܼѵһ£ڰɫƤ̩գе˾ޡ
ַݣΪĸ׵ŮҲ𾪵ĵɴ˫ۣߵ̩յԣӵ̩գҾ֪ģңΪġ
ҲŲҪૡޱȵĽߣ̩ȻԼĸ˵ʲôںЩڴĿַݵҽǴӦҵģҺˣҪȥ԰棬ǧʳԡ
Ȼַ΢΢һЦԵ̩չ᲻ûƭֻȥ԰һζѣǳĳʱġ
ɡʱŮǵĿ̩գȻ̩յƤѾκˣǹЩʲôΣա
ĸסŮʱֹģ̩նʱĿҡֵĸףҳȥһκòã̩һġ
һĨ⶯ŮȴûеͷΪ̫̩ˣַҲòվŮ£ͷİɣ̩һᱣģй¶⣬ֻҪҲ˵˭֪̩ǹ
ַݶ˵زŮҲڵ˵ͷȴٴεǵĿ̩һ۵ҪҪ̩̫⣿
ȻַҲǵ˵ͷ̫⣬ֻҪ̩յƤٱڣǾ֤ĲѾȬĻַݾͲòˡ
Уһͬߵ˻԰У̩Ҳԡ֮£¶ޱȵĵǡ
ǼǵãԼÿɹ̫ʱ䶼ᳬӣΪɹԽãͻԽڣһֱʹ޵Ķ
Σɹ˰СʱƤɫҲûκεı仯ּĲȻȬ
鲻Խģ̩վԡ£ĴţŮҲǱȾĸŮһʹĿһ



259 ۷Կ
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ŮȻкܶҪҲûַݣ̩ЩĿϣҪ뿪
ַȻ֪̩ղ뿪ʵǺԼ첻ٳ֣ȥ԰ˡ
Ϊˣַı֤̩źǿķ뿪˴˴Լһ
˵ע֮£ַݳү뿪˻ʹŹǴűȥ
һصűַݾһΪ˿빫ڻ԰ӭгܵս
ַ֪һսͲܱ⣬ҲȰɴ˸ط£һֵģ
˶ûж֣С˵еҶ³ԼŴѩһһȴŶԷ¶Ȼһзֳʤ
˵ʵ˵ľ糬ַ̫࣬ݲ֮ܿ䵽̽ʲôֵʲôʱ֡
ǽΪ־ܵһʱͻῴȫһֵģ˭Ҳȳ֣¶һ
ħΪʲô˵ʱҲΪħѾȫѹ˵Ĵڣû˸ĶԿ
ַݰʱ˾Լһ㣬ͬʱ֣ӲƴһУ˵һӦѷֲ١
飬飬顱һζƴҲȫǿαԵ£˿ʼѸ͵ƴһһУǲ˵
𽥵ģ˵ʽԽԽ죬ַݺȻ֣˼άѾ˵ĳˣҪס󣬲еľ衣
ƴԽԽ׺ݣߵһ嶼ķ飬룬š黨״
ַȻǿĿɿڴڼҿЧƬĸоһĿõĴڡ
ұ֤˵ƴ¼ĻǱ˿϶ΪĵӰڴ򶷡
ǿȵĴ򶷣ĿǰʽҲһ˿ǿֱ棬տʼԼϵľ飬һֱѹ
ɵ󣬹Ѿ˰٣𽥸ˣһӲƴУһ
һ˵Ĵͣһ͵ĿȻǻĵףϹ򣬵ȷ˵á
Ҳܲʮ꣬ұذɡһ⣬εƴǳ
ϧûĻʮǰңҲĶ֡ҡҡͷһϧĻش
ˣ˵ǾʡɣʱԸħûˣ˯ɡַ̲סڵתԼķȥ
ҲǶһۣһĨЦ⣬ԻصԼķУֻԺһֱڻζⳡս

һַݱ˳Żʹķȥû̩յĳŵҪȥ԰һ졣
һ̩յǴСԺַЩȵǣԭصѾɢȥŹһɵ̩գվſڵȴ
ַݲһЦڵ̩գѾҪٶزˣҲԼʹԴϲ
ҽˡַ³̩֮ձСǰվԡ
̩գƯַתͷһȴ̩գһģ˾ͷ
صС˿ʵĻ֣Լ˫ĲõˮЬеͬͯеĹһ㡣
ллĿ佱̩һЦ漴ЩɬĵͷҲƮΡ
ַݿһˣܵĿ佱Ȼ뵽ĸ̵ЩȻȻľͻ졣
ֻû֣պƽʱӵˣַݿٴһ
Ƭַ̣ݱع̩ն˵ֻ΢˵ĺӶѣʵһ˿а
ڵ̩գһŰֽҪߵ·ַܳݲŰֽͿĨһЩĨĶ鷳
΢΢ĻعַݺǱĲõ˸ʿ񣬶ֵ̩𾴵Ĺʿı
̩̲ͣסһЦСԵַһϷ룬ִϵ󡣡
ҵҡַ΢΢һЦǣ̩յߵ˳ԣ˸ʻλ룬𾴵Ĺ
ͣʵܲסĳ̩ղһеĴЦֻ֪ЦݣܸȾˣַݾһλ
ȻܳУȻͲܴʲôڣԽַֻһȫ̵ļ໤
ĴӺ뿪˻ʹ˶ûз֣һ¥ϣλ֤Ŀ뿪Ҳ˸жˮ



260 ԰
Ӣ¶԰ӢΪһ԰ˣоմ̼ĿһЩˣΪܲˡ
ַ̩մеĿĵؾʲôһֻ̩Ҫ濪ľͺá
һ뵽űڣַݱ̩սһűԼһЩȽϿֲĴ˵
ʵ200ǰǱ˵ӵǱļ֮Աȥ
ȻǱһֱķţֱ1980ｨ԰ſʼָ
οڵģвǽֹοͲι۵ģΪʲô˭Ҳ֪
ΪЩι۵ĵطŸΪ⴦űһأĸ
±ЩֲټַЩٴǽ̩ŵЩɪɪ㾪
ַȻǰЦѣЩʲôЩΪȻĻ˼Ķ
һ·ϣ̩նСĴܣ»ͻȻܳʲôѪħʲôĽһ̵
˽뵽ʩǰļ˷ܵĴҲڽ̩еĿ־ȫ嵭
ַݼŮܱ̩ոʧ񼸴Σ˵ЩֻͨƽӢˡ
ֻһۣ̩վͳΪĿеŮڼʿǣΪ·ṩ㣬ַȻǱ˱һȫᡣ
رˣȻַݣߵ̩յǰ䵲סһ棬Ҿͱߵģ
Σַ̣̣Ҳ̲סˣһ̵Ľѵ
˱ַץסȭͷĿ֨ŷַ֣СĻˣȻ˵
¶һֺŵ徻̩ǿҵҪ£԰̼һĿƱǾǺųȫٶĹɽ
˵ɽٶȾܴﵽ372ĿɽǸһһƬ֮˲ûˣ֪ٶжôĿ졣
ٶȣַȻһ㶼£ϾĦгϹİٹ˵ⱣȫĹɽˡ
һϹɽ̩ձץסַݵļŵҪȴ¶˼ܵɫǷǳڴһ㡣

ɽʱһܴ˶Ĥļַ鲻Խü
ͬʱַҲܸ̩ܵǼָףҵֱ룬Ƥȴһ㷴ӦûС
ԭΪڵ̩Ѿµı˫ַۣתͷһȴ̩ȴһ˷ܵɫȫûһ˿ľ¡
һĻַݲһ仰ǾŮ˵Զ²͸ֵĻȴܸӵӦ
̩Ůˣϳǰǳĺ£ڳʱȴһɫ޲һΡ
³֮һµģַݸҿ϶˵һεĻ̩ȻֵĺǺ£ȴļһΡ
ĿǳĶ࣬紫ͳɳԼ½¥ȵȺĿ
ÿڳ֮ǰ̩նһµģڳʱȴֵıһЩ˶Ҫ¸Ҽ֡
ڣڳЩŶ̼Ŀ֧֮裬˴Ħ֡
ڱ˵УµģַҲܵĽʼɺ޵Ŀ⡣
ʵַݿǴõֳĸһϸĵĺǻ̩գ𽥵Ľ硣
ƷַݲǺܸð˿̩һͬţȴҲǱһζ
ô𣿡̩չۿЩʩһδģַ̲סѯʵ
Ȼˣ԰ҪرˣȻһһġ̩Щ̫˵Ļش
Щʧģַ̲סСԴЩ簮ĵûµģҲزȥˣһλؼҺˣ
컹һˡַݵĻ̩ռ˵ļҪˡ
ʹģַ̲סһ̩յСǵȻģ˵Ļɲʳԡ
̫ˣá̩ۿҲǹʹģ̧ͷַһڡ
ģԼĴУ˵ܰںһһ̵ַݣ̲סЩˡ
ѽ̩Ҳһ·Ӧ˹һסͲͷһµСӰ㡣
һ±˳ŵУĦȴûֹͣһֶӺ󣬱㽫͵˵ϡ
ַҲǻع̩΢΢һЦ߰ɣˡ
šϸӬĻشһ̩ռͷַݵԣֻǻʱʱ͵һۣƵõͷ­



261 
¶԰ڲס޵ĵطҲҪٵסӣԸԿһ䣬ڹ԰ڵĳǱס
ʱ䣬ǱҲʽ磬ֻҪһӢһС
ӢʽַͣݲǺܸðףҲʲôҲ԰ɣԴһʳ󣬱̩һͬ˸ط
ȻֻгԷٰҲǱһ⣬ǾһЩŮиطһ¡
Եһ̣̩վͳΪеģЩڼεǷ׷ǰ̩գ乲һ
ַݣٴαԣ˵ĿˣҲ˵ɼΣϾ˻лᣬĻǾһûС
Щ˵Ϊǳ׵ļŭַݣϻ㵱KTẹֱ̡̀
ʱ仹磬˯ĺܣַ΢΢һ˸ʿ̩յ̩գ֧𣿡
̩ЩȵĿַһۣҡҡͷҲ谡һȵô졣
ûµģҽ㡱ַ΢΢һЦҲûջأ˵һ裬ټ򵥲ˡ
ǡǺðɡǽߵĵ˵ͷ̩սִַݵϣصм䡣
˿̣һѵŮŮţĿŶԷʱʱĻЩ£֮ͥ±ӵǵһ
̩μĳ棬϶ʱ¶ޱȽߵɫͷҿܡ
ַȻνˣĳ΢΢һЦ̩յ̩գùܱˣҾͺá
ŶŶַݵĻ̧̩ͷЩĿַݣȴһ
˵򵥵Ľ裬Ҳܼ򵥡ַݺĵĽ̵̩գԼ֪һȫ˳
̩Դӱûãȫѧ˽裬ַһ߽ͬУǲ̫Ľ衣
͵֣ǰʵˣԼֹתһ̵̩ղЩˣַݵУҲǴһĨ롣
ŮǸԵ˭˭ãǵһһӡ
ʣ̩յУַݾǽѵһôǿаȫУ·ߣԼͲһ˿ĺ¡
һˣŻȻ򣬷ֿжһĨɫ·ղŵһ裬˵Ķһ

Щ֪ʱȴͻȻһַϸһԭǹٷŵСϷ˶Ǵȥ׼ۿ
ַɫ΢΢һٴǩ̩յֵ߰ɣȥϷɣӦûܾʰɡ
õģ߰ɡ̧̩Щεӣַݵٴ¶һĨɫ
ɫַݺϤдһĨĽȫһĳ˵ɫһ
˵Ĺϲϣһޱҵ飬ַȴûһ˿һĿġ
Ϊ̩տʲô˸飬Ҳֻ̫ˣĺãǶİ
һֻεİ˵ַѾ˼ŮѣûеĻҲóóȻĽ̩յİ
ַݾˣλȥ󣬱ѡ뿪̩ջУԼˡ
ص̩ͬһͬǰϷʼĵطַݹһͰ׻Լ֣һС
ò˵ﳣפϷҲʵһˢӣһЩʵĳ棬ַݶ̲ס޵ĵͷ
ûô̩գǿ̲סϢʱҲеı׻Ͱݸַݵԡ
ַݲݾܾһѷ˿У̲ס˸̩Ц˻ֱ˵ӦȥϷġ
ַ̲סӣԼҪȥϷĻЩСȫ¸ڣҲû˸ʡ
Ϸһֱҹַѿİ̩ȴ᲻뿪ϮҲʹźǷ
ڣϷ곡ַ֮ͻȻоһСԴԼϣתͷһȴ̩Ѿ˯ˡ
ĽëްɰݣƵļɢ˾˵û˲뽫§ڻУĺǻš
˯ţַһƬİҲʵڲĴڹԱʱַ˸Ķ
ԱҲǷǳģ˸˽Ķ󣬱뿪˴˴ַ̩ȥ
Ҳ֪˶ã̩Ȼľѣ˿ڵĻ̲סһֻ˲䣬оһ˫ůĴסԼڡ
·ħ̩еĲҲ˲䰲ҲǲԾĳһĨΡ
ԣԼķȥڽ뷿ʱȴǹͬ˵һ



262 ޶
һڲʱ̩Ķַݵһ簲ĵٴһ
˷ǲľ飬̩նַϲֺγûϲֿɰŮֻϲȴͬڰǿա
ҲûУҲֻһʱˣһУ̩տĵһ졣
˾ЩĿ԰жޱȻЦǷǳһ졣
սҪɫ˺ַҲǲòѡ뿪̩Żʹأ̩տҲΪˣ˯˹ȥ
һصʹŮ±ڴ˵Ⱥţ̩յҲǴһĨ簮ûκε𱸡
̩Ҳྡྷûʧ˷ܵǣŮַ֣һЩ顣
ŮţʱʱҲһЦʵΪ̩ոеˣΪܴ󷽷Ƭˡ
̩սĶ˵˸Ůߵַݵԣ΢Цл㣬̩ûٸ鷳ɡ
ûûУ̩ͦԵġַҡҡͷȻҲȷ˲鷳Ҳܹ̩ǰɣ˭ôˡ
ǾͺáŮ̲ס˵ͷصĶַݵл̩ҲһŨصĽ
ַ΢΢һ㶣һνİڰֵ˰ɣ̩ʵԸģҪҪν
ôԡŮҡҡͷһصĵҽҪ̩յĴڣľˣûʲô͵ĻⲻˣӢʼ𣿡
⡭ַݶʱЩɵۣʹԼҪҲҪˣԺνʼǺðɣʲôˣҲںġ
λ㶼ں𣿡Ůʵ̲סˣǷַݵַ̫࣬ȴһʲôģΰ
λַ֮Ҳ̲סһӢľλȻЩˮ֣˭ܵõһҲݵλ
ǰŮԿڣǾ;ֻһʲô̫ƽʿʹ򷢵ģַţҲһоɡ
뵽ַĵ˵ͷŮǾͰŮľɣҿ㡣
ãϾŵ㣬׼ʱʹɣһٿһμ߷ᣬ̩յݹȥе̩յͷŮ
һַݵ˵ͷʱҲˣ㿪ųص˹ĳǱУȵ˯һҹ

ڶһ磬ַ˿г緹ɺϵǹҲڴ˴ͣǰ뿪
Ӣʵϰ߲ˣԻصģػһĶֵأͬʱҲȥ׷ħټ
ˣɡַǰ΢΢һ£ԼԵλø˳һٶͿԿַݾжôĿء
ˡַ΢΢һЦԣһ߳һѯʵôħϢ𣿡
ûУҲˣϾȥĵطҲǼɫ䣬ֻйһĨ׺ݣħеṆ̀ζ뽫ȥ
ðɣϢĻһʱҡַݵ˵ͷħҲޱȵļɵֻԼܰġ
ԼǼˣô£ϾǻҪƤҲֻΪԹ¡
˵ͷЩյĵðɣ־ôడӿٶȶС
ַ̲סϷһЦ⻹򵥣ûоϻ𣬽ǮʹĥӢһ˿ǣֻҪǮ궼԰¡
ôû뵽һŴѴѵǮԻӻԲû˻ӵ
뵽ٲɣ緢׼óǧӢħ䣬ͲŻҲħ䡣
ĳֲνˬ˵ǸԼݵλǮѾ֮ΪϾôǮóǿԵĺˬ
ַ΢΢һЦһ֮£Ҳǿڵɲǹһ˵飬ɣһǧӢ˽ǮĴ̼£ħص̫գҶ취ץ
ȻǴЦ൱ڵֻͣΪҵһ˵䣬ǵ׳Ҳ˵ǰ޹ˡ
˵ֱַδһǧӢ˻ϣ󹫾Ը˵彫ͽ˳ȥ
˾޴ЩӶǶǼȻҪҵħûȥץħû˲ȥ
ڹͻ᲻֣һ㶼ģϾ˭֪ӢĻ壬ΪСǮԼ



263 ̩
Թ緹ϢҲĵ½磬Ϊ˵ȴȻ⣬һʽķװ󣬱Żʹķȥ
˿̣ʹǰѾۼļߣΪѾ֪һһشı䶯
ÿһλҵı䶯ǣ˵ΪӢĿǰǻ壬ҹҡ
ԼǾκһõϢΪ̫شˣǵÿһϢܺ䶯硣
Եַ빫ǰʱʹŶѾֵڣԼ׼õһϢļǡ
ûһˣᱩ¶Ǿ۹£Ȼɼ߽һݵλַ빫һֱǵˣԾֱźȥӺŽС
˵Ҳûκε谭Ӻ󳡽뵽˻ʹУ˵Ĵ£ŷֳȥ
˿̣ѾӢΧţŮҲЩĴк漰ŷʱŮȴֻ΢Ц
ȻЩк棬Ů˵ҲǿʣֻúĵȴŮ˵һ̡
ַһͬǰʱطҲͻȻ䶯ΪӢѾԳƵһ֮£֮ˣŮҪҲõԼ᲻ᱻƷȨ
һֱޱȵأ˶ֻԶԶĿһۣĴһǻƽ
빫΢ЩˣƤ򹫾ŽҲЩ˷ǳַݵݣϾ빫߽᳡ˣֻǸ֮
СյַݵԣŪַҲû˿԰ڵ뷨ֻ˵Ǿ֪ˣ㲻ٶ˵
һᣬҲЩǿϵģַһ߽ͬ˺У˸λ
ʹģͻȻ̩ôŮ޸Ļ᲻ܣ
ʲôַݶʱһһվҲǽҸһЩõĿߣַԵĹ󣬱ʲôҲ˵ˡ
ַҲԼʧɫЩѿԺЦͱˣҾ͵û
ַһΣҡҡͷϧˣʵĿԺúÿһģ̩ĺܲ
صĿһºַҲҡҡͷֻϧѾŮˣֹһ£ǲܵġ

һ˳ĬУʵַͦݵģܽӢһ¸һĴۣҲϧ
ַֻѾŮˣҴᶨԼŮ빫һǾǲܵһ¡
ͬʱĵ׵ĹҲַݸеĵʲôˣ̩Ůܱѵģο̩յݻӢĹ
ַݵݼʵ˵Ļȴ֤ǸŵԵˣȻջʱ򣬻ֱġ
ʵ仰Ҳһַ̽ݺԥĴӦ˵Ҳῼǰ죬ܾҲûջٿַ˲ǣ
⣬ҲַݵУһ˿ĶȻһ̩Ѿģֻϰܳ顣
ʱ׼ʱ˾ŵ룬ЩҲռԼλãȴμдĿ
ֻһʼôˣΪʼŲ̊Ȼε־ʽΣȻޱȵ𾪣ô𾪵鷢ˣŲ̊󣬾Ȼһ仰û˵ҾϹ˵һԲ𡣡
ֳʱŮԵǸؾô򵥣ڳȼλ֪⣬˵Ķ
ҵǸֻΪЩµһǸһֱҶʮ꣬ǸùʾڵʱˡŮдһĨʹ
˽ŵע£ŮĿڵʵڶʮǰɷ򻹵һŮΪȡɯף̩ա
䡱ֳʱͬͶһը㣬˲䱬ըж¶˾ֵɫ
ֳ˺üӺűѹжһʣǾˡ
ŮҲûôҾõȣǴһ̨ԣ̩ЩĳɳȫͨõƬķʽ˳
һװ׾С𽥱˺ˣҶȫŮˣΪʲôҪλضʮˡ
Ůʹ֮£ֳ˶ԭֻ뿴̩չÿЩδй
ŮȻӦ˴ҵҪ󣬽̩ս˳ַκõӢľλ



264 𼱻ش
۾ʱӭһλīĳ˿ͣ׷ǵһӦǷֱǲʲôǣȴʧˣΪ˸Ͳʶ
ȽϹעϲˣϸһĻȫֱܹǸܵӢҼνַݲ
ʵţڴ½ڵزôãõƬӢֳصĻȴޱȵ𾴡
ַ߳ʱһòŮǰһϷʵӴⲻǵַݲôСȼ죿
ȿȡûΣַݶʱɿȻһ§סⲻСѾͷֵ
𡱣һЦַȥɵ취ǰѾʽڴزҵнૡ
Ŷַ΢΢һ㶣΢ЦȷǸѡ񣬲Һǣûжѣ
Ȼ˿һֱǳˣֻǰĶ⣬껵İæòͽܣһ취ûСʼ
ǺǣѾҹ˰ɣַݵһЦò֪ڵɾȹϵһ
Ͼزҵһֱ£ΰȴȫӵİæ涷ַֻݵͷϡ
ȻһЦҹң˵ҪϣûеһʱӦǸô
⻹򵥣һĨϷʣַݶݺݵĵһǰһֱƴԼ֮
Żüëˣ뵽ǰæô˵ĺ£Խ㣬ʹʹɣʹܡ
һЦܵҲǹݰϲǼһѪܳԡ
ϲҲϲૡַһ˿ܣûʲô˺󣬱һƫƧĽͣ
¶һĨɻ󣬿ַݵܵܣʲô˼ô˰
ٺ١ַݻһЦǳһȵϢһ°ɣ㲻ãľĻʺ𣿡
СһĨȻַݵĴƬ֮ʼ˲Ļζš

ҹַٴξۼһ𣬹ͬýյͣԴ⡣
ڽǮջԼȨƵѹ£оԴĿԱѾһҲ̤档
˾ۼһҲֻΪδβ߻ѣرǰǱߵ顣
磬Ѿϵˣʣڰ׵Ľ£̵ֿҪ󣬾ȻӦɼɱѹεĵز
ַҲӦҪɣֻֻҪһаߣҲҲκοȫİ취
ͷͷֻҪоԴҲòһǳص⣬ǾʯͣѾȫûκεļֵƿصЩȨӰ
ⲻʲôıı껸޴ӵֻֿǵȴԼң뵽޵ԨС
˿̣ȴǻȻ֪ãξۼһ̸˵أףЩȡõʤ
ʵǣ˦һʱƣԼεİ£׵վ˽Ÿ
¥ʵĺܼ򵥣ֻҪĳߣҲץκεİѱ԰ѾڴԼԺķչ
ڵɣѾȫУϾӵİֻǹ¼ҹһҵַݣõİҲԽˮ
껣ȻʯҵϵЩˮȴΪְýҵҲõ˲ٵ롣
ҲǹͬȹѵʱڣԼڵĵλԼǮƶסˣǣηַˡ
һֱ˱Ψһһַݵ˸ޱҡ
ɺһֱȾǵУǺ޵ȴûκεİ취ΪμŵĶڸԣҲͲǡ
˿ôһͷļһţȻţһ⡣
ЦĶô֪ܲҪַݳԱ񣬺ļѡ
һºͻȻڵҪַʱûʲô취ԸˣԱǿԵġ
Ŷ΢΢һʵҲԼ˵״ַ֮ݵ鷳ǶΪԼеĻַҲԱζ
Եַ֪ܳԱĻʲôʱ˵ͷһͬ



265 ܻ
ַ˵ʵڲѾûκε壬ڲ鼮ҲĹˣ̰಻õĵǶġ
ʱַݶһֱڵ۾УԼļŮţǸǳҪӣΪӽӵ۾УŮ
ǸǳΣյľٶһΪ¼ҹһҪ֪˵ԼÿһŮˣ᲻÷ſ뿪Ļ衣
Ҳû취飬ŮԶɣҪ֪ԺһֱһģվҪԵġ
һ磬ַݱ޼ңҲѵõϢԼĹ뷿еȴ
ַߵʱȴǰĲþˣĵڴϵļֽϲ֣ԼֻõĶ
ʱ춫վ˹뷿ſڣɫӵĿַݣг˸пᣬԼ˿˿ŭ
ַݴĵ׵Щµǰȥ춫Сĵ޼⵽Ǹʲô
ߡһ춫һĨŭСӣʱˣϸĿ𣿡
⡭ַסˣеĲ²Ҳõ֤ʵŵޡˣѵӶ׼ͼ޸ң
ĸ̾һ춫һĨ˵֪Ӷ뿪󣬾ͺٻˣҲ֪һ㣬׼ٰһʽĻһֻĻ񡣡
ַסˣҲһĨȻȻҲȫӵԸ˵ĻԼŮˣָô죿
޺޵Ŀַһۣ춫ȻеĹǣӲ֪ʲôӶֻһ»Ĺ̶ѣĴˡ
Ҷˡַصĵ˵ͷȷǷһֻһ˵ĻͬŮһܽʽĻ䡣
ĵ׵ģǸĵĴͳŮˣСڴڼ˵ļ֤£޸Լɾ
ȴǰһˣʽܲټȥˣ뿪֮ǰһʲôоҲǻԼһԸ
˵ֿԸַݻܾĻǾ磬ԥѡͬ⡣
ôǺ˽һе춫ԼһУֻҪհͺãӵԸܹõ㡣

ֻܽУʲô̧εϲĳܽˣ춫ֱӴһҳһ˿ƳɵϲݸַݵȰ·ϰɡ
õģַݵ˵ͷ춫һϹȻԼһ𶼲Ǻͬ⡣
ַ֪ǳŮİںĻǿͲˣ
춫οĵ˵ͷˣҲǿвɢˣֻ˳Ȼһ
ַݴ˳˻һ㣬κһ涼ǺܶθڣãҲǳ𾴳ԺԼŮҲ̫
뵽Ժеһ䣬˿⴦ҲѾϲַݺԥĻӾķƵɷ
žգַ̲ס΢΢һЦȻֻǸʽѣʵģĵǵˡ
ֻҪͷ֮󣬾ԼŮˣҲˣȻ˵ֻǸʽѣѽԼַԼһˣ֪飬
Լڵַݻƿ˷ţʱ춫ԣѾվһźͷŮˡ
ʣӣյŮǣҲǻΪַһŮˣҪʱ̡
ˣǿʼɡٲᣬ춫ҲòЦգΪԼŮ޵ӡ
ַݵ˵ͷһĨδ㽣Ȼʼ춫İţʼ̤裬ȵȸӵĳ
ַݲûоһ˿ĲͷУЯֶȹⷱӶȤ˲䡣
֮춫ʩʩȻ˵ϣȴַŮԼ裬ֻǵʱ̲ס˿Լԣ¶һĨˡ
Բûչ˺ŮϲôСӣģСӸҶҼӶãƴҲҪӶֻһⷬ춫˵ţ˵ĶȻѾӡ
һʱ䲢࣬һֱȴ֣ܿӴСҲСްһֱϲֻûмֵһ졣
οĽ˵ľƣ춫·޶԰ݣַһóŸӵĺͷǡ
ޣӸǿգַݵĲЩˡ



266 ҹ
ϲ£ʱҹԭҪ뿪ַݣҲС
УɵַݵĻУЩݣ㲻ŰɣҾһ»ĸо
ô㡱Ĺ˹ӵСǣַݷε˵ԲңʢĻ
Ժϲͺ𣿡΢΢һЦԼԸѾɣʲôૣֻҪַѾ㹻
ãԺҿ϶ϡӵСԴַҲһ˿οӵͻŮˣϱӲ֪˶õĸܻġ
һЦַݻַЦɵϣǲǸúȽˣ
Ҳǡַݵ˵ͷվߵǰѵõĽѲŮ
ȻûоȽƵʱ򣬵ûԹ⣬ܼܰɣ·Ľֱۻһ𣬽еľƸ˸С
еľƱ󣬽ĿŽӣַ̲סȻĶ鲻ԽıĴ
һҵףӾֱַ̱ݵĻУַݻǶصζ̲סˣСĿڵ๫ϴɡ
ַ΢΢һ㶣˿̼ʹɵҲӵ⣬ʱ价´Ĵͷ
Ů˽ޣַĶԲöٵ㿪ʼȥص
Ө׵ļӯӯյǰԲִŵ̺ĲɣټΪţ΢΢촽ַݵȫˡ
ĸӣַСĸĶߣСӶûҲ¡
šʵ̲ס޾ĽߣӽͷתһߣмʹڴǺ¡
ӶİɣһġǸܴͳŮˣȻǰŵÿַﰲο΢΢ֹͣ
һ촽Լѽŵĵ֫صĵط
һʹ˵⣬ַݲͣסˮȫǵ˿С
Ӷһ̿ʼû˿۸㣬һܸаÿ춼ַ֡ٴİο
ݣԶ㡱㶵ĿסַݣҸĸоѾȫѹסʹС
ȴƬַ̺ſʼĶһУ㴫ʴǵ

һСʱЩƣַݵĻУԵҸУȻ廹ʹȴů¶ҸЦݡ
ϢƬ֮վֻ˺ѵʹʹһٴ˴ͷ
ַȻǿ۲ѣԺԥóһƿ޸ҩݸӵӶɣġ
ã÷ĵ˵ͷֱӽ޸ҩ˿УԼˣκλɣǶҩҲԥĺȥ
ȻɲǶҩҩЧǿ޸ҩȥоԼصĲλԭ˺ѸˣһɱʸС
̲סһַбȥĻٴ
ֻȴӲסˣΪڻܴٴαֻ̢аһǿɼ¶
ҲȻܵݣ֮£Ҳ¶ߺɫݣܵĻҿ
ָָԼ˵ĺ촽Ӻ޲ýͷ굽ذȥ˵仰֮ղţԼѾħˣô߳ܵĻ
˿ַֻ̣ԼԺըˣ˵С죬ǵ֫ʱͬ˲Ӳ
ˡ̲סһΣַݻߵӵԣ§סʵ㲻ôίԼġ
ճյĿַݣ¶һĨᶨҡҡͷίֻҪͺãνġ
ǸͳŮˣڻǰȻǽޱȣȴǽԼ˵Ψһ棬ȴԵñλÿ
ԴעӶʱӣ˿ǰͷһڽ京˿С
ʪůĸַܰݣ̲סĺƤıסȻԵõһС
ַ֮ŵ˶㣬һĨůӿӵǻ̲סԳ



267 Ů
СʱʩʩȻǣַݵֳ޼ҵĴſڣҸģöŮŮеĽý
Ҳ˷֣ӷپȻ߸ߵд壬Ҷ֪
ЩӵǣжʱһĨ֪ԼѾȫû˻ᣬΪӵģֻһˡ
ˣˡǰһ춫ַʵЩ̣Լ·Ŀһ㣬ĶӲ㣬ŮҲҪһߡ
õģȹȥɣ뵥Ӷ˵˵춫˵ͷһߣ˵Ļ
Ȼַݺ֪ǻ˵ЩʲôȻڵܲУֻ㶵Ļص˳ϣȴ˵ꡣ
һߣ춫ԼŮ߸ķ٣ҲޱȵĸпļӶҲѾŴˣҲԷĵ뿪ˣסһ㣬ԶļңҵĻͶɡ
ءϦദʮ꣬ڼҪ뿪еĲ֪ټԼɿĻ̲ס͵
ȰĽ§˻У춫ĺ󱳵նһҪ㣬ʵͦģҲƫ˭úùɡ
һģסӺصĵ˵ͷ˵ʵ֪٣ҲǴһɿ־У춫ôһ˵жʱ˲١
ˣȥɣСӵȾˣְԼ޼ҶǿĺܡΪԼҵŮɣ춫ҲǻȥˣȻĵ˸Ƥգ۾
ǱŤָЦĶȻǽӸ֣еĽҲɢ˲٣ͬʱҲΪԼôһ׶еޱȵůġ
ĵΪ춫һ·΢ЦףߺҲҪúõչԼΪ񣬶ҲʱԷ
һµȰ棬ǰô˵Ͳͷˣȴû˿ĲͷŮȰȫС
ͻȻ뵽ʲôȰοףʵҺ͵ܸܵͲ⣬һµĸףôչˣҲҪһչ˲ǣ
⡭춫סˣٴݵ⣬Ҳ̲סЩ죬лЩ⶯
Ƭ̺춫̧ͷӵһῼǣͱôˣȥɣԻᴦ
˵꣬춫ת뿪˴˴ǴҴȥıӰӲ΢΢һЦҲ¶һĨϷʣ֪ԼĸѾĶˡ
ֻҪĶˣǾޱȵĺð죬Ϊ޼ҵŮԲ٣춫ĿǰݵλǾԲǸ¡
뵽ҲȫķתǻȥԼҸˣҲܻչ˲Լ

۾￧ȹݣ˿ӭòޱŮˣʱǺ䶯ˣΪˣȻ̽ŮʵΣԼȦֿŮҶӨٻ
ʣŮֿǸŮ˴յһǸǧģλ˵۾
ϧǣ˾ֱľ߽һУĹ˷ţЩȥڨġ
ֻⲢ½һᣬһλĻ𱬣òӢŮҲ߽УǴ䡣
ʶ˲࣬ܲסҵ飬Բһݱѱ֪˶̲סЩࡣ
ǸŮˣûһʡ͵ĵƣǺֵǣΪʲôزʶŮˣȻյһС
ֱƷȻûһ˿Կ϶ڸȴǶִ˲ƣ
ʮӺһͬһŹŷҲٴ˽ŮԣǶһľС
Ҫ֪Ůϡ٣ɽ첻֪ôģһ˴Ǹϼһ
ôҾֵǣһһŮȻҲǴȥ˶𾪵ĿַݣлŴ˾ʲôݡ
Щߵǰַݻᳳֳһţ鷢ˣȻЦ⡣
һַţڵЦȻֹһܳСԴ
ֱӵַݣŵӵϣЩλ˰ɣɣǿɶڵૡ
˵ͷֱӱ򷿼ȥַҲ뵱Ȼĸϣȴסһȥ˵Ļʱ䣬һ˵Ĵʲô֡
⡭ַݶʱЩɵۣһӵĿҲ֮εӣһ˵ĳЦУ˸λ¡
ֻУȴϰµģϾŮǵһμ棬һײִûκεİ취



268 Ůͬ˻
ڣŮռһλһ𣬴۵С۵ĿŶԷȴ˭ȿ˵
ʣⷿʸ˵ģҶӨٻΪǵһַݵģлȨ
ܣҶӨٻҲòпŮǧģƯԼ˵ĻҲ̲סȻĶ
εĻҶӨٻѾޱȵϤַİǾ޴ģҶҲǳĺãֱ΢ĿеĴ㡣
Ȼദ࣬һַգһУҲȫĽ˶ԷҲࡣ
ʣµģֻʣǰˣʣŮ˵Ӷǳİһ޺ݣǶ̲ס֮ġ
ŮҶӨٻһ仰Ҳ˵ҲԵޱȵΣȻȴǲ֪ôڡ
οŮ̫ˣƤҲ̫òӲͷƤվ˳ӵλӶ˰ɣƯૣֲǼһôϲ㡣
΢΢һ̧ͷȻεˣӶ밲ˡ
˵ţӱŮһһ밲˵һϵкĻŮܸĽԼ
ôһ֣ҲǴˣ໥ʶһ˵Լַʶֹ
ʣȻĵҶӨٻ÷Ŵһ𣬾찲ŵһ㣬˴ĵ׵Ľ
ĵ˴ʶֿڵһֺ飬ô̿
ΣȻĪʶమڼ侭飬ַҲԱΡ
ӣȫΪļ֣Ҳ˵һģ˾ۺܶ࣬ȴߵһ
ŮڸпŶԷĹ£Ҳǳ󲻲Եμȫ˶ַݵлᡣ
ͬʱҲԺһҪַݣ黨ǲݣϾ˭ҲȦˡ
浽һزҲվֹΪǶַݣΪĸֵ󣬳ԿֻԼ
ĿǰԼǰļãദĶǳǢҲûзʲô
ڣСʱŮŴŴӰ˳Ըַһߣȥ
ѾˣΪ˳ͷַݣ֮ڶ׼һ˵֪һϢַ֮Ҳ̲סЩɵۡ
ŮյһȻһ֮ɴĿǰȫǸľŮյһѣȫΪΪԼ

Ůİ£һμҲĻҲַͬһסεļҡ
ʱ䣬ַ˫۾ͲϵŮصɨţŽó˭ĺá
ȻҲŮյһѣͬߣҲ֪ǸѰ쵽飬ŮѷŵÿرӣƤ
ȻǽǻУڳʰʱ򣬴յĶߣȻСӶҲԵ˰ɣ
ȿȡַݸɿЩεС֪㣬ӶȷѾΪŮˣ㲻Դ˰ɡ
еԴૣҲǺ£Ӷü룬Ҳܹɵ㲻ǣַ˸ۣ͵Ц
ٺ١ַݻһЦҪҪԴͬߣӶֵֵ
̲ס˸ַۣݵĻϷʵҲǲԣֻҪֵĺãҿ԰˵ӶŶ
ôǱֵĺãַݼˣд˿˿̹⿴ΣѾŮ׻һξժģ
ԥƬ̺󣬻һңҵȫһ飬ȫ̧ͷҾʹӦ㡣
һΪַһ˿ܣԸһССҶѣǲѴܻ֮һδͬߵĻᣬҲƴˡ
Ȼʲôʱ˵ЦһĨЦ⣬ϸĻȴһĨˡ
ҳõļ䣬ɼǵԼĸһͬ棬ŷݣץ
ɵͷԼȴ˸ƻĽһӣҶˡ
ޱܹ浽һ̣ƿȫѹҵʱȴ֪òôˡ
еãַҲ̲סһʹ§˻е㣬ôˣʲôҶ֧㣬Ҫ̫ĸ
šһĨᶨԼôǾͿҵıˣһԼ



269 
һ硣ַһʽķװҲѾһǳص·
⡭ַݵУһֱվʱǰصŮˣĴҲǱŮģš
Σδ·һۿȥ֪ǺüǰĿʽˣҷǳĳ¾ɣȫ
Ȼַܹݵɻ󣬽͵뿪ʱǼ·ҲǴ·ȥ뿴ǻ᲻ǵǷס
һĨ⣬Զ˼ǰ죬үӽе˴˵Լڰö顣
ţɼȴûһվ˵ǷȰҪʱ˾ѾˣǾǳΪѡ
ȾĻνҲҾǵ뿪ң˷
ҵˣҲֻڿֶѣεЩҲֻССֶѣܷ첻ɣ
û뵽ǣԼһҪˣİ£ֻһʱ䣬ݵҵͷϡ
ţ·ٻصҵʱЩ˵׿϶ޱȵľʣǿСŮˣѾɳǲĴڡ
ַûоһУεУѾ֪Լ֪һУҪ飬ǾĽҸ̤¡
һѽ§˻Уᶨ㣬ңһңе衣
Ȼ㣬Ϊҵ𡱣βһЦһ̵ûκεĿ־壬Ϊǰˣסκεķꡣ
ʱҲǰסεֵ㣬Ҳ֧㣬һϴҵĻҾ͸Ҹף޼ֻع
仰˵ǷǳİԵ˯һģ֪һУΪ˻Ĩ˲ٵᡣ
ллӶáһӵֻദһ죬ξϲɰֵŮӣжҲû˿ų⡣
ӾŮˣû˻һ˿ĶУÿӴˣ᲻ԾıůĵԸȾ
һ׼ַݴһͬ˻ţŵ۾ҷȥ׼Ҫһ˵

۾ңȻǼô٣֮̽УҲһֱǵһϯ֮أͨ˿ȫǲĴڡ
ֻԼѾ·ˣǰЩ׬Ǯޱȵ⣬Ҳȫʱˡ
ЩǿȴǺް취ϾڵԽԽܱסѾķ
ʵչһΣҪǼеЩǣԸȥƴԼеǷȨʼղԸ֡
ȻżȴǺް취ֻܰ̾ȥҶᱻ̭̽г
ʵЩʱҲͦĽԼǸõģȻƴ;ѣһȨƿУһԾŶ
ֻ֪ζѾȫûѪϵ˵ѾΪ˳ˡ
Ҳʹ޹ԼΪʲôүүҪԼ׼ʱûмүү
ûҶһͬǸֻһ˷ţΪǿԼóģҲϣܹҸ
ɽȴһ˵ķʵ̫СˣܵԼүүҲֻò֮
ԵĻĺκúõ̸һ̸վİ·һҲֻԼ
ĵ׵ģɳԼãԺüΣҵԼҪ϶Ըμŵʱܾˡ
յ뷨ҲεΣҲһãȫ
˿Ļ૵ãһҪҶ֣ϣ㿴ҵķϣһɡ
˵ǵһ˿ˣ·ԼϵĻҲ֡
ֻҲܲµΪʲôٳٲ֣Ϊлĸ׶ĺãȻĻѱ塣
Ҳȷûв´ʵҶˣһֱڵȴһᣬǽ죬Ϊĸ׵ļա
ļǵãԼѾûлصҸĸչһ֧ˣÿεҵĴſڶᱻסһ˵ȵ䳰ȷвֻҪ޸ãҶߣҪݼȻҲ⡣
ſڣĸ׵ķĹͷ뿪ΣҪ󷽷߽ȥ˭ֹı



270 
۾ңмʷĶϵ壬ȴӭһλ֮͡
һɫķгûоκ˵ͬ£ֱıͣҵĴſڣסš
ҵıһʱֵǰŴӳһ˵ૣҲǲҲʲôطϽĳ
ҵıӻ£ЩȻŰ裬Ҳи߸ĶţȻ޼ɵ
ǺǡַŭˣҲģû뵽ԼûȱһȺС޸ˣжʱйɻĸо
΢΢һȣַϷʵĶҲô죿Ҫǽ̽ң
ӴǣҲǰɣȻ㲻ᣬҾð㡱˵ţַݳֱʹ˷ߡ
ֻһͨˣǿܻ㲻˵ǷߣϾ˵ʵҲѾͷ
ˣѾ밵ַݣַ̤˶ʱ˸ա
ૣһ˶ʱһҿ˿󣬾ֵķַ֣ݾȻûӰ
ǵĺ桱һϤ˵ĶУδǷӦоԼƨŰصһţʱǰĿյط˹ȥ˹غ«
ӴҵšòסΣſȥܱߺϮˡ
ǺǡνĿ˿ˣַߵ˸ʻǰţε֣˳
ò˵ҵķܲôһʱ˷ӿһȺİֳֹĿˡ
Ľ§˻УַаЦ㣬ͦģ㺦𣿡
ڣʲôĿַһۣתͷȺһĨм
¾ͺãǴȥɡ˵ţַݱŽŲǣε֣ҵĴſȥ
˵ͿԿ˾Ƿ֮ЩȻ˶࣬ȴûһ˸׵Ķ֡
˼Ҫ̤ŵһ̣һλӳģͲסˣ󺰵ֻһ˶ѣһϡ
֪ôַһЦЩٶһҲ߹ˡ

ΣַݵĶȻܵһЩӰ죬ЩĶпʵ̫ˡ
ĴȺУʱʱĹʱʱĻҲûһ˿ľ£Լˡ
ַҲûʧôˣȻûбһΣÿһηܴһʹ
ֻʱ䣬ֳһƬΨһվŵˣַΣ˿̵ǻһɾµĸо
һȺ߹סңٻؼɡǷһĨаЦַݳһ󣬱ڲȥ
ɸղûȴһִֶв𶯣ٶҾͿǹ˰
̲סһͣ٣ַתͷλǹĶӳ㲻͸Ͻǹ¡
ϽҡסǱǹӳһĨ塣
ĻţϾȻôǿˣһ˾ͽӽڴһŮԼûܵκε˺¡
ӳѾûκε֮ԿֻŵǹܸһİȫУţǰ˾ٿ죬Ҳܿӵ
һ˿⣬ַֻһˣڵ˵ǹˡ
ԼԻиΣַݲòضԴԵεվҵʲôҪվҡ
㡱΢΢һĨأλû뵽ҵȻĸҶǹ֧
תͷͬӥ۰Ŀλӳַٸһλᣬеǹ¡
ˣҹҡַݵ۾סλӳ͸о·һͷޱ͵Ұ޵סһ㣬ޱȵľ塣
˿̣Ѿ΢΢ĲǹѵģҲ˵εκˮǹѶѾʪ͸
Ҹˡεʼ磬ַݺܲϰ߱ǹָţ̤ǰһλӳȥ
һǱصĽŲȴ̤λӳһ㣬̲סЩͣ£Ҫǹ˰
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦҲû˿ĻţλӳеǰѴھǹɳӥ֣治ֵġ
λӳеģֻһѷǳͨëɪǹӵɱûһ˿ľ¡
ٴǰ̤ţַݿνǲƣʼնֱǰţΪ󣬻иΡ
顭һǹֳʱѻȸ֪ìܵʣѾȫˡ



271 Ű
ݣһĨ壬ĿУǹеɲܹ赲ġ
ʵȴǣӵһɲǣַһĨ⣬ȫע֮£ǿӵٶȷ·
ʳָָ΢΢ſӵҪʱַһƣҲѸ͵ȵĽǿӵеС
ַݵһγԿּӵ˵ɹˣȻָЩģ׳٣Ҳޱȵ
ԴЩǵпѾ״ͫѾ֤ޱȵĿ־塣
ҲǾȵĿַλεӵ֪Լ˺ǿ󣬵ȫû뵽Ȼǿ̶ȣȻֽܹӵ
һĻֻӦóڵӰУ˿ȴǵǰˣȺٴοַݣоǰĲˣһֻεĹޡ
ӵһַݽӵ˵ϣһϷʵĿλӳҪҪԣ
ž֮£ӳеǹʱ˵ϣжַҲһ˿ĵֻֿʣޱȵĿ־塣
ǺǡааһЦַٴ߻εԵ㣬߰ɣһȺ߹ˣסǡ
߰ɡǵַݵӣװֽǮĴӣַһͬڲȥ
ȥıӰӳһѡĻⱲӶˡ
˿ȴǲòܣΪְˣ룬Ȼķ붼ö
һºӳ߽˸ͤУҵľťǵĵ绰롣
ء̶ľֱӾңڷеǣ绰ҲͻȻ
һſڸͤĺüô£㲻Ҹ˵ˡ
ٲˣи˴һŮ˴ˣǸʵ̫ǿˣһ˱ˣҾȻֽܹӵӳЦſڵ֪Լ⻰ʵЩ˼ʵˡ
ֽӵ̲סһ۽Ȼλӳܱȵģ֪ϣȫ벻ߡ
ȵȡһĨأӳѯʵ˵һһŮŮʲô
μѯʣӳȻκεϸĽ˵ò˳
֮жʱһĨأ绰ҶϺһƨϣڻˡ

һ죬ҶʱŮŮǷ׷ܳѯŵǸʲô
õȴǣһ˴һŮˣǻ߼ȫſڲ
˶ֻĸоɾƭˣЩСˣѾŴȥˣΪ˶࣬Ǹеȫ
ò˵ԼУıȴһģֻƬ̲ҵ˶ȫۼ˴С
ıҹϵҹϵֳʱҳһ࣬жһĨ壬ΪѾüʮû˸ˣ˵ֱӴ
˷׷׷Ķ䣬һҪôܵʹĽѵ֪ҵϾԲð
ʱǰ˵ĻжʱһĨڵķŭˣǻڵĴ𣿡
ǵıͬһ˰㴫ֳЩǶʱסˣЩŵĿλƽʱųޱȵļȥ˿̾ȻһĿŴҡ
Ǻǣһλʵ̲סˣվӴⲻס˵˵ʲô
һĿλϣˣҶԸˣֻܶǵǸӲҪǿĻҶȫ̵ңͽΪʷ
ǵĻֳʱһƬž֪˭˿ڣֳʱЦһƬλ̲ס٩Ϊ˭˻ʴۣҳΪʷôĿ
λϵĻȻܵ˵׷ǿȻҲǹڵһߴ壬׳Ҫ㶨ǣᱻһ˵Щ޻̸֮
ڴ˿̣һһŮǣŴλͻȻϷһЦ˵ҲȫǲݰٻиǸˡ
Сӣ˵ʲôŲ߲ң
ǰɣҹϵǿӲŲŽץȥһӳ
ַݵһϯȻǼŭȺˣŭָʲôĻвĻ˵˳
ֻƬ̣˿ַԵκָȻֹЩ׵ˣ׷׵˸ղŻ߰ͷ­



272 ҵľ
ַǿԲʶվԵΣȴ֪һи¶˾ֵɫ
һ䣬ԭΣѾΪҶҪĴڣҿⱲӶ׷ϡ
֪һеʱҲоһ󣬵ôˣλûǻΪѾںˡ
ʱиΣڿǰǴ·Σֻʣľ֡
ҲһЩ˲аرһЩͬŮǣֱĿΣ¶ޱȵĶʼɡ
رһλܰŮӣεãһֱޱȵĽãҲҪ޸
ȴõĻᣬһķԣȫеĶʼıЩȻôãԼ˵ֱһϣһڵ¡
ʼռ̲࣬סָΣŭΣŮˣô꣬Ȼ𱨣Ұ˴ֱ硣
һ仰ޱȵΣַݶ˽ȥжĺ⡣
áҲҶǼžһƬ뵽һŭ֮£ҶǱչҲȫʧȥڵЩٻ
ۺ˶ۣܲԴŮһжǱ˾˵ķŭδַοڣλղһмϱ˳
žһֱȵϣλϷŭ˵ʲôοҵҫŲҽ塣
ܰҲǱһƸˣתͷλϣһĨ϶Ҹƴˡ
˵ţֱܰǼָλƤϣȻǼһϽԵ˰
ȻѾ˲ϣôܰĶ֣һϱ˵ѪۣԵҲǷӦϽǰֳʱһš
ַЩĿǰһĻһĨϷʣû뵽Լû֣ڲȻԼʹ
һҲԿβҪ˶ãҲȡΪ嶼Ѿࡣ

ҲһĨʵΪԼе߳ܣʵ̫ˣһڶûС
ҲǣڵĻҲͲܽԼĺһߣͨߵסԼλ
дĸоʵڲٿȥˣʱԵַݵ߰ɡ
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¶һĨڵİˣ㶵Ŀ뿪жʱ¶һĨᶨŽŲȥ
ɻû㱻ɽ׷һĨĪɫĿѯʵ
ֻǲҵСһĨҲ㿴ˣѾʲô
ʲô˼ôɽһĨأ֪ԼҶӵԸ˵Ļ֤Ҷʧȥġ
ǺǡͻȻǷһЦָԶһȺҵ˵֣ҲˣڵѾʲôһȺˣв˵
΢΢һɽѾ뵽Щʲôȴǲҿ϶Կѯʵ˼ǡ
һĨҳ׵У罫͸ã˵ǲǣ
⡭ɽ𾪵ĿǣʵЩԼĶӾȻ뷨
Ȼҵȷ·ˣȫįˣʵĻпģΪ峤֮ϡ
ҶεУǾԶֻ£ȫʧȥеȨơ
𣿾ӦǱߣҲܲӦɽ΢΢һ̾ⱲԲģĸŮΪң̫ˡ
ˣҼǺǡһĨϷʣѾȫʧȥģҲûκεĶ־
еһĨɽвһҡҡͷ֪ˣŰɣ⻰ȥ˵
˵꣬𾪵Уɽֱַȥķȥһַˮĸо



273 ƿ
ɫգ̵СɽǰСϪҵƬĹأҲһƬˮأɽˮ㣬ֻ˲ܣҲ̫顣
ͱ˵ڣЩλõط汲ǣֱǲĿǰ⴦СĺȴѾΪҶҪĴڡ
˿̣СѾӲݣĹдŵֶѾˣеˮ˲˳
ͨһ˲ڵأĹͷ󣬹ʵ裬ŮТô궼û㣬Һòã
ǰλѾˣϸַݵĸַҲҲûĹͷ̣ԲôòŴ㣬ҪҺˡ
ءټǿŮˣǰһ̲ס棬οѾǿôΡ
һǿΣȻ޳״ַ̲ס§˻Уˣٿ޵ĻͲƯˣð̿ҲĲǣ
áε˵ͷվʼΪĹӲݣַȻҲǿʼæ
һᣬĹϵӲݱ㱻壬ַҲǽƷȫϣȼ˴ֽǮ
һţλĿʼ裬㿴ҵˣһȻܻģĺܺãܶʱңҲ˻صҿʸ񡣡
ЩҾѣȴѾΪɫǸŮˣ㿴ҲҸ˰ɣ
һֽǮһ˵ԼЩԼһ飬ַֻǾţЩεᡣ
ܿʱַݻۣ׷еԴף۸ʱеŭ޲ýЩ˸˺Ƭ
ַݵУܵЩЩ鶼ѾȥҲȥ׷ֻš
Щ仯ҲǱθУҲ۵ͬһ㣬Ȼһͥңȴôһ۰ѣҲûʲôź
˾ڷĹǰֽȫ꣬ҲЩзŭȫʱ̩ͨ˲١
뿪ʱȴһͷЩ׵ǰεɫһ¾ͱЩ԰ס

ǰĴˣַȻʶεףαȵʱûӣǰңȰԼŮӡ
ַ֪ôʵȫΪңУֻңҵĴ֮ǰԼһж
ǻǸƵǺƽֲܽҵһɽ
ֲŮַǴĵ׵Ŀһ˵ĳɹֻҵԼ׶ˣǻʲôˣ
ĿɽַݺʲôңǱģһˡ
ɽһΣַݶ˵Ķ򣬵ο˽⵽һУˣûһĺøС
˵ַתͷ˿ε俴ǰλףû˿С
ɫûһı仯ɽǵȻĻַǰɣЩһУҶС
˵ʵʵͦģ㣬Ѿ޸˰ãҲԴϰ׼Яֹ
ͣʵ̲סеЦ⣬ַݴЦ֪Ӧû׼ϣȻĻڵǾѾˡ
ǰɡ̯̯֣ɽһνĿεΣб̸̸϶Ȥ
ûȤûһ˿ֱߵַݵԣЩƣ߰ɡ
áַݵ˵ͷȻĳε̫ˣ쾭Ще㲡
ķΣҵĴſȥɽ˶һ˿һ
ɽȴĵߵ˵ǰһЦݵĵƿҵѵĲȤ𣿡
ŶжʱһĨȣϷʵĿɽ֪˵ʲô𣿡
Һɽ˵ͷѾֻ࣬в»ҽ͸㣬Σ
ǺǣͻȻĴЦ߿ޱǷ̰ҵӵļ壬ȴҵˣ̫Цˡ
ȷܺЦɽҲ̲ס¶һĨ΢Ц⣬ʲôøܻҰٷ֮ʮĹɷݡ



274 
ֹסĴЦ˵ʵ̫ЦˣЦ촭ˡ
˿ϤĻμЦ⻹ǲһ̫ˣȻһŮӵͷϡ
ɽһȻĿΣ˵˵裬ѾȫҪˣҪǣػҡ
ǰɽַһĨӵɫӼ˷ɽΪˡ
һ˵ĽǶޱȵɽݻĻ龰ͷȥˣܻһĵȻ
һˣޱȵʹޣΪŮףϣоһ˿ůеֻʹޡ
һĴЦ֮һĨˣڰֵҪҿԴӦҪҵİٷ֮ʮһǰٷ֮ʮ
ⲻܡɽҡҡͷûһ˿أ潻ٷ֮ʮһĻǲȷʵ̫ˡ
ûʲôܵġһϷʵҵҪĻһ̸
ݣ߰ɡ˵꣬ε˵Լͷ§סַݵĸ첲ſȥ
ʱҵˣǴȴţڴܰԼλϣѾߣֳʲôЦ
ǸӵУûһۣŴſȥĿ˵ģĲ
˵ıӰʧ֮һ˶ʱ̲סеķ߿󺰵ʵ̫̫ˣ˺ƴˡ
ǰҵʲôطˣ߾ߡһҲŸ͵
ȻҲļ壬ûһˣֻԼǱسһ㡣
ЩеǣҲһߺ죬һУⱲܵ衣
Ⱥ鼤£ҿʼŸζԸǸμţһǷ׷㷢ʲôв
һЩ֪ˣҪ׼ԸμţΪаա
뷨Ҳõ˴󲿷˵ͬ⣬Ѿʼ˼Ÿ׼һͬԸַˡ
ʱɽɫ˻ǰǳһƬˣвˡ

ʲô취ҸЩǣȴŸνҸ޵Ԩ
ǶʱŭգһĨ񣬶ŴеŭˣǻӲ𣿡
ˣ㶪ˣڿ㵱ȴǱ˸ֱӴҾûôҵļȻûõǣȻ˲ԸˣĻظ
ǺǡԳƵЦһָǰ˵ַ˵ûǾһȺݰ
ǣ˵ʲôૣ˭ǲݰ㲻˵Ҿ͸ˡ
ݰ˵ɣôҵļλó˵Ҷĸá
ǺǡٴЦҡҡͷȺݰҲֻҶԼˣղڵʱվָ𣿡
һ䷴ʣʵ˶ƿԣЩĶʱͷСֹ㻹ʲôҲû˵
Դҵ䳰ȷһĨٴδȵǣʲôҲû˵ԼԴ룬վĻμžûһ˿͵ء
һٶһվ˳ǣǸСҲֻܶԼˡ
ԣҵȷǸСΪʲôΪңҲ޲ȥǸַʹĴһ򲻹ҲҪһ
ĲܰμڵʵǶ֪һϣ̼ͻᱻ˲£չܷˣ
ǵĻٴò˵ͷλڵˣɲôֿˣ㲻֪Ǽһﲻ׼Ҹ𣿴ңһԸ
̲͡סһЦһɵӵģ˵ЩΪҲ֪Ϊû
Ҳ¸㣬׼μײ˺üΣɶǰܵһͿ
ǷǵûеõκεĺôǸ˲ٵĴۣҲֻܹסԼһĶֵأıһҡ
ô֪λʵѾˣɲķֻΪǿ
ԣˣһŴ˵ڵ״Ҷ׼ұʲôǡ
һΣĻᣬֻҪһΣˣΣˡҵ𡣡



275 ﲻ
ŵͷˣЦôˣ˵ǰɣղŲͦţ𣿡
ֳ˵ȴǲĵļҰѻ̯ˣ˭ҪǾԼб£Ҷ˵øҪֿ֤ܹμŵŭ𡣡
ǷǰǴ˻һǾҪμλˡ
ϾңеĺôԶڣʶμ֮󣬾ȻûһٸվΡ
ǰһȺˣһĨڵӣˣˣƤӣ汲ǻµˣˣƤӣǻʲô
ǲ뵱ˣ˭굱˭ʵźЩүˡ
˼Ҿ㵱ͦõ𣬶ͣҴҲͦԲģ
ǰǰ㲻Ļһûܹʤ˰Ƕֻ֪棬ȫô
˵Ҫж¼λõʱЩǶʱˣǿɲֺõļλãҪֻǮܹꡣ
Ҳ֪μųٳûжҶ֣ǶǿɽһѪԵϵ
ǻǵĻμٽһ˿棬ҶƸ׳졣
׼£ǿҲһ࣬˭ŲģŵֻԼ
μִҪҳֵĻǰ׼Ҳƴ˵ƻ٣Ҹ̵ȥ
һǣȻô࣬ԼмＸǻǷǳģֻ֪Ժ֣Ҫңɱˡ
ǺǡһĨԳһ̵ΪԼеֵƴƴΪܶȴһֱ
ֻеʱЩ˷ӦԼĺãڻ˵ʲôûˡ
ٴλһˣϷŵҶ֮λûȤиܺõѡ벻
˵ɣؼƼҲ̫ֻҪܱסңһж˵
ǰʱ̣ɵذڿɾʲôˡ
ϷһЦ˴󺰵ҷİɣ˾ܹסңһĿǰ屶
˻һʱ˶ǰһȱµĻǿɲᷴ׷Ŵ˾˭
ִҶ֪ҲǳμŵĶ³Ρ֣һɡ



276 
Σ˵ֺҵ˼ȫͣô£ûµȻ
֮һλŻعѯʵûЦɣҽǸŮˣ
ûǽʲôʣǿֱʼ磬˵ѾûбõԶˡ
֡һλҲǷӦ˹ָǵıôԽҽǸŮˣڿҵĵˣʹˣĻԺǾֻȥ˯ˡ
ǰǰεȷб£ǼǿǱƵôң϶ᱨǵġ
λϵĻȻ˲˵ĵͷͬ⣬εΪȻеŭδ
ҽеĻǺܻܿŻǣĵ飬Ͼ˭ҲϽеȨԼȫȥʱΣûлֵء
Ŀ⡱Ⱥ۵һЩ⣬ʹͬʱҲǶЩ˸еޱȵʹġ
С˼˭¶һĨмָ˵ֻ棬ȴû뵽μźϲ󣬾׬ȡôӴ󡣡
ǵȨʲôãܱȵϰ׻ƱӣĹɷϡԺǽõ伸󣬻ʲôģ
⡭ʵǶȴǹ˼Σ˼Լ֣ʱԼ϶һ㷴ûС
գ˱һԵ̬ȣǵҪҲǲԣܱ֤ǲᱻɨس𣿡
ǳƬ̺ſ϶Ҹұ֤ǲᱻɨسţҲܱ֤ǵķֺ첻һ֣ЩȨı˽СֶΣ
⡭ѯ֮¶ԥı飬ʵ˶ԣ⶯ֹֻһˣļԼѡ
̨ԼеļѸȫߣЩ˽ͣǵʣ
⣬ҲԵ⣬Щϸ֮󣬶ȷľҲٱȡ
Ҹһڵʱ俼ǣʱȫͶƱôѡ˵ֱ꣬ѡ뿪ȨȺ˵УڽںΪǳ벻ɣжλá

˿ַ̣Ѿص˼Уһӱ㿴Щ˵񣬴ο㣬ôˣѵЩΪˣ
ûеģã롱ҡҡͷһƣģȻһУеƣ
ȻʱղǶڲԹɫЩµģ֪ʲôҲ˵ҲͲˣЦǺðɣҪĻʱңȥ׼칦ˡ
鷳ˡε˵ͷҲůůģӵĹܵԼ˹ĵġ
뿪ַ֮ԥƬ̣㣬ǸңԸ𣿡
Ϊʲô΢΢һЦҲһĨϷʣǶԸ͸ˣûɲհ
Ҳǡַݵ˵ͷֺ²ҪɵȻг𣬵޲ȫʧȥǡ
Ҿг𣬵ȽҺԸǲǸ飬οı˭
ҡ΢΢һЦһĨЦԴҲнǽңǽļƻвİ
⵹ǲַҲ΢΢һЦԴǶԻĹĹףо֮ǰκεϢй¶ȥ
ϵڲţǽԴĿȻҪ࣬ϾǾԴģоԴҲǺġ
ҵĿرԴĿǶμǰһοұļֵҲŵġ
ַôһ˵жʱ˲٣ʵҲǺ͸ңЩ˶ãЩ˶ãǵһ
ҪôԸЩˣкҪֻǵȴԺеǻʰǡ
ַ˵ҪҲܼ򵥣Ǿ˳ε˼ȫκ赲ǰˣͳͳô򵹡
壬ַݻý֣֮Ըһңûаѹ
ҲޱȣڵѽȣһҸǲϣҲȫ
һҲ˷ˣһٺǼҳĲףȴϻ˾˵ɣ˳Ե޲ڡ



277 ͵
ַݲûʲô壬ԳԹЩɬı£ȥϴȥˡ
һˢ룬ַҲڿһ飬ǾӸΰţܾܲһֱڼŰɡ
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ַݾãԼбҪҸʲôţȻȥģԼĶһּ尾
žַĳȴͻȻоԼصһ£ŵϵ붼ûȣתͷһȴһϷʵĿʲôૣС
ˡһصַ̲סЩֱĿǰſԼϵΡ
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ȥġ̲ס˸ĵİۣ͵ЦղŵУѾӶˡ
ȿȡַЩεĸɿشȻ㶼֪˵ģǻʲôҵȷһ顣
ǿϲʵĿǰһҲʵŶСֻۣСЦ
ðɡν¿ˮַ̣ϰˣνʼ磬ҲͻȻһڵ㣬㿴ҪҪӶһһֱôȥǡ
бҪҲеϷʣصĵ˵ͷû˭Ů˱˶Ҫһҵ
һǿ֤ԼڵļֵŮһͻ˼룬ҷţ׬ǮŻеġ
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ֻ࣡û뵽ǣŸһᣬ㱻εһţЩɸֵĵӶӦø˭ദ
ַ㶣ЩȷĻش˼ǣӶŵСٻǶദ
һӿɽҲģַݵСٻĴ󷿣ӶָճСٻദദԺĺ󹬲Ǹг
ȿȡַ̲סɿֽͷĸо鶼ѾزҲֻǿˡ

ӵ⣬ַݵ˼ҲͻһĨ⶯㣬ҽıô
Ŷ΢΢һ£ҲǷһĨЦݵСԭ仰㻹ǵૣ㵹νӶãɲһӦŶ
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ĿַݵļϣκȻ̧ͷĶ䴵һǽֻ˵Ŷ
һ㣬ַͣռ˵ʱȴЦѡĻ
ַݿЦֻýϴɾ˿УһͬѯǷԸȥҶӨٻϰࡣ
ȣӻԵЩԥϾĹڹŴŮ˵̶ֳȣǸƣǱһľ¡
ַεȰ£Ҳ˸еĵǾڵûô£Ҳһ¸顣
ûãӱӦ˵İţֻлǲɱЩҲ֪ʲôá
ͦ򵥵ģʱҶӨٻžˣְλҲǺѧϰƾӵĴźܿܽ֡
𽥵ɫҲ𽥵ϰ˯ԿһӺ󣬱˸Ҫ˯
ԭ˶Ƿַ˯ģοǴӦַݵģһתãһ˯ɣ㻹кö໰˵ૡ
ðӸûж룬˵ͷǺкøеģĳЩΪ̫Ǹ˵㣬ʱ̲סЩߡ
һԵַȻѪڣֻѪҺֱ˴ԣ뵽Ůһģ̲סҪǡ
ɲ¶һţֻ۹۱ǣǹĵĵȴŮнֻǿŵӵȴЩĲɡ
ڣŮҲǽ˷䣬ַҲŵߵεǰһ㣬ǰСĵŷ



278 ֮
ɣַݲûʲô͵񱣬ֻĺڴڴܹ˵Σܹһ֮
ַݵ书Ȼûеﻯƾڵ֣ŮȻûκεĲǺ޹˼ɵš
˿̣˶Ѿѵֻʣһ˯£̾Ŀȳޱȵģرһ˫СѾΪŮ˵ְֵĸо
ץסӵСѾӶã˫СѾ˲ǻ϶ϲĽɣ
ɬĽͷʵʵȷˣַݿǶ˫СŰ֣û뵽ξȻҲˡ
ò˵Ů˲˽Ů˹ģֻһϣξѾеĵطĽѾӡ
һĨϷʣʼĸӵĽģΪղĴʱ򣬾Ȼſڷ϶һɫЬס
ʣɫЬ׵ȻַݣеԴ󷢣붺ŪһӣʲôӦ
šͻȻܵϮ̲סһɫҲǲԾĺĵ㣬ſҰɡ
ɲŶӶӣƯૡЦҡҡͷӴ󵨵ĸĽơ
šǿĸоԼɸоƭ˵ģǻʶķ˵
㣬ŹҰɣĲˡ޵ɬޱȣæΣֻĵ뷨
ǷƽξͷŹˣҲ濪ˣǲԸſ˫ѾЩվסŵĽơ
ǰһֱſЦΣҲǲ˲Ծ˳ȥſڵ˫ЬӺߵûȥ
Ｋطɣߵ˼޵ӾȻûѣ죬һĨᶨ˫ǰȥ
⵽ͻȻϮʱ̲סתͷ󣬾Ȼ
һɬ̲סĽƣҲǲ䣬ʼǸط
֪๥ʱڶſڵַݣǸһߡ

һʼַʵЩ˼ģŮ಻֮еȥȡ֮һĨѪ졣
Ůÿһǳ˶ǵǷ棬ַֻ붼ѪҺڡ
ȻûеõεѶϢֻõſڣܵ϶ã
Ůûͣ£ַݵĺҲԽԽ٣üζŶ룬Ů͵Ǳ
ڣһ߿ҲȫַеļأŭһѾȫܲסˡ
飡һ߿˷ţǾ޴ʱŮŵļһ׷ɿԼϵĶұڸš
ɱֻһŮǳţǷ˵ģַеĻյĸʢˡ
𡭡зһ˵ĺֱַһߵȥ֪ԼȥĻ⡣
Ҫ֮Ҫ㶨ľӣϾûôķŵÿ
ȻһַΪͶЩŤ׺Ҳ¶һĨΣɬı۾
һᣬб㴫ʴǵǵͳСèǿҰҰĸκһʧȥǡ
ڣСʱ𽥵ֹͣڱеŮַ¶ɫ
Ȼ֮ˣСʱսЩԲȴһҲ£ֱͳһ֧޸ҩ£Щɬʱָ
ָоԼսãŮѾƣַֻɵŮм䣬һ§סһĽС
һҹ޻ַʱȴŮѾ뿪ˣֻһСֽԼ͡
ַһȴдżС֣ݣȥСٻҹˣϵһҪȥŶ
ʣֽдģЩҵּȻҹķûлָȫ
ַ΢΢һЦֽս˶У˿ǰ࣬ϸһţȻһŨҩζȾС
ϸһƣֻоȻȫǲҩַижʱҲЩЦҪЩ𣿡
Ų˷ѵַݻǺĽ˸У˲죬Ŷֹ˾ȥ



279 Ů
ַֹ˾ʱŮѾյһѣʼ˵ЦţȻҶӨٻѾû˶ٵĽġ
ַοͬʱҲЩΣԼҶӨٻĹ̫ˣ΢ЦǰȥڵСٻЩʲôૣ
ȻѽҶӨٻգһ۾һĨƤַݵĵ̲סĸо
ɼǵãԼСʱʱϲַַÿζὫܹٵ۸
ʲôҶӨٻݣַҲһԹԵߵ
ٺ١ҶӨٻ΢΢һЦȻʲôʱٸҸˣǲŶ
ȿȡַ̲סɿȻһɫôˣôֱˣɲˡ
ַݲû˵ٻͨ˵õĻ֪˶ŮˣȻҲĸĵģ
СȻشŮ˵һ±ӣεû˱ߣֻתƻ⣬ôûʦ
Ϣȥȥˡ˵ټҶӨٻȻ֪һϾ׮ԵٳɵģȻǳġ
ŶŶԭַ˵ĵ˵ͷԼʦĻҲޱȵĹģҶӨٻ˵һֱĻȣڶѾͬˣ˵ʲôʱ򣬾ͻһ֮ϲ
˵ҶӨٻҲЦ˵ЩΪ֮Ȥ£ҲʮоЦʱĴ
ʱǷĵ۾ȴӭλഺŮһݣŶһġ
ֻһ֣ͽ˵ģϾ˫̥ǻǵһμ
ŮԵúǵ͵͵ʱȴûõģȻ˲˵⶯Щһ뷨˶ʱڵŪŮϢ
ŮҲʡ͵ĵƣ˵ҲǷǳĿףȲԵõˣҲԵ̫衣
ڣŮ뿪˻˳⳵ֻǾȥģһʱ仹ûиĿĵأֻþͽһӪҵֻһ绰˹ȥ

ԼʦȻѵʱַʵ̲סЦνһһԼҵʦˡ
塱ͻȻַݵֻһȴһİĵ绰룬ֵĵ绰룬Ҳͽ
ַȫû뵽鷢ˣһ绰𣬾绰дһ־ŮĽһˡ
ˣ˴ľŮҲǱŮ˶УжʱһɾС
ַݲûвŮ֮󣬶ʱЩȷѯʵ㣬սԭѩ
ǵˣҺͽ㶼Ѿ˵۾ˣʲôطૣòáսԭѩǸ˵Ļش
⡭ַסˣȫû뵽ŮȻ˵۾ôһǮǿֵĹԼҪ
ȴȫ͹̫Ůеִһ϶飬ǾͲκεĸģȻӦҪַݵˣǾûзڵ˵
һͷӣǵԸǶԥĸȥοַӢš
ַмŮˣǸͲںںַֻݻ᲻ǣǺúõķ
ˣǲҪѩ𡭡ַݾþòԸ⿪ڣսԭѩжʱһҲ¶˵⡣
ûСʶģַݱ㺰˳ҧҧ֮ҲǴ⣬Ůˡ
ڻ᲻ǳΪԼŮˣַݾһԵǵҲֻǡŮ͡ѣǿʱı䡣
뵽ַ֮ݱ㿪ڵ˵ʲôطɣǾͺá
õַݵ׿ϣսԭѩȻǸ˲ѣеĵҲȥ߸˵ıԼλãҶ˵绰
ַҲǹҶ˵绰̧ͷȴ˫˿˿ɱ۾ڿһ㲻úýͱŵĸо
ǲӦýһ£绰еǸŮˣǸʲôΪַݺ󹬵ܣȻǵʲõ§ѯʵ
˵˵ǷһĨЦַݽϴԼȥ̫ɽоȫ˳ûһ˿һͼӴף˾֪ûκõġ
ַݽ֮ŮʱһۣӶԷпһĨͬ飬֮ȫɱ޵Ļ˶ʮּ꣬ĳ̶ȣŮ̾Ϊֹ
Ա˴˵˵ͷ֮ҶӨٻſڵãǿʱദһ£Ժ󾿾ΣÿǱ֡
ðɡַݲɷõĵ˵ͷŮ˶кҲлǰŮѾ뷨ˡ



280 
һսԭѩÿʱ䣬ѧϰжȹƾŮĴѧˡ
ȻĻ˻в磬һЩͨճѾûκε⡣
ȻˣڼҲǸ˲ٵ˼УͱƽǶǾûڽ̸
һжֵõģͱ˵ڣַѾǽǣսԭѩǲ˵
ǰļǿǶΪ˸ڴñҲñôĶֻҪԾͺá
Ů·վţ໥ŶԷױݣ»ַʲôõӳԼӡֽ͡
ڣǽĵȴУһޱȵķгǵԡ
һᣬַԼƯŮ˴ӳ̤һͬߵǵԡ
Щ𾪵ĿַŮԺѾԼŮ˻ʲôģ־޵ĸо
Ҳûƣʤᣬ˫̥һݣ
ڿɲ׼ԼҵŮ裬ַֻݵԣԼӦ֮¡
Լ˼ĺˣսԭѩ϶ʱ¶ЦݣǰþʮȾϹˣŮˣǰˡ
սԭҲǰ˴˸кֻѩֹ۲ͬлЩǡ
Ĺ֮ǰѾ˽˶̫𣬶ǳ಻ܻܿ⼸λŮ˵ķС
ĵǺȻǶģҶӨٻǰݼڣַݵѡѡ˽ܡ
ԵúȻǶǴŮˣСôûӴѾݡ
رӣ֪Ѿߵʮ⣬Ů˵ұۣǽѵͨѾߡ
Ůһۣ΢Цǰѯʵ˭ѩ˭ǳɰ
Ů˺ı֣ŮҲ̲ס棬ַҲǸӵĹĿ࿴
֪˽⣬ĹŮ˿ɲ̫Ůһֻ֪˳ӣЩŮ˵ƢǱ˻
Լҵܹ֮Ĺϵά׵ģǾֻ֤һ㣬Լҵ˱¹ǿǲ֪ǸطǿǿĻҲ׳Ŷ
ֻһᣬŮĵһѣŮŮ𣬲һǰúĽ
ַݿȻοѣŮܹúദԸ⿴ĳ档

õļ룬ַҲһ뷨Եε㣬ǲǸùһ״ķˣ
͸ˡ̲סַһۣЩϷʵڿǰڸˣҼһ𣬺
ȿȡַݸɿ̲סͷεⲻ鷳𣬿ҽҲס²ǣ
Ϸʵ˿Ů۴סŶ򶰴ˣ
ʲôӱȽϺãַӣε
˵˿ɲ㣬СٻŶգһ۾ָָһ˵ҶӨٻ
ðɡַνʼ磬һԵҶӨٻѯʵСٻʲôӱȽϺã
ҶӨٻһ£ҲʵûиףӵӶãҪ˵ɣ
˵ʵڵģӻ治ϰסĸ߲Сÿο¥ؼʮ׵ľʱ̲סЩͷΡ
ԿһºӿڵҾðɣ۾ֵùģֻĺԺˣǾૣ
ĺԺҶӨٻͬʱסˣʵǵĵһУǵĵһѡ
ĺԺǵǲĸеһӵѡǷǳĸȤ
ַ֪ݵĲǹһСȻԼĵ̶ûκε⣬ͨм۸ߵ˷ָĺԺͲ⡣
ԵѡŮ̲ס˵ͷִϢŨıȣȻӵŨʷϢĺԺӵǡ
ĺԺǸ鷳飬㣬һҵһλרŴĺԺ׵֡
ɺϵǣһĺԺַۣݴŮȥһȦо㣬Ҳͺ飬ֱȫĺԺ
ôװ޵⣬ַݲĸţҲŮԸǰԼ뷨ˡ
ȻˣҪסĺԺĻҪһʱ䣬ַֻȻĴŮصεļС
ѩãҲʼǵְ𣬽ʰģķˣҲʮֵɿڡ



281 С¶һ
ʱ𽥵ĽƽУַҲѵõԼļŮš
ͬʱҲܵԼǿǰЩʱմӲϿĶ˸ܽᡣ
ڣһºĽ죬ַѾоԼѧ֪ʶѾȫҪ䡣
ԥһºԴҴ˸кڲĽ㣬ֱڲ
ڲַݲûֱķȥѵӪķȥ
ЩʱַݶûҹһΣŴѧʦտţܵһ˿۸ѵʲôǵùעһ¡
ѵӪַһ۾ͿǼλе𣬴˿רעȭûзַѾ
ַݵĹ۲£սڲȣֻ࣬ССӣȴǱȵࡣ
ҲûżͻƵڴѧյļල£ĸΪԺһɳŬ
ַݸеοʱ򣬾֪ԺǵУžѵʣżԸȫǸľԱ
ַݿĳʱһӰȴȻߵԣЩɪôͽܲɣ
ַתͷһȴѧͷҲǵɪޱȣҲеɪʱЩǸ˲ٵĹ⡣
ͱտʼʱ򣬽뵽ѵ⵽Щǵż۸
ȴһԲѡͣоֱҵǸ۸ԼˣݺݵĽѵһ١
̵ôѧոޱȣ֪СӸûжٵ˼ȴǵ߸֪
СС;֪躹ޣ̵ܸ֮⵽һ㣬Ųչۣ;زۡ
Ȼǲַݺͬĵ˵ͷȴǺ㲢ûжĹϵ
㡭ѧնʱЩӵۣҲףַݲû˵ʲôнıַ֣ݵ޸ҩԼΪԡ
ڴѧԼãҲǸָһ··˶ѡ
ʱҲѵϣʱһ۾Ϳˣ˷ܵǰ
šַݺ̹ȻĽƺϾڵӣֻǲһ֤ѣģѾˡ

һһһ׳꣬˶ʱյһѣһĵطʼ
ģȻԼĽ㣬ԿڱѯʵҽѾ۾𣿡
ǰСԴַЦôҪҪҽȥ
һжʱһ⣬Ƭ֮ҡҡͷǲˣҪľȹʱ˵ɡ
Сӡַݲĵ˵ͷСС;ܷأڵ˵ֱͿԳƵ걬
ٺ١ַܵݵĳޣ̲סӣһһ£㿴Σ
Ŷַ΢΢һ㶣һĨϷʵ˰ɣҪǴһ治ø㽻
ûŽ϶зִģҡַݵĸ첲Щ
⡭һԸַݶʱЩЦãֻôӦǺðɣǹоͺá
̫ˡ̲סһ˺ַݱȭָ̡
˵˵ַνʼ磬˵ԾҲˡ
𼸺ǿԼλɳģԺ֪ǳҪ׳ʲôǾ͵ÿԼıˡ
һ޼ȭӳֱַݵŴȥʲôϾ˵ľʵ̫ˡ
޼ȭַҲ̲ס˵ͷȻһģȻ졣
ֻȭУַݷһĨ⾳ȻģԼȭУֻǻǳһ㡣
ַݻһЦҲóԼ޼ȭӭȥҲΪʲôҪԼԾԭ͵ʦ
Ǳˣַݿ϶ȥԸԼҴϻ۵Сӣ϶κεԽ޼ȭ⾳ȫչʾ˳
һַȭеҲ𽥼Ŀʼôһ˿ģ
ڣַݸо󣬱һȭЦ͵ˣ̰಻ý࣬´ټ㡣
ٺ٣лл򡱣ԼͼҲһҲɬ΢΢һЦ󣬱ȭл
лˡΪʦѧҲȻַݵĽ̵ʽҲűȭл
С£ﻹмҪ㣬Ǳ飬Ҳȥȡˡַ΢΢һЦ˵ԼеĿġ
СӣĽ㡱ѧһĨĽıбʼǣ˺þãûʸ񿴣ȴû뵽ַݼ˱ˡ
ĽûõģַǺʹѧһͬȥ



282 ױʼ
ÿַжһֳ嶯Ǿǽе鶼뵽ԺԺʲôߣ֪似·ǻ޵У
ҲֻѣϾ似û¼棬ͱ޼ȭԼ似
ѧһ߽ͬ˲˶Ƕַݵ˵ͷϴĳ˶Ծ飬ѾǴڲ˶䶼ء
ַֻҪ˶кҲһһ񣬱ϾЩ˶ǵͷ̧ͷһֻкôûл
ֻޱȾɵУַݾȻѧһͬ˶¥һ
ΪҶ֪¥ɶǴЩǴŵؼο׵ģ޲ܹõһɹ׶ȴɲ
˭Ҳû뵽ַݲڲ£ӵϵ¥ʸȻޱȵĽ
ǿַݿ϶ȥѡһϵؼϾ׵ؼõʵ̫ˣҲҲȥûٻ
ܵȵĿ⣬ַҲ΢΢һЦʱԵҪҲҪܲץסַݾץסˣԻⳡ޴ĻԵ
ϵ¥ʱǾµİڷţַи̾ȻǵĴǻ治ͬҵİڷȣİڷǷǳľ¡
һжٸϣжٸӣַϸȻʮ˸ӣֻһӻǿյģȻдŴѧյ֡
ϣæ˿ǸչӣַЩϷʵĿŴѧյ٩
һ㣬һ㣬ԺҲʱġѧյɪһЦܹ¥һӣǿĪҫҲһУԼѧȫ¼
ҲڲӲԹ涨ֻҪͻƵǾͱ뽫Լ¼ĵǡ
ַȻޱȵͬһ㣬ΪʲôԽԽ٣ǾΪŻ̫֮أԲŻһ档
Ҷһ㣬ܸļȥڰ֮ȫ㣬ôһ
ڴɡַ΢Цŵ˵ͷŵ˰ڷڶ¥ĵǸý˿ľͼĹӣУҲ屾鼮Уѧȫ

һѹסԼǻȵĿ⣬Ϊ۷岢ߵı¼һĻǾҵᡣ
ȴǴڲУ˸⣬Ͼʮߣиָ߿Ƽʮ޻ء
ٴһַתͷԵĴѧյҿԿ˰ɣûʲôأ
ȻԿҲûʲôأǲܴϾⶫ̫Уϣ⡱ѧҲĽޱȣдһĨζ
ٺ١ŴѧǷģַ׽ŪôҲ뿴ҪҪҸ˵˵
⡭һĨ⶯ַеϷ֮󣬶ʱɫһСӣǰɣ
ٺ١ַٴϷһЦʼԼܾģҿˣɱҡ
˵ַ꣬ݱߵ֮ǰȡ˵һ鼮ֱڵϣСĴ˵һҳ
ĿַеǱ飬ѧһ䣬ѡ뿪Ϊ˷š
ַĽ״̬ҲޱȵĻԾҪĴĦⱾؼ
һ飬ʲôҲʲô似һ;ܽᡣ
һҳֻдޱȵĴ֣ԼһʺţΪ䣿һ䷴ʴֻһַۣݲС
䡱֣˼⣬ǾֹΪ䣬ʹõ򶷵ַﵽֹͣĿģıΪ
ϰ䲢ΪΪ˽һΪñȥһΪ
ֻһʣַݷԷθʣ֮ȫֵ˼ŷ˵ڶҳڶҳϣҲһ⣬Ϊʲôϰ䣿
ַסˣΪʲôҪϰ䣿ûк˼ϸ룬ĳԾΪ˱ԼԼߵ˵İȫʹǲܵ˵۸ҲԼøǿϰĿģΪľػ
һҳһ⣬ÿһ⣬ַݶü˼ãжϰΪҲǸ˽⡣
Ѷȱǿַÿһⶼῼãڲ֪䣬ʱҹѧռþòԸŴ˷ѵʱ䵽ˣɡ
ô죿ַЩȵ̧ͷ˿ϵʱ䣬־ȻѾҹʮ㣬ⱾҲ㿴ҳַѸٵķ˼ҳס֮ٻؼҺúõ˼



283 ӭս
һһʱҲôȥˣַݵ书ȻûжԷȴ˲ٵӣ֣Ҳ˽ĸΪ͸
ҴҵĳԹ緹ַݱȲŲȥ·ſڵʱҲѧմ˸к
ѧմ˿д飬ֻӦһ䣬ַԶ֮дϵһ䣬̧ͷַݵıӰ¶һĨȻ
ͨߣǿ϶ַݲʲô仯ͻ˻֮󣬴ѧձһϵϢʮֵС
ͱ˵ڣַϾȻһĨϢȻûʲôãʱ򣬾ͻо
׵ֲᣬǲ̲ס˻ԴѧռͷдԼ
ٴ˶¥ַһ˹еĵڶ飬˵һҳʼ
ҹѾһϵļȫͨҲֻȻʵĸоԽ״̬ǳĺá
ڶɲʲô似߹ؼԼţϸļ¼һЩʹõСɡ
ȻЩСɿûãдЩСܹϣǾܹٶӰٷ֮ʮ
ַܲݿϲӰٷ֮ʮٶȣǶôŵһ֣ϵ߳ٳٲͻƾ磬ʵˣ壬Ѿ֧ͻˡ
ӵЩСɣҲںַҲˣɲϣԼϵʱΪһա
ַݲκεĺԣҪסһ֮󣬲ŻᷭһҳдСɶǳá
ͱٲƽʱɳȵȣ˶֪Сɣˣȴ֮١
ΪʲôǾΪ鷳ǰַҲôΪģⱾ֮ȴǲҺˡ
ЩС֮УַΪһ㣬Ǿϧʱ䣬ͱ˵ģϢʱԳʱ䣬ζһղŵԼʲô仯
ÿϵʱ˯ǰҲԼ쵽ʲôûãҪôĽá
ЩСɲûʲôѶȣѾڣܼ֮ܲԺ㣬ʱļ֤֮£ܸܵ仯
ĺһַݽڶϣ˼Ƭ̺˫ۣһĨ
ЩСǺãȫʺԼϾÿ˵һҪľȡ侫ȥɣֽͺá
ͬʱҲһ㣬ǾǱ˵·ֻܽȫհᣬȻͻ;ͱ޼ȭ򣬱˵һ

ҳַҲûټȥ뿪˲˸ĵطϰԼӦЩСɡ
ɫƻʱһλ֮͡ǰصĿַݵҪս
αءǰˣַһĨЦ˵Ը˵Ļǰһλ
ΪÿοʱͻԼǷ̫࣬Ͼߵһȫǿİ
бҪĿַһۣڵϴǵıԣҲһ󾳽磬Ρ
ɲһС硱δ˵ַ꣬ݱ廰Ļ֪Ѷˡ
΢΢һ㶣˲һĨᶨνˣܹһСӮҲܡ
㡭һִŵģַףҪ˵һգǲܵһ£ֻðһƵɡ
𡭡ûжԣǿзһͬŭϻĺѸ͵ַ
ȭһħ״ַ̬ݵжʱһĨأΪȭ
νڣͬϻ͵׷ҰޣһĿľݵ̬η
ȭصľƣȭȭ⣬Է;ԲֹͣҲηһȭ
״̬ûȭ洫ΪʶԼ飬ַֻصĶԴš
һ޼ȭĻӳȻɱûôǿȴǽȭͷһߣ䲻ܹԼ
𡭡һȭǳ׼ŭһ㣬ٴηһŭһҪַݳ
ַݿЦֱѡ̤һƣıϻһȭ˸ġ
δӦһǴžĳȱ˹ͻǸӲβһ㣬η
ˣַֻý˫ֽǰӲĳһʱ޴ľߵĺ˺üס



284 
ַ̲סаһΪղŻӳߵԼϣϼõġ
ɲܣΪ˫Щۣ𣬾ֱܿѾˡ
˲䣬ٴһͻʳģĲӴһſ£Ĳݵģ
û˿жַݵķŭЩڹҲ˹һֱЩᡣ
쿴ַ䣬̲סͳֽ̣ΪʲôΪ滺һе
СӡһħģַҲǲκε֣̤䷢˽
飡һ׺ݵĶƴ˶̲סķ˿Ϊ˶оԼָͷЩ顣
ֶƴҲַЩѪڣ򶷵ʱ䲻࣬磬û˱ս
˷ħƴȻǼеĻԱһַݾȻ˽
ҲǺʾֱѡӭƴʱȭȻܲңȴѪڡ
ĿǰַռһϷ֣Ҳʾһ˿ơ
ȻҲַҪһ㣬似ƷҲҪַݲôһ㡣
ǻȭйɷħľͷͱַһȭ˵ϣܻһһֱ͹š
𽥵ģַҲǸоһĨԾΪȻѾҪﵽˣûֵͣ˼
Щ̧ͷһȴ˫ۼѪ죬һķħģַݵ񣬾ɱһ㡣
ַ̲סһˣڵѾֻ˷ŭԼƴȥĻĻ⡣
Կһַ֮Ҳ˾¶һЦˣֿ¶Լš
飡˿̵ɲһ֣ץסַݵŴ
飡꣡һһѵĦַݸоԼ类ײһ£ֱӾͷ˳ȥҲ˿˿ѪȻˡ
ݣһľһĨٻӰʱַܵݵǰסǰ󺰵

Ϥһθ¶ģҲʶ
ҡЩãȻĿһеַݣ૵ңôˣ
㻹˼ļʱַݿ˻أԺԥıѡ˳
𡱣ַݸϽĳЦŶôеŭȥ˰ɣһȭݰ˵ֻд𣿡
ַôһѣȻԼղŵȷַдģǴеŭԽԽǽǶסˡ
һжʱһɾ壬һӣܾܿͻᱻϵԺ֮·Ҳ͡
˿ǰڵϣǻѪַݣҲôһ£жʱӿһΡ
Բ𡱣ǧﶼ˿УûжֻԵò԰׵Ĵ֡
˵ԲҺǷġַҡҡͷӻͳһƿǿЧ޸ҩ˰ɣȿȣ
á˳ֽӹ޸ҩҲûľͽ䵹˿УĿһ§ַݣһĵͻȻһԼα˵ִţѾҵԼҸԼǲҲѰԼҸˣ
νһִִ⿪֮еҲѾȫ⿪Ǹ¶һĨЦݡ
һߣַ˵ǷĻжʱһĨʣ׷⾿ô¡
ʱַҲûһ˿һ£ȫûκͼӴ׵Ľ˳
֮ʱסˣҲǰٰ㲻ζ뵽ԼղžȻиβѡ
˴Сһ𳤴СһģַݳֵĻûһ
ȴΪԼôΰİȻǸжѡ
²ǿѾַݣһֻ˵һԲ
Ե쳣ĳأҪַݵѾˣȴһ飬֪ʲôʱܻϡ
һ±˳ĬУַҲͦأԷǿЧ޸ҩ󣬱㿪ʼ
Сʱ˼ͬʱվ¶һĨȻɫףǣҲȥѰҵҸ
˶ǵ˵ͷȴ뵽ʲôͻȻ¶һĨЦݵסҿǵýˣԺʱɵøҷˣҲҵɵ
Ȼַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷһۣǹЦ



285 Ե
Ӵ㣬㡭ַݷУ˿̵ڴͷղһǽ߹Ƕλ
ǿЧ޸ҩֻ޸ƣڹ˿ΪֻͣΪԼǡ
˭ǿġַһŵı飬Լ˳ǿҪ˴۵ܵ˿ɲᡣ
´һˣӴַݱŵĺеʵûôʹֻǿһĵģˡ
һĨҲǱУжʱһϳٳٲҽеһʱ֮£ص˳
꣡һַݵĹҲڸλǹɾҵʹַʹ˳
̲סһۣСװװװҾ˰
ңûװַۡһһ˵˳ͷҲǿʼ˿˿亹ɫҲЩɷס
ʱһϽΪַݼôˣѵҽˣû°ɣ
δʱַȴ¶һĨҸɫΪǶȿȥǽµԲɼ
жʱӿһɳ嶯ûоͬ£ֱַӽһ§˻С
ѽܵͻȻϮʱһַӳַԸĽ§˻С
ᣬſţҲʹֶΣַڿǲˣɲʹ
ѽͻȻǴһΪղŤ̵ͦƨţȻһ͹
˻ݼŵĴУַ̲ס˻һҲ¶˹ˬɫ
Ҫ˵ĸطַݴѵĻ̵ͦĵطܹǸط룬Ǵá
ҲǵǸʲôŮˣ֮뵽˻ѧУʱ򣬾˵һĻ
ɫ˲ͨһƬʵʵ˭ҪɬĳܲߵĲӣ
ַҧҧ̰ͦͦԼٴδһطҲȫʧȥ˵ֱֿ̱ϣһξժģ

һֻ§סһֻҲʼǸطĨȥǵʮĵطַ֮ݶʱ̲סˡ
šһͬèкַݵĺٴμֻ֣ҲǸӲʵ
˿̣ھĵģϸĻܷԽԽ١
ܲסе⣬ѾͷַݵĻУ˫Ҳǽ§סļ૵۸Ӷãν㻹𣿡
˵̰úϲ㣬һһ𡱣ַ㶣˵һ䷢Էθ黰
šһ̧ͷ˿ַ˫ֿ϶֮еһҲǱ
ءǰһŽĵݣַĶڻˣֱҰ˵Ĵ
OO@@һ˱Ѿ̹Ȼߵס˫ۣҿַһۡ
ܸоַݴ˿ǻԼһԵȸС
ַ̲ס̾Ĳõģޱȣر̶ڣܹκ˶
ܿϧַûõֻƣڼʱַݶʱ󺰵ҡ
ţַôһĻȻ˫ַֻۣݵסݣҾһˡ
һʹ۽ǲһĨ⣬˾ô£˿ߵһ
׳Լģ֪ԼѾ׳ԼȻš
Լ֮󣬾ٽߣҲûκε˲Լ׸ַݡ
ʴǵַжʱӿһԺУܹӵǣԼⱲˡ
ͬʱҲһɾ޴θУҪǿܱǵĻԼһܺ
һгַݵϲһĨأħѹУЩ
ֻⶼһ¹ȥˣħ˼һôӶѰ֮£û¶һ˿ţʵ̫ܲˡ
ַţֻҪ·棬ԼܵһʱõϢһͬ



286 ѳҲó
һǴŻûַ¶ޱ顣
ƿ˱ַݺеͣΪһˣΪԼŮͣһˡ
֮ȻûַֻεĿڽе棬
šʵѾֻţһ˯
¶̶ڣַ΢΢һҲʱ¶ϷʵЦݡ
žֱƣѸٵĵ̶ϣʱһɲװĲƷ𣬿̾Ϊֹ
ͻȻϮ̲סһǲ˯Ҳ˲ʧ̧ͷַݣǲ΢΢һ
󻵵ͲҶ˯һ˵Ҳ˵ȥˣ뵽ҵ˵ķ񣬲ߺĵͷ­
ٺ١ַݲһЦϷʵô㵹˵
㡱ַݷ˸ĵİֱۣ䣬ʵûټ˵ȥˡ
ڣСʱĥĥĳ˿УǷʢͺ̲סһů
ԭӦŮ飬ַȴˣĻôãɼԼ
̲࣡סеĸжصַһڣغݣá
Ȼˣô࣬Ȼúúһ¡ַ΢΢аЦ
ߡͷ¶һҲĵı󣬵ͷ˿ɿڵͣ۶̵ֹͣȻ޲ڡ
Թ緹ֱѡ뿪ϾԼҪһֱַһ
ַҲûԼ£ٴ˲Ķ¥¼ĵ
ʣ¼ģǶΪҪϾ˹߲гĽ
ַݷһֻϸļ˴ͨ˵ߵкüע͡
ʣûַݴδõĹĻĹѵġ
ͳ֮׵ңּȡ˸֮뵽׹Уַе׹
ȻַѾͻƵ˰ȴûԴֱǰЩйһһĿ
õĽȴǣ׹ãԼδѧģһĲ࣬ޡ
ڣڼСʱĽַ֮ݷҪĻƪޱĿ

ʣܹͻƻߵˣûһǷף֮ٮٮߣ׾ıĹԿԳƵĿǰõġ
ַҲޱȵҪһ׹̵мʲôУߵܿҲ
ΪܹͻƵߵ˺٣Ը⸶Լ˸٣ַݺϧǰμ
뻯֮ǰֻעĹȣߵĹȫѾǱ˸Ҳ壬רעתڵľؼ
ң뼸ǰʮֵĳԣͻƵҪ˶ãȴҪ˾һʱ䡣
Ҳдٵԭ򣬺пִܾῪԴȻ̫˺
νǴȻеһӷһϢȻƻȻࡣ
ߣͻƵ֮󣬶һƬɽӣΪЩطյŸ࣬ŸлͻƵ
ַ˵ķʽ̫ܲãΪɲЩߣеһУ̫̫
ĸ̾һַݽ·Ϻ󣬱ҳ
ò̾δҪڳԣĶ࣬ΪδƼڻ棬ޱȵĳɫ
ַҲδŬܶţСķûԣӴķ濪ʼǣصĶٿʼСķ档
Ҳ֪Ҫı飬ضԶεĺ֮£Ŀ綼ɣҪãö֪
ʱѾˣַݺҳżҵķȥֻȵǣھȻǿŵƵġ
ַݷԿ׵ģҲֻһˣ΢Цߵǰŵڴζ󣬶ʱü
Ϊһɷ˵ĽζȻĽʵҲ֤Ĳ²⣬˿̵ڰڷŽڷ˵ǰÿ
ķˣǿŶҪַ꣬ҲԼΣһĨţһ߻ҪΥĵ˵źóԡ
ⲢַαΪһˣŮ˿ݵĹذرеŮˡ



287 צ
һҹ޻ַɫ԰׵ĴӴ˵ֱǼ尾Ҳ֪˶ٴβŻ
ڴУϰڷųʳ֮鲻Խľʹ˸ļжô̡
ҲǲĶ϶ʱ¶εɫЩûгȴַȫֶ֪꣬ôܡ
Щȥʳõ¡ַһηģֺЦֺ
ȿȡַεͷϣԭϡƽͣ˿ȴǸо˵ζ
Թ緹ٴηֱַҲٴ˲Ķ¥Լڴ似鷭˳
صĵһ似ҳֻһ仰似ֻǽֳһʽ׷־似ֻʺԼĲõġ
仰ַȻޱȵͬͱĻȭȻֻһַǳϡƽȭ侫裬ӳֱˣַݶЩмܲס
һԵСѧϰȭĻֻóʽȫ򲻳侫ģ˸Ĳ
ַҲޱȵĻ࣬ȴǾ侫裬Ὣ;
ַҲ⣬ϾǼǳϽ飬˵˼·ȫ̶ǲΪˣպرڸ
˵һ似ַݷֻһַǳͨȭȴ˲ٵעͣ似ʺԸȫע˳
ַϸ˿󣬷ȭ˲ٵĸĶԭȭУȭࡣ
Լѧ޼ȭһĲַֻ࣬˽һº󣬱㷭һҳ
ɼصһЩȽϳȴ޸ĹĹַݶǴҴһƳ㷭һҳ
ʵַЩ似ãͬûôʱȥоЩ似ֻһʺԼ似ѧϰȻ̫˷ʱˡ
һҳҳţַʼûҵʺԼ似вЩ̾ȴûз似飬϶ҵģʵڲУǾҸպһ¡
ַĵѰ£ںüСʱ󣬷һҳ似ǰֻǿһۣ۾Ͳһ

һצצ־ͿԿצȻҡ
Ҫ֪޼ңҾԱǿ󼸱ֹеڶ࣬һҲλϣڲ㳲ҶҪٵĴۡ
һֱֵ൱׵ȻûʲôǵڲŭĶҲǳңҲͷ׳š
ܹ׳ҲȻܺڲĹԼ似ܹ⣬Ҳٲҵȫ֧֡
צ˵ǵҵһλʹõ似ɱʮֵľ޴ֻҪһץץסǲҲѲƤ
ҲצһЩɱӵľ޴ȫһּ˵似
ȻˣɱͬʱҲúд˼֣Ǿ˹Ҫ
ΪʲôҪô˵Ϊ׹ָϣָӲĻԼˡ
ϰ׹ʱ򣬱ҪҩţȻ죬צûɣԼָ˸м³
׹עٳɵĹҪ֮ԺܵԴɣͨ˵òҩ֭ݣȻٶȺַ˵޸ҩٶȿ϶ܿϲ١
뵽ַݱ⣬צ似ҪҪɣΪʲôΪ֮󣬾˵Ĺͷһצѡ
ӵǳ鶯ɱ޴צĻǲ绢
޼ȭãֻʺڲʺһɱЧצȴǱץס󣬾ǷеĺɱԽĲѡ
ַٲԥǾצʽϸĴĦš
ַ˵צķʽǼ򵥣ֻǿһ֪˸ţķʽʵЩ顣
צҪ󣬾ǰڣһ׶ΣǲʹκεľƳצ״𽺰ɳһܽɳƵʱ򣬲Сɡ
ڶ׶Ǿ͸˵ˣȻָӲľҪһצܹ뵽ľв
滹мӲשͷԼʯ飬ҪȫɵĻͱҪһҶûǺϸ
Ҳ˵ˣʹצĻʵĳһצûУޱȡ
Ȼ;ǼѣַȴһҲ£ΪԼܹøǿ󣬾ƴΣ



288 צ
ҳַݲ۶⼸ۿֲõջܽᣬһ˫ۣ˴𰸡
屾УҪĲҲצʲôСɣЩһ;֪
ǰַݻȫûЩ֪ڻһ;ȫ壬ԼԺĵ·Ժľͻü
վַ΢΢һЦ̤뿪˶¥ڵѾûҪٿȥˣҪ飬Ȼצˡ
ɳȻûģԼһҲʲô£ֱַ˸ڵɳǽϣһ׵ɳˡ
ŹǽϵɳַжʱӿԾԾԵĸоĶֱצĻʽͿɳȥ
ֻһַݱоԼָȫУ뵽аɳУﵽ޺𽺾Ȼһɷָۡ
ַݴǷˣһССʹ˵ֻС˼ѣּɳȥ
ҲһɳҲָȴԵЩ죬Ȼֻ̫ϸˣ;Ĳ
ǱҪһַ̣ݲûзǼֵĻСʱַ֮ݸоԼʳָЩۣóһȴָ׷УѾ˿˿Ѫ
νʮָģⲢˣȴַ۵Щ죬ٿ˿ָҲǿ쵽Ｋˡ
ַݲòͣó˼֧޸ҩһУָûпʼ
ʱֳ޸ҩǿ֮ˣͨҩˮݣƱҪһָܹ޸ҩȴֻ˰Сʱʱ䣬ַݱѸоûκθо
צַݸоѾָȫЩĿǸƤɳ¶һĨֻһССɳѣץ
ٴɳȥһβ̵ַͬĸܵ˱仯ңղţצʱ򣬾ЩۣҲһЩǴȴ˲١
ַݲһų֮ԺȥԼܹɵľ磬һץץƤڻ¡

ʱУַݶڼצҲ൱ԣӸտʼСʱҪһ޸ҩڼСʱҪһΡ
仯ַ֤ݵָѾӦǿȣҪ˶ãܹɳˡ
;ַݾѾƹɳˣֻǲһƵģ֮ԺĻӻ²ѵģͲ㡣
Ѿַצĵ죬ַһһ죬Ҫɹ
ַֻ֪죬ɳĻǿ϶֮ԱǣΪң뵱ҲǴµɳһġ
֪޸ҩĻ;뷨ˣϰʱһҲΣΪָҪϢ޸ʱҲܳ
ַһȴԻΣΣΪ޸ҩĴڣܹ޼ɵЧȻü
һͬ۵ĳԹ緹ַݲûмųԻɳǽÿ
Ȼ似ҪȴǸǼǵ÷ǳģһ׶ַ꣬ݸһڵ
ǰѾ˰ڵļޣҪ˶ãܹͻƵڣŻ
ҪͻƻĻͲôˣҪãַҲûиףֻܵʱٿˡ
˸ط£ַϢһ󣬽Լ״̬֮˷ڣɳǽǰ
Լ˫֣ϼָܲҲһĨ꣬뵱ָ𪣬ȴ⸱ģɼ˶ٺˮ
һжֵõģԼһצȥ䲻û˵УҲʹټϰĻôʹش
ǰǸɳַһ֮жʱ¶һ⣬צʽ׼Ѹ͵ɳһץ
һϤķöַϰΪָûκεǸǰ
ַݵľ֮£Ҳ˼ޣǾ޴ּľ֮£ַݵ̴ָ
϶ʱ¶˿ϲɫַݽָ˳ɳĴָСĶɳӣ֪ԼצѾˡ
ַݲûżһѵΪȻľӲȿɲܹȣԲעԼͿܻˣԹһ£ȷѡ



289 С
ַ֮һŲǺܴ׳ľǰһĨصɫΪԣצľ
Ҫ֪ľɲͬ𽺣ȻӲ̶ޣǻ治һεģָֻǣַȻ⣬ڹͷǰƤİ
ȻѾһزַݶȻû˺뷨ֳצѸ͵ľСץȥ
ꡭһĦСֱӱץƤַݵָȴѪȻָûСӲ
ֻһַݾһƤˣ˿˿ʹĸо񾭣ȴǻȻ⣬ֻҪû˵ͷһƤ˸⡣
סʹַݼӻֻһСᣬСϾѾѪǷʲôɱһ㣬˲ڡ
ܵԼָҲѾַ֮ҲòͣΪټȥĻָ͵÷ϵ
¶һĨЦ˿̲ͻȻ뵽Ϊʲô˵׹أΪôȫŰ
ŰΪԺܹŰˣַֻҧҧ޸ҩּĻ
ʱƣҲӦһ̶ֳȵѵԭʮӾҪһεģҲѾӵ˰СʱǿСǰַݾѾĹˡ
ΪǿСַݻĲλ˿ѾǧٿˣټȥĻСǷɡ
ַݲòһľϰЧҲͻģһӳСϾͻһۣûУͦĲࡣ
ڼַȴǲԼָһ׶״ţǰ˼ԽԽ׳
ַȫܹı仯ϾϰצȽӴģԶָ⣬ָ⣬ʶѾųˣʣµĶһЩǧľ
ָĺ벿ָ֣֧Ժ󲿷ֵָϣܲţṩõĶ
ʱַĻɣȥĻԼָ᲻һ״ʱﲻơ
Ҳֻˣʵɣָָԭ״ϾǸʱָͬӲҲҪı״֧ˡ
·;ģڻľַݽһµʱ䣬һ˿̵ѾԳƵϵСˡ

ڲ˽һ£ַҲоһ˿ƣҲЩԼǼŮˣ׼뿪ڲȥһ¡
뿪֮ǰһ˱Ҫȥݻһ£Ȼڲľ֧ˡ
ȥĿģһѯһûзħټרһл
Ȼͨɿ̵ŵõۿؼʸ񣬵ô˵ûĸַܶô
ڲǴСߣ˿һ֦ϣһ޾ƣĬȻĺš
ַǰȥϻоƺҲֱһƿǿŴʾһº͹һڡ
Ҳǹһڣ˲͵˵ɣʲô£ǲħϢ
ǵģôУѾ֪˴𰸡˵ţַ͹һڣò˵ȵľƷǳңֻھ¶ǣͲЩ졣
Ǻǡ΢΢һЦַݵдЩ˵ȥˣʲôûУ
Ȼַʼ磬ԼЩõĶһ㣬ͬʱҲ˵Լĸл
ⶫԼƴģлʲôνİ˰֣ٴַ
ǰɡַ΢΢һЦƵ˿УЩԹ˵ʵڵģצ治ġ
Ϸʵ˿ַݵָɫʱһĨȣצѾС˰ɣ
ǰеļҲܹ˽⡱ַݸ̾һ䣬Ҳצģ϶ܵĿ໹ࡣ
ȷһĨ廳Ȼ뵽ԼʱԼߵļˡ
ͻȻͻȻ뵽ʲôӻͳһַ̽ݶ˹һ
ߵķӦȻޱȵѸ٣Ŀַݶʱ֣ļС
ʲôַݲûдֱʵѯʵ
뺯һľۻᡱͷҲûأһھƺõش
ŶַݾһһֻдӢ۴ĸ֣췽ıңصҲʾ˳
ʱĻȥɡǵĻٴδûǿԵҪַʲôֻԼԸ
һġַݸȤĵ˵ͷҵĴᣬһôȤϾܹʶһĸ֣Ҳܽд裬ȷݴ



290 ˾
һ磬ַݱͣƺһ˼һȻһЩᡣ
һ޹ؽҪ黰ַ֮ѡ뿪ɵ֮ķгѾڴ˵Ⱥš
һϳѩһĿϹˣӭؼҡ
˵˱𣿡ַӣôûнŮ
Ҳ˵ΣŮȴûκεĸı䣬һֱַݵʲôΪ
˾ǾϲѩСͷһɵģַݿĲһ
⼸ŮѾַݵļŮǴĻȣһõģҪΪ̫ˣɵ̲סϧ
һĨ⶯ַаЦĿűȽϺûҰ
ңҡַݵͻȻϮЩûðŵͷ룬ˡ
˽ߵģѩһЦ㣬ϲ˾Ҫ󵨵˵ŶȻС谮Ŷ
ѩɫһƬͨ죬̧ͷ÷߷ߵѩַݿֵͷ
ԵЩ죬ַҲòԲˣȻؼҰɣҿǺþûԹķŶ
õģˡõַݵȻҲһе⣬Ϊ˵졣
гٵķУصַݹĺԺУõһº󣬱ȥпʼ׼͡
ַݿ˿ʱ䣬ִ˿ʱ仹磬Աô˸к󣬳ϷгŶֹ˾ȥ
ҶӨٻѾȫĵȦרĵľӪֹ˾ȡ˲Ч
ȻһҲٲַݵİҪ֪УŴδĸԼ籾һˣʵټ򵥲һˡ
ɲ׼ЩԼ籾ЩҶӨٻԼרĵ˦ƹ
ҶӨٻҲûʧ⼸㽫ȫһͬȦơ
з磬Ȼμŵİ£û˸ҶԶֹ˾֣ԼϵߣҲֻĬĬĨᡣ

񣬷гѾΪһֳҶӨٻרڶ¥޽ͣгĽ䣬ҲԼĽ
ַݺĽͣ˶¥ϣҶӨٻİ칫ȥ;еЩǣַҲṧľϹϾǿɶ֪λܵˣȨƴˡ
ĵ˰칫ǰַ˸λãʼۿҶӨٻ칫ģ
ȵɬģڵҶӨٻǶĸԼ죬˿ڴļҲʾһĨɣַǲ̴
ϬɣϵҶӨٻͻȻ̧ͷһ۾Ϳ͵ַݣҲǷһĨ΢Ц
ôֱӽǰҶӨٻǸǿӲܣַǰԶСˡ
ַ߽еһж˫§ַݵĲϣЩ
ٺ١ַݻһЦ˵ıӵⲻ´칫ҵҶܲá
ȥġ͸ַһİۣҶӨٻ΢Ц׼漸죿ҪҸطȥ
⡭ַ֣ݱ鲻ԽĴ˸ϡǵϴΣͼŮԼȥϡ
ȴһ˸Ůʲô羰ҲûֻǵһοƵİ˹۵ҲԴԺͷҲȥˡ
ַһȻı飬ҶӨٻҲ̲סȻһЦǲȥˣȥְɣ
ҡַˣҪ˵Σµľǹ֣ŮÿιĶܽѹĿӰ
ƱǿҲòͷӦϾŮѹ֣ÿӦȻɰᱻͿա
ҶӨٻһַת˶ֹ˾ķװû﹤ÿ·װ
տʼӸͲϰ߹˾æµϰ֮һ첻ͻò̫ϰߣ⹤ʱҲʶ˲ٵͬ£ıǰĶˡ
ַҲǴĵ׵ΪеˣϾǰķΧʵЩѹ֣ûʲôѣڵĺܵܿ֡
֪ʱҲҹַȻ׵һ֮ζȻԡ
ûԼӢֻڼ˼󣬱ϻϱעĵطȥ



291 ǰ
ɽκεĻĵͼ϶ûκεע⣬ͨĳˣͽ벻Ϊɽ·дš
ȴǷǳɽУŻĹΪǿһңҡ
ΪȫУҲΪǿеĵҲܵõĽ̵
ЩĽģϾҵǿƾǧĻۣڵʢ
ңǶֻĽ׷ϣʱ䣬㹻һεľ롣
ÿһߣɽߴ̻Ի͵أ鲻Խһ̾ϢţԼļҪòһԻ͡
ڴ˿̣ҵɽŴȴӭһޱķгò߶Ϊ֮Ŀ
ǵע£һɫ۵ӵװ磬˿Ƽеķгìܡ
ûǸմӵ۾ַݣһ³ĴĴܵߣв¶ܵɫ
ȻһߵʢᣬĿȥܶЩʮߣŶӵĽɽš
Ȼҵ֮£ҲֻùԹԵƢվ˶ĺ󷽡
ַֻݲͬǣЩһߣǳȺӵĳûַֻһˣǶԳֵġ
ַȻҲʲô⣬չɵ˵ĺ󷽣ϸĴܵߡ
Ŀߵľ綼룬ûͻƵģǿģȻҲаڡ
ַݲЩ棬ϸ˳ҲһЩȽȤĹɣǾǼÿһĵһλǿĴڡ
Ҳȫܹ⣬ǿϣֻǿ߲վڶǰ쵼֧顣
ַȴֻһˣԲһ˵ĳ֣˲˵顣
Ͼ˵ģңǳȺӵĳַ֣ȴǶһ˳֣ԵЩ⡣
Ҳһ˵ĳ֣ʱĳЩΪǵ˲ͱ˵ַǸ塣
ͷһϷʵĿַݣ٩Ӵĸҵ˰ôһ˳֣Ǳ𣿡
ַ͡ЦһתͷŴ˵ĸҵ˲ҪҪǣұǿ

ǿǿЦˣЦĺǿţֱַָݵ֪ҽЦЦ
ǿĻڳ֪ҲЦͬʱϷʵַݡ
Ҷ֪ΪǿһڼҾҵ̳
ΪڼһĴǿΪνǹھһƾŶʮͻƵڵΪ˵Ǵһ
ǰλ˭ҲʶӣȻ˵ǿҪⲻǻ֮
ܺЦôһҲЦԣַݵȻһЦҸоõˣʵǼ̫ˡ
һֻܷһʱԼǿĴڣǾͻܵһͿһ겻񣬱ͨ˶硣
ǿȴûʶһ㣬ɲţǰλûҲû˵ˣԼҪǿ
ǷһĨаЦ󣬶ַݵΪҲ𣿶ԸҶһֻ֡
˰ɣһֻֻࡱַݵһЦҶֵĻѵһ´ˡ
ȻѾӱ˿е֪ڼҵǿ󣬵ַҲǳصģڲĳԱëˣԼΪʹѧգͲŻһҡ
ȻҾͳȫ㡭ǿŭˣԭģȴû뵽䷴һҲȫ䲻ˡ
ַһĵȻȻֻǹһһȺҲɵܵ
Ǹ׷Ǿ޻أϾиɱڣһ㶼顣
Сǿʵ޿̧̣־ҪַݷԿֵˣҲ¶˼
ס֣ǻѲҷʱһϵ˵ĶУǿҲͣϵĶ
֪ʱһλͷЩ׵ӳȺ֮Уŵ
ùĲ²⣬Ӵ¶ַݾ͸Ҷ϶һλ֣Ѿͻá
Ҳַ֤ݵĲ²⣬һ֮ǿϱ¶˼ɵɫǰıȭүû뵽ŵ㣬ʵǸ
šүĵ˵ͷӵ˵˵ɣ⾿ôһ£
̫ȫȻҷУεңʵ޿̣Żųֵġνȸ״ȻǿֶˣǵûʶԼĴ󣬷ַָݡ



292 һ
𣿡үûй˼ӵַݣȴĻش
ַݵĸ֮£һɾ޴ѹٵϣǵСſˡ
ַȴһҲ£̧ͷֱ䣬ʼÿֻһ˶ѣôһ٣ٶ
ŶүһĨȣΪûѹ»˵Ȼһ
ҲȫַܹݾװģʵʵڵһҲںѹһܶԴ
ʵַ֪ݵľĻǾһҲˣַݿȫܹħѹģѹ治С
ǺǡַݵĻȻǿмı˱˭֪ǳʲôıӵһˣ
ʵҾַ촽ǿƣҲʵĵĽ
ˡ˸ִһʣүҲʵڲǷϻˣԴһҲʲôԹȻңͱҵĹء
ʵһǾ͵ʱ̨ϼڣ˭ȳ֣ǾͱҲ棬𣿡
ˡ˵ʵ߷ŭʱ򴫳ϢЩܲˣַݻãЩߣɫЩɷףҲԹԵĵ˵ͷ
ү˵̬ȣֳƵĲˣʱתͷ׼뿪ֻǸȴȻ뵽ʲôתͷַݵ뺯óɡ
ַݵΪЩɣϾÿǰĶһˣַֻһԵЩ࣬үúбҪ顣
õġַνʼ磬ӿ㶵ͳݸԼŽɫݸү
֮̽ǿһ㶣ĴЦַָݵģȻ̽ģҷɶǺɫģǼٵİɣ
ַ͡ЦһҲ¶˲мı飬ɲΪΪҼΪɫԼһżٵ뺯޿ֵĿүȴĻش
̽үϸıһºжʱ¶һĨ廳ַݻǸû߹㣬ǲŶӵ𣿡
¡׼ǿʱɵۣЩɶַŭүүɱСԻ˰ôû˵пԲŶӵĹأ
ŶүЩϷʵĿǿòʵôоˣ˰ҪҪݶԻһ£
⡭үǿʱ˻Ƿŭޱȣȴֲұֳֻŵĵͷ

͡òмǿһۣүתͷһЦַݵ߰ɣ߱ġ
ˡַҲ΢Цŵ˵ͷɲɵӣܲŶȻŶӣɲЩ˽ʲôƽ
үһַ̤ͬȴͻȻͣ£÷̵ǿЩ˰ǲ۾϶ûϴʺŰɡ
㡭һֱǿܵĶ˵׷Լģʱܵ裿
ַ˵˻֮ȫʧȥǣһ̾ƴûж֣һ޵ѹ㽵ٵϣ궯ҲƬ侲
֨֨ǿȭͷޱȷߺ޵ַݵ̫ˣ̨ϼʱɱ̫ѿ
仰ԭⲻĻ㣬ٸһ䣬ҹ¼ҹһҲûʲôʶңνڼҴ٣˲ⶪԼᶪڼҵǧŶɾʲôҲûˡַһϷʵĿ
ЦԸһСһ䣿͹ԹԵĵűҴſڵأİɡҸоõˣǴ뵽ԼʧܵģȻǿһˡ
ţȷе㱾£ģȴڸʿƳ磬Ŀ˵Ը
ʲô޵е˵˻Եַݣ˵Լһ޵еġ
Ĳ˵ͱħ֮ӣַӲӲĽֻǺп˻
ַݾãԼбҪһñĿγ̣֪磬ġ
Ȼ˿̲ʱַֻʼ磬һεĶǿ˵棬ʱˣɱ䲻ޱӡ
ޱֿνȫǿģԶַݾ׼һ
ַȴȫĻᣬֱתñӰ˻ֵһˡŶӰɡ



293 ϵ书
ǰɽ·ϣַݺǺĴܵķ羰ҲõһǾ޼ķˮ羰Ҫ˲ֹһ
Ҳܹ⣬ҿǴǧ꣬ԷˮȻޱȵĿأҲô£ռ⿰ķˮء
ðɣַݣүʳ˸ղŵǸ⣬еǸַݲò£֪˵
Ҫʵٻַһ΢Цתͷү
ү㶣˵ԼԸȻַգȻҲԸ档
ǺǡַݵһЦԶյٻںܺã滰ǺܲãǳĲá
һԲֻǱһƿƴһط뽫Լľ磬Ⱦֻ൱ںˮѡ
һ̾ϢүһĨȻҾ֪ɷŲԼĺԼš
ַҡҡͷҲǸ̾ɣκһ˶Ų飬ûܱԼļˣʹ֪
ҲǡүжʱһĨΣͷǲ뿪ǸŮˣͲᷢˡ
ͬĵ˵ͷַݿڵȷʵ̫صˣ׻˵һһ׮飬°
㡭үЩЦõĿַݣû뵽ַݾȻʵϵľ˵ԼĹ۵㡣
ôûһô˵ɴ˿ɼַݲɵȱǾ̣Ȼںߵġ
ϾڲˣֻҪֵ̫飬˶ǿԣʵҲһЩ
뵽үЩĿַݣֻһۣ;סˣѿڵ۷壿
ٺ١ַ΢΢һЦװͷǫңҶѣһᡣ
͵ɪɡʵ̲ס˷˸ۣżȻ䣬ȴǿַݵָɫһ
֣һѽַݵץסҲַݸһ󺰵
үûпڻش𣬶ǵͷַݵ֣鲻ԽĴ˸񣬶ЩԾˡ
ȿȡ̲סɿַݸϽǿ˻ŵүϲŮˣԲˡ
ʲôϲŮˣү̧ͷ¶һĨãת˲˹ŭַݵϲҲŮˡ
֪ģ֪ġַ̲ס˺ү뿪ڽͣǵ֮Ǹ

뵽ǣү֮񱣬Ϣ϶Ҫ˶ãͻᴫɽүܲŭ
ҹлҪ㡱ŭַָݣүһƧĵطȥ˦һӰ
Χ·ߣַݵжһ˿ȴû뵽ȴЦ˻
ַݺүԼֿʵǿԼצԲŻԵЩ졣
ΪʲôַҪ׽ŪʵҲΪ˸ָƽϾ˵ԵøһЩʦˡ
¶һɬģַһ˻֣תһˮģƧ֮ȥ
ַ߹һս֮طʱҶһģճһʲô
ַȴһЦݵǰүȥڵүҹʵצǰɣ
֪㴳˴үһƵģַݣǣһӢѾһ롣
ַνʼ֪ү˵Ĵν£
ȻצүһصĿַݵ㲻֪ҵ似ǲйģ͵ʦĻǾֻһ취ϵ
ַݿóүû˵ЦָѾŵ˸ϣκĻٻܡ
ضֽ䱸Ŀүַݻү˼ǣ׼ϵҵ书
ε̾ϢһүһģַݵǸϲҵ似һ˵ͻֱӷϵ㲻ͬ
СС;ͻƵ˰۷壬Ժ󻯾ٲ˵ģϵ㣬ʵĲ̰
׼ô죿ַû뵽λүȻ˵ϧţԲֻǵǼµʱû顣
صĿƬ̣үתͷһֵַֺݣֻһ취ѡˡ
ʲô취ǵ򲻵ѣַݻ治ֵ̫а취Ȼá
үڣ˵Ǹ취ַ֮ݵɴ۲Ŵͣһģ



294 ̸
취ֻһǾ׸ңΪҵŮǰˣȻͿ˳ҵĹ
ûү˵İ취Ҵıûκ˵Ц˼
ȿȡ˰ַ֮ŸɿЩЦõӵү취̫ðɡ
ôңַһ鲻ԸģүʱЩϲһ
ûУûУֻѾδˣҲĺǣַݿЦҡҡͷ
⵹Ǹ⡱үĿһº̧ͷʵҲܼ򵥣ַѾǣʵûǮҰˡ
⡭ַٴɵۣû뵽ү˵ĺˬֱӣҽ·ˡ
ַ𣿺ȻǣŵŮѣҲӦҪǹһӡ
ַڵݵλȥ˵Ůǻ˸Ц
뵽ַ϶ʱ˿ٴҡҡͷүˣҲǿңҲҽܸŮԸɢ̫ϰ߱Լԡ
ַݵһϯʮֵпϣүȴüͷҵĹɣӲĵܾܿ书ᱻϵ
ǡַЩˣòҾ̫˰ɣצҲѾ˸ı䣬Ӧòҵ书˰ɣ
ɫ΢΢һүӲô䣬ıʻҵצǲġ
˵ôɡٴ̸ַҲͲٶ˵ˣƹˤҪֵĻҲǳصġ
ϾצڱʼϵģµûҲ˵ȥˡ
һ±úǽӲү̧ͷֱַݵ˫ַۣҲûκε˾۵С
գүһȻתͷȥҾ͵ûвˣԼСһ㣬𱻿
µϧŵүҲԼȷľǾǵʲôҲûпַ
лַҲǳ˿ǰλǷǵүҲЩøУ´˸ϲһǸ̡
Ҳַ˸ѣԼڲбҪ˵˵飬ȻԺ鷳ɾͶˡ

ʱƽүҲַһͬٴɽȥֻҲûиղôˡ
ߵɽŵʱүЩ벻ַݵľͲܶ࿼һҵŮӣǸµĺܡ
ȿȡַһЦĿүүĲˣ׸ǲܵһ£ҼҾŴһжˣ׸;𣿡
ַһģү̲ס˸ۣ׸ֱ˵ôɡ
˵ţүٴתͷ󲽵ɽŵķȥӲĶһλдһϺõ᷿ɣźţˡ
˵ţүݵɽȥַݵĻشܲ⣬үҵַݡ
ڣÿһңҶڲ̫ĵ⣬ǻ£Ͼڵڲ̫ǿˣ˵ĻǿĻΣ
ֻڲһȴǽݸַݣԿĿأǵˣǻȥ˵䣬ߵĹϵضֽ
е˻˵Ƶַݷϵ书ͲеˣԭԵ⣬үŲòʡ
үԴɽţſڵĽӴȻκεĵԺǿĽַǹȥ
һ·ϣַݶǺĴαߣЩߣҲڴΪ
һλַݵκжʱޱȵԹޣûǱַ涼Ѿ޵ǮټǮͨ
Զ죬ԼѼҪõǴѾõ޼ҴС㣬ַݵͻȻ֣ȴȫΡ
Լ򲻹ԼҵĻҲճ⳥ҩԼǮҵ似
ǮҲʹƼҵ棬ŵ֪ԼַݵҲѲ˸ϵ
޼û취ǰַݶһˣ˼ʱֻڵǮѾǰǮˣҪԸַݵĻǻʹý赶ɱ˵ֶΡ
ѵ˭ǮͨлûиۣԵõȴʵڲеĻҲֻüеĳǳˡ



295 ⽱
ò˵ҰӢ۴ᣬһǮͱַǰЩʳǼֵ;Բơ
ʲôϷɵģܵģˮεģǶӦоУõҲϳɣԵַҲ޲ڡ
ٺõĳʳҲֻǸƷѣؼģӢ۴ıʣǾǾһеǿߡ
ƺţַ˵ûκεֲЩҵˣںЩ
ֻȻˣȻլԺԳԹ緹ַ֮ݱӢ۴ľֳٰ׼һ¡
ɲǣַ˴֮󣬾ȻһˣЦǰкӴⲻ޼޸𣿿Ӣ۴ᣬͷ
˵ʵַݶ޸ѾûʲôޣϾ޼ңô˵ҲԼŮѼҵֵܣֻǵкѡ
㣿˽Լ֣޸ʱתͷһַݺ󣬶ʱüͷ
Զ죬ԼŸ޼ӵܣΪ׵ĳսȴû뵽ɱ˸Ӯ
ν޸һڰӣûбʧ򵹣ǷܷͼǿȻڶ̶̵ʱڣͻ˰ڣ޼ҶǴΪԾ
㻹ǵңҲµģֻǿˣкѡ޸һƵģַ̲סʼ
ʾãû޸е⣬üʵˣЦҵģǾ;ܳЦɡ
ˡַݿЦҡҡͷû뵽޸˵ļǳô˻Ǵʧ
ǲᣬԼ֪ٴüַһۣ޸һĨȻ
ðɣȻôΪģҲûκεİ취ټСˣַȻǲԸټȥˣΪʵ̫ˡ
˵ַ꣬ݱ޸ǸӵɫУŴ˴Ӣ۴ľֳٰȥ˿Ǿۼῡǡ
ϴҶһ֣ͬһЦţαǷܣַûаֵĹϵ
ֻ첻Ըַ֮󣬶ʱһ˵üûɽǿ

˿ַ̣Ĵǿֺΰı̨Ҳһ˿ԾԾԣףҲֻǸ˶ѡ
ȻЩҵһһҲԼŲİٶһЩ򶷾鲻ǣ
ߡһߴӴַݵĶУЩתͷȴǿһŭĿ
Ǻǡַ̲ס΢΢һЦǿЩŤôҶ𣿷㡣
㡭ǿ϶ʱͬ˱һ㣬˿Ļַ֪ΪʲôˣңͱҪع
ַȻǿᶯ֣ԸӵͼӴ׵ôҶҶͿ𵢸ҿ羰
ٴαַݴ̼ǿӱЩͨ죬Ҳ㼱ȻǴ˱ߵıԵ
һĨϷʣλڼɫĺַǴĵ׵ӣԣȥ磬Ǳеһ̲ˣôô
ַݿ˾ǸСԣ̫ΪģΪ綼ΧתףǼˣԴ˸ûַݷС
ǿʱܵ裬ŭѾ˲ôˣһֻ뽫ַݸ
ȻԼҵĹأԼڼҵҲֻǻѵԼһ¶ѣ޹˼ɡ
ֵʱһȴסȰǿ٣侲һ£ֵõġ
ſҡ˿̵ǿٲȻѾŭҲ˲ôˣһҪѵַһ٣ԼͬȰҲȥˡ
һ˿ӵɫĨɫȴǱַݲ׽УҲٴһĨϷʡ
ɫʹ࣬ȻǿҲޱȵΣȴǲòסǿΪǽӵָġ
ǿɲȰ棬ӲòʹԼĴɱУ˵Щʲô
ֻ˵ǿһеѪҲˣһĨٺĸоַΪ⡣
ǣһɻһ˵ɫЩȴ˿ϧɫȻǺǿ֡
ַݸӵĺˣ֮жʱһĨȻΪղ˵Ӣ۴һģһĽ
ǿҵɫε⽱ԲȻôῡܶǸ֮¡
뵽ñһȤַݣҲǳ˿˿ȻǸ⽱ҲĶˡ



296 ǱΪ
ˣ̨ϼַǸǷЦݣΪǸصĽǿҲòӡ
˵꣬ǿѡȥԼټȥ̲סٴζַݶ֣ѡ۲Ĳ
Ȼǿôһַ֣Ҳǳ׵ĳˣе˶ַݲǿҵĺġ
ȫǿʧȥǣԼȴȫںͿԿַݾǷ֮
ַݺٳЩ˵УҲûжٵϵһʱ֮䣬һ治ʲôݡ
ֻ˷ǳ࣬޼ҵҲڴ˴ûãַݵݵλ㱻˳˶Ҳǳ˾֮ġ
Ҳ˶ַݱֵĲмһˣ˵ַҲ͸һǸڶѣƾԼΪԼ似ʤҲǲԡ
СַҲǱֵ൱ȻҲûȥѯĽʲôϾһŸڴ
ַҲǲ²Σõд𰸣пܾóһ似Ȿ似ƷҲ̫̫ĻҵĲ
ַݿЩҵУǵλȻԶܹõҵ似ȻǷǳҪһ¡
ʵַҲûв´ʲôǰεӢ۴ᣬҶó似ǹȴ⽱ܱײеģ֮ܳΪ
ٴι۲һܣַҲǴע⣬ʱûʲôµĻҲŽһõУ͵һˡ
뵽ַҲû˼˼ַ󣬱ʱ·˻ȥ׼Ϣһҹ㾫ս
ֻǻûַ߳ǰĵ·㱻һ˸סˣ˺ȻǸղŷֱûõ޸塣
ʣкμ̣ǲĿǰ޸壬ȫ벻κεɣԼǰ
̸ϣֻһ䣬ǲμӢ۴᣿һ˿Īɫ޸ѯʵ
ȻˣȻҪμӲǣνʼ磬ַЩĪĻش
ַ˻ش޸жʱһĨصɫ̧ͷֱַݵ˫۵Ȱ㲻Ҫμӣ𣿡
ǺǡҪַݸᣬֱһתһȥһȻ޸塣

쵰ʵ̫ˡһߣ뿪ĵǿΪַݵƸеޱȵѻš
ֻȴȻˣʱַݵģȻַôôΪĵˣԶʶԼĴġ
ԸҲױãͱǰľһѾˣŬڳһƵǰǿ٣ૣ
ŶǮҵǮͨ˴кǿҲֹͣЩмĿǮͨ
ǷǰǿǮͨԴӵ֪ǮҵѾǮЩмһˡ
ҲǮͨޱȵѻ𣬵ȴǲòסŭһĵɫǿû뵽ٻǵСʵұҡ
ף¿˵ƨšǲͷĻ˻֣ǿһϲӬģ
ʹЩ׵ȭͷǮͨĵ٣ﲻ˵ĵطһǳҪҪйǸ˵ġ
ŶһĨϷʵɫйǸ˵£ǿʱȤҲͲûż뿪һȤĵǺðɣ˵ĶҲ⣬ɱҲ
˵꣬ǿͷǰǮͨԼķŵ˵ɣ㾿ʲô£
ǮͨһĨصȣ٣Ǹַݵʲô뷨ѵֻѵһ𣿡
жʱһɣǿЩС˼ǣɵ˵ţǿ˸ĨӵĶ
û˵ĺ⣬ǮͨһҧгݵģǮ٣Ҳ֪ϴȥΧ޼ңѴ޼СˣСӣǾѾˣһ̣Ҿͺˡ
ԭˡһĨȻǿȫܹ˽⣬һ绨ŮӰԼǰֿɵãȴƻĸоɱ˸ĸ
ǿһ⶯ģǮͨʱͼӴ׵٣ͷİɣҿǮҴͷټڼҵĶ飬СӾԲѷɡ
족ǿһԸͷɵͬǲɵӣʵҲɱַˡ
족ǮͨҲԼ֣ǿһǿֻ̣Ҫʱ̼䣬ǴͷˣͲˡ



297 ҹ
˿ַ̣ݻȻ֪ԼѾˣĿֱָͷҼƻѾá
֪ˣַҲȻ⣬һʵڲֱԼͲ˵ģֻҪϸףһܲ
ڵַǸóԳԸúȺȣһȵ൱ֱ᷿ķ¹ٱš
ٱ£Ӱˡڴвܿºǣַ̲סʫ˴󷢣һλĴʫ˵ĳ䶼˳
ˡһϤԶ˹ַݲ˷۵˵үҹ˯ģܳ˸
ôܲ˯Ҿͱ˯㲻֪ͷһ˯˯𣿡ַǲĻүʱ̲ס˷۵
ٺ٣˵Щ˥ͷӣѵүҲǸ̶ˣַ̲סϷʵ
Сӡ̲סһۣүЩƲֵַݵԣԷõһƿ׾ƾ͹һڡ
ֻһڣ̲סɴӣ˿ϵƿƵСӣƲҽѲصϾƶȥˡ
ַ̲ס˸ۣǵ˱˻ԣ֪ƶǮһƿͲ֪һ㣿
ٺ١үʱ˼һЦָָƿѾȹľƵȶѾˣܲ³ɡ
ȥġַٴη˸ۣһĵ˵ɣôΪʲô㻹ġ
˵ˣһе㲻ģ㡱ү͹һھƣǷǳַݣΪ˲츳Ҳ㹻ǿȫҵŮ֮ѡ
İɣǲ׸ġַҲ͹һڣͬʱҲǶλһֱƶүеεԼһ󱲣Ҳƴˡ
ǿϧˣҵŮҲˣˮ飬ĵ£ЩŮӲ֪ȥˡүһϧĵ
ʵַҲޱͬүĻɵͬΪıǲܵʲôŮģҲֻö˵Ǹˡ
ˣҲҪʲô⽱ǽʲôͻȻַ뵽⣬ҲͺȻ˳
ȿȡֻû뵽ǣַݵ֮үȻˮǺסˣתͷһĿҲӢ۴Ȥ

ڣַݲûпүеĹ죬νʼԴ᲻ôȤ⽱ЩȤ
ȿȡүٴξҵĿ˰֮ŻشʵҲ֪ʲôֻ֪⽱һһ񡣡
Ŷַ΢΢һ㶣ҲһĨɣͬү˵ĻδǷǲμӲˡ
عͷַݶүٱлˣȻ㲢ûиҪĴ𰸣仰͹ˣɱɡ
ɱүһĨϷʣַһͬƸ˸С
Ƭַ̺ЩĿǰүΪүͻȻͺ뵽Ǿƾãû
׻˵ƾ˽ĵĶھƾ֮£˾ȻദҼ޻̸
ү곤ǻȻͶһЩ˵Ĵ඼ԼЩ飬ȻǼ顣
ַĳүڵԼҪ뿪ǸŮ˶еޱȵĺڣЩҲһֱεС
Ҫ֪ǰүǶõˣҲ޻̸ȴһ㣬Ҳ
ַͻȻǰүͬҲûʲô˵ĽǶȲͬҲȻͬ
ֻʹڣӺͺӾȻ˵˵Уȫû˻תصס
뵽ַݲҧҧħҲ̫ˣֻҪ¶棬ھ͵ˡ
ħڣ⼸֣үľƶʱҲһ룬̧ͷĪַݵң׷ɱħ
⡭үɣʱҲַݵľһ룬ҡҡͷ󣬿Цȷֹһˡ
ˣҶ䱳ˣһҲһħУ㻹׷ɱүҡҡͷһŵģ
ǺǡַݵһЦˣ統УħҲ˲ˣͱ˵ӢĹ
ԭˡүжʱһĨ빫ħֻܵķݡ



298 ע
һҹ޻ַݴ˯ʱѾǳֵһƬˣֵһ
Щյͷַݷһϴ֮ƿ᷿ķţ֮Ѿ˴
ĵʨԼָľ߹ŷʩַݻһЩӦӲϾ
ȻҲһ󷬵ĶȻһϣôĸı䡣
Ϊ˷ַ棬ںδ趨͵ȡַݺ׵ľҵһС̯ʼ͡
Ӣ۴ٰڣĴҲŽմѡǾٰ췽Ϊ˹ƽҲûаϡ
Щѡ඼ǴȺѡַһȦҲӴҵĿзŵѡ
һˣַѾĺǿҲǱᵽһˣ໹ѡ֣ǿֵ֧ࡣ
ַ̲ס΢΢һЦ߶Ǹһﻹ治һǴٻô˿
ϸ룬ǿҲȷӵ԰ʱѾͻƵ˻۷壬ڼҵ似ҲʮֵǿһУҵĵϵˣûһ˸˵ѹһͷ
Ȼַݵ⣬ûδ̵ԼһεĶַݻ治Ķ֡
ͣȺеȹַݲ˲촽֮󣬱Ǳصȥ
ַͨһʱȴһкעˣžӪۣͯ׼ơ
ŶַݶʱȤתͷкĵطȴ¶һĨȻ
˿̣ĵطѾվŲһǺһŵ֧ƱݸվȺеӡ
Ȼһʵĵطʵݣǽ˭ܹӢ۴ĵһ
Щߵ̯λ֮ǰֻ̯λа˸ţȻдŰ˸˵֣ʵ͵εš
ַû뵽ǣԼȻҲʰϣֻЩЦõǣȻһλϣҲǸߵˡ
ٺ١ַݲ΢΢һЦҲһĨϷʣԼӦøһ̵Ľѵ

ѹ٣ߵ̯λǰַݶ̯λλСӣǮյ̯
ѹҽӶ٣ˡһĨóԼġ
ȷһѹˣô죿ַʼ磬һģ
ַݵɶʱӵɫЩѿδڣһԵĿͶΪ򱧲ƽˣСӣ˵ʲôૣүʲôݣôٵСǮ
үַ¶һĨɵĿӣѯʵңҵļ֮ӡ
ȿȡЩεĵ˵ͷСӵ˵˵ûҵȷǼ֮ע˰ɣ
ҡַˣû뵽ǰûʲô书ӣȻҵĴүȫ߸ҵ֪
ҵĴү䲻ھһҲҪǿǿһ񻰰ɡ
ǰӣΪҵĴүɾȻȴûһѧΪһһ㣬Ȼ̶Ĳֱǻۡ
ַݾԼбҪ̵Ľѵ֪ԼΪҵĴүӦЩʲôȷġ
ַݶʱڣϷʵѯʵѹһΣ
ڣ޴Ŀֳ˶𾪵ŴͣȻǵļ嶼óǮóôǮ
ȻҶǮǹΪԼǧóͦѵģַȴһھڣܲô𾪡
˴һʽҲǽĲУͽʵ᲻ھ޴ķ⣬мһº󣬿ڵҽӣʻή
˿ַָݺԥĵ˵ͷȻղţѾǽ˽ʮʣҲ㹻ʹˡ
Ե˵ͷַݿڵĿɣֱ˴Ŀȥɡ
áҧҧֱӱĿţ治ţβǸӣܹҵ˶ܡ
ˣȻǿӶ⣬Ӯ˵ĻԼ׬ǮƻҲõʵʩŻðôķնһѡ
ַݵİЧҲߣֻǸδ˸绰תڵʺϾǣ˾ǿܻòôֽ𣬵μóڣټ򵥲һˡ
ֻ֡Ǽӵʱ䣬ֻ㿪һͼʺѾڣ˫ֶ̲סһ¡



299 ǿ
ÿ˶Լ룬ǣСĳ䣬ȴǴĵ׵Ĳϲִɱɱĸо
ֻûô뷨ֻǽ䣬ֻһμУһֶͨΣ׬˴ֽ֮ŲˣԼⱲҪʲô
Դ쿪ʼȫ׬ǮҪһΰˣ뷨˷ţȴǲΪļ֡
ǰڼ岻ɽ׬Ǯƻٳٲܵõʽַݵĳ֣ϣ
ֻҪõôǮȫҵʱʱһɽֻҪ׬ǮҲô
ϸȷһ̧֮ͷַݵǮѾˣİɣҾܣʱҾˡ
Ҿ͵Űɡַݵ˵ͷֱתŴٰĵصȥ˸߲ĵط
ʱ׼ʱϾŵ㣬ǴῪʱ䣬ڴУһòŲ̊ò˶ǰһ
ַȴԵ൱ȻŮʵ̫ˣŮڱ˿Ѿǲˣ˵Ķ
ַֻЩֵǣŮһ̨ȻζĿԼһۣſ˵Щ׵Ļ
һĨȴǱַݿУԴ֮û뵽ԼŮйʲôֻΪԼֱ˧ˡ
ò˵Ůӵʮֵö崺ĸоԼʹ˵˲̵ʱ䣬ҲûԵòͷ
ڣڰСʱ֮ŮӲŴӢ۴ʽʼϣҶӻԾĲμӣΪõһˣһĽŶ
𡭡Ƿ⽱ڳĳЩ֪˶Ǵ˼Ѫһ˷ܣЩƽʱȻ˶⡣
ǿֱѵˣվͷ·δĹھѾ֮һ㡣
ˣǿַ˸ƵǸģַݵƲ첻ѣһĲм
ٴδ̼ǿһ۵ģַ˸ĨӵĶвζԶ
ǺǡַݷЦǿĻ⽫ͽ

˱Կʼ֮֮ȴˣȻûһԸϳûɵӣҶ֪һϳˣؽΪʧ
ԴҶڹţȴһϳʱ仹ôʤ˲ЦڲǳӢ۵ʱ
ҷ·ѾԤϣԵȴƬ̣ûϳҵһ߶ʱվ˳ŴұȭȻҶܿףҾͷɣӭս
Ȼ˿ͷҲһԴ߶ʱһ̤˱̨䱧˱ȭָ̡
˵˵ҵ߻˸ȷ˹ſʼ
̨ϣ˴ɫַҲǿޱȵȤرλʹʽһ¡
ӳҵ߾ಢ󣬵ҵߺȻ似Ҫ߳˲ֹһ𽥵ģѾ¶һĨƣҪ˶ãͻ
ҲûַݵĲ²⣬ֻǼӲ߱㱻ҵץסһᣬһ̨
ȻвˣҲֻú޺޵Ŀһۣ߽ԼļУΪⳡԵĵһʧߡ
ҵҲ̨Ϊεı˲ٵȨѡϢһȥԡ
涨Ҳֵ˵ҶδĿأһΪ˹ƽгսĻᡣ
³ҲûκεĲֳѾңҪκεĺѾ˽̨ȴǵս
ԽӵңҲЩΪǿˣҲսֻҪܼס˴̨ǾͿԻüսֱû˸̨ǵһ
ν޵һ޵ڶεӢ۴ᣬûʲôڶǿ߽ܵ˵𾴣ֻܳΪ˵ġ
ַȻѪڣֵȴ൱侲ûеһʱȥұԣĹۿŴҵıԣȡŴұԵľ飬Լǵ似ַʽ
һκܺõĻᣬַݿɲƴļȡŴӲп似ôΪһһ֤ǴξѵĻᡣ
֪䣬ʱҲ磬ԻڼҸûнͣǽʳһԣ˭öˣǾͿʱȡʳ
˾ʵĶԾȻû뿪ǵɴ۾ţȴǿߵĳֻ֣ʱڣǿߣ֡



300 ǿ
Թ緹һЩվ˳̨İ׷սǺȻǷġ
ò˵Ⱥ˵Ҳвٺַ֣ȥҲһܹɵʤĲٵС
ҲȥˡʱҲˣǿڰ಻סԼӣֱԾ̨ϣ׼ʼԼ֮·
ǰѾʤߣǿĴ˴ԼͷһŵģԼ̨ȥҽ̨
㡭ŵģȻǰߵĲһб¾ͽҴ̨ǳʲô硣
ʶ̧٣ǿɾͱҲˡǿǰĴ˲ӣɫҲ˲¶ԥı䷢˹
ڼΪҵٮٮߣҲǴģʵʵĿȭͷģΪڼҵټȻܼӡ
ԴСʲôõ似õҩģֻҪǿҪģǾõģ츳ҲԳΪڼҵǿߣǼֱһˡ
Ŷмһ֣֪ûУǿʹȭʮֵľȻ֮УȴʮأʱУԼڲ֮ء
ʽѵķ֮ʲôȭУֱóȫƵֻܱУԼӲӲײ
ߵ۽ȻҪôһ㣬ûвǿȭеĹŹ֣ƴ
ǣΪҵǿȭеŵǴȥл룬ҲͲˡ
ȴǣһȭȥǿȴͻȻıУԭ׼ʽȴ˿֪
ǿֱʹȫȴ˿մһϣֱӱǿһȭɡ
꣡һĹֱӷɵ˳⣬ԼֹʹţȻĹͷѾϡ
Ȼ˲ٵɧң˭Ҳû뵽ǿ־Ȼ֮أȻֱӴ˱˵ֹǡ
Ҫ֪ߵֹǿ֮أһѵĻҲкܴӰ죬Ժһ;ῲࡣ
ʲô޵ĻֻŴ֣ΪǼӲʲô˺
˵ǿһȫŭȴǸŭԣϾڼ̫ǿˣŭǿĻ˵ᰵб
̨ҲֻϵùκãǾβãǾǷˡ

˶ӵ鷢Ҳվ˳ǿһЩȴȫС
ǿ߾͸ṋ̃Ҳ˷ʳ̭ΪһĹס
ٴοʼֻȴһ˲䳡Ͼǿôǿ󣬶Һ֣˭Ҳ׼Լᱻˣϵ
һ֣ǻôһ㣬Եһᣬٴ̨ǿ˹
ò˵ǿôһˢӵģ̨սһⶼǱ˱̨ȻһôңҲ˲ˡ
Լ֮󣬾û˸̨ǿôһĨų̛ĸоһʱͷ
Ȼ״Ƕַݹ˹ָƵǸַݵģղŲǽͦôήˣ־档
ǺǡַЦˣ׼̨˵ģǿȻƣҲͲˣԸ˿ɱޱŶСѡ
㡭ǿ˵ַݵÿһ仰ôˣͱ˵ڣȻһСӵģԼԼĳ
ֻԼĳ縸ĸүүпޱůĿ⣬ŵַȴޱȵĹ죬ΪͲԼĳ
ǿĺٴַݱīʲô־͸
㲻ҵ𣿡ַ΢΢һЦһ崺ģǿģľ䳤һ
֣ǿ˴Ƭ̲ŷӦ˵ʲôŲ˺㣿
ⲻǴ治𣿡ַһӵģǿһʹļ׵ģ
ֱԼ֣ǿоޱȵıŤŤ裬ֻƬ̣˫۾ͱһƬͨ졣
Ҫɱ㡱ַݻ̨һ̣ǿʧȥһ㣬·ľ
ַݵһЦһһǽͬʱҲǼ٩ӴүүСǴ
ȥȥǿŭǺ·Ĺ˽һֻҪַ



301 ̫
ַϳ֮һ˱ֵļȽţǾҵĴүǺ޲ַϾͰ
˵οǾһ˵ʱַ̣ˣʱܹԼһмƻ
ǣԭԵޱǿ˿̾ȻӶֱҴһͨ
һߣǮͨҲ¶һĨǣǵǣǿ̵ֵı֣ԼӮ
Уַ֮Ҳڱ죬ƣԼһֱ۸ԴһˣʵЩ۸Сһ㡣
Ľսõ˵˿̵ǿַݿ
һȻǹ鹦⼸ĻۣԼղŶǿ似һĦԲ󲻾
һǿȭѸٵץסϥ̧Ķӻȥ
һػǿҺһ˺˺üȻַݵһ˲ᡣ
Ҫɱ㡱еŭգǿٴַݷһɱУֻǱַɻ⡣
徢ûˣʽϵʱֱַӳ嵽ǿ󣬶ƨžһš
ۡһַݿû֣ǿô˳ȥһƽɳʽ˵ڵأ°Ͷĥˡ
ͣƣڳ˶ǿеЦ⣬͵ЦţΪôô񹷳ʷ
ǿѾȫˣеһŭûӳ屬ܵ裬ѾԳƵʷ֮
ȴȫû뵽ǰĳЩ˵ֶα⻹ҪݣˣֻԼ³
ַ̲סҡҡͷǿܹ侲ȫԼԾȻҲ䣬޷֮
ǿףֳȴЩˣͱλλӣȻжλʮֵĲݣȴûԼָ
Ҫ侲ҪŭͷԣĽˣɾ͵òˡ
˺ǿȰûõģֻյķʽĵĶóЧ
Ҳģ⽱ĸ֣ǿʱ˸еѪҲ
ٴοַݣɳȴȫ侲ղȫʧȥǡ

湻յģȻֱɵֶμŭҡǴм۰㣬ǿݺݵĿַݣ޲ó⣬ǡ
΢Цʼ磬ַһ޹ĵ̫ˣֻǾ̫˵㣬ѵû뵽ʧȥǡ
㡭֣ǿֲ㱩ߣȴǱӲҧϻ˵ֵ¼¡
˵ţǿ㷢˽ʹõʽһγʱǿʱùֶεȭС
ǷһĨаЦʽЩ۽粻ߵ˻ЧڲȺ˵ǸЦѡ
Ժʵģֱַʹ޼ȭ͵һȭУǿŴȥ
޳ɵһǽǿȫЩˣһ֮󣬲뵽˱Уڵַݣٴγ˸
顭䡱ȭཻǿֱӱһɾ˺˺üͣ£Ҳۣ䲻ü˦˦֡
ôģЩ𾪵Ŀַݣǿȫû뵽ԼԲˬһУȻôƽˡ
ַаЦȴ¶һĨãıʲôôģûʲô
ǿ㶣ҲЩɻѵֻǸɺϣûп
ӦֻǸɺϡԸǿ˵ҪԼ似˲ƽ⣬ǾǼܼѵ顣
Դ֮ǿһַۣݶк󣬱ٴʹһȭС
ַȻЦѣҲװûпӣ˸Ͽ߷ȴֻʱеʽӭȥ
ǿȻǿϲѣԸϽһУַݵĿյȥһоͽſڵء
ֻĿɿڴ鷢ˣַݾȻҲ;Уһ̤ȭеķΧ󴦹
ǿʱۣƴҪжһǹʽѾϣʱҲٴαˡ
ꡭһĹǿֱӱַݴڵϷĲҺš
;ǿһߺ޵Ŀ⿴ַݵƭӣҵȭУ˵ûп
ַֻĸ̾һϷʵĻҾ˵̫𣬵˵Ļ㶼ţ㲻ɻʲô
㣬㣬㡭ǿַָݣҲǶ˵Щʲôû˵ڣ㷭˸ۣ˹ȥ



302 ǿŮ
ˡǿصһɲǣֻоԼѾ뵽ڵĶˡ
ô׬ǮҲûгһڣȴҪһڲܹǮ˴Ŀȥң
뵽һЯǱӵ뷨ȻһĻôˡ
ȴҵĴүЯǱӵĻǶĿɲԼһ˵ԼļԼҡ
Щϣ˼ţԼһڵʽϣ˼ȥ֮ûиȷѡ
ѵҪЩӵܴǮԺ뵽һ취˲ֱųˡ
ΪҵĴӣЩӵܽǮǲȲַݵǮһ㡣
ҳǮҲûôҶǲ̵ͬģôܻǮ
뵽յͷһƹˤģˣʱҪǮûУҪһ˾Ͱһˡ
̨ϵַȻ֪ԼѾһõڳ˵ʤûλӢۿָָ̣
һӣӣֳһֱһƬ壬˿ַݵУôһ˿η塣
ǿֺ˶ɸɵˣԼȥҲֻ׳ˣԻţС
ӣķӣû˸ָ̨̣ʱһַ̨ݱȭ㷢˽
ַҲǺѡ˻ػľͽڵأɵıӮһ֡
˵ĳҲַ֤ݾǽҲʤģԺЩߣҲ㿴ʽ
ʱҲٴķӣȴû˸̨ˣλŮֻվ̨ڴ̼ѵҶҪλӰεͷ𣿡
ŮһٵĴߴ٣µô˵ǣҲֻõͷϷ
ʵ̫ϧڿʼҵʮ룬û˸̨ĻҾֻλӻӢ۴ͷŶ
ʮţˡŮĵУַҲ΢΢һЦȴŴ𰸹һɲǡ
һŮ׼ַݻʤʱһгȴͻȻ˽Ҳͬ⡭

ʱֳһַ֮ͣҲ⣬ΪȻǸŮġ
ֻǿһַۣݱ̲סЩʧһľ߹ŷŮӣִֻҹĴ粻ͬŮŵľȻһʮӢװ
ⲢòԵøӵӢߵﶼ˵۹⡣
ַݶŮѾȵӣֻ΢΢һ󣬱ع
ȿȡǲȻĸɿַЩֵλС㣬Ȱ㻹Ǳ̨ˣϾȭۣһ˵㣬ҿǻΪʧġ
ţŮӺǲüַɵôǿŮôȷܹң
ˡַݺεʼûκεĿŮˣֻŮܲףһһᰭְŵģá
ߡŮһٴüʵģӮ˵ɣСıͷ
˵ţŮӱһƯķ̨̤³һƺַݷ˽
Ůһַ֣ΪûĻŮӵľ磬ȻԼ޼似ҲǸޱȡ
ַҲȷŮӾǿôҪʤĻþȫ
ֻһַ֣ݱŮӵ似ʲôˣǽзǳټǳӦĲ
֪ͬȾ磬Ů˵ܳˣϣǶһơ
ŮҲûƣǾӲ壬Ҫֲ࣬񶷵Ĺǻһơ
ǰŮҲһ㣬һַݣóǵֹĽ似
似ַݻǵһӦԵЩֻǿӦĽ
ŮҲʮֲַܽһΣֻЩƣӦš
˵൱ľʣڳӣҲ¶Ȼı飬иǰٰ㲻ζ
Ǻҿϵַݣ似ԼȽ鶯ֻǱʱѹƶѡ
ǻһ͹ǣñŮӸ˵ģϾ˸գǻкܴĵġ



303 ҵĶս
ַ˵ԼЩӽѲĶֻ֣ôҲû뵽ȻǸŮˣҳĻ˵Ӣ
ֻƽʱд裬ַȻȴڱҲִֻݻӮⳡˡ
ò˵ŮĲǳַһֱ˽УֻƣӦţûʱ䷴
Ҳûκεİ취Ͼ޼ȭǴ󿪴ϵĹֲַмɵʹѧõצ
ҡһƿŮֱַۣͬ߰ҧצɱ޴ĹŮӡ
ʲô£ʹˡŮһмĿַݣַҲֻװǻƶѣͲΪǣϹûͣ£ַݵ֣뽫ס
ֻĹԵȴʮζ罺һ˭Ҳ᲻÷ֿ
һĻȻҲĿ̨ϵҧг޲ý̨ϵַݻԼԼŮӵĹ
̨֮ϣȴǿһͷ亹вסĬСӣһҪסǧצóˡ
ûǰϷүԭַӮˣֻû뵽ҵĴСȴͻȻ˳ⳡϷһ̯ˮ
ʣԸֲĹצԵĹʵģַûй˼ɵĻʹˡ
ŴҵĳϿţַͻȻʹˣǲɱľͻᱻ˸ʱ鷳ࡣ
ͬʱ̨һү뷨ȫ뷨ûַǩ˾޶ĽҴ
ԭѾû뵽Լһֱ׵ȴ̨ˣַݴ
ԼõǿᣬʵŮĻƾǾѵѧ츳һ
ˣͬߣʹûаܹԽսܹɵʤֱеһ⡣
ãпţûһ̾ԼþȻôĿɰƽʱܱ۸ˡ
ս˽УȻַһֱ·磬˵Ҫ˶ͻⳡսҲյ㡣

ԼַݺǱĻţĵ࣬ݴ͡
ȵǣľ缸ͬȥĻ˿϶
ҧҧַǴע⣬צҪã㱻ҵ˷֣Ҳϧ
֮ǰַҲ뵽Լĺʲô˾ǱҲ׵ķϵԼϾצ̵ģǾǲ棬Ҳÿɮǰɣ
⣬ַҲûκεĹ˼ɣ˫ֳצֱεֱץȥ
һ˸оͷƤľ紫˸ַͻȻȭצǴѡ˱á
һץգַԵú侲ٴĶȰ㻹ɣĲ似
ߡһ촽Ҫ䣬ǲܵģֻһѡǾǴӮҡ
Ǻαءַи̾һ̤ϻצŮӹȥ
һĻүĶʱַ⻹ԼҪ֪˿ûô˵
Ŀ˿ܵЩϣүǵѾ¶ɻɫȻַʹצѾǵĻɡ
㻹รɡи̾һүٴο̨ϣ˿Ѿı䲻ʲôֻǿַԼ컯ˡ
ľ磬Ǽߴ͸ָҲû˸ղôĴݣҲһĨصɫ
ַץסĻǹ⻬ƤܾܿͻµѪˣٴȷѡ˺ˣ֮Żȥ
ղţСַ࣬ץסԺܶʱѡ˶ܣһʱԵûЩǱ
֮ҧҧ֪ԼĲѾ˿ǣôȥĻһҪʤĻͱóˡ
һߴţҲڹ۲ַצ©֮ȴиɻҪʤĻֻǴ䱳
뵽ٲɣȻһֱʹõĲֱȭַݳȥ
ַ㶣ҲֻƬ̶ѣӲӲɲ£צȭôȥ˫ײһ
̨ϵĹҲ̲סס˺˫ĿˣΪ֪ʤܼ



304 ̲ס
Ŀ֮£ԭҪַӲӲȴͻȻһԾֱ˿У˫ȱֱţһ׼ٷ
ַҲǱЩֲõʣһӦԵĴʩǾǼٵĺˣԼ
ΪоѾ˵צֻһ©ǾǶĹȫûеֿ
ԼܿܣַݾֵھͿ˭ٶȸˡ
һˣһ˳壬ٶȾȻ൱һ£ɺϵɵǣڿе£ֱַݵĲӡ
֮Ҳǽ˸һҲֻӦ䣬ѡȻ˫ŽַݵĲӣƾɱ
ַҧҧֱӽָ߾٣äŲϵץȥֻץȥо˲Ծ
ôôַݵĵһй٣ȷλ̲ס󣬶ĸоҲЩĿɿڴ
ҲǾˣ˫ٴνԼǰֻ֣ɲǼЩѪ
ΣֳҲǾˣȫû뵽һıԣȻ
ɱ˵۹ⶢַݣдĽʼɣǺޣеŮ񰡣ɾȻôַˣһֱӵϰء
ÿ֡оԼҪˣĿ֮£ԼȻ˸ϮˣԿ
ȿȡַҲǺ̲ס˫ϸȼĲӣо˺ѡ
ַݿ󣬺ǼѵĿڵΪʲôȷţֻҪŵĻҿ϶ͷš
ȷţȻҼ㡭ǿסеĽ߸УٴζַȰȻʤļǿҲǼӴ
ǲţңҾ㡱ַҲǻȥˣͬʱҲǼӴǱĻԲЩΡ
ٴеϮ̲סһĸоһϵҲ˲١
ΣټǿŮҲ̲סҪˣջѡȷŽţЩǻſңȻҸƴˡ
ɽţַҲɿԼħצаû뵽ôСȴôӦǰذɡ
Ȼ˶Ѿ֣ҲַܼݵĲϣ˰ַһӰԶܼ޸ġ
޸ңַסˣԴЩĪĵŮ˰ɣû˵ҪȢ

ܣַҲǺʵĻ˱δĵһھһߡ
λŮҲ̨ùַһۺεĹھѾˣҵӭɡ
ꡭ֮еû𣬷Щҵӵܣָ
ַݿЦӣҲ֪ԼղŵǷΪȫеŮǲŻ˵ĶԼӡ
ַȴһҲںϾô˼ƽϣûôǿ࣬ѾռˣǾıӰɡ
ֻһСᣬֳ˾Ѿ뿪ַҲعڴǰŮӵѾӮˣҲý⽱˰ɣ
㲻֪ŮһĨȵɫͶѾˡOΣ·ַݵʵ̫˾һ㡣
֪ʲôʲôҲַ֪ʼ磬һεĵʵҵҪҲߣ似ˡ
ȿȡŮҲԼʧùַݵ似ûˣղǸŮӣѾΪδޡ
δޣһĨãַƬ֮󣬻һô㵵Ůӵң⽱
ˣϲΪҵĹүŮƤͷϷʵַݣȴı仯
ַһľ㵣һ˿⣬оԼѾǾЩˣû뵽ԼֻΪһƪ似ģͷ似ûõȴõһδޣֱϷ
˵ʵڵģĲַȴûһ˿ĶΪڵŮѾˣֵôĸߣȥĻԼĺ󹬷ǱҲɡ
뵽ԼļŮ˱һ˸ʰķĳ棬ַݾͲ˸˵ʵֲ̫ˡ
Կ˰ַ֮ŵĿڵүˣһɡ
νʮƣΪϲߣַݿɲȥˣȲ˵飬צ¶飬Ҳͷ۲ˡ



305 ץס
ŮӾȴ㵵УֱַһƫƧĽȥ׼ֱӴϸ׼롣
ֻĻַݸҿ϶ԼܲҵĴţͻᱻץסն
˿̵ַһֻԶǷ֮أҲе˼ޣһһСС
׼ϸߵʱһɾҵѹʱѹϣҴһϵ׼ʲôૣ
¶˿ЦɫַݻתֻһͷѾ׵վԼлһѳ
ڷѹ˱ҪһЩȻڵΪǾܲˡ
ֻǻڣַݲһ˿ľ£ǻڣַҲܹӵ
ǰĴ˿ǻڣлһޱȷĳϸףܻûߣ͵ñ
ȿȡ뵽ַҲֻøɿЩ˼ĵ׼ȥģֻǾߵķ羰ͦģ
羰ͦӵ۹⻹Ǳû뿴羰ĻҿƼ㵽һطķ羰ӵĶء˿ǹžɵǽ壬жʱһĨϷʵ
ˣлл⣬Ҿ㿴ѣˣټ˵ţַһɫľӵȥ
ֻǸ̤ӶʱڵôܾܾૣýҲûʲô£Ǿһȥɡ
˵ţӶʱߵַݵֿסһѨЦݵı߰ɡ
ҡַһĿɬѨסˣֻܲõͷ
ڰӵҪЮ£ַһһĸţÿԾˣһĶӴк·
ַҲȫӵݣҵμҲҵǿߣԼס
ȿȡٴ̲סһַСʵղ⣬ҲҪСģ㿴ܷܲŹҰɣһûȥ׽ૡ
СӡһϷʵĿַݣ㻹װɵΪŮ𣿡
ðɡַҲûκεĽôžˡ

ĿѺ£ַһͬҵ´У˿Ѿϼӽ䱸ҽֹһ֮˽롣
ַ߽֮󣬶ʱܵȺǻǵ⣬ߺ۹⣬ҲǱЩ
˴֮ҲɿַݵѨȻݵŵͼļ档
Ƭ̧֮ͷַָݶųе˵شҲ֪ټλԭҾͲٶ˵ˣֻʴң˸δ
䣬һλһĳ϶ʱվ˳ַָݵزƣ˲֮ˣȴѧҵĺ似ҾɱһӰ٣ֱӷϵ
ү̲סˣֱվǷףݲ򵥣ʵķϵĻҶϴ鷳
ĳȥˣδү˵꣬ٴβ廰ڵĹضǾҪصģӽצȥĻҾͻᱻ֪ԺΣԴӣ㵣𣿡
үҲŭˣֱָλϵ˵ɣ֪צе˽٣ҲܴȥǸطڲȻģǾϵԼڲŭֵ𣿡
ԼڲǼ֣ʱɫһ㶣Ҳ¶˼ɵɫ֪ǸطĿԣԷ׷Լ浣Ρ
ּȲٴηɹؾν潫ˣҵϺڣԺǲ˶ý棿
ǺǡүһЦʲôãΣȣֵǮ㻹ҪϵǾͱڲ׷Ҳ㡣
㡭һĨգҲүû˵ЦڲŭûôϨģ涯ֵĻ˵Ὣӡ
ôһֳ֣ʱҳһ࣬Щ˼Ҫؼҹ棬Щ˵̫壬ڲı˫ִһʣǲɿ
ַݣԹţҿ϶ҾԲ׵ĶԼ涯˵Ļһ֪ʲôڡ



306 ÿħ
ˣֳɽֲ£ͻȻһ𣬽ȫסԭֵĳͻȻһƬž
˻ɻ󣬻ǲУɨһˣŻĿڵȻǶܴ⣬Ҿɡ
Ƭ̧̺ͷڵشҲ֪ɣεӢ۴ᣬʵΪŮѡٿġ
˶һͬ˵ͷֻүһΣ͵͵Ŀַһۣһߺ޵ģԼ
Цַܲ𣿼ֱǺүˣ֪ĻģȴûиԼԼⳡ粨
ַ֪õһĽȻҴСĻ˵ʲôμˣᱩ¶Լѧϰצ£ҲͲᱻץˡ
ֻѾˣַҲʲôֻѡܣͬʱҲǸ̾үΪԼΪҵŮЩֶΰ
˵ͷҲǼλ꣬شҲˣССͣΪ͵˵ĵزҲӢ۴ĵһῡŰɣ
ŮΪҵŮȫ𣿲צй¶ȥҲµ
ǰôû뵽ૣ˻һͷһ˶ѣղһҵĳʱַݳΪŮĺô
⡭ַȫˣתͷٴοүľ϶ү⣬˿϶ˡ
ɵүȴһ޹ʼ磬ʾԼûпڹһжľ
⡭ַסˣҧҧ󣬾ԼȻ֪ٴܻΣգȴǲò˵
ףҲͬ⣬ҲŲҪ޸ˡδַݿڣһӰ˳һӵĿ⿴ַݡ
ȻַݽһץץȫˣһǺ޵Ҫô˵ע£ԼԺô˰
ַݲûиеʲôģֱ˫ۣԼղŵĶֻʧѣֲǹġ
˭ҲǷ˭ģַڶо۵ĻˣԼץһ£ֲٿⲻǣ

Ȼ˳ַȻҲͽ¿ίʼҿ˰ɣȻС㿴ңҲøʲǣ
צ£ҷľй¶ȥģй¶ȥҪ׷ҵΣҲŹҲǣ
ơһķŭֱַݵСӣ͵ҵŮɣһԾŶΥ֮£
ȥַǧͷƮ飬ԼŮҲҲ
ԱŭַȻٶʲôֻǵͷѡԵıãͷˡ
Ȼ˵˻֮ʱˣЩżĶŵףôŮͲԼһ𣿡
ܣӲĻشһ䣬ۿе֮Ҳǲò㣬ʲôõģҪòòҪΪΪҵˣ˭ܱȵĹ
סˣһַ֮Լҵĸû˵ַܳһˡ
ңĸ˼һµģΪǴ򲻹ҵӣȫַݵϣԼҲ⡣
˵ʵڵģַݵòʮֵĿʣӢˣֻһ뵽ղԼץסǸطһĿա
ǣǣǡŴͣ˵ʲôĻɾʲôҲ˵ҲֻýˣŮǲϲ𡭡
Ů˵Ļһʱ֮仹Щ̫ôԼŮһֱܶ£Ҳɾ̫ˣҪ˹̡ܽ
ܹס˲࣬òһַݣŮȴ˵ԼϲǺã
ԾϵʱһȴͻȻ˳ã¿㲻ϲνʧȥλᣬԺɾҲôԵˡ
ûĿҲܼ򵥣ǾǽԼø޸ַݡ
˵˾ãһԼԼõĥϾ˹ܽͲǰˣǷַһƨŵծַݳΪ÷ܻܲԼǮ˰ɣ
е̿Ǵžž죬ҲǰԵ⣬ԼţԼͷ۵˾һԼǸˣ
㡭ˣȫû뵽ԼĸȻʱͻȻվͱԼһõֶΣĻ



307 Э
ݺݵĿ˿̺޲ǳǣ׸
Ǳɱɫ鲻ԽĴ˸ѾزҲֻüȥˡ
ȿȡøɿԼĵΣ̧ͷһݴǵģãҲΪã㿴ҲϴСˣлͲҪ
ҲǱһֻǲԺеڣҪҵİ
㡭ȫûˣټȥĻǻ˾ϣ׻˵縸ĻϣԼҲֻš
ӲĿ϶û취ˣֻģҡε
ʵƽʱŮԼ˵ӲĶڻˣȴǲò
Ļ⣬һֱеͷӲĳĶŮҾ˵ûദһ𣬵ʱʵھòԣٷҲٰ
ôɴӣҲʮֵ˿ô˫۾עȴֻǹ¼ҹһܹԿô죿
ٴ˿ַ̣ҲǲòվˣôȥĻ»Ϳܶˡ
Ȼܹȴϲ˼˰ֻվԲ
ȿȡɿȻԼĴڣַݿڵеǿŤĹϲôҺСһǲ̫ðɣ
ʲôõģһɣôŷŭѵ㻹ҼŮ䲻㣿
Ҳ˼ַݿЦŽ͵Сʣֲѧţ䲻ѡ
㲻ضԣѾ䲻Ҳ䡱һӣðĿｫַݵĻȫ
ǣǡַݶʱɵۣ뿪ڼ˵ȥɻûнϣվ廰ûʲôǵģ㵱ô˵棬øˣûô޳ȥ
ĺĺĻߣͬʱҲޱȵίԼôôĸ硣

ˡֳٴ˽УһӣֱӴ˭Ҳ˵ˣ˵
ݵַָݣŵַǰɣҲ뿪ˣһҸһ˵ڼסıԺɡ
˵꣬ԣָҲָʲôˣЩͺַݺúദһ°ɣʵڲͣʱɡ
ǻʲô𣿡˵꣬˿ˣһԵɵģĻ˲гС
ûСҵҲܶòԹɫ֪ʱ޴ӷԣֻӦ
ַֻУȴٰ㲻ζôһôհ
˸෴ǣүȴһ˷ܣүϧţϣַңҡ
пЦЦַݳΪԼ÷ԼǵûǮ˵дʵʽ
һᣬҵĿǱϡϡĿʼɢҲܻĶ˶ţͷԼķȥ
ַȴܵĴԸԣǲ䲻ȵ߰ɣʵɡ
ŶһĨɬַ֪ԼǱˣʲôʱܹ뿪ңǻÿʲôʱԼˡ
ȻҲûпԼϺõ᷿ڵĶҲȫµģƵǹĴˡ
ַԸҪҲգϾʲôûҪԿ£ǲӡ
ܣҲڣҲɸͬһֱģ㻹ǹԹԵĵŰɡ˵꣬һʧǰ
ַ֪ԼֻǱϵɶѣԼ΢еʲô춯ͻ콵һ㣬Լԡ
ĸ̾һַǰٰ㲻ζԼպ󣬳ֱ˧ˣȻҵŮ
ȻĻһֲ©ıĶУһ鴤û˺޳ܵˡ
һʱĲӦַҲͻӦΪ뵽һǾĻǿȻܷβúõܣ
סһԵַȻԵ޹ʵȥֻöڷУʼζ˽Լջ
ò˵ַݽջǾ޴ģ似õӡ֤´ЩˣϤ似ܹռϷ硣



308 硭
ڲСԵ֦ϣͬһһ׾ƣǿտնԺžơ
ѾǲԼжٺˣڵȴһⶼûУôѡ
ʱҲͦյģԼΪ̫ǿ³´лҲޱȵѸ٣һǻǧѵ顣
Ҳ֪ԼٶľҲȾѾΪϰߣôҲѾϰ־ƴӺдǹȸаɡ
ٴνеľƺﵹɾƺѾˣֻǵΣûκεĵ䡣
ƺŵ䣬΢΢һ˾һƬë㣬䵽˵ϣûдһ˿Ļҳ
ַڳĻԻᾪ̾ĿӼ׸ߵĿе䣬ȻûоһƬǶô˵ľ󰡡
ȴ·ϰΪҲûκεı飬ߵСµǴľУǸ޴ľƸǰ
Ŀ⣬ƸѾʮʷԵ൱ĳ¾ɣƸϵǸ֣Ѿɫ䡣
ȴ᲻ûΪǵãӺһ𣬺ģгõļ䡣
ľƺȡ£һԵ©Ľҿ˾Ƹ׵ӣʱһŨҵľ㴫Ƣ
ȴһ˿įƵȷ㣬ȴһζУЩʧ䡣
Ҳ֪ζҲҲˣֻУƷζӵйζ
ͻȻһ󼱴ٵĵ绰ƵһĨ䣬ûżȥ绰Ĺһ㣬СƺеžƣһΡ
ֻһСᣬƺѾСӰ㣬Ⱦƺ֮󣬻žйһ
̼ǵõ꣬ҲģΪһܻѵÿֻܺһ̰ȴ취ֻΪܶһڡ
дҲȴǱˣݺݵѵһ٣ȴû¶һ˿ĲͷֻɵɵЦš
еǿھƺתͷһſڣƼ͵ƺȡ
ֻǴ˿̼ţſҲûúüһѵģеֻһ˿紵䡣
һĨʧɫɬҡҡͷįĽ̳ϣǵֻȥ

ֻ֪˺٣˵ٵĿΪܽӴˣԲʮһ߳Ƶ
ԾЩϲǲòֻֻϵʾɹȥ
ֻһۣɫͲΪʾֻдһ֣ǾǷ֡
ڶʮǰνеļأڶ̫˵ȴôĴۡ
ȻǺޣȴûʸޣΪһУͷÿһ缡ÿһͷҴġ
ȻޣȴǲܶұԼ޶һĹϵΣԼ⣬ùֵģֻԼ
һеĵ绰ǳƵ˭
ңһϤİаٰĲζ˿ȴԵ˵Ĳϡ
ʵǵ绰һͷǸˣֺγѾϣܱȵ绰ͷ˻ҪһЩΪЩĶѾˡ
㣬ʲô¾ֱ˵ɡǿѹסǰУԼĵƽ
һɣӵޱȵĸпȻôȥˣ㻹ǲԸһ𣿡
ҡһϵĻ·ǱһʯӶסɤ۰㣬˵ȴôҲ˵
̼ǵõ棬ԼСʱԼ˺̻еĹԼӴ
Լ֮ȴʧȥͷŵĳƺţԸΪԼĸӹԼλš
Զ죬Լ뿪ҵʱԼλһֱţֻҪһֱġ
ôȥˣҼλãһֱڵţҹĽ
ԼˣȴԵƯţһԸؼңӷŵϡ
ճĬãȻԼִ̫ڱˣҲԵ̫Сˡ
ȷҵǶԲԼĳЩȴһֱԼͱ绰һͷڵ˶һʱȴǾһ֮ıҵĿ
ȻʧˣȴԶŲӴеģΪԼõš
뵽ҲǻȻʣǷһĨЦݣĸԸһ硭



309 ֵܳ
һ磬ӯǿģ˴Сһԣͬһӳ
˵ʵԼֶӲʱҲߣ޲ɱȥħƴһս
ȴǲܣΪԼĺû˸ףֻ̣ȴһѵĻᡣ
һȾô꣬Ҳûٽйһ磬ȻǶ͸ġ
ôȥˣûиһ绰ΪԼ绰ޱȵΡ
ԸԵһ£ԼǸɶճ˵ĵܵܣһİˡ
Ǳֽһ绰û뵽ǰǸûжٵı仯
СܡһеᣬҲ˵ļصǶʮǰһͬƤӡ
ͲͻȻʧȥֻʣ˸΢Цģð֮ſڵ磬ôͻȻ뵽Ҵ绰ΪСӵɣ
Ļӻ˻˵ͷȷΪҲ˵Ϊ㡣
˼ǣצȻѾ뿪ô꣬ҵѵǼǵޱȵ
ʵڽצȥʱ򣬾Ѿǹ⣬ıצȴǳٵѪôʧ
צ似似֮һѡ˿϶֮٣ܼгЧˣٵĿ
鷢һ˿ıʼǾͿצһСɵľ硣
ȵͬʱҲΪ˸ѣǾʲôܱŽҵ
ַμҵӢ۴ᣬһݣ󻼵ģֻһᣬ˸еǰ
ǵģצ⣬ҳһⰡҶΪ³ЩɿһЦ
Բˡֿ˵һǸȷķǳǷס
û£Ѿҵ˽İ취צⶫԺɲٴڸ˰ԴǵĻ
ˣôģһ˿㵣֪ģҵȺϹŰǣҹǿޱȵҪΥǶҪֵɿ
ȴ˵ѾˣеޱȵĴ㵣ԼȣȺϹŰô˵ĻҲᱻҸϳˡ

ȷˣİ취Ҳܼ򵥣ǾַݣΪҵŮ΢΢һЦİ취˵˳
ŮˣЩŵĶѯʵ磬ûҿЦɣСӡ
СôѵʲôõĵطһЩ޶ֲ˼ڵĻҲǲЩš
Ͼͷ⣬ַʲôĻԼǰŮư
΢΢ԥһúǿ͹۵Ļ۵ʵСͦõģϰ츳УҲĿɣҺܶϰףߵ˶ܿء
ⲻͽˣȥңֻ˰أϱ¶һĨЦݣƷ¶츳ֺãѹסŮҰӵŮŵҰ
磬żһû˵ૡЦͬʱҲǸпôȥˣԼ绹ôļӣֻһ룬ʹ⣬ң뵱꣬Ϊϰߣ˲ٵЦ
ôһ˵ꣿ˵ɡЩεӣͬʱҲΪԼϰ߼š
ʵô⻵ϰ࣬ȻҲܽҹôֻǽϣʵ̫ˣԻϰð˳
ҵĻðɣһ䣬ֻȴǴЦݵʵʲôãֻһȱ㣬Ǿǻġ
ģʣüͷҲ΢壬˻ԲܣҲЦЦѡ
ַݲһδŮضԴԼŮȴӵĻǹԼˣ
һûҲǲòڵʵˣСȻģȴ顣
ҵиŮˣĸԸģҲʲôŮ˶գҲԸйذɣ̫飬һҲá
⡭Ҳٴüʵĵ׵ģޱַݣֻ⻨ĵëЩǡ
ʵҲ֪ĸ˲ģҲҪԼı£ûµ˿һŮ˶ûУַмŮˣҲӵ˵㡣
һʱ䣬Щ򲻶⣬ֻСܣҸôҪҪ



310 һ¶
⡭ʵ⣬ҲסˣԼֶŮĸ⣬׵Ŀڡ
ĵ׵ģϣַܹݸ˨סԤϵַδܹﵽԼ磬Ϊٴʮķչʱ䡣
Կ˰ֻ֮úǺѵ磬Ҿðɣ˵飬Լɡ
ҲϣɷӾͺãһһµļ٣ʱ벻ɣͿԼˣΣ
ҲǡһĻĵ˵ͷԼӹţ罫Ȩˡ
ԼԸɵĻԼҲûʲôʧ⣬ǾǷԼչ
˴֮ԥƬ̺ЩŵѯʵСܣûʲôʱҿ
ҡסˣҲޱȸӵɫȻѾû˶ĺ⣬صңһʱ仹Щܲˡ
Ĭˣһʱ仹治֪ξֻóĬԴʵĵ׵ģҲؼҿ
õļ䣬ҲĵĻ䣬Լ׸ĸ˵̫ˣҪҶ
Դ˿ңǲǳԼĻǹƨԼϺ飿
ĬҲ̾˿Сܣ֪й˼ɣҲǿˣֻӹǲ̫ˣĸҲΪ˼㣬һֱ̫ãǡ
ԺͻȻȰֶɸֵӣһʱٰ㲻ζֹʵĸоڲ
ĸԼԼɲģԼȴԵǶȥʮҲȥǣǻ˶һ
뵽ʱ¶˾ģùʵĻ磬֪ˣһºһģýС쵰ߡ
ãҵ㡱жʱֵʱ˶ʮ꣬ҪˣȻһ˵ϣͷǾϣǣ
˻ֹסҲЩԼı仯Ҷ˵绰ֻһҹ˶ʧˡ
رôֺγҿԼû޶иĸһ̣ڸеԼһˡ

ݶϣַһ˶ԵĺƾƣһУ˵ĻֵĲɿˣɶ˵ȴ˵ƣƵҪ
ԭǣ㱩¶צҲб似õ֣ȴʲôû̵˸
е˻˵ⲻиԹ𣿵ַ˵ֻǸ鷳Ǻ¡
͹һھƣַޱȵƣڿǸæˣһֱҲǸ²ɣ
ַҲûܣҲĵҪλڵĸ֣ϲʱǴ粽Ŀţֱַ޳ܣȴǺް취
Ҳûпʲôþƺò˶ˣʲôҪ󶼿Եõ㣬ǹĴ
Ƶǰһͮͮӣַһ˺ҧţһߴڵĺžƣҹ˾ģҲֻóйˡ
㻹涮ܡһϤַݵĶУתͷһȴ΢ЦԼԣҲһơ
εʼ磬ַݵνʱ뾡οһҲãóԺúȺã˭ҲܿԼǣ
ôһĵϷŵ˵ͷǿ˾ƺӣ͹һں󣬲ʵҲôգҲûбʲô
⻹б𣿡ַ̲ס˸ۣŵѵҪҹһҩŵŮǰŽб𣿡
ž¶ǵĻȻǽĲУֱַԴһģЦСӻˣû˸Ҷô˵
ǰû˲ûˣ㲢߱ɱҶҲڴַ޿֣˿ھ֮һĨ
ŶΪʲôô϶һĨ棬Լû¶ʲôַȴ˵Ŀ϶
Ϊ񡱣ַݵһЦǷǵյҲµĲղӦøͨ绰˰ɣ϶˵һЩйҵĶ
㡭ɴ˫ַۣ˵Ķǽôһֻĸо·Լ⼸ʮǰ׻ˡ
ٴַһۺڵ˰˲ãʱ򣬲Թɫ˲ֹһΡ
ٺ٣л佱ַݺƤӦһ䣬һ䣬׼Ҷã
ãҲһ¶ѡһĨϷʣɵ˵ԼԼʱ䡣
ʲôַ৵һ±վҲһĨɬ֪ô϶ܵ׿ϣһ£Ǵˡ



311 
ַ֮֮ӵһǿ࣬ԼȻ뿪ңǾסҺˡ
ҾɫҺþƺò˵Ľźţ͵ԼŸˣֻǲԼǼŮ֣Щ̫ϰߡ
һᣬѡ뿪ֿ˵ĿֻǼְѣһҪȻ˰æš
ƽֱַͣһ˯峿ӽ֮ҲֻôԺпʼһĳ
Ϊһңĵ·Ȼʮֵȫַһȥ䳡еĵߺܶ࣬Щûġ
֮£ַݶʱǰȥһ߿ʼѵ󣬶ʱžԺ
ַ𾢣ȴǿ˻ں˯ͨĵ߻ãֵЩѵʱǾ޴Լ𶯼ץ
ߵĸйٺһϸ΢ĶܱԼʹñס˶䣬ɲܸЩҵĶ
ʵͲסˣĴڣ䳡еַݴ󺰵Ҫ˰֪Ҫٵ𣿡
ŶǽĻַһĲΪϷʵĻֻ֪гԣûԣô㻹𴲣ҿ
˭쵰ҵԺӡһ󷢶ʵƽʱˣֻΪַݵޱȵģԺ˯š
εʼ磬ַϷʵҲﰡ㸸ײ׼뿪Ҫȥæ˵һΣ
㡭˵ͨԼĸȥ˵𣿿ַݴԺҪˡ
ƽһҧַݵ㻹ǲǸˣ»ҪŮ˳棬ֱûûƤ𣿡
ȿȡַݸɿˣֵ̯̯ǲ£Ѿ֤ʵΣҿͷţŮˣŮô׵ģСļ޲ȥ
ҪܡַݵĻȫģ֮£ֱ˳ԵһҲûľַ˹ȥ
һɵתַµĵιιιǰ˰бٴһ
һһжʱ뵽˵һĻɫʱһƬͨ죬ѵһ±㽫ӹ
ƽһº𣬸Լ˸ʲôͷһ֮ȴԼƽǸױûˣ뵽ղŵǸʱᡣ
ַݣҸƲûʱо˵ַݾеĿһ㣬Լ˵ġ

˴ַжʱһЦŮʵ̫ǿˣǾƲԼøеģȻԼĺȡ
ͷ˿ǼַݲЩֱһױУ׼ȷ˵һɼƷСҶ̴ױУҿȥѾʷ
ϵ̷һޱƷֻǴ˿̵ڵأײ£иѾ룬ЩƻС
ǿϧ¶һĨ̵ɫַݽ˿Ѵ֮󣬷ֻǺҶˣֻҪϾͺá
ŲƷƻַݽӼһԵϣ׼޺á
ֻһᣬַɵУױбѾ޺ãһº󣬷Ѿָ˵ɾ͸С
͵ǻǵľƲǮˡһַվԼȥЧѾˣ׼ϴ裬ٿȥ
һУԼǸױУַݻط֮̽һСԴȷѾ֮˿
һʱһ㶣૵ҵıԺҲҰ
뵽ʱ̧ͷͦصźӷȥĵطȥֻұ˵ϣûпԼǸİױС
ѵǸ쵰ȥˣݺݵҧҧǺַˣǿԼǰԼģԼʮ꣬Ѹ
̧ͷȴǷ·תǸȴķʯϣٴһ㶡
ǰĿˤĵطѾ޸Ȼе࣬ȴԿĵġ
ߡСǣȻΪҰѺ޺Ҿͻԭ㣬Űɣһȥġ
ַڴ˵ĻһΣУŮ¶ʱǾ֤ڿķǣȻ˵ŸϳȥʲôֻԼ֪



312 Լ
ϴ˸ˮ裬ַݴ󣬱һһײߣԺеѼ£ˮʼݲ衣
εѬ£ĲҲͻͽȻһĲ࣬ݳĲˮҲڻᱻ˵Ǳ
ò˵ﻹһƬˮأɽȪˮ𣬾ԼֳĲҶôԡ
ݺõĲˮһڵУ΢࣬ûһ˿ɬζǾѵĿζַĻ˻Դ
ʵҲгкȣ˵㡱΢΢һЦֱַĤԣδһЩ鼮׼ѧϰ
νѧϣдϾʱ⣬ַȻʲôԿõѡ
΢紵٣ǰĲˮڵðַϣδ鼮ǻޱȡ
Щַݿ඼ǹδģִδЩѵķַޱȵ
ԭ·ΪΪһУħȿƱ̫ǿ֪֮ԼҪߵһҪܳһʱ䡣
ַȻδȫҲȫͱһȺߵʱ򣬾ǻ֣ܱΧ
ڵĻһ־һƬԭĳҲ˲䷴תϾܻһС
εΡſţͻȻϵһϢַݵ㿪һ϶ʱ¶˿ϲɫ
ûδ̵귢һϢϢǣὫһºУǰμӡ
ַ˵ڵĳ̵ԽԽСϾֻǸõĹվѣ򵽵ĶҲʮޡ
ΨһܹһЩõƷֻгˣַݺڴεĳᣬԼܹʲôĺö
һεĳᣬǳ˵ģǸףͲֹһξȹҲһź
ԶγᣬַޱȵĿأҹٷҲ˵ˣδߵķſεĶҲǰķḻֻҪ벻û
ͬʱӦģЩɶˣַҪźԼĶ򵽵ĻǾͱҪ׼ʽ
⼸ַҲһֱڴռʽΪľγᣬ˻ϣнʮڵԪ
ַȴǾûգܹ׼һͶ׼һ㣬˿ȴǳ鲻ֻܵ취ˡ

õôһҪϢַȻã̲סڲ裬Ҳˡ
Ĳ衱ַ׼ҵʲôʱһü۵˴ſڴ˳һҲַݵǰһ豭
ԭӰǰĴַ̲סЩ뷢Ц˵ЩĿʲôôܻ᲻֪
ꡭС㡱ַ˴˵ʱһϽ˸Ķ÷⣬Ȼˡ
ŶΪʲôૣַϷһЦֱĵ˫ۣ׼ôϹ
ȿȡ̲סɿڨڨֵܣ⻹ΪΪ˴ãǿǻȥˣ֪ĻҲͲ𣿡
һϡַк޵Ǿ仰ҲܴԺУǸװͰ͵һɱ羰
ٺ٣֪ͺãóˣǧ簡ûвַݻеĲԣΪڸˣԻš
ַӣΪʵЩЦã˼ֱһƷõ飬Լ
ַݵע£Ȼӷ˳԰еɫҲһ㶣Ӧ֮󣬶ʱַ˸ɫ
ַҲ㶣ǰǺƤ֮жʱһĨϷʣֵˣµĶעҲӦ⳥˰ɣ
ȫû뵽ַݻ˵ֱӣڨڨһЦ󣬶զգ۵Ǹ÷򰡣˭˭̰Ǯ˸𡣡
÷òڻûһƲɣҾǮǸ˰ɡַݵһЦûֹͣ
ͷΪѣǰһǸ÷ôİɣõԸ֪һΪӵģǮԺ˵в
ôૣǷծǮ쾭壬㻹ǹԹ԰ǮɡһԹĻ󴫳鲻Խһ
תͷһŭĿԼֻ춼ˣڨڨãֲǲ֪Ǯֻô࣬ôϰ
ûǮ⣬ͿԼõҸ벻𣿡Ѿܵŭ𣬺ȻҪùˡ



313 Ҵһ
ãŹҰɡǰķУһĲҽֱ£Ǽģᡣ
ַȴû˿ͬ飬ǿҲԼ˽ȥֱǻ͸ˡ
ַݹܶܣеƷŲˮδ飬Сӹĺò⡣
ַݵ⣬ȴһ꣬ǺˣǿǵĽడ
ԭǿǮͨǣַݳҵɽźֱӽסȻһٻɱԱԼ˽
ȴַ֪ݱҷΪϱҪһºŻ߳ңԭļƻȫ
ȿȡǮͨɿǿ٣ҾȥҲûʲô˼ҪȸԻؼҰɣʱ˵
ˡǿҧǺַˣԼ裬飬Ǻ֮ǡ
Ϊܵõģȴû뵽ַȴҲˣһ£ǻɱˡ
Կ˰ˣǿҲòڵɣҸɵǸַݳ֪ͨǣʱһΣ
ӢҲôõġǮͨЦЦֻжǿȴǲмһˣͷԼ򵥵ַݣŲ
ȻƻѾ趨Ҳ͸Щ֣Եļϻأֻȴ벻ַ˵ĻĽ죬ܾǵļˡ
ҵıԺУҺҲ𽥵ͣϢһ׵Ĵӷ˳ַݿߵְôͲһˣ
ַڨڨһЦ͵ʵҲ˵ģʱѾˣԿˡ
൹û£ɵüͰãҿ㡱סʹҲַһ
𣿡һɭɭĻûٴδ˸ææĶַݵ֣ˣɵñذ
˵꣬·оԼʲôڽӽһ㣬һ֧ӰľԺ˳ȥȻԼҵá
ַҲޱȵĸ̾׼Ůӣ˭Ȣؼ˭ù϶ù

ߡһߴַݵȻߵǰַݵȰˣ뿪Ұɣǲϲġ
ȿȡַݸɿʼãһϲңĸϻ˭Ȣؼ˭ù
ʲô˼ߣַȻȫǴ̼飬ҲΣҵĵǷΪŮ
ɵַݵУȴǽԼһýܹܣǴ򲻹ַݵĻͶˡ
˼ַݴ粽õĵ˵ͷϷʵ۹⿴ͷһٸİɣǾԲϲģ͵Ǹ·˰ɣһºԼͻ뿪
ããã˵ģǾˮˮִ򲻹Ҳֻѡ˱á
ֻȴʮֵĲص֮վӣԼҲûôǸǲ͡
žеԼЩգֱ۳°ͣ૵ҪôܰϳȥૣĿҪˡ
һֱǶһȴǶһַݣҿģֱǽ⵱ԼˣԼΪһˡ
飬ȴȫûа취˭Լи׵ĵ͸磬ֱûԼŮ
ַȻǲ֪ĿգһóԳԸúȺȣҪֻǻ칻ʮ뿪
ôģǶ£ֻҪϲԼУһжҪÿ쵹ǹޱȵĿġ
ͷĶ죬ǻһЩ𽥵ַҲãûеôֻΪĵˡ
ҲϰַݵĴڣҲûʲô͵һİ˼Լˡ
ʱһζת۾һ¹ȥַݵ˼ҲǻһµеЩۣܹɵĿǼֱٰˡ
ҲˣҪˣԼҲ˸徲ֻϣԺԶҪټǾϣһˡ
֮䣬һ𻨶ûвҲޱȵĸ̾Ҳûκεİ취Ͼ£˭Ҳǿǲ
˵飬ȴԵЩ˷ܣΪˣֵܣѾþûһһҪ顣



314 ݺ
СԵ֦ϣǺźеľƣһξƱ֮Żվҡҡͷǿ찡һˡ
һֱӴ£жʱһĨϷʵЦݣ૵Ҳ֪Сһôˣûпۡ
˵ַܹһʵһ档
ôûκεĳޣϾѾǸʱСˣ£ỹס
ַųɳģǳɳٶǳľ죬˵侳ٶȣʮͷѾﵽ˰۷ΪȽϵ걬Ĵڡ
䱾似ٶҲ̾Ϊֹ޼ȭԼҵʺԼķ񣬲ںϽУһУͷһݡ
ͬʱַԼצٶȸеצͬ似ҪӴ츳ַô̵ʱСɾ磬̲ס̾Ϊֹ
ȻеǣַݱЩҲַݣһǰǸͨ˶ѣȫûκεĲͬ
ɾһ䣬һͬޱӴĻҵҲǱ㹻ǿ󣬾ܳһ󱲡
ҿ϶ַݵļޣٸһεʱ䣬˵綼ģΪס
ȻѾöûмˣСʱǹģǼǵһġ
ֻ룬֪϶һƯСƾ츳òַҲǴ´ˡ
ҪĻַռ˸ˣ˭СѾôŮѣԼĹֶŮܿĻҲһָ
뵽ַǼŮˣ̲סҡҡͷʱҲȢ檣һѹӡ
׷ŮҲ٣ַǼŮ˶ʲôģû뵽ǣһŮ֮󣬾ͱȫĽĸҲݲκεŮˣôҲݲκεŮˡ
žաͻȻؿڴͳһϾɵĻֻ֮ϸһƬһŮӣ΢ЦĿһСкҪڽְ֡
Լ޶ƬԭأԺв뵽˵ǶӣȻ࣬ȴоޱȵҸ
žա廳˺һϵʱѾϾŵ㣬㽫ϣڲһܻȥ

ֻ֡ǻû߼ƾɵֻͻȻóһȵķ֣ȻǸİĵ绰롣
ѵǴˣҲû룬ֱӹҶ˵绰ɸһҶϣǵ绰ּ˹ü
ιǵ绰ˣҲʶ㡱ЩͷĽ绰üͷڵ
һϤЦüͷĸˣûڣͼԷϷʵڵȷʶ𣿻ս
ԭ㣬ħϤôܻ᲻ǵãٹʮ꣬κε裬üë
Цٴδħ٩ԭ㻹ǵҰһΪ㽫ɱźӵĴ˶ૣˡ
ԺжʱһĻĻѪɫĳԼ뺢ѪУ¶ʹɫô
ҡҡͷԼ˹üڵֻ̼һµģֻ˵Ǹˣûʱ䡣
NONONOħʾܾ˵ԼĿĵҿɲĵģҴ绰㣬ֻԼһطôĶԹ
ǺǡЦˣһϷʵĿڵû˯Ѱɣ֪빫һҪͷ㻹Խս
ܱǸڸû˯Բ˵û˯ѵħһ󣬼ҵȷѾӣǴսһɣ˭˭ʱ֪ˡ
㡭üħȻԼսֱΥһ飬һʱ䣬лһЩɵ
ǺǺǡٳٲҴӦħͻȻЦңôˣһĻǾͱˣʵ㲻ãҵҵģҲѾ𣿡
ʱ䣬ص㡱üҲһĨȻȷħ˵ѾʱˣԼҵħģԼսģʵҲѾһˣҪҲˣԻɴһ㡣
ˬ죬һºڷޡħԼڵλú󣬱ֱӹҶ˵绰ٴȥȴѾǸպˡ
ֻУ·Ϸڶ΢Ц۽ǻˮ૵ţӣһΪǱġ



315 ع
ɽŴ˿ȴһȺ˵Ⱥڴ˴Ϊ֮ˣҵμ
һȺˣҵгϣ˵ݿνǺܻɵĲ
ûɽţӭӵĵսҲ˵ػǲòء
ΪڵѲͬգиĻһᱻڸŭǸ֯
೤ϵжһĨȻ뵱ӲĽϳң˿ȴҪӭӢ۰ȴع飬ⲻò˵ַ̡
˵ȴȫͬһһѾڴֻ꣬˷뼤
үҲǳļֻ⼤ҲǴһ˿ӣΪ֪
гĸ̾һүҲޱȵĻںޣΪʲôԼûһҪ
ôˣǽͿһȫûκӭĻع顣
ѾˣҲȫû˷תأүҲֻˣ˵ʱǸĹҲ᲻Լ
ַݲ˴Щһ̿־ִٲģжʱ뷢Цĸо
ЩƽʱǶô磬ǼľҲüΪѺð죬ǿиļľ
ɵǴȴǶڼԼ䱳һüסģ
ĵ׵ַݿЩˣһ㵣ûУֻǽԼеȨΪһ
ǵһ׼ǱסԼеȨһҸãǿʢûʲô󰭣𣬻įǾͻһȺ档
Ȼˣ޾ԣЩϻʮеģЩصĳϣǵ̫ˡ
ʮӺͻȻһ뵽ƼķгϸĻ濴ʲô
ַгַδģΪֳʹãΪľǱⱻ˷֡
ڿЧǺܲģֻҪǽ뽵䵽ϣͲᱻ֣һ
˳ַ֣ݾ֪˳ϵһӾͿҪˣһӯĸо

ַݵע֮£Ͽ֮ЩȹĳǣǾִٲ
Ҫ֪ڵѷͬգԼ޶£鵽ϵĻǻ浣
ȴȫˣгͣһƬյϣЩݵӰӳ߳һ۶ûпǡ
΢΢һĨЦݣߵǰп磬ˣͷˡ
ҲˣͷˡĻоͷһᣬǲɣ뵽ֱˡ
֮£ֱӵһҲ¶˵⣬Զʮûֵܣ˿
ݵӵ֮˷ֱ𿪲ЦָָҵСܣӭǽȥɡ
ã߰ɡ˵ͷǶʮûκα仯ɽţҲޱȵĸп
˲߽ҵĴţַݶʱһվ˳Թ˵ףοǽҸӲ˰
ȿȡַݵԹҲ̲סɿⲻΪ㴴ôлңԹˣ
ʹҵ𣿡ַݰͷһգ˭Ҳ᲻ܣԾǰ֮˷־ͿַҪ
ðɡַһԹģҲֻ÷Ҵв˵ȥˣָͺúˡ
⻹ࡱַ̲סǰһָǿǻֶڴһ¡
һµʱַָܹݻԼ׬ˣԶʱԹɫǾͶлˣҿ˰ɣ
ȵȣм»Ҫ˵¡ҡҡͷҲ¶صɫȻʲôû˵ַȴǿһЩߡ
Ǹ˵ټҵˣ²Ҳֻǲ²⣬ַݿƬ̧֮ͷѯʵ
ǵģ㻹ȵȵȰɡ˵ţٴһͬҵĴȥ
ֻҪʱ˿Ⱥϵ磬óɢ˰ɣҲϲ˸š
á˵ͷתȺȥǱ;õ֮󣬷׷ѡ뿪
ֻүվԭأǸɫԲ𣬵Ҳá
ȥˡҡҡͷүĻúĻү㲻֪ҲΪҺã𣿡
ĺЩǣֻǿĶԼĺôֻүվģ
үʱݺᣬĽڽ⿪ܲǸ˵᣿



316 ħ
´˿ѾǰƼȣ˿ȴֻĸڣǻĹַֻǴԴš
ղѾȥԼĸĸַҲǡʱ˵֪ĸ岻ãԵݸƿ޸ҩ
ȻʲôҲû˵ַȴ֪϶ѾԼ飬ԺԼѣ᲻
˴٩٩˺һСܣղַݻе˼ǣѾħټ
ǵġûصĿڵǰ죬ҲŵõϢħսǣֹܲۡ
Ϊʲôô˵ַЩƵĿħƾ͹֣òһħ
ûô򵥡ҡҡͷصħЩưԣҲûԼǷǳѵģҪߣЩӶ
Ӷַ֣ͻȻЦӶ²óֻҪǮͻʲôȱͲȱǮ
ǿɾͷƷˡ΢΢һЦҲַ֪ݿμŵıˣž޶ĲƸ
С¶ѣߣȥҡַЩͷ۵ԴҪ֪ǮӶ򵥣رǰϵߣȴǷǳѡ
е˻˵ֱӽڲȺϲ𣿵ȷһӣڲ㳲
ȴôǹ˽˽һֵĺɲΪԼ˽£ڲشĻɾͳΪһˡ
Զһ飬ЩͷַۣһˣȻǮ뵽ӶӶҲ޵ġ
ǶԸĿħһӶһħֶȽŷҽģֻЩ֮ͽӦòܶࡣ
ںܶʱ򣬰Ǹģ߻ҪΣһʱ˲С
˰֮ҧҧҿɳʮߣҲμɱж
أҾûҪΪðգҪ㡱Ȼʮֵĸжȴǲðա
˵ˣѾҡҡͷһնģֶѾҺĪˣ𶼲ΪĻкǣ
磬Ǻαء̾һһԼҴԸһ¾ͲٸģҲͲȰˡ
ͷӰɣôˣҲʲôźү΢΢һЦҲվ

˿ֿ˿үһĨжôȥˣ˵İԼ
ԼѾɳ˵ز˿ԼǵǸҪչ˵Сܣܲп
ȻԸħȺˣǲ಻٣ԴҲò˼Ű취
˵˰죬ȴû˵ʲôôַݲòվ㿴вôôսԼ䲼һҲû˻˵ʲôɣ
ǡַ˵ĲȴĴ˼ɣ˽Ȩ顣
˵ꡱֱӴĻַݼڵ㲻ôĸһЩӣǲҪڲЩߣҲѿԸǰģǾҪκһˣ㿴Σ
⡭üȻַݵļƻѾӰ콵ˣɻ鲻١
ԥַݶʱЩͷˣôΪڲô࣬͵ֵϢˡ
㻹ǾÿǷ˴ңʤ֮ͶЩǣܲͻƣչһǵĺ󱲣˰ɣ
Ѿ˵زҲֻõ˵ͷҲãǷζܵģҲ˲ôˡ
⡱ַݿ˿ڵ룬УҲһŰɣ
ԣҪԸħ鴫ȥҲ˻ӦûУǾ˰ɡ
Ҳá̲ס˵ͷܲܳûһ˾Ͷһ
˵ҲǸһˣųЩƵգַ΢΢һЦôأħڽӣףɹ
ǾͽļˡһЦҲ¶һĨŵɫϾ²ֹһڳ
ĹҲбͬʱǰħߣҲŹξѵĻᡣ
ʹĿǰʤļʸߴ˳ɣħҲֻ֮ѣʱȻЦģһǡ



317 ƭ
½ַҲһϸڣַ֪ݾȻɱħ֮£˶䲻ٴ࿴
ͬʱҲޱȵĸ̾ħǺαأһӣȴȫޣ㵽۷Σ
ƻַܿҲڻɣһ£ɲټҴȥˣԼǼСӿ϶Լˡ
ַ˳ħʱ󣬶ʱ뿪˷䣬Լķȥ׼ʰʰͳֻû뵽ǣ˿һĨٻӰԺУ㶵ĳš
ӴϷһЦַЩⲻСλ𣿡
ȥַݵһɫЩǺһַ˹ȥ
ӴҶϰߣʱܸĸģȵĽסĶַϸһȻһƽʱϲ֧
ѽҲ˲䷴Ӧһ˿ţߵַݵǰң쵰
ַݿЦݸô׸㶪ҵҲҵͦ棬㴩ȹӴʲôģ
һַݿһ㶼ǴĽ£ûһǴŮװģ˾òȻͻǳڴ
ͱһַһֱĶ£Ȼ뿴ȹӵģǷǳڴ
ΰ㡱ȹǴĵ׵ľܾΪԺ󣬾ûְµ·ȫܽܡ
ٺ١ַϸĴһжʱһĨϷʣÿϧ̫ϧˣʵҲÿ֪㴩ȹӾԻƯ
ϧҸûȹӣ㻹Ǳˡַô˵ţоȻӿһһԵ뷨
뷨һʱͽһҲǸоջģ૵ô쵰뷨϶ȹƯŻĶġ
ţŻֻȴôҿǰַˣֻǵͷȴַݵķԡ
ǺǡַһЦСҪһȹӻ򵥣ȵȡ˵ַ꣬Сȥһʧǰ
һȥȹ˰ɣԶȥıӰ̧ͷڴ

г̵һȹӶѣȻѲסַݣ˸û˵ĵطֱӻ˳̵Ľ档
ҳĿƷȻַЩۣ˰֮ҲûҵԼĿʺȹӡ
ַݲ侲һòʺжʱһ⣬Ϊ֪ԼӦѡʲôˡ
һңַһУҵһʺɫĳ䳤ȹȻ֪ӵĳߴǶ٣ַݻһºб˼ƽϣµ
ֻƬ̣ոµȹӱ㱻ַݵǰַϸĿ˿󣬷õޱȾ£ҲʮֵĺãԲʲôɫƵ
ҴһַݴȹӾԺȥҲӰֻһۣͱַеɫȹסˡ
ǸҴġַָָеȹжʱһĨȻûĻⳤȹȫµġ
Ȼˣ㴩ѵҴַݲӣ󽫳ȹУЦ԰ɡ
ΪʲôҪģһĨȻַݵҴҾʹ
νʼ磬ַݵȻ㲻Ǿ˰ɣȥ͸ˣӦûϲɡ
˵ţַݱû׳ȹȴǹʹ˺һһĵҪ
ںŲ˲Ծ̧ͷһַֻýԼЦôĻ
ߡһ͸ַһֱۣԼķȥȻ᲻ȹӣȻҪˡ
ֻһСᣬ׳ȹ㱻ϣž֮ĿžеԼ૵ǻû˵ȻȹӺܺÿ
һǺüӣȴַЩͷˣڴ󺰵ôûгѵ̫󣬲Ҽ𣿡
Ҫ㡱˼һ߳˷䣬üëЩŭĿַݡ
⡭ǰӢִһ˿ĵģַһʱЩˣͬʱҲޱԼ۹⡣
ַҲ֪һֻǸĶѣҪòʶǾѣ·ֱǾ䡣



318 
ַݻ񿴵Щ˼ˣʱ˶ŵûУҾȥˡ
˹ˡַݶʱعҡͷ۹ǲѾǶܰ
ܣ˭˰ֹŷ֣жʱһĨ棬̲ס˳
һˣŮװȴŮ˻Ҫÿϸ˵ǸԶ˸ŵ֮ȴоһɱ
̧ͷһȴҧгݵĿԼɱƵԼ˼˵Ǹ𣿾㴩ȹǸŮˣ
ҿûô˵Լ˵İַҲ񣬲ӦжʱһĨЦݣ̲ס͵Ц
ַݣҪɱ㡭ַһϯٴνǻֳԵһַݳ
һʵİשַݶʱһŮŭһɲСһשϵĻǲҲѲƤ
ָվסһ׷ţһߴţǾװĻ׷ûɣȹӵȴеޱȵĲϰߡ
̫ܵɣȻһŲȵȹǣһȣǰʯȥ
һʵˣˤĺѿʱȴоһӰԼǰץסԼһֻ֡
徢̫ͣӻǲȥɲǣŵǿשҲھ֮£ĵַݵĽơ
໡һĵľ۴ַݵԺ̲סҽһĿǲЬûʲô
ŹԵһģַݸҿ϶Ҫ˶ԼƾͻǴ˿̣ҲѾоƶˡ
ҲһϽַݽűϵǿשҲ¶˽ɫ
ǡʱһӰԺӴſڣǶȿȥַַݵǰͷö׼Ǹط
ͶˡO״Ͻ˫ۣתͷʲôûпʲôûǼ
˵ţתһȥȻĴһЩ˵ȴȫֵףһ¡
һ޲ϣԼַܹĻ𻨣ɽȴһ¹ȥˣ䲻ȵģ
ղżһĳ棬ȴϲԼþȻ˴ûĳȹһַ˵顣
ǲصͦõ𣿡ǲһĨյЦݣʱſй

⡭Щַ϶ʱ¶һĨɫòϣһװĶûġ
ͻȻַٴθоһɱ⣬ͷһֻһǺ죬ȭͷڿ֨졣
Ȼ˵Щʲô˼еĽ߸ߣĻȻվһԲܽ˷С
ԶȥıӰַݲ̾һ䣬ô˵ҲŮ˰Ƥôı
ͬʱַҲΪԺӸеĬһˣӸղŭɫᱻıס
ˣˡͻȻַ֣ݻˣԼµڶעûûˡ
ԴԼĶֱַȥתһȦ󣬱һ·ںȾƳ
һַݣжʱͶЦ÷һһڰɣ͵Ϊˡ
ˡַҡҡͷһϷʵĿղֻǽ˵ˣðҼһ¡
ҶģҶģ㲻ýַ͡ݵĽͣһĲΣǿģмˣ
ַݿЦֱӽЬ£ָЩ׵ĽƵ˵ģ㿴
ȥЩ׵Ľƣʱ鲻ԽĴ˸뵽ԼõԸ˰ٷ֮óġ
ֵ£ղȻ˵ôһԤϵǣԼټᱻ趼ʶˡ
ˡᣬµȷԼģ˭Ҳֲ˲ǣֻܡ
ˡַݿûļг԰ڰֵԼϢҲø˰ɣ
⡭ٴδһ¶ѿɫûôǮܲܿһʱ䣿
ӴַϷһЦʲô˼ѵҴǮⲻҪҪȥ㸸Ҫ
𡱣ʧվһȻԭأƹˤûôǮҪôžôŰɡ
һĨǰܣޱȵĸֻ̾Լ̫̰ģŬһ˽ǰ



319 Ұ
·ǰܵģַҲһỊ̃ͻȻǰ˹ͦҵġ
챻ԼĸĸԼûϢżᱻԼ۸һ£ӹޱȣȴô̰ƣһʲôԵɰɡ
뵽ַݾԼбҪ˽һˣĿڵðһ£ҪôǮʲô
ȻΪ׬Ǯˡ鲻̫ðɣֱԵľ͹һڣԵҲ¸㣬ôСͲϲ䣬ϲǺĳƱ
ôһֱŬܹǮ󣬳ȥһҵģʱ˭Ҳῴ˲ǣ
㣬ˣ׬ǮǾģܸʮ꣬ʮ꣬һһҵ
ַ񲻽һ㶣˿־Ȼ汥ޱȴļ㣬Ȼղ˵һġ
ַжʱһĨΣ㽫°˻£һ˵붼
ȫû뵽֮ľȻ˵Ũң˲ŭ£Ŭʮ꣬ΪԼеԸ
Ҫһģַȴǲ㽫ôŬȫߣĻǲŭԹ
뵽ַʱ˰̧֮ͷ뷨Ǿ̣ô򵥣ܿʲôûС
֪˵ͷЦһˣһĻôģ
СʱֻеһԸ֪֮жôļѣԼôһʽ𣬵ӪƵĻܼͻꡣ
ѾزҲֻüȥ˵ʱ໨ʱѧϰķչ
صĿƬַ֮ЦľܿɼΣȴ̫ˣи鲻֪벻
˵ɣšνЦЦһھƣҲַݻеı仯гڴ
ҿȰ㰲һѧ֮ҿͶʽԾ̣㿴ΣַݲʲôĺˣļȴԼбҪһλᡣ
Ϊʲôַݻеһ˿ʱ̧ͷһĨȣȫ벻ףַΪʲôԸԼ
Ϊ;һЦַݾͬĻǾɡ
˾ѵĻᣬôַܴô־Ϳóڵ˳ţԼʲô
ԽƱַһºһϣҲʧ졣
족ַ΢΢һЦʵûʲôģҲĵҲνˡ

һͬãַЦվˣ˵ɣʲôʱ
ھͿԣҴȥҲûʲô˼ʼ磬һνĵô׼ˡ
ַ΢΢һ㶣Щȷѯʵ㸸׼˻ͬ𣿱Ͼɲǳȥ档
ҧҧһľûʲôͬģİɣȥ˵ߡ
ž˵ֱ꣬ӽƿˤ˵ϣȻ󲽵´ȥȥԼŵԡ
ַݳһ£ԼҪȥϾ⻰ģǾͱҪ
ԤУ˵ͨԲעӾ͵óʱվ˵ػЩ
߽˴У˿Ȳ죬߽ʱЦЦָСݼһС塣
Сáɵĵ˵ͷϹȭƽʱܻ˵һϾ˵ԼдΪľǼ
ɽȴǺ飬ַ˵ĺˣѾռĴԣԴ˸к׼⡣
һɫޱĿԼĸ׵ף¡
ŶɫҲѯʵʲôֱ˵ɡ
뿪һʱ䣬Լ顱˿̣ûκεľ£̧ͷȻľͽԼĴ˵˳
ֻһΣܷŹԼ׷ŭޱȣҲϧֻҪܹɹ
飡뿪⼸֣жʱһĨŭһӵƣΪҲ֪ȥ뾭̣ǲܵġ
ǺǡΪҲþǼʲôҵ֮£һߣһ˫ȡ
ΪҲңȻҶ죬ʱվҪֵģޱȡ



320 
δַݿڣʱһץס֣ҡҡͷα˳嶯СԼ뷨ɡ
С㣬ԼץסһΣɫЩСӣҪ˵˵ɣ˵⣬Ҿȥ
ͨ˾ȵУȻһ¹ǰصĿͷҲһĨǿ
֯һԺ̧ͷʼף֪УһֱǸĺúӣԣ̣첻ҵ
Ҳ֪ģԴСʱʼҾͲϲϰ䣬ǷǳĲϲϲǾ̣׬Ǯĸо
ңңдûԹ㣬Ҿϲ̣ϰû֣ҲûǸ˼ңҲǸ簡
Ի븸һɣһԼ飬һʧģҲΪӸеԺ˱ӡ
ǰµеķŭʱ˸̾ЩԼһУô᲻֪
ӳÿ׶ϣ飬ѾʮˣҪ˼ͻж¼֮λľԼܹ̳λá
ȴ첻ҵǴҲˣҲˣ𲻵κεãԶھ֣Ǻ͸ˡ
ٺûκεĸı䣬׬Ǯ׬Ǯ֣֮Ҳûܲÿ춼ϰɣ
뵽жʱһĨȻǳ׿ˣԼӣȫǽҪɲģǱɱҪѡ
ַһֱ۲ɫɫѾЩɶҧվҾӦøһᡣ
룬ھ̿ɲô׵һ飬Ͷʧ˵ĻܾͻĻ䣬Լͻصૣо仰˵úã²裬һֱʲôãԼȥһ£ļѡ
ַһϯ˵ĿνɫïصⷬԼ׻⶯Ǿֻ֤һ㣬ǾԼͲġ
仰ֻ룬ĻǻǺԥöȣַݵĻһ˿ãΪѾ¶ɫ
ַ̲סͼӴ׵֪ڵʲôͷİɣҵѣȻչ㣬װ׳Կġ
ǡ̧ͷ˿ַݣֿ˿ص̾һòЭӮˣ߰ɣ߰ɣҲ۲Ĳ
ллͬ⣬жʱһĨϲæٴο˼ͷᷴڵģ

վԼү˸к󣬱㼱ææַݵȥ
һƬյغ̲סеĿϲվһ󺰵ˣ
ǻģַ̲סͷ˸ۣĵ׵ҲΪеˣϾԸܹõ㣬Ǽ˷ܺþõ顣
ߡδ˷꣬һʱĶУϵ˷ܶʱȥ
ˡ̲סϹһĭڨڨתͷһɱã㲻ϲ¸𣿸ϾҪȥˡ
ǰɣǰɡָǱɫðһĹϲȥɡ
໡һȭֱᵽۿϣ̲סҽһȴûܣһĨЦ⡣
˵ʵڵģʮֵ۰ԼãĻԼܵİۿܻ࣬ЩܵѹԼҪС
뵽ԼϾҪ뿪ˣвЩ˸У᲻õȻǰ࣬Ҳ۸ˡ
ȻҲǰʱᵽܣܱġ
ȴҲܣ˺ʹ֮⣬ȻûдĻǾȫΥô档
̲ס˿ݣȻһ簮ĿԼҲ΢΢ȻЦ
һĨ簮ӲһϵĶҲͣ߷ȻĿξĹˣ´Ҫٸ˵Ļߡ
ǺǡɵɵһЦ˿Լãֿ˿ַݣż̲סʵãԶ࿼ǿǸҵĻַĺܲŶ
ȥ㡭ٴαŭ̲סһȭһۿֱҳһ׵è
ǰԻãַҲ̲סһЦʵͦĽ˵ĸģʵ



321 ˣ
Ҫ𣿡̧ͷżҪ뿪ַаٰ㲻ζ
ڵַˣи۸ĸ磬ҲҪˣ˲еһֹ¶
ô᲻ң㲻ǰͲ𣿡ַϷһЦ٩
̲ס͸ַһۣ᲻õҸ磬ʲô£жԶ߶Զ㡣
ٺ١ַڨڨһЦʵҲģˣǾ͵۾ǡ
ɫһ㶣ҲһĨ⶯ʵ뵽ˣɸȴһֱ׼Կ
ַ֪Ļ϶мһˣЦĸԿЩӸǳǳıӵ
Ҫ֪ڵΪǱǹԸɵʰˣԿǲܵġ
Ȼ⶯ȴҲ֪ڲǳȥʱֻҡҡͷʱٿɣɽɡ
⡭ʵַݸͲɽģֻҪóԼĶλһ£žͻԶԼȻҪͣҲɷ羰ǰɣ
߰ɡ뵽ַݶʱǰţ۲Ĵķ羰
ȴһ˷ܵĴǣעųȥ֮ԼЩʲô
ϵ飬ַһϲֻͨʼ磬ЩûãҾǸ˦ƹ񣬵ʱһ㰲ŵġ
ðɡȻЩźȴǲòƵĸַݵԣᷳԼٽҡ
һ·ǰַݶܸܵĵһڿԼҼûŲҿ϶
񲢲йɵǳַݸоЩԼЩˣǵı֣δЩ̫ȻϲԼǲŽˡ
ϾҪ뿪ˣ˿ⱲӶҲֶܻˡ
̫˰Ҳֿհַ̲סһ䣬ǰȥôԼŮˡ
ֻڼҪɽŵʱַȴͻȻоһĸоΪԼ񣬶һ
ַһһɨֻһЩ˷ܵĿԼַҲǿԵһȡ
ǲİȻһ¡һĨĺ⣬˺ַݾѾµ϶ǿҵġ
ȴûһ˿һĺ£ЦѣЩԼǿɾͱˡ

ˣ͵ˣŮȥɡߵҵɽſڣַתͷ
˿ĳ񣬸ûע⵽ַͣˣֱײĻУžŷӦ˹
ǿ÷ŭѹеɬݺݵĿַݵӣɣԶˣټ
˵ţʱתͷɽϷأֻ˭Ҳûз֣תͷһĨᣬԼˡ
Ŀ뿪ЩãĶַѯʵôȥ۾ѵû𣿡
ʲôɡ˵ţֱַɽµĽӴһóųеķȥ
˸һַݱ㷢ѾһӣʱϷʵĶǱˣҲ
ʲôʱһ־˶У绰󣬼ֱҸҸ״绰
𡭡ϽһѽֻһʲôھֻЩССϺûˣһ򾡣Ǹã
ȷ̲סͷΪԼçײеЩ˼ЩǵһǸ״绰ɣЩֹȻһˡ
ˡַҡҡͷŵĵһȺϺзѣԼܽʱԶˡ
ðɡַһŵģǷŲģΪȻЩַݽǾͿ϶ַ֪ݵΪˣ϶
ַûʲôĻܾܿͻԴʱ˵ȻѾô˵ˣҲֻѡţϾ˭ҲԼЦɣ
˾Ĵ£ֱӽ˾һУַҪ㣬Ȼѡֱӻص۾ֱ˸Ƶס£ȴŴϹ
ҲԴУֱóӼŵϣ׼Ū˭ԸԼϾ֪֪ˣܰս



322 ˭
ҹ˾һ˯ʱ䣬ڼΣǮСȴóĶҧһƫƧĽ䣬ĿϷһ䡣
Ƕص˯һԼѾ˷д˵Ļ͵ŹڼҰɡ
˿ڼתͷԵǮС˵ǮС˵ǮǶĳ𣬷Ҫһ
ľɵǮС㶣ҡͷҲ֪ô˵ôˣ
㡭ڼ㶣ҲһĨΣԴһ˺ǵ˰˱ӵùˡ
ٴ̧ͷǴڼβֻ̾ϣү˹ɣһչ
ԭֻһ䣬ȴȫû뵽ԵһֻӡȴǽɫԼԻȫ¼
ԭһǷһĨЦַǿǸɵӣ۸ˣȴҪԼ
ȻˣҾͳȫѡһĨ⣬ڸԼˣַŹĻǻʲô
һҹ޻ַһЦ˻԰пʼ壬żҲ⿴һһűֽװģļһ
ַҲǲòټţȻҪȴǲ˿Яһֱĸ
ʱַݶʱص˷УҳˣھƵסŰɣȽ⣬Ҿͻ㡣
㶣һȻĵ㲻ó˸ٵɣֱӽҶɣ
ˡ̲ס˸ַۣʼҪ㻹򵥣ҷŵ˷ʱ𣿡
ҲǡȻַ˵ĻЩˣȴ൱еҲڨڨĵ˵ͷ
ĲҪ˰𣿡ַݶһ˵ģٴһĨǣڵǰ;ɶַˣһµĻԼҲ군
ˣҿɣݰݡַݵһЦ˻֣뿪
һԴϣȵĲʬɡƲƲ죬Ҳ˴㣬ַµĻŹЩˡ
ȻԼı΢ɱˣûϢҵ

뿪˾Ƶַ֮ݾֱ·ߣƬ֮󣬱һ⳵Լȥһ羰
⳵˾Ȼî˾ȥҵĹҲǽĸš
ʱһ绰ڼεĵ绰ϣֻһ϶ʱ¶˾ϲֽѵ顣
Ҷ˵绰֮ڼλ˻֣˵ҸˣϾ͵Сˡ
ϼ˶Ǽһǹŷ¶޵ӣ۵ĹǺˡ
Լҵ˵ģֻҪ飬ǺóԺúȺ˯һٲˣܲˣ
ǿַֻһ˶ѣԼҵͿǿ֮⣬˵˼ڵߣַˡ
ĤУַݿһĻ󣬶ʱһЦ૵Ⱥһˣ˷ʱ䡣
ַݿֻҪûлߣٶ˶ɱģֻ뾡ĽЩˣûص۾
һᣬ⳵˾㽫ַݴ⴦羰ַҲǮ³Ʊ֮ɽȥ
ȺȻҲ׷ƱַɽǾ׵ĻжʱһСģ
˶Ļǻ֣ϾйԼ˵ͨ˵Ļǿ϶ĺܲҡ
Դ˵ĵĵطʺǳ֣ʱֻҪɵˣס·ڣǾͿԾʩΪˡ
һ㣬ǵ뷨ַݱ൱һԣַݿɲ׳ͨ˵УԽƫƧĵطȻԽá
Ǵдľַݲ΢΢һЦĵĵطҲǸѡ˴ˮذɡ
һǣһȺĿĵţСʱַݴڼεĿеõһҪϢǾǿǮͨѾɽˣŴ˴
õϢ֮ȺǶʱǴ˼Ѫһ㣬´򲻹ַݵĻͳˡ
ַݲЦĴ˿ͣһƫƧĵطĴǱߵľɫӦòȥɡ
˵ַ꣬ݱǴмȥдҲȻַݵ
ʮӣȷᴫȥַݶʱͣ˽ŲתͷȺȵɣҴˡ
Լ֣Ѿ̣һҲ£վַָݴЦСӣǵȵǺÿ࣬ڡ
ҿǵڲŶ԰ɣǷһĨааЦݣַݽ׼ҪɱɱһЩȫ



323 ־ɱ
Բѡַݻ䣬ϤӰʱһȺߴ߳Ϊ֮ˣһϷʵǿ
˶࣬ȻеǿʱͷַݵҾ㻹ɱɣ˱ү֣Σ
ǺǡַһĨϷʣɨһǰ֮󣬡ƾȺ߹ɱûǸʸ񡣡
߹ַ仰ȫ˴˴˵ģǿ¶ŭĴ󺰵СӣΪ컹ǵʿ֮ʲôã
˼ʱÿ֮ͿԽ㣿ַٴϷһЦͻȻöŪǿҲͦȤġ
ǿ˫Ƿ죬ٴζַݽҾҪֻ֪ȭͷǿĻҸϡ
˵ţǿʿľַݳȥ˿̵ѾŭͷԣͲǵǮͨԼģǮͨϡ
ͬţһַݳȥǿǮͨжʱһĨмԭ̼һǿģû뵽ô嵽ľˣʡٹ
ԼҵȥȻܻվŰɣԴһ󣬱ַݳȥǮͨҲûͣ£ֻǮҵǸڼҵ
ºǿ᲻ǮͨѾѵɣڼ̫ǿˣǮҸϣȵȵȵȡ
˺ƵһȺ壬ַȻУԶʱת̤ȥ
ַݾȻսӣǿʱЦҿ񰡣ôڲˣһ𣿡
ɳȡַݻعͷһӵĿǿôˣһô򣿵ȻǺȱˣϾҪˣǵɡ
ţַôһ˵ǿʱ˸еĽŲþɵ
ʱǮͨҲǸ󺰵٣ɱһĹ켣ڻģоȱҲô͸ϹǸϹͽһˡ
ǮͨĻǸǿдһǿļһ֮ǿ󺰵ҳ尡һӲ˵ġ
𡭡ӦͣٴμӿٶȸǿһĿĲݵģ

Ȼ̫桱ǿǱԼһԾסģַЦЦӿ˽Ų
ĹַݾǹھȺߵĴڣһľַ֮ݶʱһصһŴϣ׼Ż͵Ϯ
ַݿǹһʱó׵ĻȺ˿϶ɢܣʱ©֮㡣
žʾɱּе͵ϮֶΣһЩϺз֮ٻףȫ¡
Ӹ˲ֿȡԼǰѺϽַ۵ȴ׷ΪʲôǹΪǹ̫ױ¶Լλˡ
һᣬߴ󲿶ӱ׷˽ʧȥַݵӰǿʱ󺰵ַͷڹָ꣬ҹ
źܣȴһӦǿߣЩ֪ʱǮͨȴˣָŵʧĽӡ٣һһΧţӡʧֻҪɣǾһ⡣
ǿ۾һʱͬĵ˵ͷһӵڼҵ߸ţԲһڣҹε߶Ҫѳж
õǿָڼǶʱɢСĽĿܣϷǮ٣ֻ𱱷ʱ
ܲɵǣַݾͲϷ;ȥϮǮҵߣǾ͵ðܴķա
뵽ַԺһ⣬ϸĴһºжʱһĨϷʣƻܹɹĻܸ׶Ҫá
˵ַݼèϣȴţһ㿴һڵߣèС̽ܡ
Ҳ湻ùģһɡΪĬһַݶʱ̧ƽϣȵĿ۶˰
Ĺҷһ΢죬һʧӵӽڵߡ
˸һξĻ߻ܱܿ಻ʮףת˲ֱӴü룬Ӷûһֱӵ˵ϡ
±ӣǿǸɵˡؿڻ˸ʮּܣַݲΪ߸еĬԼûжĳ𣬵ȻԼΪУǾҪ׼
ٴʧϴһַèϣתأΪɱּоƬ˵ĺʱã㵽ȥѰ˸ӵЧͱڡ



324 
󲻾ãڼҵٴѰһ˿䴩ͷߺ󣬶ʱһ߳Ȼȥ֮Ҫֿѣ
Ҫһͬǰ˻Ƚ侲ϽһѾˣһʧֱ䴩˴˵࣬ŵĽк֮˶ʱصһ
ʬѾϵַݶʱ̤һȥת˸䣬صһʯͷı
ϮһĴȥ˵ĵطʱǿ˵أѾ˵˺ۿʱͨŭַݣų򣬾֪𣿡
Գ顱мʹһ䣬ַݼèʯͷıĵȴһš
˵ûԴһǿ򣬶ǼĴȥѰƱҪҵַݡ
ַȻּɣǸĵһĵľɱһֻһСʱеڼߣѾʮһĵİߡ
տʼַݻѡãɱ˺Чʵ£ֱóһ״ЧȻ˲ֹһ
ÿβ֮ǿἫٵĸʣµֻһʬ壬ַѲӰ
ԽԽ֮ǿȻȥĻǰµߣᱻͳͳɱ⡣
ʱһڼҵǾۼһɫҲһƬķŭȴǺް취
ʵ벻УҲѾûκεãΪڼԭʮˣѾֻʣ߸Ϊֻһ˻
ʱڼһ߿ȥˣǿȭ٣ȥɲа㿴ҪҪһǰȥѲ飬ֹֻǵϮ
ڴʱǮͨҲԼҵǻصԭأ˵Ļ󣬶ʱҡͷҲаôһ飬ǵѵʲôʱ򣿡
˵Ļеǿһʱ֮仹治֪˭ģǵʱڼʣµͻȻ٣Ҫһ飬Ǯҵһһɣ㿴ô
ơǿͻȻ̧ͷǮͨȻЧʵͣǮҾһһɣǮһѹ󡣡
⡭Ǯͨɫ˲ղǮҵһ飬Բûʲôڼȴôˡ
ʱǿȴͻȻ˵ôһ䣬Ķŵ٣ô̫ðɣ
ʲôãѵ㲻ɱַ𣿡ǿǮͨȻҷԼʱŭָ
ͻȻһЦַݴֵĴ˳Ϸʵǿû뵽ƵԴȻпϵһ죬˵ˣǮͨͲɱңĿ꣬һʼ㡣

ôܣ˵ѡַݵĻǿʱһţķΪ뵽һµʵ
Ǯ٣˵ѣôɱ㣬÷ơǮͨҲ̲סվ
ֻô˵ˣǿǶ˾ģǮͨпЦҪڼҳǰ棬ǲˡ
ַݰ˰֣һģ٣ʱ򻹸ʲô㲻ڼҵ似𣿸Ͻǿѯʰɣ˷ʱ䡣
ǮֱַͨһڼҵĴ󲿶ȥǮЩͷԵߵǻŸղɱڼߵʱǿǱһôˣ
䡭ַݵĻʱǿԺը죬ԭΪʲôַֻһˣɱôܻô졣
ȴˣڼҵ߰æĻһжΪ˿ܣҧҧǿŭǮͨԭҰĵ˰ɱ㡣
˵ţǿǮͨȥڼҵҲΪȻһУǷŭĹţ㣬Ǯҵ߾ͳȥ
٣ҽͣ顭Ǯͨ˿ǳ˱һܣҪڽͣû˵һ룬ǿһȭòַ
ԼҵڼҵĻҾţ׷ӿڼҵսһ
ԼļƻɹַݼЦ֮ٴ˷ܵĴ󺰵ǿ㻹־ܰɣӲǮٵĵġ
˵ַ꣬Ҳǳ˶У뵽սУҪĿȻǿˣֻǿʧɱ֮󣬲˶ǲݡ
͵͵ǱǿַݳǮͨеʱһǮ٣㡣
ַôһţǿʱתסַݵһУǮͨһȴȫûз֮ˡ



325 ȫû
ꡭһ̶ĹǿһҽУ³һڻѪ󣬶ʱĵ˵ϡ
ǿпɱУǮͨҲֻɱӦԿʹȫģһǿദֱ졣
٣ôôأǿôˣ˭ؼȥĽǿʬ嶪һԣַݼװŭĶǮָͨ
ҡǮͨҲǾˣŵĿǿ֪˿ԼƺӶϴˡ
棬ǿôǮͨУڼҵǶʱŭΪ֪ԼصڼңҲֻһѡ
ҿȻѾǱڼҵҲûκεĹ˼ɺͽңһ󣬱һģǮͨ
Ƿ˶ɵģʱǮͨһϽ󺰵Ƕˣҡ
ǮҵǵϽǰǮͨΧм䣬Щߵڼǲţֻ˭Ҳûз֣Ϊ¼֮һַݣѾ㵽һԣϷʵ˫ƴ
սޱȵĲңڼҵȻ٣ռ·磬ձҪһұű֮ĵ£ڼҵǺηƾļˣǮҵǴǽڽڰˡ
˫ܵ˵Ǯҵ࣬ԵģǮôߵΧ£ڼҵļҲֳһĨƣָʲôʱͰ
ַһԸɽۻȻֵУû뵽ֻСʩһǣ˫ڧ
ַҲܹףǿһͷʵ̫ˣĲԩҲֲ˭ֻܹԼ̫ױƻˣǷǺڰ׶ֲ
ַݵĸ̾УҼţҲʼһӣ˫Ҳȫɱۣģǲݡ
ڻɱǮҺü֮ڼҵҲʼǰȻһߵ˫ţΪԵߴɱ
ǷηģַҲ鲻ԽĴ˸еĻָҲᱻȭǻĶһԣϷ
𽥵ģ˫ѾĲˣǱصʬ壬ַݲ̾ĴһͨĻιȥ
Ϊ鲼ѪζԼصʬ壬ͨ˸ͳܲˣַҲǿ̲סҡͷΪʵ̫ˡ

սѾβڼߵǮҵҲռϷ֣ǮͨȴһѪĿǰսǱ
ȫû뵽ԼĲ߻һɱּƻȴȫΪһ־磬ǵûɱַݣԼڼҴء
ǮͨãȻʱȴȫûз֣һĶŴҲǹתţȻǲ⡣
Ϊ¼ҪǮͨⳡϷûȥˣַԥһº󣬶ʱע⣬Ǯͨ
ԺԥĻ˸սףȻսϿգעǮͨȴŻᡣ
˿ǱΧţǼǹҲһܹ͸ȺɱַݺĵĵȴţԼҪһ
ڣڼһߵĳ£Ǯͨ¶һΣַҲ˲´һصļ⣬ʱǮͨȥ
ֻһ˲䣬ǮͨоһɭȻɱȻʶ˶мȥɾʱǮҵҲ·ܵʲôֱһ§ס
ˡǮͨԺһ£һ˲䣬ǵֱӴ͸Ĵԣ䵽˿մ
Ǯ٣ˡűԴ˵ϺһǮҵҲˣȫû뵽ԭռƵǣȴǮͨǰ
ʱǮҵǲ¶ǣҲѾڼһˣص壬Ҳⲻһ
Ǯҵ񣬿ڼҵ߿ûסǮͨǵǰǶʱ˼Ѫһ֮ӵ׺ݡ
˵ѾעˣǮͨһǾңʲôૣ
ֵĲԭռƵǮڼٴα˾ƣַҲʹֻҪȴˡ
ַݵĹ۲£ҵ߼ţڣһڼҵ֮ǮҲʣһߣҲѾѪɣһʬصĵطжʱһĨݣʬС
˿·ǲҵĳַҲһỊ̃ЩܹμӵħļսУǸжá
Ҳֻ֪ѣЩѾǲͬ죬ôܻҲ˵Լ



326 
һϾɱԼжͷȴΪɱһͬھַ겻ѡ
ƺ֮£ȴַЩԽȻ˶Լг𣬵ˣҲܽ˱ʬҰɣ
ֲַܴϾǶĻ˭ܿǻɱģʱڼҺǮܹҧĴ
Կ˰ַ֮뵽һȷľǾǱľ
ȿԼĳ֣Ҳ˶ֵľֱٺòˣֱַ˸õ绰˱绰
Ϊ˲鷳ֱַѡ˱ȷĵص㱨˵˫е֮󣬱Ҷ˵绰
ַݴ˵绰û뿪˸ȴϾڻһЩ̫׵ľ壬ǲԼҲһҡ
ĵȫǶģôص飬ǲǼٱ춼ܲʮӺ󣬾оХ⴦羰
ַҲԼʹ⻽һ⳵žƵķȥ
һŽ룬ַݾͼֻҵ߶ţҲһԥַݵӰſЦŽֻµҲ͸绰ˡ
û򡱣ַʼ磬ϾĲʣ֪ȻԽԽã֪ĻɱĻЩ鷳
ϸĹ۲һַݺ󣬷ϾȻûдˣһѪҲûϣʱЩɵû𣿻ǷŹ㡣
ǡַҡҡͷһɱĿѾȫȥˡ
䡱ɱʮ˵ɱۻ˿ַ¶֮ǹɱ˺˺üҲһĨ壬ŵôܣһ˽ȫɱ˰ɣ
ˡַ̲ס˸ۣϵ֮󣬿ڵֻɱһֶѣǶɱġ
ɱô£ɱŸоûôˣЩµַݵ
ǺǣֻСʩһƶѡַааһЦ˰Ϻ󣬿ʼ˽ľ
֮Ŵͣ˰³һ仰ǿǴĿԣĲԩ
ǰһӹһ㣬ͲҲֲʵûʲôᾭ飬ĸߵЩ񻰡ַҡҡͷ̾
ٺ٣Ҹĸû߹ҡַݵĻͷһٺģ
С̲סñӵȻҪǿһ㣬ӵᣬкһ·Ҫߡ

ԲĽַҲûҪȥˣֱͨλϵͳ˻ţ׼ص۾ˡ
Լ֮ɴ˫ۣ૵Ŀϵݰ
ǺǡַݲϷһЦΰɣ⳵ҵݣʵҪĻڸ׬һڣҿԿһ㡣
ǡԺȫռˣԲӿǵľͺ˳һ𾪵Ĵӵϱַָݵ˵ʲôһڣⲻҪҵ𣿡
νʼ磬ַҡͷһҸ㶨µͱ׼ⶼ겻ɵĻ㻹ǻϰɡ
ˡ̲סһĭЩ𾪵ĿַݣԼǸʲô˶ѡ
ַݾȻҪԼ׬һڣɼԼ˶ߵڴ׬һڵҵҲ򵥡
ȭͷипԸӣ̧ͷǷģһ岻ݴǵģַݵһŬģʧ
ǺǡַݵһЦӻŵľƼóһƿֵİ׾ƣһݸٱǾףܳɹɣҺڴ
㲻ʧ΢΢һЦоһڵ˿УͬʱҲǶδڴ
ǰ۾ʱԭǸжըˣͬʱ˼ʮˣִ󰸿Ա񾭡
羰˲䱻̾ҲʼҪĵȡ֤ҽᶨȴǣЩ˶˫ɱģּʮˣȴЩΡ
ⲢӰʲô¼Ǳ϶Ϊ˫ɱҸֲȻǳˡ
Ҳ֤ʵǵĲ²⣬ЩݿиҲֻ̾òϱҲǾһĲź󣬲űǸ֣ⲿţͽ߹
ûַǸŵĸţרŸ֮ǽ֮ûþͲҵݣ֪ͨ



327 
ҵڼǮҵһͨ£ֻڵõ˫ǳɱ֮ҵıָͬ
ڼȻǷŭѣһҪǮҸۣǮҵļȴоһԼİӲһڼҡ
е滹ڣǮһڼӲӲһ£Ͼ˭Ҳκβ˭ǾʧȥڼҵĶԿԺıӣ֪
Ϊһ¼ǵַݣȴǺ⣬ҴȻûʲôҲƽϣֻҪ鷳ˡ
ֻһСʱžȵͣδõĶ¥ϣַݴ˳εİ칫ҷȥ
ַſڵʱһ֣һѼǿţַ֮վֵܣȥˣҪҪҰȥ
ˡַҡҡͷ£Ҳʲô£Ա˸طš
˵ٻһļһҲиôǾǲغᱳѣԶԼǵһ׼
Ҳ֪һ㣬ԶٵĹ൱ɣͱ˵ڣ֪ÿ죬ʳﶼڰ칫ſڳԵġ
ҲǷǳĸлΣԶεİȫޱȵӣʲôطǵǰġ
ЩַҲ֪ԶҲޱȵأĵ൱죬ҲһȵĿٵǷ塣
Ȼϰ֮ˣûһõٵǷ壬֮˲ӵеģ֮ˣ֮٣ַλܵıڣɼĿء
λܿ϶ͺһ۾һģɵվһŮӽкʱЩЩŴ͡
Ҳֻ˲䣬˹ܣַŹϵȻôأµĲĻŮӺַܾܿݵŮ֮һ
ʵҲ֤Ĳ²⣬ַݻǰȥһѽα˻У㣬ˣ㶼֪ôȹġ
СҲ㰡ڿûݣûŰҾͷˣȻŽǴȥϷʵĿǵ
ȿȡң̲סһҵĵϵˣô˵ȻЩԾ
ŶԣŷӦþɵһСһǣ

ˣ㿴ŰŰɡ칫УһŻϣַݽĿǰԼˡ
ԭˡȻһЦĵЦݲһҲޱȵʹֲһȻԼöģԭ
ʣβַݵŮ˻ҲĶҪ׷ˣȴֻܿţѰĿꡣ
΢΢һѾע⣬ЦŶҾˣְλǡ
ѽôˣҸʲôˣҲ޵ġλû˵꣬ǿ׵İڰֵ
ۡˡסĻַ̲סһڽ˳Ц⻹в֪μŵһжôֻҪŸʾȥʲôѧĲʿ˶ʿԴꡣ
ַݿû˵󻰣μһʽѾ˵ע⣬ͱμŵֵѾϣҲʲõĳΪµ׸
ҲǳĺμŵĹԼǹھκҵĴڣһ๤Ը
ȿȡɿͷûôŰɣǽһκˣҸܵ˰ɣ
ͣģҲ̲סЦ˳ѯʵʵҲǲԣ㹻Ļλöø㡣
ǡδǫ顱ĿڣαʲôʸЩλãǲʿ˶ʿй㿪˾ⶼûһᾭ鶼ûУʲôЩλã
Ҽ˽Ǯģ׬ǮЩλϣΪҵʲôף˵ʲôҾ׼ˡ
ҡŴͣ˵ʲôԼŵ㣬˰֮˵һʲôûС
ⲻһ˿ףЦ̧ͷ˵ҿʲôɣ㰲һС
ЭҲ΢΢һЦһſڵʵҲһǴֽŻãҸİžǣһµ๤ɡ



328 ׼ʽ
ʲô𾪵̧ͷһŵģΣԼҵټĵһݹȻ๤ܹܣ
ʵַҲˣȫû뵽ξȻ˵İţûʲôְһְͨԱҲҪеİɣ
ڿǷȻַ֮ݱһУõȻ㶼벻׵Ļǻ治Ǹòϡ
Ҳ˳УûнĿڷԣǾƬ̺ᵽεģ͸һȻԼȽ佾꣬պòŲ὾
뵽̧ͷһ΢ЦĿڵҶˣ๤ĹҲܲҽˡ
ӿɽҲַ̲ס˵ͷεѭѭ֮£ƾǹ֮ģ֮ܵõһĽ
ĵҲû˼ȥıҪֱӻ䰲һУԺԼֻҪעһˡ
Ҳȫ侲Ϊӭΰĸı䣬Ҳ¶˾ģԼСӹεͷҲһͷ鷢
˵ҵĻǿֻһ˧ݱ¶˳ô¡
˧ȻҲ˲üע⣬û˾Ƕڴһ飬Ǿಿһ˧磬ҲȻĻĹעҲΪʵԼһֿ
ȻⶼǺˣһµַݣ뿪֮ǾǱųӵĶǰ㣬㽫γԵĹͷʣ¡
ˬ߳С䣬ַһҪ飬ǾǳἴҪʼˡ
ԪǺܳ㣬Կڶε㣬յЩʦƷж٣
иʮɡ΢΢һЦȻҲַܺôĽƷɴȴѡװɵһΪռš
ˣлл㡱ַһЦʮλʦƷ֮Ҳܹ׬㹻Ԫ˰ɣ
γᣬַݿޱȵڴԪ֣ʲôöĻǻĪ
붼û룬ֱַӴ˳̵Ľ棬ٷһξƷᣬǾĴ
ٷҲǺܿ˻ӦַѾйüδᣬղؽҲǺˣԹܿ͸λؼǴϢ֮󣬾ܴؽ硣

μһַݱηòƷĲֿУֻİڷʮƷڵƹ¶貵Ĺâ
ûЩƷַչģҲǷǳģ԰ݷλʦ´ԼжȿǮ˵
μŲƴ֣ЩʦȻԼƷܹһüǮԺĿʼæµҲԼǰƷøΣԲڶʱڴչôĲƷ
ַϸĿ˿ЩνǸƷԼ۸Ҳ̫ܹͣǮÿЩؼǹˡ
ֻǿ˿ַݱ򿪳δ̵ϼܽ棬ʼЩƷһϴȥ
ȻִЩǳĳԼ۸һֱ߲ȥδУϡѾȫ磬ЩϡٵĴȫԳ֮ΪƷ
Щܶ඼ʧַģǾģȻδЩؼǷѣֻһϼܣ͵õؼҷۡ
ַҲ̲ס΢΢һЦЩؼ۵ԽԼЩļ۸ĸߡ
һϼַܺ˿Ϳؼˣľֻеȴ
æߵ£ֱַѡ˻ؼңַݵӰ֮ѩöʱ˳ܵǰһɵĵˣӭ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦһҲ¶һĨޣղĻûȫȥλŮװĽã̲סһĭ
ҲǱÿУ̲סߺͷȻ뵽ַݵ飬ַ⶯ı飬ǻ̲סЩߡ
ʵŮͲõĴˣΪ֪øͲԼλãҲεַˡ
ַҲ֪һ㣬ԭÿһУ뿪ģĿǰ÷ǵûпǶԼԽԽˡ
ȿȡԼʧַ̬Ҳ̲סɿˣѩȥæɣһطˡ
˵ַ꣬תԼķȥʱ򣬹ɵѩͻȻ̧ͷַݰʾˣѩһΪˣ˭ҲҪ
ַӲһҲӿһĨ޴ĸжԼҲҸʱ䣬ˣҲѾ⶯˺þòǣ



329 Ϣ
ӽصУַڴУⳡĴҲĻؼҲޱȵķǼ۸һδΰθߣַݶǲࡣ
ڣڼСʱ⼸ʮһģַݴ˽ڵԪټǰʣµĸڣַݽǻʮԪδ磬Ҳһˡ
ʽо˵ַݺڴһںĳ᾿ЩöʱԼܴ
ȻʽˣַҲٴԼŮţַݽӵһϢǾǼС
õϢַ֮ݲɴӣȫû뵽ԼʦȻô䣬Ŷʱ䰡Լʦĸˡ
ϲַȻҲǿϲԥЩĲƷҽԺķȥ
ַҽԺʱҶӨٻҲѾ˴˴ţԼҵʦĴܶŰиǴſϲɫ
ڽΪԼҪһǼܵˣһҲֻһͬѡ
ϲ鷢ˣһûãͻˣҸҽ˵ǳĽ
ŮΪѾȫںˣֻҪܹΪһǾѾ㹻ˣԼĺӲǣ
ʵһʱ򣬽ΪѾҽԺ壬ҽҲ˵˻ϵļʺСû뵽ôǾͻˡ
ҽҲޱȵľ棬Ҳ޳ٴθһ飬ǵȻȲˣһʱǼֱǺ
ȻҽҲ˵ȻΪȴ֪ģַֻݸ˵޸ҩǻ˵Ļ
ڿַǰ֮󣬽Ϊжʱ¶һĨмɫǰַݵļͽܣлˡ
ַȻ֪ΪлԼʲô΢ЦſڵлͲˣʦҪǽְչ˺ãСʦܾͺãСٻ˵ǲ
ҶӨٻһЦڵͲõˣʦԼְ̿ɺˣˤˣ»ˣȶ㻹ˡ
ַ΢΢һЦϷʵŽΪʦʦĸͽܰҳԴô죿
ΪΪᱻ˵Ĳ˼ȴû뵽мĿַһۺ󣬿ڵͲ𣿸ʦܻʦ谮
ҡַݶʱɵۣСˣûǸƤֻȻʦӮˡ

ֳʱһƬЦַҲ¶Ц˿ڵϣԼӣ¶˴Ȱļ
һַݶʱΪ·ָָʦǳȥɣмҪҪ˵
ŶȻɻ󣬵ΪǴַݵһͬ˷⣬ڵʲôֱ˵ɣŸ
ʦַݺһһĿŽΪ㲻㻹Ƿ˼ְһǳҪĶ𣿡
ʲôΪ㶣ʵЩͷԣڿʲôˡ
ȥַ̲ס˸ۣһɸֵģŽΪڿǽ̶ְӶˣڿɻǷޣ㶮𣿡
⡭ΪȻҲ¶˲ɫһˣܼܿȴôġ
ЩҲüοһֹģȻԼ˵£ԼȻû⵽
֮󣬽Ϊʱ̧ͷ̵ַͽܣ˵˵Ҹô죿ҿûЩ
ͷİɣһ׵ġԼʦĴϲ£ַȻԴҪΪˡ
õַݵ׿ϣΪʱҲһЩãͽܣڸЩʲôŰɣ
˰ַ֮Ѿ˶ۣԿڵҪĵһ£ǽְͻؼңȻǳȥһ
õģϾȥΪ˵ͷĿ˼һ۵СȻؼҰɣԱ岻á
á󷽵վڽΪĲ£ַԼҶӨٻһͬ˷гżҵķȥ
տûãַͻȻ뵽һ⣬ڵʦɣְ﷿䲻󣬶ҿҲã絽ҼȥסɣҲչˡ
Ϊһº󣬱ӦڿɲǽʱһΪ˼һΪ˱иõĻҲñӵĽ
ȻҲûʲô飬ֱ뽯ΪһַݵĺԺס£䱻ʲôĶֳɵģǺܿͰ
ַ֮ݱŽΪҶӨٻһͬٴγһгŵ۾ΪĽֵȥ



330 鱦
ûַݴΪĿģΪѡһ䣬ԼΣʱʹá
ַݴ߽һ鱦󣬽ΪͲɬһЦֵַ̯̯˵ͽֲܰǲ֪ʦڿ磬Ǯʲôʱ鱦
ΪľַȻ֪һôڲԵúôůڽǮûʲôҪĹûҪ
ڽӴˣȴǲòõǮЩʱǻļǮȻʲôҲû˵ȴǾʮֲڡ
߽鱦һ̣ΪҲ̵ʶ˽ǮҪԣԼҲȥҸˡ
ȥͽܴǮ𣿡ַݵһЦǮ˵Ǹ֣ûͻ
ʦǷŰɣʱҵˣٻ㡱ΪͷһĲ˼
ʲôͽʲôǲǮˣ͵Тĺˡ˵գֱַŽΪһ̨ǰʼҶӨٻһͬѡţͬʱַҲãǸøΪҸˡ
ҶӨٻʱŮڣȻֻ÷ӣѡ˽СʱҶӨٻȫѡĿꡣ
һ۸εܼ۸񣬾ȻΪҡͷѣ룬ǮԼⱲӶǻˡ
ծ಻ѹΪҲȻˣַǮ࣬ԼҲǾţһëѣɲκεӰ졣
ҪΣ˱˼УʱΪЩΣٴζַʵͽܰһҸô죿
δַݿڣҶӨٻ΢Цſڵ⻹𣿵Ȼְˣһ޸ૣ
òɡΪһҲһĨҪ֪ϲɲӦԼһЩȷ
ͣһģҶӨٻһЦοʦҾ˵ģ밡̶ְԸˣôܲԸ޸㣿
ҲǡΪʱȻˣҲǻȻԼǸͷˣʲôµģ
Ե˻ص˼к󣬽ΪżǸԺȥֻʮӺһ˷ַܵܳݵ˷ܵСӦˣӦˡ
ϲͬʱлַȴķ֣ҶӨٻȻĿԼһۣҲַݸȫĽ
뵽ַݲһȷǷҶӨٻһ飬ڻʱΪûãӦŮ

ȻɹȻ͵ѡõĽӣԵԼӻ֮ΧһϣʼǸƵա
գΪҪַݵԭԻӾͶǰȥַħǰһ죬Աܲμӡ
ӶãȻҪˣּҵȻһ٣ȴûʲôݣҪΪڲô꣬Ȼ١
Դұ㿪ʼ·ΪԼϼˣҲǿʼԼߵļѣַڲȥ
Ϊַ֪٣ȴ֪һǾڲſڵĴѧգԵһͽ͵С
ӹַݵ֮󣬴ѧտû㿪ЦСӲ׼𣿡
ҽ飬㿴˵ɡѧ˵ЩЦãַݲòѵ
ΪȥȻ϶찡ϵ֮󣬴ѧղɴ˫ۣȫû뵽һ¹ȥ˾Ҫˡ
ֻȵĻں棬ΪַһϷʵĵȻÿˣʦǽʦĸĶӶˣĻŶӽ飬ǿɾͲˡ
ʲôӾϢ֮󣬴ѧվһվַݵ˵ɣϼһ潫˶Ūˣ
ַݵ˵ͷϷʵǧȷڿӰ룬ΪʹͲˣҵ޸ҩڣǾǲҲǲ
Ҳǡ뵽޸ҩ󣬴ѧҲ̲ס˵ͷҲ¶һĨ⶯ɫ
뵱Ϊƴ꣬һ˵ϣӵʱѾˡ
ڿԼĺѽΪȻɹ飬һ˺ҲĶˣϾȣܲĶ
ַȻǿе뷨ļ˵ϰĶжԸĻҿ԰㰲š
ȥȥȥҪ㰲šһͷĽַݻӿȻ⶯Ϊû¶ģƤȻܱ
ַһϷʵĿԼѧҲǲЩ죬ڵͲˣҪ;͸ɡ



331 ʦ
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ǣκڽΪǰἰҪȥԸħ飬Ҳһ
ڽΪʶǰַ˵һȥܾһˣư͵ľȥˡ
ȴȫͬˣǻ˽ΪĹ⣬ַݿɲϣԼʦκε⣬ʱСʦܻСʦóû˸ףɵ
ΪЩҲ֪һ㣬Զصĵ˵ͷѾǣȻù˼ô࣬ɽΪȴ»һδĺӣȻǲһͬա
СʱѾֻʣһţַݱڲߵǴСȥҲǻص˴˴¼ŵĺǺơ
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û֮ͷ񣬰˵ΣյûʲôԸȥǡ
ɳϵǣʾ󣬼ڲ˶ʾԼԸμӣһЩսڲ˶Ǳʾ岻ݴǡ
ежͬʱҲоԼϳصθУԼô˿أͱҪãҪġ
һЩ˵ѡһϴߣǸԼѾ㹻
ͬʱǱҲʼбȻߵҪһЩҲһɲɺӵۺʵѾܹȫѹħǱߵˡ
ַݲ˿ڵӶǱߵ飬һϵģбȽϺá
ˡ˵ͷϾڻģѰҹӶʲôʵ飬磬ȴһˣԽ죬ȷѡ
С£ûҾ˰һеľƸֱַ꣬ѡ˸ǣһ𣬳˺ȾƣҲûʲôˡ
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ȿȡַݸɿʼʵҲܺ߰Ǳɱҵģû뵽ôľԼˡ
˭ĹҡҡͷҲûʲô˵ģԺֿɵ㣬Ͼߣװ
Ҷˡַݵ˵ͷȷ˵ߵĻήֵܼѾˣ޵ĻһֱȽϺá
¼ַһҲûк֮ģԼνƱۣ֣ҲΪԼİȫ롣

ҲʱԶɽ´Уһ˷ܵԼҸ˵顣
ȥɱħ˴̼û˵꣬Ҫʮ˸һȥʱֱ˳˷ܵףҪȥҪȥ
һ˷ܵͲɫһ㶣ѵ֣ôΣյ飬һŮϹϸʲô
Ůô㿴ҵЩˣĸǿģͲԻе˼
һ仰Ҳһǹиеޱȵ裬Ҳֻţ˭Ǵ򲻹
ԼŮ˲ɫҲǲһ̾ǿŮ⣬Ҫ˻ˮ
ȻĲУֻӲˣԴһӣүүСȥɣ¾ͱˡ
ү˸ȭ֮󣬱ߵԵС㣬ȥɣ֮Υ
㡭ү⸱ģ֪Լ˵ʲôҲûˣֻƵ߳˴үҲǸȥ
ү׷˷ֻһģһʯ飬ڨЦһǰȰС㣬ͱˣҲΪòǣ
ħϵǿߣ׵Ҳֻ·һȥʲôôĻô죿
Ҿȥ𡱣Ƶľ˾ͣȥ磬ǸᣬԼҸȴߡ
ֻһ˲䣬б¶һ⣬૵Ȼ㲻ҳȥҾԼȥǸˣȥ



332 Ὺţ
ַ꣬ҲٴλصԼУһڵʱҴҶǳеʱ䡣
ĳԻϣַݱ˸СѣԼмǳҪҪһˡ
õ˴ҵ׿ֱַ֮ӳŻһƫƧĵطĽ򿪺󣬿ʼȴ
ҹߵ㣬Ŀ֮УῪַһҲ¶һĨ
һεǳε˵ǿǰʢغöҲԲ١
֣λŮֻһ̵ܼĻ֮Ů㿪ڵڣĵһƷʯ
ʯһƣַݶʱ㶣빺һЩƷʵʯΪδŮ׼ţû뵽ĵһƷˡ
ⲻַЩ⣬ԼڴĿ֮£һƳ˳һ첼
Ů˵ļ˵֮£ڽǸŵĺ첼ҿҲ¶һĨĽǽյһʯشļۣǧԪ
ַȫˣ𾪵ȻʯǾ̾ôСһʯȻôֵǮ
Ҫ֪磬ʯȻҲ󣬵δ۸ȴǱ
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˵ֱַδ̵Уҵһʯʷ鼮ʯʱʼ
ֻǼӲַݾҵԼҪһ֪ʶҲȫˣΪʲôʯδ磬Ȼسģ
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һܹӻʮʯһʣȴҪǧ˵ʯܹǺεݳ޵Ķ
Զͨ˵õʯһţǾǲܵһ飬ڸ˵üڣʮڻʮǶǻġ
Ǽ֮УʯҲ⵽֣֮ʯʯһΪʹá
Ҳһ棬һʯܱǳԪ
ַݲһԼڴЩӦȥһˡ

ʯǷģһ±㳴˵ģַڴ£Ҳó˵ڶƷ
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ַ˵öҩѾûκεôΪѾùһ֧ˣһѾͻƵ˰
һ뵽ԼԵԼŮǣַݱ¶˾ģöžͱҪ
ȻŮǶϰ䣬öҩȴ𽥵ĸıǵʣǿĸ
˵ǣεöҩδ̵׼ʮֳ㣬ַֻ˰ǧļ۸񣬱ʮ֧öҩ
ֻһᣬʮ֧ҩ㱻ַУ׼ҸᣬøԼļŮá
һᣬʮ֧һĽ֧öҩ㱻⣬ҲΪδ̵׬˽ʮڵԪ
Դ˽Ů˱ʾǳ⣬΢Ц߳شһޱȵķΪƷǣöŵҩš
ûǱܱ֣䵽ţֻҪһ֧һͨˣɱĻǿҩЧӹɡ
ৡһ£ַ̲סλϱöҩãޱҩҩЧ֪
ַ˵ʲôҪʱ䣬ȻᣬʱԻӻ
ĶݣýǮԼʱ£ַǾģ֧ҩҪõ֡
һַݿǱƳѪɫţгڴ



333 δ
ʵҪŮôžѾĶ׼֡
δ磬ѧѾ֤ߣرǻߣһ˶ʮʮ
ЩǣôܲǼѾֻԶ۶ʯһţöҩҪࡣ
ֻǱһӣöҩѾһڵĸ߶ȣγ׼֧˵۸񻹻ߡ
ַо˶Ĵңͱ˵˻Ϊ滹ҩǼ۸Ȼ࣬һһڱصõģ󣬾ͻš
׼ַڼ۸ﵽһڵʱֱӼӼǧҲһ֣ͽ˸סˡ
סˣҲֻֻͣ˼֮Ǳ۵ֿʼַ֮ݵһЦٴμӼǧ򣬽ҩļ۸ֱᵽڡ
˴ֱʣȻ˲˵ĻȻ˶̲ס۲һַݵʺţ¼֮󣬶һǾǴ˾Ϊַݵļ¼ϣֻҪ˼۵ģѵ֡
˶ǵѡֹôЩˣѡ˼Ӽۡ
ַǼӼۣԺٴμӼǧ˶̲סզ࣬ĵһôںǮ𣿡
֮£ѾûټӼˣַ岻ݴǵһ֧ҩ
ҩ͵ַǰһ̣̲סͽһ˸У뵽滹ʲôöҲͼĿ
ʵһַ̣ݾ͸оޱȵĺڣΪʲôԼ׼һԪĻ뽫֧ҩȫ£ֱ֣Ƕôһ°
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ַҲޱȵģΪ֪ʯļ۸֮Ѿ׼ȥһ磬Щʯ㵽ˡ
ţַҲɽۻЦ֧ҩܹĳʲô˵ļ۸
ڶ֧ҩϳ˾ȵǣվȻЩ䳡˰֮󣬾Ȼ˳ۡ
䳡ȻֻʱĶѣһ˳֮ҩϵֱٵֻǼӵʱ䣬Ȼ͵ַʱļ۸
ʱ˲ŻȻҩȻƻм֧Ƕָٰĳʲô˵ļ۸
֮˶ҧۣһ·Ԫأֱڲͣ
ŵڶ֧ҩļ۸߸ߣ֧ļ۸񣬶ǳڣһ֧ҩȻڣ˶Ϊ֮ࡣ

ţַҲǼȴźöĳ֣ĺüİǺܴ
ڣ˵£ٴγһַޱȸȤĶǾһʱ
ЩȻҲ˲˵ע⣬Ϊδ磬Ѿ뵽ǼʱǼʼĺҲѾͨ
ȻǼʺ˵ĿͨһֹϵְҵҲӦ˶ǳ֮ΪǼʺʹ޲ѡ
ǼޱȵĹЩҲûȻʹޣҲǺް취ֻ취ԼĽװ
δĹ֮ܿأֻõһЩͨĶԿѣЩǼʺЩΪ
ȴǿϣȻǾ̭ĲƷеҪࡣ
ȻûкϷʹֲ֤Ըͨ˻ǾӣֻҪƽʱҴŵ㣬ʱóԸҲûκε⣬ЩҪõ
ַȻҲҪõЩõЩҲóȥй¶ԼоΪ֮з׼
Ȼо֮ȻҪϽҵģϾ̩񰲣Լܻĸڲǣ
ͬʱ֪ϣʱַҲ͵͵һЩҲ̫Ĳ
࣬۸ȴһҲˣһʼͱе˽ԪĶַڱصãֿʼǱ־ԵĿͼӼۡ
ַݵʺŽЩǼʺ˵ĴҲ̲סҡҡͷԭ¾Ҫյģ۸ôߣȻԸȥˡ
ڼ۸֮ЩϰǱѡ˱ܣַݽⶫõˡ
ĸ˲οֱִҪߺüεַ̲סóһЩŵϣϿʼж
Ȼַݽʱһֱо鼮Ҫ˲ЩԭҪһʱ䡣
ַֻСһ󣬱㽫Щעᣬһᣬһóϲ¶˹ɫ



334 £ս
һ·ȴͨ·׼ȷ˵һ׿·ֻҪ֮ͻʧǵС
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ʵֻǲϡٶѣ۸񲻻ַֻܹ˼Ԫһס
±͵еʱַݶʱһĨ˷ܵɫ»ǳ״̬ȫֳ͸״̬ϸĻ濴ڡ
԰ɡַ΢΢һȣϵһťֻ˲䣬ԭܿ£ʧǰ
ַݲŴͣϵʸлڣ滳ǷĴڣһ֮£ֱַҵƶţȴǣı仯ţܵĻںϵһ
ַݲ΢΢һЦµȷǼöֻҪһЩ⡣
ͱ˵һͽٳʣֻҪԼߵԣǹ¾УֱʲôֱľѻֶЧʡ
뵽ַݲ΢΢һЦװԭԼҲбҪ˽ˣܹģΪٵı
ⶫɲ䵽ЩլǵУȻʱ϶һѵ鷳ҪǿɾͲˡ
뵽˲ֿУַݼĿȥ˵γƷڶ࣬ණַݶܼʽ⣬òĵȴš
ڣСʱ֮ѹƷŮվ˳һصĿŴҵضǳĳԾһᾪ°Ͷȥ
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սֵһ̣ʱһ𶯣Ϊ˶ϳˣվսս֮һзһţȻѾ㲻˵һ࣬µĺպսνʤ
ַҲȫľˣȫû뵽̵Ȼܸ㵽ִɱѾȫԤϡ
һսַѾӾ˽ˣǰ˷õһڣʱΪӣһھܽԲһĿȫ
ܣҲźüھļⷢڸƶͷţҴԶ׼ϵͳ˵ֻҪɨ赽ǼͲӵ
ȻҲޱȵļ̣ӲһǵҲ˶ѣ˵Щǹ֮ˣһۼ£ֻὦһ𻨶ѡ
뵽ַݵжʱһȵĿ⣬Ҫõֻ֣ҪõֺԼ޾ϵһС
Ҳˣ֪ⶫǸΥƷõҲǲóĴڣȴҪ£ǿǾԣҲпΪ˴ﵽһЩɸ˵Ŀġ
ô˵һŵСսһ˵ע⣬źţⶫˡ
ǷĽке⣬Ů˶ʱȻһЦǵ飬ҶˣҲǻ˾޴Ĵۣǳ̵걣֤һţǿԱޣԴҵṩȻҪʹЩǾ͵׳ǿɰԪˡ
ַҲ΢΢˿һֻʹһΣȻڶ˵ܱޣṩԴҲûй˼ˡ
ҵķӦɺŮҲһһȵһСսʼļۣڡ
ڣ۸ַ̲֮סɴ˫ۣҪ֪ڵȫʽ֮Ԫˣο⻹ļۣغļ۸Ҳޱȵľˡ
ô죬ô족ַݶʱЩսĻ϶ҪʹþãҪ֪ⶫǿĴڣ˴ʽȱȥң
֪κεİ취ַݶʱ侲˼˰֮϶ʱ¶˷ܵɫվˡ



335 ʯ
иԻãǾǿƷѺȻ֮ʽģʱϾͺá
һַݾʽ㣬ԲŽǸѺֱ˻Ȼ̻Щ鷳ܱȺöԼǰúðɣ
Ȼεķһţ۸ɲôͣǽǼóּۣҲǱˮнѣַݵĿĲǹ棬ʯ
Ǻҹֻǰ˵Щ鱦궼ûйţַݻʱԲɹһŵʱֻСʱһ˽ôʯչʱɲãַݲòͳ绰δ˹ȥ
С𣿽۵Ĳˣ㻹ȥӶðɡ绰һͨŶĻ
ƽʱַݿ϶ֺǺǵĵ٩䣬û˼ֱӽ㣬ûʲôʱˣҸæμŵĲɹҴģĲɹʯжҪ٣Сʱõ٣неĶҪ
⡭βЩĿַ࣬ͻȻģɹʯһ˵ɣ˵Ļ϶˵ַ飬ѯʣֻҪհͺá
õģСϾͰ족شһֱ´ָԼ˾ǣʼɹʯ
ܵͬɣԲɹԱǷ׷ϵ˸鱦˾ܲʯֻҪСʱ͵μŵģȫҪ
鱦˾ĽԱΪթƭȷʵ֮϶ʱ¶˿ϲɫ
ԥģܲʼһһ´ŵ绰ǿеʯ̨Ѿŵ˽ϵĳƷ䶼Ǳװӵ۾ܿʼμš
˾޴ĶǲסڵģõϢڣȻҲʯĶС
ֻСʱʱ䣬һϢˣǾǻĹʯ棬һҹ⣬ҲĿŵμŵϣȴμŵĽ͡
Ϊ£Ҳҹ⽻˸绰˵μоʯҪҪһʯоŷ˹ȥ
õϢ֮ЩʯǶʱΪ֪μҪĶضǼۡ
ͱǰҸνⶾҩԭϣԼһεϡԴ֤һУȻԲ⣬μźˡ
ַ֪Щ˵뷨϶ЦãҲòǵǻۣͶ¿ޱȵ
ʯļ۸һǣڣΪַѾһƻǾҪȽµʯ͹˵

СʱʱҴҶҲСʱμžˮһĻȥʮڻıңֱʣҵĿࡣ
ַ߽μǱΧؾеıʿк󣬲ûһʯĹλۡ
ȻʮǸֲ֣ܿʯļ۸Ͳͣͨ꣬һҲڵļ۸
鱦˾еʯɶǵĺʯҸͷͣܵʯȻֻ߽ңַһָͿԽӴ
˶ʯڷڵƹ£ޱȵĿЩʯ¶Ļκνٷ˵ķ
ַݿ˿У˿̷һŵļ۸ѾҪӽʮˣһ͸ϵƷˡ
żûôַ֣Ѿ˼ƽϣֱӴʯѡʮģЩʯƷԼͷһ㶼ܹ۵һϡ
ԺԥĽЩʯŽ˶Уʣµʯ˱ַת뿪μš
һ·Žȥַ֮ͣʵּۣ㽫ʮʯȥֻǼӹȥϵͳһֿۼ۸ʮԪ
ȷ˵Ѻַݵ˻жʱʮڵԪټϸղŻʣµԪԪﵽʮ߸ڡ
ַ֣жʱ󷢣ǷһĨаЦǻôҶǮǡ
˿̣һŵļ۸Ѿӽ˶ʮڣҲڻţȴܻδǮ׬óʮֽˣǿɶî˾ģԼϱ˳
Ȼϰ嶼мֵԪңеĴ󲿷ֿɶڲԼ棬ЩǶ˵ġ
ֱַӲٿűڵļ۸ȥͻȻڵļ۸˶ٴξˡ
ַݵʺ֮¶˿ɬ飬տʼַû֣ȴû뵽ַݾȻʱ̲ų֣һξڡ
˶ڲ²ţַݾǺηУȻ˶ʽܹóǲȥҲû³ʲôΪַʵ̫ˡ
Ҳ˸еη壬Եַ˴ֱʵĳ֮ЩҲ֣ͣһţҲ䵽ַݵС



336 ĸо
ȻܿڣǿȥһȦûжһŵ֣ҲʽĽַҲһȻ˼֧ҩܵ˵̻Բ
˻п۳ĶʮԪַҲһĿЦһжֵõģΪҷսҲϵκһˡ
ǼƻѾ趨ˣַݻ뿪ϷսһȥħڵĻȫֻҪڸ߿һͺá
Ҳֻѣ׶׵ı¶οǷһִɱֻҪһĻ˵ңҶɲѡ
һֻԼ֪ҪʹõĻǵ˾˼ɵʱ̲ŻóʹãȻ鷳
ɣַ˳һƬ˵ĿյأӸ˲ֿнս˳
С͵ĵսԷһŵ޴󣬹Ҳʮ׵ĳȣõʽزϣܹܵľɫɫʣ֤˲ױ˵֡
ͬʱַҲǰװЩ״ԼֶΣͣǰϵĸ߿գܱ֡
ΣǳӰЩǼս䱸ǰǸ޴ڣҲܲżⷢɱԾ޴
ϵͳҲ̶ͨȼƽҲзװãҪ̫һйԴΪĹ⶯ϵͳܹӦκεĻ
һַݴ˲ţڲ۲ǾõеȻװ޺һжأ˸־Ѫڡ
Һ󣬿һѵķӰťַݲЩͷΣó̵긽һֲᣬȻַݻɶͷԡ
óֲᣬַʻϿֻһСᣬȫ˷ɴĲݷ档
Խֲŵһߣַݴ˴ֺ󣬱㰴ʻԵһɫťֻ˲䣬žƯһ״ĿС
ʵŵĲݷʽܼ򵥣г࣬һƷɻ̵Ķɣô򵥡
ֱַӿϵͳֱӽ˸߿УʼԶйţȻģʽгֺͬصı֣Ҳַ˷ܲѡ

ŷֱ̫УϵͳҲԶл˹Դϵͳľ̫зš
ĿĵķţַͻȻǰƮһ滭̫־һ֮£ַݾӦø̫Щ鷳ˡ
׼˴ͷһⷢԶ׼ϵͳַݺԥ˷䰴ťʱһǰƮĶֱӴıһŻ𻨡
ĿдַݵУ̲סͷȻҪ£ǾһҪĴ
ֱַӲŷţʼΧŵⲿĹ򵹷ţʼЩ̫һ䡣
ȻΪ˲ɣַҲ˲뻪Ĺй޵Ĺǣڵһ޹ؽҪǡ
Ϊ̫ͨѶȫ߱Ǿ޴ʧ̫˶ˡ
Ȳ˵Ǳۣ𻵺Щʱյʧǿ޵Ķˡ
ͬҲһ̲סŷƣΪǵҲʧ˲٣ʲôԭûв
һ˲䣬϶ҵͨѶжϣҲɶУͷԣʼͨѶ˾
෽ͳһȫҶóͬһ˵ǣǾ˲ʧЧ˲٣ôҲҪš
ʵ𣿲ͨѶţǾ㲻״ΪʲôԵ޹ʵըͺ񱻹һ
ʵҲ֤ǵĲ²⣬ΪڶǴһĻ¼У඼һͱ˻
Ҳ²ţҿˣ˽䱸У˳ֺ󣬺ݺݵĳͷ
ǵһҹҲʲôûеȵҲûг֣Ҳ취֤¾ɵģֻһʮ
Ϊĳĳݻô˾籾һĵĵӰַ֪һĹŹ֡
ȻҲǺˣʮַ֮Ĵ˴㣬ص˵۾Ͽգ˻ţԼȥ
ν˷ϲ¾ˬ˶ĺöȻҪףһԻصкַݱ͵͵ӵķУŮҪĹ



337 Ϊ
һµʱҴҶǽΪӣΪ˵İɣַȻʼкһС
ĳӣȻʹ÷гŵʲõĳΪͷķгҲ̫ţĳӲ֪Ϲ˶˵۾
֮Ǽһ£Ǹ𾪵Ժ£죬ǰĻţȺ̫ţֵǽʮڡ
˴ֱʵĳӣȻ˹ע˽֮˾˭õϢȴμйصһλĳ飬Ҳϯλ
˵ΪԼʦĻַ˺һĿģӻֳãԼԱţĽУȫ㵽
糿ŵ㣬ַݿϻţ뽯Ϊһͬżҵķȥ;ȻܵĽ۹⡣
ŽΪǷžִٲɫַ̲ס΢΢һЦοʦؽŵģ˾ǱΪһ£͹ȥˡ
֪֪ǽ𡱣һưĽΪԵر˧ǽŵɫȴȫƻС
ַݲЦŰ˲ͷϵ亹ûɶŵģְѾıɣӲҪƾʦ֣˭סɣ
ҲǡΪ㶣뵽ԼԵĶһȺͨ˶ѣƾΪ±סУ
ڷҲܿ˼СſڣַݶʱŽΪʼնȥˡ
ҵھǶܺô򷢣ֱַӵݸ˽Ϊһѵĺһ˦˱˼Ļ¥
Щ񵽺ˣҲΪַݵĺˬеǳ̹ΪСĶһٶʮǮǼ󷽵ĺˡ
˱ֱ¥ϣҪԵĿɾǼҵֱϵˣΪ֮ˣǼãǽΪѵޱΡ
ַݼ˾֮󣬼Ҳֻĺ˵ĵһǮȥˡ
ڣһؿҲַΪεĹؿΪĹ뷿еŮȫŮˡ
ǶǸǮΪѵͷ󺹣ַݣѱŮ˵óѣȻҲܵŮٵĳͷ
ȻޱȵļѣĿȴǵõˣΪż߳˷ַ̲֮סٴ׷һѵĺôҶٴ

гŵ۾תһȦڶµĴƵſͣΪҲʼǽĹǾӭ͡
ڱ˵ҪȫصǾۼһǾǼޱѵ飬ַ˵ȴټ򵥲һˡ
ҪϰģֱμŴкż٣һǴнݼ٣λƫƧģֱӷг֤ͣڽ쵽˴
ԽǳĶ࣬Ҳ۵ĹǺΣ˴ϲӣôμǵĻ֤ǵá
ˣȻǵ۾ΧԼַݵЩǣҲԼֿף
ڽΪǰʱһĶԻַݸжĲᡣ
ֻ˵һ仰ҲǶԽΪ˵ģǶԼ˵ģɩӣлˣлл˴ִΪǽһжҲˡ
ͨ˵Ȼǲ֪еľŮַ˵ȴټ򵥲һ飬һǰѾȥˡ
һ仰˵ǽΪǲѣԼԲʵ̫ˣһ̣˿ԵļеСȭͷҲţػš
ΪͽٴǰģǽΪЩսսѣȻѾϣʮ㡣
ͷ˵ԼףʣýΪǸоӣ˲䣬㱻ѧոȫޣ϶ţ۲ˣɩôƯȻ㣬ֱ˹ʺ𡣡
˴ϲӣѵЦΪȴֺǺǵĶԴѧյ٩֪ĽʼңбҲ߸ʺ˸ҿ
㡭ѧΣֻʼˣϲӣҾͲƽôˣºȾƵʱٸˡ
ʱ㡱ΪҲǺ󷢣ûҪŻȥܺȵͺȵҸ˾ͺá
ӭڲȺѣҲʽʼ˾ǵ˵£ֳ˶̲ס͵͵Ĩᡣ
رǽ󼪣ǸжԸӣüζǿ޳ԼкˣҲõӦеҸ޺



338 ɽ
ȻǾеޱȳɹҲŽΪʽΪһԷޣӽԺأͷ롣
ڽΪ˵Ǹޱȸ˵ӣַ˵ȴô⣬һͬףڻʱ򣬿ŮһĽģҲܲζ
ͬʱΪһϸİɣôܲɹٵƵ˵ϵһˣ඼ַڵƣΪֻСһڡ
ЩϵõģַݸѲˣԵͷΪûȶ٣ȴǺȵĲˡ
ַҲûа취δѾҩһȥ֤ҩȻĻˡ
תһȦ֮ٴڲ˵һַ뽯ΪҲҳ
˿̵ĽΪ״̬ãԶʱԼѴѧƴ˾ν൱һСʱ˶Щͷˡ
ʱԺĴѧգȴ˵һϽֵҾҪȥħˣ͵ҵϢɡ
һ䣬ַݲûľƸ˳Ͻס˴ѧյͣһ´ѧյ䡣
ʹнѧվѣ˸ղԼ˵ǾͷҲ˴Ŵŵ亹ΪµĻ϶
˵ǣΪ˿ѾǺȵԴˣûٱǾףϴˡ
˵ţΪһڽƺ£ѧܵ˾ţǾȻٺȥˣСһں󣬱ϲ
ַҲһȴȫû뵽ѧյĻһԵʦĸ˶С
һپƺ꣬ҲǲˣΪſϣΪ˲Ӱ˵ĶҹַҲ͵͵ݸ˼һѾ裬˽Ϊͻ˼ҡ
ַǴڲˣһƵ꣬ʼĳʱ䣬Щ׼ã빫ˣֱӳڷܵһСһغϣʱ㡣
ڹӶǱߣַҲͽǮ˹һд۵ǮֻҪ֡
Ҳǲؽ֮˴ĹӶֻҪһ£Ǿ͸ҰŸȥħ
һ׼ַҲһѾֻ߱Ƿһ磬ƾôӴһħǾԵס
ַ֮ݶʱѡ˻ؼңֻǲŸߵһʱ򣬵绰һȴòġ
ôкָ̣һµʱѹȥ˿̵ҲѾΪ˹˾ʽԱȻֻǸͨԱѣò˵ҲǸ
ʱһˡͲдΪεĻȻû˵ʲô£ַݻǴӦǰĵط

һҳ֮û¾ϲ˿飬ѧϰҵĹԭҲǸƽһ죬һ绰ȴоޱȣΪӾȻ͵ܳˡ
ԭΪԼֻ棬Ȼеִȴ棬ϾģҲҪӲǣ
ȫû뵽ǣԼȻԼĿĽϵַܾ֮ȴȫûоܾʸΪһƵģ
һôû˿ֻϵʱ䣬ЩͷľȻַݵٶȸеǲ
̣ŹȥʮӲô찡ʮڣѾԼԹֹˣʵ̲ס²˳
²ȴļȲһɱô㲻ڡ
꣡û˵꣬ű㱻ͻȻƿǵϤ߽ʱкڹôô
ȥһžһԼԸַ̲סŴ쿴ŮˣôܳˣҲμλ
ô˱ҪһȥȻ
ܡ˵ַ꣬ݺԥıѡ˾ܾģ˵֤һ㣬Ǿûȡͬ⣬͵ܳġ
㡭ַ˹ϵľܾɴ˫ۣһ߷߲ƽģôôϧһŮ㣬㶼Ըһ𣿡
ⲻŮŮ⣬ԭԵ⡱ַʼ磬һεĵҴȥǸطʲôĻô㸸ĸ
˭Ҫ㽻ͬ⻹ǲͬ⣬Ҷȥˣ㡱üһ㲻ȥĻҾˣø㿴
ǺǡַݲŭЦɣˣԼ棬Ϊȥ氡ǴСƢ



339 ŵǿҩЧ
ַˤŶǷŭģжʱһίУҲʪ
촽֮һĨᶨɫվַȥĵط׷ȥ
˵áȵҡȰȰԼñȡˣɻû˵䣬ͼѾ׷˳ȥԼҲòϡ
˵ʵַݲ෴ǻǳԸ񣬿ʱʵ̫ˡ
ͱ˵£ȥȻǲգȴԵ͵˳һǿַݴһȥ
˵ΣԲĻַݲȥ棬ҪԵĿħԼħڣЩײеĹӶ
Щ˿ɲΪŮ飬˵Ůֻ֮ݣΣҲǴӡ
ܳսϵģȻַ֪ܾҲģȴԸʲô¡
һ·Żȥɻûߵǰ׷ǰҪôſϴӦң
ܣ㻹ǻȥɣǸط治ģģ֪𣿡ַݺǹҡҡͷ
˺ĺȥַһģҲǲòһԣĵ
£ô磬׽ˣؼҰɣ𣿡һҪ˵ģַҲ̲סһҲֻ֪ҪԼ¶һԥͻԽǵôߡ
ôôͨ飿Ҿȥ˲ս˰ɣίģ
һ۾ͿеһĨַҡҡͷһ̫ˡ
˵ֱַ꣬˳ţ׷Ļˣ㸸ͬ⣬롣
꣡˵ֱַ꣬ӹر˳ţԼҵķȥôѾҪٹˡ
һĴ͵Ķ˶ţַָ뿪ķ󺰵ˣˣˣˡ
ԼһҪ˶ɵģӵãҪͻؼҰɣҲεͦյġ
ߡĿҧȥƫҪȥȻǲһҵж˰ɣ
˵ţٴһ뿪˴˴׷ԼģѡԵӵһٹ°ɡ

˦ַֻһɣԺԥص˼У˿ɫѺڣַҲͻص˱С
Ҳʱˡ켴ǰޣַҲΪ׼ҩǶǿѷ
Ӹ˲ֿȡǹѪɫҩַݲò̾δ緢ֵЩȻһܾѪһͨͻƵ֪䱾ǿ
ǿҲǱȲǻۣɱѪҺǿνսս
пһֱַšŵҩʱһǿҵѪӹӿѪҲǸŷ
ַһĺ󣬾һ̳һ㣬̰ĽŸ˸С
ֻһ˲䣬ǹŨҵѪַݵĸвѸٵĴÿһ䡣
ַݵ϶ʱǺһƬΪ˿̣ļⶼڱһţǳܣһˬС
ֻͣǼӵʱ䣬ַݱоԼµľѱ忪ɵľͻƵ˰ڡ
ҲֻǿʼѣǿҩЧӷַݸо¯һ㱻ţԼҲڼɱš
ַݸп϶һͨ˷´ҩ֮󣬿һ˲ͻͻƵΪޱȵǿ
ǰ۷壬ǷûôĿţǿҩЧҲǽַӲƵ˰۷ĸ߶ȣֻҪһͻƵĻ
һַȴоޱȵңԶ˵ҪϼʱŻͻƣҲһζôͻˡ
ҩЧţǱصļУȴַͻƻʱ򣬸һ޴
ȻûһͻƵ˾޴ЧãҲַޱȵˣڻһԵɡ
ȻͻƵ˰ԲַҲǰͲסԼ飬ֱӴӴͷ𣬿ʼԱԼĽ
޼ȭٶȣɣܶٶȣҲǰ˽ɡ
ȻַǳģȻצͻƣ֪ţǿ˵ľ磬ǿҲࡣ
ͱԭַݻʯͷһЩʹѾû˸оȻѾƽͻƵĽޡ
ջʵ̫ˡַвһĨЦݣҹͻƣҲַħ£ˡ



340 ԸΥ
ҹݽΪ˯ţط֮󣬱㽫ַݸѾҩ¡
ߵĻָǿֻһСʱӦĽΪҡҡͷ˹
ȿˮɡΪѾıˮݸ
ллšΪҸһЦľһ㣬ޱȵܵҷǳġ
ˣˡһһˮΪҲڸоȫ˹󽫼£۰ɣҪϢ
ۣӹûô飬ôľƣӦЪϢҡҡͷһ
ǺǡΪڨڨͷҲǲ뵽˽ȺǸԼƵʱһҲ氡
ͻȻΪȴüͷһ壬ΪģԼں֮ǰѧ˵һ仰˵Ҫȥַ˭ԼԼȺڲǣҲһıŤ
ֱ˽Ϊ򵥣Ȼ˲¶Ťı飬һҪԼ
ȥΪҲû뵽ѧ˵ҪȥԸ˭еɻҲǸˡ
ԼͻȻüͷΪﲻˣԹĵѯʵΪôѵﲻ𣿡
ûУֻһ¡Ϊҡҡͷ͵ͻȻԼѯʵˣСûǳԷʱǸѧ˵ҪȥԸ˭
Ҳ̲סü˼˰ŲȷĵҼǵãǽħʲôţʲô
ħжʱһĨ𾪣ΪҲȫ˹ΪʲôҶһҪԼģˡ
뵽ҶԼĵ󣬽ΪǸжжǴԸԼգԸ⽫¸ԼǣǾȻôҪ£Լ˵ˣǽ
üͷһ𣬽ΪǴĵ׵һͬȥԸħɽʱͬգʲôҲ˵ľ뿪
ҲͶ˷ǣң뵽Լ»ӣԼδĺӣΪжʱһĨǣһʱЩ顣

Ȧ˶ʮ꣬ʲôûΪصģôù˫ۡ
ĽΪı󣬼Ϊʲô£˵һͬԣҪһֱ𣿡
СҡΪ죬һ˲ûҽ˵ڣ˫ۺжʱһĨᶨ
ҧҧ󣬽Ϊſ˵ģղѧ˵Ǿ仰ʵǷһͬѰ顣
˵Һһǰֵսѣɽϴȴ˵ҪȥԸǸħҺǲ
ΪʲôѵǸħô˶һܴҲһѾЩԼɷ뷨
صĵ˵ͷΪûκĿڵǵģǳǸ࣬ڵʵĻӶӲ
ˡʱ˽Ϊ⣬Ҳޱȵļᶨ
ĿŽΪ񻺻ĿڵΪ֪УһֱǸӢۣô¸ң䡣
ϣǱʱҿԽĶ˵㸸ǸӢۣˣҲû𣿡
Сҡ˻Ϊֻں˵ЩʲôȴôҲ˵ڣֻʣĸж
һ½Ϊͷһ΢ЦҶڵʲôİɣһһֱģǱȡૡ
ȻѾ˵ΪҲҧ¶˾ģصĵ˵ͷСңһġ
Ȼš΢Цŵ˵ͷһͷ˽Ϊļϣ˿ʤ
ҹҲҵһҵ³ϣΪɣΪԼһǰ޵Ļգ׼㹻ĽǮ
ͬʱҲ´һǾǾԲԽ߸κˣȻĻǼҷá
ҴСһСС³ϷԣԹԵĽҪһж׼ȫҲκἰ¡
֪Ҷй¿ޱȵӣһйܵĻǾܻеڶֽ
ҲԸԳõԼҪĶ˾ͽһҺ࣬賿ĵһǰ˷ޡ
߿֮ϣв¶һĨɫ૵ΪȥҾȥ𣿱Сеǰ취



341 εĴѧ
һַԺһĳҪǰ޵ӣ˵ַݲţǾǼٻ
ħǿ֮ѾԹǷ˼ģԼɱӳˣΣնǴӡ
ַݱֶμǿҽħֲֻҪԸһЩħھˡ
˿ʱ䣬ߵˣַݻ˲У˿ѩѽ緹׼ãһεĿַݡ
һᣬһŮԼΪޱ˲Уһͬͣ˼ַ̧֮ͷŮҪȥһΣǺúչԼܺܿͻˡ
עⰲȫŮͬʱ˵ͷַҪ飬ȨʣֻҪһˡ
һᣬŮճĳԼгǰ˹˾鷢ˣûιΣȴͻȻоθһķӿ̲סŻ˳
ȻҲûô⣬Ǽ˹˾ʼԼҵֻżĲѣºƿ޸ҩˡ
ŮߺַҲվԽΪʦʦĸһҪȥһ˹⣬ʲôҪĻʱѩ˵ˡ
˵ֱַ꣬վŴſȥֻǻδ߳һϤҰɡ
ŶʲôַȻתͷҲǲһѡװɵʦ㲻Ҫʦĸ𣿸ܸʲô
ž˵ַ꣬ݵͷͰһƣΪһŭĴ󺰵СӣôҪһ£Ȼͬһҡ
ҡַݴסˣҲ¶һĨЦʦҴ˻𣬲Ҫȥְ̻С
ö˵ˣ֧ҡΪһĨᣬȻΪԼҵһᶮµŮ˸еֵˡ
Ϊ䣬˼ĻСݣʦɣҲģڼҵǾͺá
⡭ַٴסˣҲ¶εɫֻõͷðɣʦһսǧܳǿ֪𣿡
£ʦϳԹζԹ׻࣬ô𣿡ΪЩͷĻ˻ֵ
ðɡַݺεʼ磬Լʦĸ黹ұܣҲǵģ𣿡
֪ģȥɡ˵ͷȻ΢ЦϸĻҲޱȵĵǡ
Ϊᣬߵԣ˼һӵСңһƽġ
ȥɣ𵢸ʱˡ΢Цŵ˵ͷ󽫽ΪƵַݵԣĿ˵˷г

ʮӲַ뽯ΪԼĵص㣬˿ڲˣԼҴ߶Ѿ
⡭Ϊ֮󣬴ѧնʱסˣֻƬ֮عһŭĿŽΪϽ쵰ҹȥɩӻжĺʧȥ𣿡
ѧ˵ķŭΪҲһĨжѧõѣΪλ˷ŭȻΪԼĹġ
ǼȻѾˣΪȻٻȥҡҡͷϴ֪˵Ըġ
֪ƨ͸˵زȥȥŲö˫ȡѧԵޱȵļ
أϴͱȰˣǻɩͬġΪٴҡҡͷһ̾ĵ
ҹûɩӵͬ⣬֪֪ʲô⣬ôɩӽѧЩ˹ź
Ϊ֪ΪˣܾܿǼסԼǾ仰ԹΪʲôµĻϧ
ϴ侲㣬ҴӦ㣬ƴ˰ɣΪҲʮֵΣȻܹѧΪλ˼ȴǲӱ
ѧǲϰݣַݲòվ˵ˣϣҲȰˣʦݶһΣҲģ𣿡
ѧסˣеŭҲȥ˴룬ٴοڵǣħʵ̫Σˣ
ˣ޸ҩֻҪַָܻ̲סˣֱӱԼľԵơ
޸ҩѧжʱһĨȻйƤ㣬ҡҡͷʦͽˣɡ
˵꣬ѧձߵȺ֮УԵúʧ䣬ȻΪԼľƺʧԸе
ô˵ѾˣҲûʲôҩɳԣľսϣԼҪΪ
Ϊкӵģ¼ҹһϧԴ󣬴ѧҲͿˣ૵ϼһ˲ʡૡ



342 Ŀ꣬ħ
־Ҳվ˳һֶܶϺ󣬱㿪ɡ
ӣһܾ÷ɻɾܵĽ˻УңԶķ޴½ȥ
һ·ϣ沿ı鶼ԵñȽأΪ˭Ҳ֪ļʮˣعʱܹʣ¶١
ʵ˶ûħûħĴ˵еľЩ˻Ҫࡣ
˵УħһĴڣɱһӶŵĴڣǿĴš
һϵĻЩУҲֻܹ⣬Լ˾вЩء
ȻַҲǸоһЩƣȥĻ˵ûԼЩ˾ʧȥ˶־
ҧҧַݲòվһɵĿڵħ϶ڽˣһ׾⣬οйڣһΧͷҲǱɡ
ǵģħǿҲͻƵ൱ߵǸ磬ΧӦӲϾʱôˣħȫʤֻ顱Ҳ⵽ַݵ˼վǻ
˵ĶԻжʱԼֻȥɱħڵģֲǶԸħô
뵽ҲԾʼڻ̸˵ţַҲһŴķ羰
һһҹʱȻȥɻҲͣ˻ڷһСнСأ֮ͣ£ȴķԸ
ʱ죬˵˵ʱҲ磬ȵ⣬ɹĴҶЩܲˣϢһɣ빫֮νħ
Ȼûκε飬ҳһһҹķɻЩƣˣ̫ôǿͻĻ˭ܲˣħǱݴͣԼ˲ͻ³ɡ
İ£˷ֱס˷Уɫ찵ʱ򣬹Ҳڴ˴˴
˰֮󣬱ԼַݣһͬһУʼŽļƻ
ʵַݱûʸУ˭Ӷૣ

һķ˸ռһطֱݸһһŵͼܵͨ˵зһӶĵطرͼһ£Ǹνɡ
Ŷַ΢΢һҲȻˣܹõرͼҲǻ˲ٵ˼
ַĿ˿رͼħڵĵطһɽȣ͵ѹҪĻǾֻܴɱ롣
Կ˿֮󣬹һûʲô취ˣֻЩӶȥƴˣȽͻƣŻ
ǰ滷ɽޱȵĶͣҪɽǱ룬Ǹǲܵһ£ܻûǱ룬ͱطǹˡҲǵ˵ͷ
ǺðɣɣǱĹӶûɣҲǵ˵ͷҲߡ
û⣬ֻҪͻŵĻǻغѣҲޱȵľ޴󡱣һĨص
Ϊ⴦ɽȣܶǼӲʯֻһķ϶Խ룬طԴӸߴ幥ǣȴֻѪͻơ
ȵȡʱһֱûַݿˣ΢ЦŶ˵һܺõ⣬ҪҪ
Ŷ˵һ±ŵַݵϣҲǵһЦһͱҴˣ˵ɡ
Ȼַݵ˵ͷ󿪿ڶףҲ֪һǿĸװɣ
ַ˵˶̲ס˵ͷҲһ⣬ҲѾַݵʲôֻͷԣڵʲôףܲ˵׵㣿
һʾ㿴ɡ˵ţֱַӻ˸ףϵͳʱʧ˵ǰ
⡭Ŵʧĸףжʱһ⣬ҲѾַݵ⾿ʲô
Ȼ˵׺׾ܷ֣ɶͨˣҲͱȳǿһĹӶǣȴǲֻܷ֣ҪַСһͳɡ
չʾһºַݱ㽫ЦشҶ˰ɣҵĿľǽ׿ףǱеطɽȴըҩǽʱֱطɧԼ˺һֲ
áվַݵ˵ͷǾ鷳ˣըҩҸ׼ãСĵͺá
İɣԼһܲϧַݵһЦڴ˴жаٷְٵİղ֡
թҩҲǸڼַݱСĽȻһֵĻǾǰˡ



343 ָ
Ҫһ£ô֪飬Ҫܣ֮⣬˶Դ¶һ֪
ҹеķһգһգ˸ţַҲǷΪҹȥ͸ħһϲ
ַݾֱһӣ˿ǰַǰһЦһˣðɣ
㡱ַݶʱһҪ֪װĿըҩһը˵Ļ̾ͷˡ
һַȴǷװĶΪȽC4ըҩȫܺãҲ㹻ֻҪûװã㽫ϲȶ¡
˿׵Ķַݶʱ˵ͷպ֮ҵĺϢɣݰݡ
˵ţַݱϱ󣬱ȥһεĵطֱӽӷŽ˸˲ֿУ׺󣬱ħڵӪطȥ
ĽӽӪַ֮ݲòٶȽΪ˿ӪصϿ̽յĴţȻԸ׵ϵͳģַݾûһá
ΪӪУĴڷŶԿյĻǹԼڵַݱ˵Ļǿ˲ͻᱻӡ
Щ̽յƣַݻĽٵӪܵɽϣһ߾ĴѲߣһ߽˲ֿеըҩóźá
ֻǰСʱַصܷըҩַҧҧ󣬲ûѡ뿪Ǽ뵽˹ӶǵӪܣʼܵɳпʼըҩ
һðյľΪַ֪ħǰԶУֻҪԼֵĻǾǲҲһƤ
Ϊħжܹ˳ִУҲΪôַܹݾúбҪһЩôܹȫһЩԲըһڣַݾúбҪ
ֻҪըҩһЩӶǱض˲أַһߵĹӶҲܳƹ룬ϼߣħǴֲ
ǽϰըҩͬӪҪΣַ࣬ݺüζ㱻֣죬ܼƻѾʧˡ
˹ԴδζоգҲһСʱڣըҩȫ
ֻҪըҩһըĹӶҲᱻը죬ԼߵһӵϣҪ˶ãܽЩȫɱ
ɵķɻӪأ䵽ǰҲѾиӦЦһɵģӦø㶨˰ɣ
㶨ˡַݵ˵ͷĻһͻǵķߡ
Ǿͺã˯ɣһǾͳҲһЩ˶ģһ룬ծͻˡ

һ磬ַݱбѣһ֮󣬾ͷǰƽУʽĳͣڴ˴
ַͬɫҲ洦ɼַݺĸоĵЩŨѪζȻЩǵѪӶǡ
ֻǳˣȺ׼ӶȻĵ׵ľ£ַѾ뻯ֻһ֮ңЩӶǣûκεη塣
ַţǵԼģƾһ֮ܽһӵӶȫɵԼܵһ˺
Ҳֻ룬ЩӶڿԼһˣ´ͷģ˫ֻǺг
Թ緹ַݶʱͬ빫һͬƽǰһ̨ȥεжҽһ¡
˿̣ӶǣǶѾƽǰǾۼһСȦӣЩޱȵӶǲЩա
ͬʱĵ׵ҲЩĳ׵ӶǣǻҪȥͻΧˡ
ͬģӶҲǿǰЩǣⶼʲôʱˣȭͷܱȵĹǹЩôһ
ַݻߵ̨ϣֻһͲµ˫ĲгҪ˫гǾֻһ취Ǿ֤Է
ΪһĴַȻǵģֻԥһºбѾ˼Ʋߡ
ףַݶʱĶԣԼļƲ˵˳ΪƻʵʩҪϡ
ˡҲǵ˵ͷҲһ˫͵ĻǾͺѾʱҲࡣ
Ŀ֮£ߵǰ̨ϣͨӢ￪ڵҺã˶Ѿʶ˰ɣûǿ˵ĻսҲǵĹ
һڣЩӶУһĨɵɫȻǿǰȺߣȴ൱ľµģΪЩĳЩ£ƽ˲ٵ𶯡
Ӷǵע£죬ҪԵУΪǿħҲѾ˸׼ģǾٴҵ
ԡ˵Ƕ˶٣ͻȻתͷַָݶԴҵεָӣˣұָӣ֪𣿡



344 ʹ
ַݵָӣȻûκε飬ΪǶַ֪ȻСΪȴҹӶ࣬ĻԼһ϶ήࡣ
ӶȴסˣͻȻһôЦһмǿЦģַݡ
һӶǷΪͷͷӶͻȻվ˵սڸҿЦǰɣһδɵСӣǵָӣ
ŶѾµ˻ĽҲǷһĨϷʵôҵľ
뻪սӶͷͷڵǲǶǶС
㿴ӣսûϹǵĻⲻȥָӵĻҾʹĵ׵ķӡ
ҡҡͷܾ˿̫ˣȻᣬҸұ֤ôҵ͡
ӶͷͷжʱһĨɫ˵ӶǾͱҪӹһǰַȴ̫û˵ˣʵԼһϳͻӴ򹷣һȥ޻ء
Ѿˣַݲվ˳΢ЦŶӶͷͷƵ㲻ĻǿԽһ£Σ
νӶͷͷʱ˾ʵ벻ַݾȻԼƣⴿ
һһǹӶţʤˣӶ죬ӮˣҿָӣΣַݵһЦһмģλӶͷͷ
ǺǣַŵĻӶͷͷһȻЦ
ַǶ˵ȭͷĻܻ£ǹĻʹԼɫ˵Ļǳĳİݷ
κεĿǣӶͷͷͷӦӶҲϷʵĿַݣܹһǿһӶš
ַȴаٷְٵıʤģΪʲôΪõ֣Լǹеľ⣬ܶЩӶѹЧ
˫Ѿͬ⣬Ҳּɣ´˫ʼ׼ҳҲǰսһ

һ˶ԸһȺˣȻѡʲôǹϣַǾ֣Ҳñӡ
ѡǹ֧ʱַݺ׵ѡһѾѻǹ׼ԶĸɵŰˣνľħӶš
ĵ֣Ȼʲôǹе䱸ӾѻǹٵǹҶǸ˾ְϵ൱
Щַ˵Ǻãһȳһɹ˿صĵطǱţȴűĿʼ
ʱޣȻܻʲôֱֳԴַǱȷϿԿʼѡ˿ʼ
ַ˫£طֳܹӣɵĳ沿ӣԼ˳飬ԼڱΪǴڻѻ֡
ַݵҪĿ꣬Ȼѻ֣ĵǱţѻ¶ͷ֮ռȻûκε׼ֱһäѾͿǹ
飡ѻǹǿ󣬼ֻ㼸ʱ䣬ѻֵĸֿñģѾӡһɫĲʵ
飡ͬʱԷһѻҲ˲䷢ַݵӰֱӾͿǹַκεĳɵĻǿֱӾеˡ
ַȴԤϣǹ֮ʲôҲûܣֱӶǿӵҲϷ˹ȥ
ַݵĿź죬ȻǶ˷ܲѣȺӶҲǰڳ˳۹⣬˼ҲǺԵģǾǣǿǹŰǡ
ӶȻǱ̧ͷҲףʱĻҲκεĸı䣬ΪַݵĶʵ̫ˣҲ̫׼ˣֱӾһǹͷ
һַȻ֪˿ۣһ켣뽫һѻָ
Ϊַݸղŷ֣ѻֵ󴦣иƵӣҲһӿõ뷨
Ȼ˵򵥣ȴǷǳѣַݼ˺þ֮һĨš
վ̧ǹǿְ忪һǹΪһϸľѻ֣ӵ켣жǾǻ֪
ѻҲˣֻһַ֪ݵӵȫˣԺԥѡ˶ַݿǹ
ɿǹ֮ѻŲһ˿ԾΪԸղַݵǾһǹǾԲܷôĴֱӴġ
ӦҪʱȴѾȫˣΪǿӵֱӴǸְ壬һ׼ȷĽǶȣֱӷıϡ
һ΢ʹдѻֲһΪ֪ԼѾеˣһ־ܵ¡
ֻǿǹѾѻȫķڷˣǹݶԷΪʦ뷨



345 ȡͷ
лءӶͷͷħȫû뵽Լ˲ܵһľ룬ѻ־ѾǵжҲ⵽˾޴Ĵ
ѻڻĻǾͿԺ޼ɵַڵĵطȥֻҪ̧ͷĻѻһˡ
ɴ˿̾ѻ޹˼ɵĳ棬ǾǴӣֱַһһǹͿԽȫ
ҧҧ󣬾ħò´ָΪǱҪ仯ˣȻ˵ᱻַһơ
´ҲǷ׷׿ʼʱһǹٴһӶÿɬĻӳеˡ
лأлءħеķŭͱ֪ڼǿǣų嵽һľ룬ѾɥʧˣַȴǺⲻͷһһõðǡ
һ£ڸôɡЩ׵Ķһ䣬ħߵпڣôһ㷢
һߣõϢӶǶѾˣĵ׵Ķַǹе𾪣ֱǹת
ӵĹ켣ɱˣ˷뷨ôҶĿˣɸôĿǣַݾȻɹˣҵӵ˾ѻֵĺģֱ͸һ
ԭû˿ַݣη֮󣬴Ҷʽ̫ˣֻȴڴţַܹʲô˵ı֡
˵ǿǴ˵ʵڵģҲӶǵУܿǳԱȻˬһˡ
ͱ˵˿һϷʵĿȺӶǣЦû뵽СӲֹãǹҲôãֱȫŰ
ǱģҲ˭ͽܡΪһԺģͷǸɪԼͽ¶ҲԸմմⲻǡ
ѧտȥˣñӵŽΪ˵ͷҪҪˣ˼Сı£ǿѧɲĵģǹӶղȰɣ
㡭ΪʱԴѧշ֪ǶʼɣûϤĵĽ̵ͽڵΪûΪôͷӦٶȣ
СѧٴβмĿ˽Ϊһۣ֪ʦģҲͽһѣûٽʲôˡ
෴ǣͽܿǰҵֵܣҵţڵӣû뵽㻹ֺãԼҪðաȻѧջΪΪĲ֪ôе
˵ΪˣһĿŴѧգ˾ЩڲĺǣˣҲֻЦЦѣѾֹٻأͺˡ

Ծڼַǹ۾ĿЩ˶ܵĵطһĿ꣬ڻӶ
ֻҪַݾĽɹ˿أǹԼҲܴػأʱһǽ
ߵУħӶŵҲ㷢һʵİ취ǾǾħƵӶȫͻмӶԻѹַݣ׵ðͷ
֮󣬾ħҲҧҧע㣬Ƶ´֮Ǳȫͻ
˵꣬ħһתȥһɲǵȴǱַĲ׽Уֻ΢΢˼һºַݱǵ뷨ҲһĨء
Ҳûа취ǾǻһλãһֲȽһ˵Ųڱȫ·
˿ַ֮жʱһ⣬һԾץסͷϵһӣһԾⶰС¥¥ſ
ʱǹٴ𣬾ħӶемӶַԭ׵Ǹطʼɨ䡣
ħҲһӶѸٳַǱصĵطɾʱһǹ촫ֱӽӶͷ
¥ͷӶʱһĨû뵽ַݾȻôͻ˸λãһô׼ľҪ֪һ֣ɻûж㿪
һ˲䣬ȺӶҲȫӦ˹Լ˱ƭˣַݾȻѾ뿪Ǹطɱһˡ
ǹһתٴ¥ĵط𣬿ַݴ˿Ѿſ¥ĺǽȥ˳ǽڴ¥èȥ
ַ֪ԼĻȾħԼľѻǹûκεƣŲò¥Ѱһѵλþɱ
ʱ򣬾ħҲѾ嵽¥ǰĳǹ¥ȥɴ˿С¥ѾûַݵӰ
жʱһħ̲סĶӶһСģѾˣΪַݽһ壬Ӷɵ
ˣӶѾɵˣֻʣˣտʼǵѾ֮һַȴޱȡ



346 걬Ӷ
ħŭˣһǱŭôǵһθо˵ıҪɱˣսǰȫû뵽ַݾȻ˵ĻڻɱԼӶŵ֮Լ߶û
һ󣬾ħһĨأԼҲûһʽˣտʼԼһֱͻȫַݵĽС
ҲַݵĽУԼ˶ûʲô취Ҫħһº󣬶ʱ뵽˱任һʽǾԼ˶㣬ַңԼŻ
ȻԵú޳ܣܱȰ˸˻һ˱ĹѪͷĺһɣҧҧ󣬾ħע⡣
ע⣬ȫأսǡߵ֪ͨһ仰ħ㿴˿ܣѡ˸׷ֵĵط
ӶҲҧʼѰҿصĵطѾûѡأڲֶεֻΪ˸ɵַݡ
ַҲǷ˵ĶǶʱһĨЦݣ૵èèϷϲ
˵ַݲûбӵǶԾħЩɷ죬ֻʤ˲žлȨħһ㣬ҲʧΪһð취
ַ𣿺ȻûõģҲɵ鷳ӵʱѣҪҳȫɵַеġ
ϷʼˡһַèʼӶǱĵطȥνַȴҪУΪֻѹþħеķڷ
ѹ˽ŲǱļʧڿԼ巽棬ȻܱͨĸһЩ
ʱַԵĻ϶ᷢ·èһϢҲǼʧֱһ㡣
ʵҲˣȻַߵĲ죬ֻתۼͿ˺üףܸ֮һԻ󣬲Ŀ˵ŲʽҲȻͲȷѡ
һ·ǰţַݶҲڲĲţһصܵκζԱᵽȻ
ڣڿҪһתǵʱַݺȻһھѹƵĺȻϸӬɱַ˶С
΢΢һȣַݿ˿Եǽڲߺ󣬶ʱ˺󼸲һǽϣ󻺻ߵһſתǴӶͷϡ
ѻǹ£ָӶţַݻĿ˰ֻ顱һӶϣѾһźɫȾϡ
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ͨҲѾǲܵˣΪħ˿Ѿرߵ磬ȫעĵȴַݵĵ

ɵĽһˣַҲûκεиٴοʼǰӶղһģȻԲֿ̫Զһһڸ
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬ǰ˲úַݵǱѾһӶ˿ϣѰܵκοԶ
ò˵صļ޷죬һСϸȴǽ¶˳Ϊ˿һ綼ûУַȴǷƬҶڲϸһֱ󣬱㽫˳
ȻҳǾͼ򵥶ˣ׼ӶһǹӶʱһɬĴؿڴȴճһ̯ɫȾϡ
ֻʣһˡַݵһЦϲû¶ʲôɪı飬˵ԸȺӶʵ̫ˡ
ٴ·ַݻǰнţ´ҪԵĶ֣ɾǾħӶŵųħˡ
ΪʲôܳΪųַݲ붼֪һǸ涼ѹԱǵĴڣԴˣַҲòСĽ
ǰнţַݾĿܵһжûз־ħӰһַҲԲˡ
ַݿǼ˵Ļ治ôֻһħֻҪ㣬Ƿӵ󣬾ͿӭսˣýԼʱ䡣
ַݶʱֵǰнţһҲûڣǶܴţħ˷ʱˣһս
һַݵӰ˾ħǰղѾַݲֹƹʮ飬еŭ㽫յ
ȴǲò侲Ϊ֪ԼĻֻһǹûַݵĻǾȫ̽ˡ
õҲþħҲ𽥳һĽǹַָݡ
ڱǹָסһַ̣ݵжʱһΣźţҲ¶һĨ˵ɫΪѾ֪ԼѾ˾ħĹΧ
Ӧһ˲䣬ħǹˣӵǲҪǮǹӿַ׼ֱһһԵгȥⲨǹֵꡣ
ǹַֹ֮ͣݶʱ˳ʼȫٵžħڵĵطȥʱħҲѾ˵Уٴַݿǹ
һд󣬾ħ϶ʱ¶˿ɬ飬ΪôӵȫַݸˣȥҲֻһѡ



347 ħǰ̻
СӣȻûߵһսʵ̫Ưˣʵڴеǹᰡ
ǱģͽܿܵģһӶŶѣɾܸ㶨ΪͷĽ
ַһս˷ͷȻԼϳַݻͽܣʦģմⲻǣ
ʵǿȥˣѧǰĽΪļˣˣ֪ͽ˰ɣǻ˵°ɡ
ַ̲ס΢Цҡҡͷ˻ǸȥҲְָɣϾĸˣиѵġ
ͷתӶһ˿Ѿûκνʸȫǵͷһѿɫ
ǲû־ħӶţΪ֪ǻԼӶţǽҲһģңͬʱҲסַݣԺĻ϶ҪƵˡ
׻˵ҪˣǾҪһƣٸһ棬԰ѾˣʣµȻ棬ַ΢ЦǰžħֵʵѾֻܲȭͷĻ治ǵĶ֡
ħЩȵ̧ͷַֿݺҲ¶һĨжַݻ侮ʯԼӶԺ󶼹ȥ
ַݴԣǸһ̨£Զʱһסַݵֵ˾ˣҾħﱣ֤ǾħӶţԷİš
ૡַݶʱ̧ͷȺӶǣǻôѱĻ治⽫ȫߣϾĵһսǵߣǻήͣϾֻẦԼǰԼ
Ƿӡ˷ӶʵܸӣҲܼ򵥣ӵǵʽ򵥵ǣǿߣȻַѾǿֵ塣
ǷһĨЦݣֱַߵ̨ϣ˴ãȻͳһΪָˣұ֤˴ħһˣȥˣÿ˶Եȡʮĸ𣬻ŵˣҲʮĽ˵
Ȼһˣôҵ鶼ԵЩأɵַ˵ʮԼʮʱȺӶǶǴĺ˳ǵУǮеһС
ʿѾܵĲˣַݶʱһηħжʽʼڵĵһǳ

𡭡ַݻºֳǷ˾ŭַϳǰҲǸϣȺӶǡ
һ·ϣյԵ൱ĳĬǱĿ񣬵Լ״̬Ӷǳ˾⣬ڵԼеļһѵ״̬
Ϊ˶֪¼ٵĻһսֻҪ΢ע⣬Լͽ뿪硣
Լܴܲսлֻô˲ŸҴƱٷ֮ʮˣֻˡ
ַҲܿҵȴ޷ٸıʲôϾ¾һ͵սҲɵӣֻҵ̬ˡ
ַţµըҩһɲǣЩ˶Ǿܵĳȥħˮ
ַݵڵĻؾħڵĵطԶֻǰСʱ˾Ǵɽǰš
ڴʱһϤӰǰȻĳǽϣһ̵Ŀˣ촽֪Ƕɱң죬Ҳ˸һᣬر㡭
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ǾĿԴɡħҲǲһЦֱӴӳǽȥʧ˵ǰ
СַݲмһЦħıɱ֮ģֻһЦѣϾıֶΣɱѶȣɱߡ
ʱǰַݵǧСģħȫҪɱ㣬Ӱɡ
İɣһᱣԼġַݵ˵ͷת˵Ҳýţڿսǰҿһֻ̻ϧʱҹ
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˵ע£ַݴóһң󣬶Ŵҵ̻ʼˡ
䡭ַݰң֮ħڵɽжʱһթǾ޴ֱըɽʯҷɣҽʹʱһƬ
һĻڳ˶Ŀɿڴȫû뵽ַݾȻǿ̻𣬾Ȼ
Ȼⳡ̻𲢲ʢ󣬶һǰ죬ڳ˶ҷģǿһ̻ססϲ



348 
ӣַҲǲòվԴҴ󺰵ǻŸżһҳҳȥ
ŶŶʱŷӦ˹¶ܵɫһҿ尡ʤǰ
˶һȺӶˣ֪ѵʱк˺󣬱ɽȵĴſڳȥ
ַվԭأԴҰŽķ򣬲ȻһѷӿȥǻñӦĵطӡ
ʱַȴͻȻһٹصӰΪ죬Ȼһ񣬲ҽͷڵϵġ
ֻǿһ䱳ӰַݵжʱӿһϤУҿܻϤ
ٴοۣǽСӰԼСܵĽŲжʱһɿЦõĸоΪǰҰٷְٵĿ϶ǰż
ԭַΪԼôһ˵ܿѾصңڿȴһҲûԼĻԼ͵͵ˡ
첽ǰ׷ȥַݶ䱳Ӱ󺰵Ҵˣ֪㣬ͣ°ɡ
ַݵĺǵӰʱһ£ͣǰȥһ㶼ַݵĻС
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˵ôôᣬΪʲô׷Ҳţ֪ԼѾܲˣòͣ˽ŲݺݵĿַݵ
ȿȡַݸɿЩεʲô׷㣬ֻǲ뿴ȥˡ
£߿ҲŲૡ޺޵Ŀַһۣȥ
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ȷͦùġַڨڨһЦһԵָӴȴˣţ׼ܡ
۷ߣҲ;Ƿ˼ʵû뵽ԼĲ߻һμƻƻˡ
ԭޣͨԼЮһӶţԼУμս
Ϊһʧļƻȴû뵽ַȺнԼ˳ֱҪˡ
֮֮ȻսǿűսʵҲǼǳˡ

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˴˸кַתǰɽȥֻǸǰȻˣû棬ȴˡ
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ַ΢΢̾һҲһỊ̃սˣȻѡ˼ⳡսǾͱҪʱ׼
µһѾǹַݿ˿УмģԽ֮󣬱ȥ
˶ӶȻǹȽЧһ㣬ȿԿٵĻɱطҲԼʡ²ٵսĲѡ
ַݵǹɱּ䣬ǹˮֻҪһ䣬е˵ǹ¡
ڿսǰַݾֱϰ˺ɫ˿ԼɱֺͿ¡
һ·ǰַĵطӶҲԽԽ٣Ͼղŵһը˲أٱӶôһ壬ֻǸż翹ˡ
𽥵ģзӶѾǿˣ𽥵ĳƴߣΧ߶ȽַݿԼ˺Ҳְһ£ôҼĴ
ڶս֮ʱַҲһĶԱȣǾߵһ㶼ȽǿʽȴǳĴֲڡ
ߵȻҪһЩʽȴǼ侫˫û̫Ĳ࣬Ҫ˵ĻǻҪռƣϾǧĴУ似Ҳһġ
ַݵļ룬˿ڲսļǻˣԼڻߵӰҲѾԼɼ
ַݸϽǰȥΪ˿ǵĶ棬ħħڣ˫սһ



349 ֺ˵
һռӴƣħһռơ
ַҲܹ⣬Ϊߵ϶࣬ħһһӵȫ֮ضơ
ַݿħһûʲôֶεĻǺܿսͽսϾһѾȫѹǵĴڡ
ɣҿȫʬɫӵĿǰħֻһ󱯰һʤˣҲˡ
ϾħΣԼ޶ҲѾȥ»Ϊһ棬Ǹʧߡ
ȴǲò㣬ħɱԼ޶һ죬˾ֻһ˻ϣʱ䡣
֪ҷǳʧħҡҡͷһ̵Ŀ֪ʧ𣿡
ĬȻʲôҲû˵ֻǵĿħȴġ
㲻װħжʱһĨѪɫ˫ۿʧǣȻɱҵĶӣôһֱڻģں𣿡
ͦϧģɱԼǸ𣿡ַݻǰӹħĻ
ַݵĻħɫ΢΢һ㶣ͻȻֳһĨȣŴЦǷһ㡣
ַݾ˫ֻǰһȻĿħɵЦħֻڴѣĲˣͿ
һħĴЦͻȻȻֹ˫Ѫ˿˫ۿַݵİɣħԲϣҪҲԼС
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ҡҡͷӵĿħҪұɣҿԷЩħ뿪
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Ӧһ˲ձޱȵأħһȴʲôʲôҲû˵ȴǴԼзһɫҩ裬ֱӷȥ

Ǻɫҩ裬ַݵв¶һĨ壬Ϊҩδ鼮ϿƳĽҩջЧֻһǾ޶ȵļǱݡ
СģӲӲǳһֽҩַݲò˳˫ѾǶ̱սһ
һӲӲȻ߳˿Ϊ˽ҩħʵ̫ǿˣǲ֪ʹҲǷӵ˼£ֱεս
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ǱߣһͬսŽ˿񻯣ҩħռƣǱħǽڽڰˡ
ַǿҲûκΰ취ڵսûʸ뵽УΪֻҪһײͻᱻѪɣòʧ
𽥵ģħǱΧҲǳ˴˿ڣȴǷδ㣬ΧĻ߳ȥ
ҲߣòҲһĨʹɫɾʱַȴǵԣݸһƿǿЧ޸ҩ
ûַҲǻȥˣֻҪܼһǿЧ޸ҩʲôԺ󻨸߼۹һˡ
ַˮĻҩˮ£ħҲ𽥲֧һħѾѪһͽ御
һսַݵ޸ҩֳĻ߿϶ҲϺüһδ
𽥵ģѪħڳŲסˣֱӱΪһȭؿڣ˵ϣֹͣ
ͬһ˲䣬һԲԶĴѧҲǱһһ̩ɽѹʽһħڵͷǹǡ
ݱ˶ǿʼճֺħҲǸӵֻǼӲھѾֻʣħһˡ
ʱħҲѾԼ³ȴûһ˿ľţз¶һĨϲɫһȭ󣬿ʼЦΪˣҲӵˣҪ
ݡַݲмķ˸۵Ϊһˣܷ첻ɣôˣôɱ
ٺ٣ٺٺ١ħһĨɫֻȴǷЦĴҲЩͷƤ顣
գħ߶ַݵϵͿģȻˣҾͳϿҵĸǰɡ
ָָһӣħЦŶ˴󺰵֪иʲôûǺ˵



350 ȵӢ
˵ַ֣ͫײҵΪǿռô֪ܲ
Ҫ֪ĺ˵δ綼ûб̭ÿҪսԴοִˡ
ħ˵ģֻҪһöǺܴĺ˵ԼЩ˶һͬ죬ûеڶѡ˵ַ֣ݵһ뵽ľܡ
䡭˵ֳ֣ʱͬըװ˴ģɱûһ߸˵ԼܹӱըлЩСߣ˫ȶЩ
˵˵ֶô˵оеġҲһĨ壬Ƿֵݺòվȶĵ
ǷõģħЦһ͵ź󷽳ȥӶóһңкɫİťֱˤ˵ϣңˤƬ
ȻǲţҾǼʶһ°ɡ˾ֵɫУħֱһȭݵǽ壬¶ǱصǸ
һ״Ķֻ˿Ѿж¶ƽĲ֣䵯ͷǺ˵ͷˡ
Ҿֵǣ˿̺˵ͷһڵֵ֣ޣѾֻʣһӲ
575655𽥼٣ڼٵ֣ʱ㣬еš
ڣһܲ޴ѹȸУתȥȻ֪ܲ˵ıըΧȴѾȫû
ɱ㡭ɫһƬ֪ԼѾı䲻ʲôΧеˣΪһ˵ĸƻԼ
顭һȭֱħദħ˿̿ԼҩЧѹȥԶû˿ֱӱһȭҵǽϣ³һʺѪҺ
ˣӣħȴһ㶼ںˣǲĴЦţ˵ı飬ڿһ㡣
еķȥͻȻһĨϵ̬ת˵ҶԲǣǸһ𶪵
һҵңֻǡһһѾֹĺ˵ͷΪжʱһУ뵽Լ»ӣԼеĺӣеĲῴַݲһۡ
žžžͻȻĶַݶʱתͷһֻѧ棬Լ͵˭飬˭ܲסԼ죬ôԵɩԼֶ
ֵܡһѽѧյָץУΪҡҡͷĲûֹ㣬ɩҲ㣬Ǻֵܡ
˻廳ʱַжʱһĨᶨɫǿź˵ȥõˣɿֵܡ

⵹ʱһ˲䣬ַݵĴԱٵתô˼Ҳֻ·ѡ
һԼתӣƾŸ׵ٶԼ˵ըҲҪ
ΪѧգȵȵȵѶһ˹͵ӻȥ֮˽ͣ
԰ַǰģֻһѡˣǾǻףź˵ͷߣԽԶԽãԼһ˵ֳ˵
ڽ˵ͷյ̵УַҲû̵ļǵһ㣬ǾΣյĶ˲ֿǾյġ
ʱֻһӣѾݲַκεĿʱ䣬̳˺˵ͷ;оͻ˸ס
𡭡ڸ׵֮£ַɫĽ˵ͷӵϸ׵ƶߣſзš
ǰεضĺ˵ͷԼַŵĸףֳжһĨ𾪣Ѿȫַݵ뷨
ҧסԼ촽ԼںַԼһܾͺãֻһˣôˣֳôˣô˽
Ϊȴ˫ͨĿַݣ󺰵նͷӸǶ£Լܰùҡ
ΪĻĿǰѾ˽˼㣬һ˵ô˵Ǿȷѡǣ
ֳôˣȴһ˸˵ĲǣΪǵַݵУȣԼҲûȨ˵ʲô
СӣҿʦĸˣôǼŮ˽ѧҧҧޱȸӵĿַݵ
УַһĿˣҲǧĲᣬɼȻѡˣǾûлͷ·
ַϷ¶һĨȻɫԼѾһ̣᲻õģȴ̫ˡ
ʱ䲻ˣַҲֻö˴󺰵չ˺ҵļˣŮѣˡ



351 춯
ųصĺ˵ַݻзȥҪ˵ıըޣǸѵѡ
ʱ䣬ҲΪַݴļʮӣʥˣȴ᲻ԼԼǰȥ
ļʮ룬ַԺӰˣŮˣѣЩˡ
ƵߵģԼĸĸԼŮǣ뵽Լĸ׷ͺڷˣжʱһĨΡ
еεǣԼȻûּһַź
źΣܽ˵ȫΧ󣬻ļʣԲһɣֻеĬĬԼĸĸ˵Բˡ
ַݷĲµģԼǼŮˣѾӵһĵŮչ黹Ůˣ󲻵鷳
ַڿ֮ǰŻôҰæչ˺ǣԼ˴֮£һıסǣܻҵܱסˣȴܵ˺
뵽ַжʱһĨȻ˿˵ͷϵʱ䣬Ѿֻʮˡ
˵ͷЧɱ˷Χǧңַ׼ڵ߶֮󣬱ֿܱܲסһС
ȫļ֮£ַ𽥵ıƽ߶ȣڱըʱ仹ʣʱ򣬲˰ȫĸ߶ȡ
𡭡һĨɫַݴһ˵ͷ׳ٵϿշȥ
˭ôܻʱֻʮ֮һĻܹȥַȴǲòһΡ
꣬ꡭַݷļ֮£׶Ƿ󲻿ظ졣
ַѾ˲ôˣڱҪܷɶ߾ͷɶ߰ɣֻҪܱסСһ׿ʲô
һ㡭ַݵĬ£ֻǼӵʱ䣬Ѿɵ˾˵ͷǧ׵Ͽգ룬Ĺ
䡭һľ촫ǿħ֪ӺδŪĺ˵ͷѾը˵Ǿ޴޴죬ַݲЩ¡
ţһʱ䲻ַݾ͸оһɾ޴ĳ׳ڿ޹ķ
Ȼɳûнַݸ˲ɱҲǽλҲɢܡ
̲סһѪӿַһѪûüعһɰֱӽ׻ƲɣŸ߿ըȥ
˵ըĵ¶ȣǴﵽ϶ȣַںĵĻǾǴŸףҲᱻ˲ʣ
ɾûģɸ߰¶ȣҲַݸоϢûи׵ҲԻᱻɽ̿
ܵˣֱ˸˿ַҲܲĥֱҸ˹ȥ
еǣιȥһ˲䣬׵ĶϵͳҲܵ˻ԵĴҲܱƽ⣬űըĺĴȥ
ڣըĺĴǵ粣һ㣬ѿһֳ˹ѵ̬
ַݵ䵽˴ʱ򣬾Ȼ˳еһ϶˽ȥ׵ʧ硣

˵ըı¶ԼӶǵǰҲһǾ磬Ϊʲôᱻͳˡ
ˡӴһƬհлعǱըɿеĢƣΪг޾İˡ
ȫû뵽˴սȻһ֣ԼһͷӻԼǰ;ͽܣȴⳡս֮С
һߣ촽ĿǱըҲǳӵ
ȻֳǴʤħһ˼΢΢
ӶҲΪĬһ󣬿ַΪ˴ҶȴȫԽܡ
ԽܣҲҪܣΪܸģַԸŮ˸ػãƴԼΪǷַݵģʵ̫ˡ
һ־ֳĿ꣬ʬ˵ϣڲսĲпᣬʱȴŵڵõַϢ
ôܡеĢƣоŵɫԸţղŻһãֵַݣ뿪硣
ץס·ҡ죬Щ˻ߵĴ󺰵ףңƭҵĶǳôܻ˵˵𣬻ǧꡣ
ҧҧ촽ҡҡͷûƭ㣬Ǽһıź˵ͷɵ˿УΪ˴ˡ
ҲţҲšˮǾһ˳Ķ˵ϣĺ
˿ףЩһҲˣĻ϶Ƥ׷ַݣܾԼԼѿ
ڣѾȫû˻ᣬֻһӰһЦݣȴȫȫĿԺȴ



352 ƽ磿
ַιȥһɲǣԶڻĹΣȴͻȻûһ󾪻ţɾĺĪȴԴ
Сôû°ɣԵͻȻվһ԰׵ģʱһסѯʵ
û£ֻͻȻоЩ¡ҡҡͷüʲôֻ˸ѡ
ŶŶ滳ˣżҲĸоૡһԼ΢΢¡СһȰģ
šε˵ͷеǹɼ¶ҲѾɢȴôļ£·ԼʧȥʲôһоЩϢ
˼ʱһʿһŵ˳ݸεϲ㣬Ѿ׼ˡ
𣿡ԼѾַݵĹ֮ɾ޴ľϲУҲڽǹļµĸоȫ嵭
ûһͬҽԺΪľǲ鿴һŻ¸£ǲǻˡ
ҲѾ֤ʵһУǾѾַݵĹ⣬޴ľϲԼҸУƮƮɵĸо
Ȼˣϲ㡱ʿС㽫ӵݸΣ˵һ乧ϲ֮תȥĳ̫࣬ҲЩľˡ
֤һµϵֵȷԼ֮ȫķ˿һҲյǸŮǿˣСӰ㣬ЩȸԾ
Ҳһ鵥ϵϲ̫ˣǸϽϢߴҰѣΣ
οһºȴҡҡͷҾûǲҪߵĺã󣬸һϲ
ҲС˵ͷ绰бϲĻǵȷȱһζҲַ̲סҪ¡
ڼҵǼŮˣȴûκ˼󷽵ıԼеϢ
ĵθеˣͬʱҲǲɵһǼͬʱ뵽ԼǲӦҪһˣ
ΪŮ˵ҶӨٻõϢ֮ȴԵЩζͬʱҲһңԥţԼǲǻҪά˵Ǹŵ
˵ַߣ䵽ǵѷк󣬾Ǵ͸һĤһ㣬뵽һ硣
½;УҲ޸һĳ̶ȣԶ˸Ľɡ·Ʈš
һ˲ľ䣬ַݲ˹ܵûκζ뷨ֱӴӶͳһƿǿЧ޸ҩ¡
ҩ˿ַ֮ݵһɣΪ֪ԼѾˣٴҸ˹ȥ

սϣʱѾβħȫӶ˵ȴһξ޴ʤַʲô£
쵽ԼǮ֮󣬱ѡ뿪˴Ǹеȥˣĵǣȴɫޱȵѿַݵޱȵܡ
ΪڳϣƬգôϣַݴŵ׸ףܴзɳԼԡ
֪ǸûܹǻصıըлַȻ׸ףɾ㲻飬ҲᱻǸ̳ɽ̿
Լϻһήҵ̬ѧҲγǷǳܣַģɵĴҲʮֵľ޴
ѧ֪˴ܵģȻѾȴǷ̫ծĻᶼûˡ
ȭͷѾ⣬εգĬַݣİɣҲκ˺Ůѵģƴ
ԭصȺ룬ʱȴͻȻܾϻҧҲȥҪһġ
һĨӵɫҡҡͷɣţҲҵˡ
ҲܣһҪҵҧס촽һ촽ȴǻȻδתըֳȥѰҡ
ʱȴоԼ⵽صһ˲ذɽĻС
һĻ󣬽Ϊ̾˿ļŮ˽
ˣַݵǼŮ˵õϢ󣬿֪кֹΪ
ʱһͻȻָնԴҴغǿʲô¥𣿡
ѭŴ˵ָŵķȥ˾ȵķ֣ں˵ըԭλã˴վǱ˺һ϶㣬϶УȻӳһɽˮ硣
ǡͫײһǻ˵ź¥ʱ˫ֶ
ҲǷĲԾǸģ󣬽Ϊʱף˵ǵѷ磬᲻ģ
صĵ˵ͷޱȿ϶ֻȵĵģΪйأģżƽС硣
ַ˿϶˶ʱޱȺ񣬵ȴ⡣



353 عĽΪ
Դϸ˵ɡʱҲվ˳ǵԽԽСķ϶ҲһĨ
ضֻ֪ܴﵽԲѾû㹻ͻƵ磬ԼǰҵȱͻƵ󣬾ͻᵽһصĵطһƽ磬Ѱͻơ
ŴҰŰɵģҡҡͷǱţΪǻȥ̽һ¸Լ漮ܷ֣ǰʱǵڣһλСлı档
ˡ˲һ£ٿյǵѾ̫һˣ޾Ŀ
ǶǰֻѾ̤˹ײĵˣֻͻܹǻĸһ㣬ǸͻƱȻҲޱȵĳԣ粻ͻƣ˵Ǹ绹ܹͻơ
ֻǵ϶Ѿ΢΢ˣ˵һͻʧѾѵʱвЩź
ʱ򣬿ǵ϶Ϊȴһ⣬ץסĸ첲ŵʵף˵Сӻ᲻Ǹ磬᲻ỹţ
Ҳһ⣬ϸһº̲ס˵ͷпܣСʲô˵ı컹Ǻǿģʬɣ
Ϊ̲ס˿ҲһϣɫȻҲ֪ϣСܱһϣûúðɣ
žһĵΪϣѧЦϽ˵СӾǸ϶ţָ´ټΪѾˣҪģֻеȴǣ
ǣϣɡΪҲ¶һĨǿЦݣĴѧյļ󣬵߰ɣҪģǱסļŮˣǷݻҵ
ǰѧյ˵ͷתͷҵҿɱˣַģֻϣԺҵǣǧ˵ǵˡ
Ȼ˶ǵ˵ͷֽٺĸоǶַҲǳ˸мԺܰﵽַݵһ
Ŀǵ϶ȫ£֮µǻŻĵķȥֻ˵жһΣǾ뵽ȥЩƽİ취
;УҲ˹Ҫ»ȥַݣΣֻýԼļʶ˵˳ܲܽԼŮס
Ҳȷסˣȴǳһ˼Ǿǵַһʱ䣬ĻԼͰ漮¼ĵص㣬ȥǸ翴

һ֮󣬳Żߵרͣ˻УһڲȥΪһǴĺԺȥ
ĺԺſڵʱĽŲȴͻȻͣסˣҲһĨӵɫжطһɾ¸УԼ˵ľ֮Ůܲʵ
Ƭ֮󣬽ΪǾһͬĻԣǾַȥˣҪ˶þͻ
ҧҧ󣬽Ϊƿ˷ŽĺԺУŵ֮ԺϢļʱϲԼ˺Ҳ¶˵Цݵˡ
ţΪ˵ͷҲ¶һĨǿЦݵ뿪⼸죬ûʲô°ɣ
Ȼд£һһ¡΢ЦҡҡͷߵΪԸҸ㰡СȻˡ
ʲôΪͫ΢΢һҲǸһЩɬĿż˵ģ𣿡
Ȼˡ˵ͷʮȷϵҸСһȥҽԺģѵм١
⡭ΪһĨãȻϢоϲԼܽһ
ϲַȻѾȥȴһǸԼĸһδ֪ȴĺӣȥˣǺĲ
ôˣˣСૣѵȥС𣿡ʱ뵽˽ΪȻһ˻ģԿѯַݵ·
ȥִһȥˣܶʱڲΪһĨأòģ˵ԣȻġ
㶣ǿϧĵ̫ϧˣ뽫ϢģҲֻõȵˡ
ǰΪ˵ͷ¶һǿЦݣԼСǻطȥɣ󡣡
á˵ͷڽΪԼķȥֻǽΪȴûз֣ԼŮ˵У¶һĨɻԼǡ
׻˵ͬģΪһصңͿ״̬ЩԾرᵽַݵʱԵ÷ǳĲȻ
뵽һͬȥִһΣģԼҵ˻ˣַȴûлѵʲô⣿뵽еĵǲˡ



354 ϣ
ƳϣæµһŮҲѾص˼Уһ㿴ΣĽΪϲɵö¶һĨϲɫ
ʦҼҷģѵȥˣҶӨٻԻһЩԺԥľ˳
ΪһĨȻûԷܵǸҪȥһ£ҪȻܻ
Ŷ̫ϧˡҶӨٻǿϧĿһۣҪǴ绰֪ͨһ°ɣôҪһ֪
˵ţҶӨٻͳ˵绰ַݵĵ绰룬ɽֻһڷʾûнͨ
ҲǱΪУվԲǸطͦƫƧģûźš
ŶðɡҶӨٻǿϧҡҡͷһĨʧҲѾüûַݵˣʵ
һԣʼû˵ΣȴǿһĨΪеĲԾŵϺ󣬷ҲЩ㣬Ͳȥ
Ȼַ֪γеʲôҲܹԺΣգڽΪˣԼȴûлΪڵģһ⡣
ʱŮڣξȲᣬȳԹ˵кŴҿʼ˷ˡ
ʱܿѽѩÿʼʰ꣬뽯ΪҲԼķȥ
κԥĶŮ˵˾ԼطϢˣ뿪ķ׷ȥһ㿴һСͤУʲô
һǵɫ׼͵һ£ܴ˵ĶԻУһ㲻ͬĶ
ΪʵңСǲǳˣȻôԥƬ̺󣬼һĽΪѯʵ
ûûǸ˵ִȥˡΪһҡҡͷ
ԼǸɫжʱһĨû֮ǰҿ϶֮Ѿȫ϶ˣַݾԳˡ
ΪͱˣСݳ£㲻һУһе𣿡ޱȵģԼ˱̫ĶԼߣϾһ˳ܣѹͻСһ㲻
ҡΪһĨԥԼֿ֮ȴһĨȻҡҡͷˣȻ֪Ҿ͸˵˵ô°ɡ
죬ȥǿħСǼһҲμӵУ˺ܻҲûܵһ㣬ʱǸɥĲħȴһź˵ʱǿź˵Ǿֻмʮײľ롣

ʲôѵǰжʱһĨֵɫͻȻ뵽ͻȻһ̫һ㣬Ϊ۾ˣȴû뵽һź˵ը
ʵһҲ֣һź˵ըҵĵһӦѡҪϢϾʵֲ̫ˣɻˡ
Ϊ˵ͷûǰʱǿź˵ѾˣûֹըҲûӳıըΧ˵Ǳľ档
ĺͣȫܹ뵽ʱԼԵģǺεȾ顣
ǺǡΪɬЦЦΪҲˣΪˣɾʱСȴվ˳Ϊһ˵ģǸ˵ٹͷķ˿С
ʱѡߵĻǾܹӳըķΧȴûУѡԼǣǻ
ꡭͻȻһ촫ýΪʹļһ̧ͷһȴڲԶһϵ֦
С⡭ͻȻ֣ΪѾ֪żȻȻѾ͵ãвЩҡ
Ų԰ףףΪͻȻԼͷ­СԲûбá
˵Բ𡱣ҡҡͷдһ˿˵Լѡ񣬶ҵʱ֪ĻҲ֧ôǸӢ۲𣿡
Ӣ𡭡ΪɬҡҡͷͻȻԼһƵʵҰͲӢۻͷȴûû¡
ˡδ˽ΪĻҡҡͷʦҲˣҪǣݾûҵʬף
ʬ׻ûҵд֤ԺͻȻǵеķ϶ΪвһĨϣ
ѵϣοַȻʬ廹ûҵܿʬ嶼ѾûˣӽΪĻУһĨϣ
ǵġΪصĵ˵ͷԼ˵˳οҪ
ҶˡһĨεɫȻǵ϶ļ΢΢µĻ΢΢ȴԸţԼ˻ţԸȣһӡ



355 ݴ½
ʣˮˮããıһɬпѣַŬ̧̧ƤԼ̧Ƥûˡ
ʱһɻɳˮĿУ̲ס˳ˮĸо
ɳɬζɣַȴоǻĸоҲ˲٣ָһ֮˫ۡ
۴һ׵һƵĴ뿴Уװɳˮ߲΢΢һЦôص˻ֱǸ漣
ллҡַ죬һ󣬷ԭѵĹҲѾѪҲǿЧ޸ҩȶɻԵ÷ǳ
ַݾȵǣǰߵĴţȴԵôĹӣǹŴһ㣬ܵĻҲޱȵĹžɣֻص˹Ŵĸо
ַݾȵǣʱԹȥʱ򣬿ɻڷޣһȴȻһףеޱȵĴ㵡
̲סеʣַЩɬĺڵ˼ңʲôطֻ˶ã
㲻ǵݵˮǰںӱ߼ģΪˣû뵽漣Ļ˹ЦЦڸַ̾Сǿ
ݣˮޱİĵַݵжʱһĨãȻѯʵ⵽ôطѵѾڵˣ
Ǹʲôطݴ½ʲô򣿡ֵãȻˣҲ˵һ˿ĪĻ
ݴ½ַ֣ݲһΪͻȻ뵽һܣҲһ˿š
ַݵĲ²ʵҲޱȵĽӽʱǿź˵ըȷ˺ӵݴ½Ľ磬ַŻǵѷ硣
ַЩ̫ȷ̽Եѯʵ˼ң죬ûзʲôֵ飿
аߺĵ˵ͷ˫ֶַݱȻ;죬ͻȻһǱ˺һѷһ㣬ˣһǵѷһȫɳӵĵط
ַݵ˵ͷҲһĨɫͬʱҲһɻĸоΪһαըԼȻһİ硣
ôоʵѾǰҪ飬취뿪صԼ硣
һĨᶨַװģɻ˴ͷߵ˼ңһ˯ᣬͲÿˣһģ𣿡
ţϢϢɣҳȥæˡߵ˵ͷַݵԣתȥ˸֨ķš
űϵһɲǣַĻȻ˫ۣҲһĨᶨ૵ŰɣһصԼġ

ַݿһɳܲˮ룬̲סҡҡͷһģ϶ޱȵȱˮԲŻˮˡ
Ҫһ£ȻǼһδ̵Ƿ٣滵˵ĻǿɾǼ鷳ˡ
ֱѡϤĽַ̲ס˿Ҫδ̵껹ڣصԭͻ鷳ࡣ
Ȼδ̵껹ڣַݵĵһٴȡһƿǿЧ޸ҩ£ЩʱջָԼƣڴ֮ǰ̲סһƿȪˮں󣬲Ÿо˲١
һƿǿЧ޸ҩСʱַ֮ݱоԼѾָĲˣŶӭǾΥ⡣
꣬ꡭʱԺпŲ𣬿ַݳ֮󣬶ʱһӴôˣôصˣôúϢ
ѾˡߵĹģַһů˿ƾɵĻ̾ƶ£ԭԼԿ˼жô
ݶ飬ַݱҪϣߵߵԣַݿڵ˼ң£ɡ
ˣˣ㻹ǼϢɣͷԼˡҡҡͷͷݸַݣȥϢ
ʵ겻ߣַҲֻҡҡͷߵſڣĿеƶ䣬Ϊ֪յһͷڵ硣
̲ס۸Ӧһ磬ַݲ˵ͷȫûȾԿޱȵģֻһڣַ̲סЩ
ٺãҲԼ磬ҲûԼںԼŮˣҪصԼǸ磬Ϊ̫ԼԼĵˡ
ַݷʱһַָͯݵ㿴ȻˣһΪૡ
˵ʲôૣһŮ𣬲ַݻعתͷһȴһʮŮͬһСк



356 
ʣַݾѾµһһŮߵļˣֻŮһô磬ߵҲɴֻ¶˰
ֻˣҲסģСкʮ꣬һβͲݣ鶯ɫһĿ
ʱŮӵıһ񶵣ַһȥֻһ˿ҩȻɽҩ
ôˣϢ˺صġŮһǵĿַݣǼַƵģܻ˵漣ˣȴû뵽ż죬Ѿվˡ
ллѾˡַ̲סһЦҲ¶һĨȻԼָܹһ˵չˡ
ðɣǹһ°ɣȥ㰾ҩŮһַݣ䲢û˵ѵģ󣬱磬߽СԺС
һ˲䣬ַתͷһȴĻȻŮϣһޱ˰̣Ķһ£Ϊǿ̣ʵЩˣֲŮҪ
㲻ÿҽ㣬ǶԸġַһĨɫСкҲ¶һĨɫ
ΪʲôַסˣŮ˵ԣûĸŮ˻Ը⽫Լ̳һ˵˰̣ǱƵġ
ַݵѯʣСкʱߵĿڵǹǸɶİԣƵҽ㵱С檣ҽ㲻ϡ
ǮԪͨ˵𡱣Скû˵꣬ŮЩŭĻ仰ϵ
ŶԼҽЩŭĻǮԪͨСк̲סӣͷַݵԲˣ㲻˵ȥˡ
˵꣬Ск뿪˴˴ųķȥַУСкܵԼҽѵ⡣
ȻСкû˵ַ꣬ȴôһ£ȻһİԵļһǮƣŮӵС檣ŮӾȻ˵ĸңԸҲԸ޸
뵽ַݵвһ⣬Ѿ⣬Լ뿪֮ǰһҪŮӱ𣬲κã͵ԼıԷľ֮ˡ
ŮǱߣȻʲʲôˣַݿĳǲԼǣȥԲŻǮԪͨԼԡ
ַݲŵϣǰȥԶѯʵǮϣʣŮô£
Ǯֲַͣݵ֪ǣñǣƴǲ𡣡
ƴж󣿡һĨмַݿһƧĵطС̾ţҲκεв
ַһĵģ߲ҡҡͷ֪ҿŻߵĴڣȻе֣ңʵûκεʤ㡣

⡭߾ȻԼߣַݲ죬ϸĴһ󣬷ȻǸߣȻֻǸڶѡ
ⲻַЩȣЩĿߵֵطȻлߣѵôֵǮ𣿡
ҡҡͷһɬĵҲ˵ǲֵǮɣһǧҲܳôһݣֻҪе㴫еңлߴڡ
ðɡַݲ㶣ҲЩ̾ûݴ½֮ȻãѾǶֵĻߣȴ洦ɼ
һߣ赲ַݰŮӱǲܵģַվһЦݵĶߵֻһߣֻҪǻڣҶа취ǱңͽǸİԵģ˵һ£ŵĻҾԼȥ顣
㡭ַһģ߻治֪ţһ뵽ַǹĳʽ԰Űɵѯʵȷܽİɱ
ȷһԼ϶ַԼţֻɱһԼͬѣֱֲ滯ߣøףҲ׵
Ǻðɡ͵ҧҧ߿ʼĽİԴ˵ģ˳ͬʱҲŮΪλݵ˳
ߵĽУַףԭŮǮԪ壬СͳޱȵºӴǴ廨
ͷҲΪһգǾһεɽϹʱ򣬱ҵٹİԸˣҪΪԼĵС檣һֱǮԪһңԷܡ
İǶٵ˲֪УԼԸҵǮԪصк󣬾һ̿ˣǷ˼
ַݲ͵ҧҧǸİҲǺ޵ЩͲϾͽʹһ١
Ȼڻʱַ׼ȳԹٳºӴɽҲǺԶ



357 ·
ɫ𽥵ĻƣһҩҲڰãڵַݵǰϸĵַȴ֣ҩУȻǻЩɳ
ʵ̲סеʣַݿڵҲʲôºӴôȱˮǶˮͲܴھ𣿡
⡭ǮǮѧԥƬ̺ҡҡͷˮеģҲеģǾˮûкҩҲסֻܿһˮˡ
ǸİԣַԺоͲ뵽֣ΪҲֻдˣǮҲŻ˴ĳޡ
ǵģңôôǮԪҡҡͷһݺȻģǺԼүүܵܣҴƴȥˡ
Ŀ̫ˡַʵ̲סˣҧ¶һŭɫİԻ޵Щ
Ǯѧҡҡͷһεĵ磬ĻʲôȭͷӲֻϧͷ츳һ㣬磬ûκεİ취
ַȻ֪Ǯѧ˵˭ĶӣҲڵĸס
ˣ˵ˣң˽㲻ɧˡַһĨᶨ뺬ɳҩ֭Ƚ˸С
ԵЩĬ걬ҲԵĺǼ򵥣̲ˣҰˣԼһɷɳУҧĿ֨죬ַȴһҲû˷ѣΪ֪˷ԡ
Թַ֮ݾֱصԼסǸ䣬һº󣬱˳̵С
ȥ飬һǽİԸɱҲΪǽºӴΧӸ򿪣һڵõˮ
ȻҪһ㣬ǾΪǮүһ㶫һȻΪǮһЩȥҩٴεĻԼա
ڶͨǮԼӣЩ̵жУַݺ׵ľЩ
ԼӷŽһУƿȥ̺۵ҩŵһԣַҳһֽҩд
ΪʲôԶ˵Ϊַ׼ǸİԻɱ֮󣬱뿪磬Ϊ֪ԼµĻԼļԼŮˣ֪ĳʲôӡ
ֽϵīɣַݽֽѹ˺·Ӹ˲ֿУȡ´ϣֱ뿪Ǯңǰɽȥ

¹ģǳҫַۣݶԴ·ϣͷ·һһ㡣
ò˵µǿַݸղһ£Լڱ˵ǰ߹ֻҪʲô죬˾;ԲᷢĴڡ
Ҳͨ˶ѣһ˰ǾַݵλýϾĻǾͿܸӦ
Ǿ͸ӿֲˣֻҪӽʮңǾҲܸӦµλá
ҲֻǴŶѣܹǳľȷԴսĻͻռһơ
һ·ֱɽ򣬴˿ҲѾǹűջʵڿӰһЩù顣
ַݲò̾ݴ½ִʩʵ̫ˣɽҲֻطţһŮ˵ĵطһҾƵĵط
ַǣǸŮ˵ĵطķԼĿ꣬ҲǮ˿еĶԣİԡ
׼ʿۣһѻһȣһ٬Լ°͵µһŴ룬Ǳ¶š
·㲻ߣ㴳Һ˵ͷİԵǵȫѹ򰡡İԴ߽·ַ֮ݵǲ΢΢һĨȡ
΢΢ԥһºַжʱ뵽һҲỳɵǮͷϵĺð취
Ƕ㵽һУ£ӳ̵ѡһ״ɫӡһĳۣһѷʵȣԼһļٷú󣬲߳Ӱ
һװϣַݵḡһȥѵľһŴĴ竡
һԼһͷַݲĵ˵ͷ৵һ½ȴ򿪣һһȵ·ȥ
ֵطɻ𱣬۹ޱȵһ۾ܿһ˵Ǯжġ
ַݳֵʱλʮ𱣬жʱһ˵⣬Ϊ֪ԼҪˡ
ϵȵ˿ʣµ廨Ʒİӣҷ緶Ļ磬͵ĺɰҪˡ૵߶䣬ʱЦеַӭȥ
еһӣʱһ֬ζַݵıУ̲סüŻ
ٴַһۣ𱽿εεغӣʲô֪ūƣ㿴ϣ·ͻһľ˲ǣ
٬٬üëַһͷĿȻ֪ˣǻڱǰһθʲô
Ӵ仰һ˵ģ׼ǽεεĻٶַϸ˵һɿַݴӶͳǸжʱһĨϲҲûм˵ȥˡ
һѽַеǸתԺ۴󺰵ҹλ׼õλãõľƣʲôҪõģ֪𣿡



358 ҽҶ
֣µķԸ۵Ҳһ⣬Ϊ֪ÿôʱ򣬾֤·йˡ
һģַܵݵԣһĵĵλӣ롭
šַһȻģеһϣ۵߽·С
ò˵ȻɽֻǸСطΪ⸽üʮׯߣװȻ㲻ϺҲǸûˡ
ҲôһʣϾշѿɲˣܹģôһ
ΪɽߵңǸǼҲᣬİѳΪĳ͡
Ϊסλͣ·Ҳ˺һ򣬾ͱרλԼרķ䣬Ϊλ˵ء
İҲȻǱȽԼȨÿʱ򣬶Լרλ£űĽֶʼɵ
۵λãȻַһ۾ͿĴڣҲһĨϷʵɫ
λӣ㿴ڴСૣֱҸ䣬ֺֺǣһߴַǰţҲĵѯʵ
˵һµĹǮҲôźַ٣ַָ¶ôһ㣬µĹǮܲʹֺã
Ŷַݹԥģ˿ܺſڵڴɣүҳ
գ㿴ʲôطȥ׼һ¡ۺǶµĵ˵ͷһѯģ
ַװģĿ˿ܵĻָİŵλõǸλðɣλٺò
⡭ܻܲһҾԱǸүͦõ𡱣һΣİԣ۵жʱһĨɫ˵Ҳλǲү
Ԥϣλۿ϶İԣַݵͷ쭵ʲô˼ѵүǮ
ֱӴӶͳһλεףַһİҲʲô취ֻҪ㽫Ǹλ˸óӾˡ
ˡַǷʮ̲סһ£¶ޱȿɫ
ԼСǰȻǮֱӹַݿͷӣСİɣλүɽĴӣǵҿɾˡ
ɽĴӣ˲𣿡ţַжʱһĨмֱԽۣİȥһԵģλãһҪˡ

ӡ𰡣侲ַݵĿУ۶ʱ˹ǰӺпسͣǵĴڡ
ǰİֺγǵԼסַݺֻҧҧſڵȥҪ˸Ȼ¿϶ִ
ַҲѾŰֲߵİԵǰһ½еǶĵϣһģСӣԹԸóӣǮˡ
˭㣿ȻôţİЩȻ̧ͷַݣɽǵһԼŵˡ
ַааһЦȻͷһǿ׳ģֻҪסҽҶ
ҶţҪ֪ɽʲԵģŲҷַ㣿İˣʱַָݵӽ
ǺǡַݵһЦָİԵϲЩΪڵ˳֣Ǹоʵ棬㵽ס
Сӣ湻ŵİ֣ŲϾͻʬͷİŭˣǰλҶǲмĻеޱȵı
ַݵĿһɫͨİԣʼ޷԰ʶȫг棬ӮˣϸҹԹԹ̫
̫̫ɡİԶʱɴ˫ۣǵһȫˣ仰ѣͲ㽫౬ը
ӴѾ˶㣬˼ҪʱϤһԴ˹߽˵λӣǺαૣһλλҶӾλÿһ㣬¸ڷһǰλ𣿡
Ͼʹ˰֣Ҳ̫оʵ桱ַ̯ӣҡҡ
㡭İֻǻûŭͻȻԺһ⣬뵽һܿµʵΪسǿļ壬Ҷҡ
ǰӣԳҶҴŴ緽涼ôĽͣҳֻޱȵ£ܾܿسҶҵĹˡ
뵽İԲһλԳҶӣҲЩ壬ȻɽνǳưԣسȴŶŲϡ



359 
뵽İԶʱ侲ѹŵϣȻԼֻǿɽԼǵͷ߲ǣ
ַݼѾˣʱҲЦЦˣǸӣ͸ҰһŵԱ߰ɡ
ӴλҶӣϾȥ죬Եȡ˲ٳ֣ҲһϽԸǸַðΣŵ˾İԲԶĵط
ǵġΰںãֱַӶһӣԱߵİԵ˸Ƶ
㡭İһĨŭַݾȻ˴󷽣ҲģҲǴӻͳһӣݸİģϽ·õҺס
߷ϾȥСЦеӣҲǿϲŸʼǣ
͵ҧҧתͷԵ۵Ͻģҽг̨ݡ
ɴ㲻Ҫȥμӻ¶ǲ˵㣿֣жʱһĨ⣬Լ·ͷƣھͽгǲǴ˷
žֱһĵԴϣ۵˵㻹˵㣿ȥȥôϻ
֪ˣ֪ˡԼǱĵ۵Դжʱ¶һĨίɫҲûκεİ취˭Ҫڷૣ
֧֮ʱЦݵַȥڵҶӰ·ǻ԰ⲻΪ˻ӭĵҿǽ·׼ȥμӻĴ㶼гˡ
Ŷַжʱһα⣬Ȼ֪ģһػ߿ŮӾۼһѡƯǸǻˡ
ỨŮˣȻÿطƯŮӣòնþܻ߱ʸܽ䶼óȻǿԼеӡ
ȻҪ٣ַȻ¶ݣٴͳһӵݸϵġ
ַ֮İȻǽĻҲ˶УҲ¶һĨˬ㣬ֺûóǿ𣿡
ӴⲻԩūڣҸҽó𣿡𱻨һίĵ
⻹࣬⶧ӾˣǸʲôٵȲˡֱӶһӣİ԰ͷַҲ˸Ƶ
ַȻҲǴ粽ãһͬ۵С֪·ĵƹⶼһŮӵĸ

ַ˵ʲôǣʲôûٺҶӨٻԴŮӵĸȻпɣ˵Ҳǿѡ
İԣʱĸֻһᣬͲˣ̨ðɴסӵĴ㣬Ƕ˵ξӨ
һİǸ˵ģбһĨɫȫ϶İһǲܷŹˣҪ֪İԼҵС檣·ȥģҪ㶼ĽƵĽؼҡ
ŵַݼٰҶϣʱ㶣Ϊ˿ҶȻûİֳԵģ
ֻ󣬻⾿ô£ַݿسĴ幫ӣŮȻİԶ̫࣬ȻûֻΡ
񲻽һļƻУóۣԼ׬ǮɾĿǰҪȥһ°
žžžһˣֳʱ˾ҵİվָŴ㣬ҪˣǮ㿪
İǰޱȵĻжʱһϲɫȻ㿪۵ĻɾͲˡ
ûпڣͼһԵġҶҲվƵİԵôĿǮ㿪ó٣һǧһ
㡭ַƵĻİȻԼԻһ֣ԼĻòЩдˡ
һºİֱӽŵ˻ϵ㣬㿪۰ɣڱصá
⣬ðɣ￴Σԥһº󣬱һʨӴ󿪿ڵļ۸Ȼ˴ģԭľУȻôܲ˻̧ۣ
۸İҲ㶣Ҫ֪۸񣬼Ѿˣ磬һӾ͹һһİ
˲󣬾˸ߵļ۸İҲҧҧܹ˹飬ֵˡ
İһʱַȴһϷʵվ˳ô˰ҳһ㿴Σ



360 鵽
١һֵʱ򣬲İԣ𱻨㶼Ǿˣ¶˹ɫ
ڻ㿴ַһһӼ۵Ļ˵ҲʮһɣȻֻһⲻӦ
ȻһӼۣİб¶ޱȷŭ񣬵ַݵûǮͱװ⣬ҳб¼Ӱ
ŶϲΪǮ˾ˣȻҪӣȻ㣬һַݵһЦһϷʵĿǣٴμһ
ַݵһٴİԵģٴҧӼ۵߰
ȻɽôطΪɽİҹӾȻôҳ߰һѡַһϷʵ
һǧİѾȫĻˣֺŲӺ˵ļ۸ַָݵбټӰټŪ㡣
ŪңַЦˣһϷʵĿİԵǾ仰ϲЩΪڵ˳֣㹻ǿǾ;ܳ֡
˵ַ꣬ݲİԣתͷ𱻨ǼһһǧһֻҪۣҶһҵҪɽǮҷҶҶǮ
ɱ㡭İˣֱԵİʣַݵͷȥĶʵ̫ˣַֻ΢΢һһ
һŭĿİԣַݵСӣûǮװʲô⣬Ҫǰɣҷ㡣
ͷ㣬ɽҾͲŻβ㡱ŭĵİѾ˲ôˣٴλַȥ
ַҲװһŭģֱİԷ˽һ˻ͽ䰴˵ϡ
žžžнĴַŵĻǰţҲ㡣
ڱ˵пİģȫǱˣȫ֪֣һģ
ֻİԲַ֪ݳȻƲأÿһУһɰľͨԴĴԡ
İ뷴ȴȫˣΪǹɾѾȫжк
𽥵ģİֱӱ˹ȥַҲһ⣬͵ǺİŰ̫Ѩ
İԵϣַֻһûκεϢȻѾĲˡ

һ˵Ǿֶ־µУַվֵһ治ᣬô㱾»ҵǰװǲ
ڵµİԣжʱ¶һĨ壬ǽŵַݵϣѯʵλҶӣ㿴㡭
Ʀ鶼ƻˣһɣˡһӵĿ𱣬ֱַһӺ󣬴󲽵ľſڴȥ
죬˵ʲôĻ뵽ַݸղűİԵģ̲סҡҡͷ
ջ֮ŵİԵӣӣû°ɣ
İѾˣ𱻨ôһôܻзӦ˼֮жʱ¶һĨ壬ΡΡָİԵıǰôһ̽
ͨϸĸһº󣬻ʱһƨ˵ϣɫ԰׵ָİԵˡ
䡭𱻨֮·Ǳը˵УһĨ塣
İǺˣɽܳ谮ĺ󱲣ƽʱΪ޶ǶΪ˸
ȻֳҲ˶ޱȵʹޣǿҿܻ׷뵽ģȻܡ
ܰˡһ˺һ仰ֳʱҳһƬȥж¶˾ֵɫ
ǻûǮૡʱˣϽ׷ǰȥЩ˸ǮİԣҲˡ
ʱַɴͷŴɽԵСӱȥûǣԼмǳҪҪȥ
֮ǰַݾѾ˷բĵطһ·ǰʮӾط
˿̣ҵڴ˴ַǰ󣬶ʱѵˣûǱߵ𣿡
ַȻǿǸӣд빷ڣʼܶԲҲˣǹ򹷵ġ
˵ʲô˶ʱŭˣַݵĻ⣬ǹѾӣַˡ
ɵߵַݽǰҪֵʱȴԼǰһͷҲܵصһʱε˵ϡ
սǲмĿ˿ˣֱַߵ˷բֻȻϵģҲܺɵķȥ
ΪԾ󻼣ֱַӴӸ˲ֿóһС͵ըֱӷŵբϣ뿪˴˴
Ӻֻһը죬Ǵբֱӱը죬ַȻعŽȥ



361 
˵ʲôԶˣҼ·ǹţڲˡ
ǵļһ˵سҶҵĹҶɱȻţȴޱȵĿ־壬Ϊ֪ԼҼĳ谮ֱ簮ĵز
顭̲סŭһƽԼµ̫ʦ飬Ҳ¶һĨŭҶҶҵĹǶƭˡ
ʲôһĨ֣̿ԭΪҶһɱԼҹӣ֪ҲϾǲ𰡡
ڣǸҶҵĹӾȻǼٵģԼȴһ㷴ӦҲûУ֪ȥ׷ĻҲǳˡ
Ÿ׷ҵҪʬΡ౩ŭԼĹԶӾ׵ˣôܻģ
˻һȻվ˱ȭȥ׷ȥҲӲ˶Զ
ֻһСᣬҵǶжַ֪ݵòֱӵţǧӣɽǺ䶯ˣѰַݵӰ
ַݶЩɺ֪֪Ҳ⣬ϾѾȥЩôڡ
СʱַѾһɽ֮ϣʼ߻ôصԼǸ磬ʣַ˵ѵѡˣΪǴյġ
ַݵĲ²⣬ҪгȥĻȻҪͻԭϣҲҪһμǿĹ
ַϣΪǿģȻǷŵˣھܲܽ˺ѣǻǸδ֪
㲻ȷַҲǱһԣԴоķϳԷʱַݾѾǮϣѷĴʲôλá
ǮҲַַָ˵ǸǳҪѶϢΪĲ²⣬Ǹ˵ƹĵطȽطԣһ࣬ϾѾܵˣָҲôѸ١
뵽ַݶʱ¶ᶨֱӴӸ˲ֿнŸȡ˳عܺմȥ
ں֮ǰַݻҪһ飬Ǿ̽ϾжߣҳһȽϰȫλá
ŻַҲǽĶŸ߶ȱǧ׵ʱַŸоűʲôεĶסˣҲˡ
һַݶʱŷ˺˽׵λãܷľ룬ҲǱȽϰȫˡ
һַݻ׼ǮָǸ֮󣬰˲ٿ̨ǸѪɫİť
ˡͻȻŶǲԼǿʼǰ˵ľ޴ڹϣʼɫĹΡ
ַݵжʱһĨأ벻ɣһ֮һжˡ

ڷŻܵʱɽԼܵʮ䶼ҿ⸽İһ£СӶǱɽҰĿʼѰַݵϢ
ǮԪһҲǲ⣬ֱӱʼѰַݵӰ˱Թ鲻ͬеֻǾ֡
ʣַݽİԸɱԼôǮԼ̵Ķ˵ѻԼҾĶ飬´ࡣ
㳲ѰַݵӰܲǣҲֻװװӣôѰҡ
ʱǮԪ̧ͨͷָյ㣬үүǿô
ʲôǮԪ㶣̧ͷɫĹ֮Ҳǲ΢΢˿
ô¡ǮҲǵɴӣΪļǵãֹεĵط۵ĵط
ͻȻһ⣬Ǯ뵽ʲôſͣЩŵĵѵѵСˡ
ʲôˣѵ⣬磿Լүүŵı飬ǮԪʱЩɻ
Ǹ˵Ǯ΢΢˵ͷ߱߶˵үүСʱһλ·ĸ˵֮⣬滹һǳӴ磬ԭͨģʲôˣͨҲͶˡ
ѵָˣôૣСӵĺԶôǿԼүүĻ֮ǮԪͨжʱһ⡣
Ǯ΢΢ԥƬ̺ſڵǿ˵İɣѿһ϶һӦþǴǸ϶еİɡ
ԭˡǮԪжʱһ˿ɫ˿ǵ֮󣬻ĿڵҪ뿪𣿡
ӦǰɡǮϲɷõĵ˵ͷΪܲµеַܾܿݸģ¶صӡ



362 λؼң
ϣڼ䣬ڿʼ1098
ϵͳһĵַݵҲǲɱĿʼţľֻţܹһĻƣԼص
321䡭ҴʮַֻһҵĲǱǹɾ޴ĺ˽ʮס
һ׳ĹڹӿֻһַۣݾͲǻ¶ԼըԵʣԼվڹµĻ˲ҷ
䡭һը촫ֱӻǵϲĳţַݵǱ˲
ڷڵĺ£ַݷǵѾ𽥿ʼŤһϴͱһʱܻᱻ˺ѡ
ַѾܿһƬҹգȻѾһŵĳ̶ȣȴɼͦš
ꡭһ粣ַ̲סλϱһۿȵĿǵѵĵط
ɾʱһʽȴǽ뵽˵֮Уڻ´ڻ졣
ַͨ˫˵ϣвһɾУղһڣѾǽߣɲôֺ
ѵҪһֱ𣿡ҧԼ촽ѾѪַҲǻδ
ΪѾ˶ǸĻУ۰ԼĸĸమŮǣԼйԼԼǡ
ַ᲻ǣҲ᲻ԼرǵõԼϢĸĸԼŮǣ֪޳ʲôӡ
һĨʹɫַѾ֪Լúδˣ޼ҿɹĸоеޱȵã
ϣնʱһƬУַ˫λϣ֮ͻȻһ⣬ΪղźȻ뵽һ뿪İ취
ڵʱַݾ˵ͨһ磬ܹͻƵ²ûĻָľ硣
ȻͨͨţǾ֤лȥĿܣͨʲôط͵ԼȥѰˡ
һַһĨᶨɫͨģ;жٵļѣ
Ϊ磬ڵȴع飬ַݲԼȥˣԼĸĸԼŮ˻ᱯ˳ʲôģ
Լᶨַ֮ݶʱٿŷŽ䵽˵ϣ׼ǮȥһЩԼ֪Ķ

ַͬȰǮҵķȥɵصǮҵʱ򣬾ȻѾҵ˸ռˡ
ѵַݵ鲻һΪ뵽һǳõĶǾԼɱİԣ۵Ǯҵڡ
һһЩǴţַݵжʱ¶ޱ˵Ѿ֪һô¡
ԭԼ뿪֮ҵ˱·׼İԵʬ׸ӻȥ˳ҲһǳҪ¡
һֻǳȮַ֪࣬Ӹʱû㽫˳ֻȮᣬ׼׷ַݡ
׷ַ뿪ķ򻹺ãϾɽ֮ζѾȫʧˣֻȴɲɵ׷ٵַʱķ򣬲һ·׷ǮңҵַµЩӡ
֤ȷ䣬ǮûлɱİԣһӷܲˣĴǣȻǶ˼Ŀ꣬Ǿ׷Ǯҵˡ
Сַ̲סһֿڣʵ̫ˣԼһ˱׷ɱνǮȴ۵׷ɱθС
ڲԥʱ򣬼Ȼ뿪磬ǾҪһǽҶγǣ޹ˣѾǷַеĴɡ
Ϊץʱ䣬ַҲǽ׸˳һըҲѾ޸ȻһЩ΢ˣѾ΢ˡ
ȫûεģϿֱַ֮ӴһԴ˳ص˱㿪ʼ˻ɱ
ಡһǼǹһҵ߱Դɵ˵ϣ˶סˣ󣬿ʼ˾ֵܡ
ַôԸֻʮӲҵɵأֱַƿն𣬲״ɨʼѰһڵ
ֻǿһ״ɨַݱ㷢ɽϵ࣬ȻǮɽܵģҵ׷١
;УҵˣַȻǿֱӲκһǹУÿһᣬץסһ߽ѯʣֱӻɱ
һ·ǰַҲѾȫɽ⸽ҵҲԽԽˣַѾµԼѾӽǮҵڣôǣ䡣



363 Ǯұ׷ɱ
ʱһɽһεɽУһУʱעŽӽ˴ˣ¶˻ֵ̿ɫ
ûǮڣһξĶǵ֮󣬲ŶҵҲǡ
ΪʵѾܲˣټȥĻǳᱻ׷ϣץѯַݵ·
ǸͲַ֪ȥԵȴǵ˿֪ǮȻǲȴԼŮȥ
֮˿Ҫطʱò˾ϣתͷȰĿǮԪǮԪͨǴǧүүȥǡ
ôԡǮԪʱҡͷܾΪ֪үүܳȥĻǾԻᱻץסǴ
Ԫ壬չ˺ܵܣүүˣϧǵ·ԺܿĻûֹǮҧҧֱǮԪֱ֣ӳɽ
ȺɱҰ·ȺҵһָǮֱŲɽȥ뽫ΪԼŮ·
үү£ǮԪͨҲȫԼүүҪʲôҲ¶һĨ̿֡
Ԫͨ𡭡һѽǮԪͨ˻Уס죬ǮԪҡҡͷǱֵĻүүͰ׷ˡ
үүǮԪͨ˫ۣСС͵ּܲҪʧȥ׵ĸоǿԼҽ㱯ʹòҧסء
ʱԶͻȻȮΧϸǶصĵط
ԽԽֻȮǮԪвһĨɫȮȻѾŵǵζ
ȻֻȮڼҪɽʱͣŶе
жȮҵǶʱ߸˹ǮԪжʱһĨᶨɫ
ܵܣҽֻȮߣǧ֪ܳ𣿡סǮԪͨ첲ǮԪɫޱȵص
㡭ǮԪͨʧȥүүҪʧȥ㣬СС͵ܾ˲пʵ
ޡǮԪҧҧǮԪͨҪ֪ǸӺҪúõĻȥǮҾֻʣһˣԺԼŬҪǮȥ֪𣿡
ҡҧ촽ǮԪͨҲһĨᶨɫѾܹоԼǳصĸ
֮ǮԪ岻οһЦӵϼʯֱӳ˶ֻȮ
ȮϮžǮԪǮԪҲȾܣԼҵܻܵܲͿˡ

ʱַѾķ˴˴״ɨϣַܹ㣬ĸƶţһȻһ
һ⣬ַϸ۲һǸһĺ˲²⣬ܿǮҵһԱ
ֱӴӿнַȥ˸ףźʾĵطȥֻϸѰһ󣬱ҵǸڴ
㣬Ԫͨǿ˶ڴӲַ֮ŷɪɪǮԪͨ
磬ַ֮ۡǮԪͨ˶ˣֱ˽ַݵĻУʼĿ
ο䱳ַݽŵǰѯʵүүȥˣôûǣ
Ϊ˾ңֿˣȥȾǺ𣿡һᵽԼҽүүǮԪַͨ
ȻȸıܵġǮԪԼǮ֮УַݺʵѡȾǮԪ壬̰ɫǮϱϾѾôˣڸղҲѾѡʧ
ǱܵġǮԪͨ߳˶Ѩָָɽ֣ܵҲֻ֪ˡ
ȻһˣȻͲʹøˣֱַӸǮԪͨ§˱ϣǮԪȥķ׷ȥ
ɱּУ׷֮ҲǱѧĶַ׷ȥ׵ľҵǮԪĺۼΪ߳û߹ۼޱȵԡ
ȫǰ׷ûãַݱǰһԼȮǮԪͨҲһĴ󺰵磬ǰˣҽһǰ档
ַ֪ҧҧٴʹʮǰ׷ȥǮԪµĻ治ܹԼĵ
ȫļ֮£ǰĻѾɼںڰУֻȮǿһ
ǮԪ壬˿Ѿ˵ϣĿֻȮԼҵĽӽ



364 Ӫ
ЩĿֻȮԼǮԪ岻˫ۣ૵Ҳ֪ܵӵûС
໡ɼ֮󣬾еʹûϮȮʹǮԪ岻˫ۡ
ûַݳˣȮϮҵ߶ʱһĶʯ鴫ĵط󺰵˭ҹװŪģԣ֪𣿡
ŶҺô΢磬Ȼİһ֮ѣҲûǮԪͨӰַ߳һϷʵĿ˵
㡭㣬ɱŻѿַݵ֮ߵжʱһĨϲɫ
һڵַָݵ·㲻ߣֻ߽Ҫץס㣬ҾͿԸˡ
ַ͡ݲмһЦһϷʵĿ˵뷨Ǻõģû¡
ûУԾ֪ˣϡԵͬкһֱӾַݳȥһ۷ҲǸϡ
СġǮԪַͨݳȥǮԪв¶һĨǵɫѵ
ӶѡַһЦǮԪͨȻһžͽ߸߷˳ȥһ۷ߵĹȴǱɶ
תһţ۷ĵֵַȵľֱӾͱβ׵ǣڵʹ˹ȥ
ַҲϻٴζദһţ죬ЦЦǿϧͽ첻ˡ
˵ţַתͷûİߣҲ¶Ϸʵɫ
㣬ҵҵĳϣ㡭еľӿڵһһŲţ˴󻵵Сϱһ㡣
Һ°ҵĳϣͷ󡱣ۿߣַͻȻһǰýżֱӻ̫Ѩ
ֻһ죬ӶʱףҲûκε졣
ʱȣַûйģֱӽǮԪͨǮԪϵǸϽظղǸѨˣȥүүסһ
˵꣬īʲôֱַתŸղĵطȥ˸ףɽķȥ

ٵĺǮϵĿд˿ķβѾҪըˣȻҲǰߣȴҲܲסһֱܰ
󣬼ҧסǮϣͷİԵĸףࡣ
ֻһ׷ţҲڴ󺰵϶㻹ǰɣǰˣ㻹ܵȥ
ҾҲᱻץסġǰ£ǮϷǵûͣ½ŲǼӿ˱ܵٶȡ
֪Լһûҵץס³ԱҪң־
ҲǿǮϵ־ʱԵǴ󺰵ҸϽӿٶȣˣǶԲ˶ߡ
ŵ˶ʱһҧ̵˳ԺΧ̬뽫ǮϸΧڵС
롱ҧסأǮٴμӿ˱ܵٶȣȻ֪ɵıܣԼһˣˣЩ
϶һĨԼİӲҲҲӰΨһһǰҪܹܵܣ
ҲǷˣֱѡ˳ɵ׷ϣǷһǮ׷ȥ
ܵľ磬ǮϵжʱһĨɫΪ֪ԼѾܲˡ
϶ȻֻһСᣬ׷Ǯϵ󣬲һǮϵϥǴ
ꡭֻһ촫Ǯϵϥǹֱӱ߶ϣڵϲϵİţɫޱȵľ
ɲǮϵĽŻ᲻ȫѣһŲȵǮ˵ϥǴŤŤ϶ܰôˣܲǰɣ
ޣɱҡǿסĵʹǮֱ̧ͷ³һĭ
žڶĭֱճϣһ޾ķŭ
˲֮಻ŭЦ϶뼤ŭңɱƫԸһĥ㣬ȴôҲˣɡ
˵ţֱ̧˽һЦƵǮһϥǵϷⱲӣȳӶˡ
ţ༴Ҫ½ŵʱȴͻȻӿһΣôľˡ
ԥģֱһ¿ȥһ˲䣬һҲǴĶɹһȵĸо



365 ɽ
ͻȻϮжʱһĨ壬ЩɹĿܵ˭װŪģϽҹҹҵ£ǻ𣿡
ַ͡ݻĴӰ߳һϷʵЦŶ˵ҾͲܻһ̨ô仰
ʲô˼ֱĶַݣģжʱһĨ䱸
˺ҵĺü֣˲ǸɵӣǾֻһܣʵǿ
ӴӵĻһֱӱųΨһʣµģֻеڶˡ
ʲô˼Ŀһַۣݵ٩ܼ򵥣ΪѾ˵ĻˣҲҵߡ
ڴʱַѾߵ߻ѿ򣬵ӣ˲һƬͨ졣
㣬ɱҶӣΪʲôŭĹţֱĵַݣҵ˵࣬Ѿǽӽߡ
Ϊʲôַһνʼܼ򵥰ЩôĻ£ֱ޶⣬ŭԹе
úúãһе㣬ϾҪΪǿУۡŭЦһĿַݵ
תͷԵ˴󺰵һϣ˭ɱ˴ˣͽǧ
𡭡֮£·Щ˱Ҫɱַݵģ˿ôͽǻܲ
ɱ֪˭һ߶ʱŲַݳȥǿԼôˣҲ
ǺǡַݵһЦ˶İߣֱӲǾɵӲŻ¡
ֱַȥƾƣʼȺǲš
˺õһʵսᣬַȻǴһȣҵǼвУһʱ˿·硣
ʱʱţַҲЩܲס˶ˣ˵һԣһĨѪˣɡ
ԭַݵֳȭ״ΪľЩ˹У׼Ҫʼɱ˵ʱȭͷʱſצ״
ʣҪɱĻצȻǹھַݵһϵѧֻǵһ棬һ߱㱻ַݸ˺һ⡣
Сġҧ˸ַ˵ĻЩűزˣ˵ĻͲ䵱ס

ɱڼһԵǮϲЩˣȫû뵽ַᣬȴ˵ǿ
ƮһƾŲͿúüӣĲˡ
еȭҲޱȵľһô˲ϰУδ˿·磬ֱ漣
ȻǮϾģȻַʹõצʽұ仯ˣҪһ㣬ɱ޴
ÿһγצһˣצҪĻǾһޱȡ
ֻһСᣬҵߣѾߵѪУʣµߣҲ˲̶ͬȵ˺ڵ࣬ҲǶ˼Ѫۡ
˾޴˺ȻеޱȵĿ־壬ټȥĻܿ˶һ
صĿ˰֮಻òҧ֣ȳ
˵ţһѡܣ˼״ĻսֱѾӵȥ޲ԼǶ೤ȡ
˴˴ַҲȥ׷ΪѾˣձصңжֹģȫ
ԻعͷַݻǮȥӸ˲ֿȡһ޸ҩݸǮϵʲô˵Ȱҩ¡
áӲֹסԼеʣǮһڽ޸ҩ£ûһ˿ľ£ַҪӺĻõ¶
ǮϺҩʱַҲǶһǮϵϥǴϥǴһؼλѾӣϵĻҲǰһܿ·Ϊһȳӡ
ַжʱһĨεɫ̧ͷǮϵԲҵĻ
˵Բһˣ˵һȻǸ˵ҵҲ׬˲ǣǮҡҡͷһֹ۵ģ
ȻȷôַлǲЩΣڲīʱٴεͷǮϵŵ㣬ȽȹǽϣȻҴȥܣѾΣա
ãɡҧݣǮϱ۵ȴţֻ꣡һһʹдȹǾѾλ԰ѾһЩҲǲֱ·ˡ
ЩվǮϻһ£ֹȻһ϶ʱ¶һĨЦ
ұɡֱߵǮǰ䱳ַݴ󲽵ɽ¸ȥ



366 ҵȥ
ɽ괦ĶѨУһעܵĶǮԪͨЩǵ㣬үү°ɡ
ӦòɡҲһĨǣǮԪЩȷĻش֪ԼүүߵĿΣԱԼ̫ˡ
ŶǮԪͨƶǶĵ˵ͷ˵ַֻܹ׷үү
ͻȻܸоǰдһ˿мڴǾ£ĶǱ
ǵϤӰԼүүֺܶʱӶ˳ӭȥ
үүȡŻʵ¹⣬ǮԪ忴ǮЩڶȣжʱһĨˡ
һҡҡͷǮ΢Цµģ˱˸ȳӣүүˣҲ±Ц
ء·ǳܲԼİүүȳӵʵǮԪͨĵĿ˳޵ô˺ѷΡ
һ۵ģַݶʱεĵͷԲңүүҲ
Ĳ𡱣ǮҡҡͷַݵļǸܹɱҲҴģⱲҲ׻ˡ
Ǯôһ˵ܵɫҲǺÿ˲٣ǮԪȴЩãǸȥģ
Ȼǻؼҡַݲ÷ʼ磬һ˶ĻҲʹøס
ǣҵô죿ǿлġǮһǵĿַݵ
¡ַҡҡͷһŵĿǮϵǻҲǳԲ˶ߡ
ǣðɡַôţǮҲҧϾַݲԼЦɣ
ַݱǮϣܸһǰһǮҵլȥ
˻صǮ֮ǰȥǮʬѱߣҲַԼˡ
ֱϴһ󣬱Իص˷ЪϢȥַݵνһҲ˯ˡ
ǮԪͨҲһԼޱȵƣѾ۵˲УºС
ǮԼǮԪ壬ȴԵЩʧߣǮΪԼһȳӣЩԳܡ
ǮԪ壬ЩĿǰԼƿַ˵ȥ̺۵ҩˮԺҲַݸġ
Ǹʲôૣ˺һǮԪŽҩˮ£ס°૵

ǮҲԶɽ򣬴˿ȴһΪ˶Ѿ֪Ѿҵɱĳˣϳ˴
ֳƺãǵУҵĶѪÿ¶Իȡһķã˵Ǳǲܵκ˵Ⱥ
仰ǸЦɽ۸ľңһֹһΡ
˳ҹδߣλҳԱģǺηʥȻһһҡ
ʱλɽĵңȴǿһƬҹԵޱȵ֡
Ϊҵƽϣ˿ŽʮŰײÿһŰײ£һ˵
Ȼǿ޳ˣɽǵĿԼȴֹһ
ˣȻֻɱǼ˵ַݣЩ̫µģȻ඼˽ȥ
࣬Ϊһӣôһɷǣôˣ㰲˰ɣ
࣬ģʵ̫ˣһ֮˽ʧôߣ㵣𣡡
˿̣һеļϣЩֻĬĬĳܡ
ȫû뵽ֻ׷ɱһɱӳˣȻʧ˲أʮ˰֮ϵģߣ˸
ʣ˵һӴʧеĻϵ˽̨ˡ
ȻжַĴ£˿Ѿ·ˣֻнַݸץңƽɷŭͷ
Ҫץַݣǹ⿿Щߣ»Ƿǳıգҧ⣬ҪԼϵгˡ
ৡֱӴӼվྶֱҵĺɽһʯǰĹȥ
ܣ˻ɱҴǰȥѰ𣬽˲أòؽ
ʯһĬð֮󣬲иϵʯд֪ˣҵٺ֪ͨҡ
ллõʯ˵Ļظ֮жʱһĨ૵Σ㻹



367 ʢ翪
һǷ磬ַϴһ󣬲վǮҵĴſգ÷źĵطѾǻָԭ״
ǲγɵģַݱʾǳĺ棬²⣬ΪɵģΪܸ˴һ磬ֵܵŵĺǾɶɣ
ΨһĿԣĴȻˣΪʲôַݾúܿΪȾԭݴ½磬ϵʣñԼĴ⡣
뵽ַݵĶһ£ǾãԼбҪĻʲôˣ˵ԼãٴνɵΪһ塣
˵Щ̫һ㣬ַݿɬҡҡͷ֪ģλصԼ硣
ִ磬簲ַЩ㶳ʱһöı󴫳̲סعͷ
簲ǷһĨ΢ЦǮԪɴ£һƬӰ̲סѯʵҸҩû𣿻ûã
ǮԪ΢Цҡҡͷһûૣִ㲻õģҾͦõģʲô鷳
⡭ַ㶣ҡҡͷ㲻ίԼģԺ۸ˣҿɲǳصġ
ȻⲢʲôɽ˺ģͣǮԪĶУȴ񶼲Ҳǲĺŵȥ
ǮԪգʵķǳСʧȥ˸ĸ۰ֻʣԼĵܵԼүү飬ֱİԱȳķǳĴҪȫС
ⰲȫУԼүүԸ˵ģǮԪַҵԼҪĶҹǾĶǵܣַݾ£ǮԪоѾǰˣٱôһ˵иǳһԵĸжԼ顣
ллִ磬ҾȥáһǮԪ̧ͷһĨõЦݡ
ַҲ΢Цŵ˵ͷãĺɣֻҪүүܵҲǳĸˡ
ɵĵ˵ͷǮԪžһִ磬㻹ûͰɣȥ
õģ鷳ˣҳȥǴ԰ɣ쿪硱ַݵһЦֱȥװҪȥ
ʵҲɽ˹䣬ӳ̵ֱӹֻʵĻӣŻصǮҡ
˿ǮԼǮԪͨѾֻ֮ǮԪͨ˷ܵĴѾǲԼѾкþûԹˡ
ǮϿȻҡͷѣʵɽϴ򵽵ﲻ٣ȡ׷Լ߲ˣҲǺþûԹˡ
ĽӸ˳ֱַóһЩԼӳ̵ڹϼ˽ȥζһڣ̲ס̿ˮ

աڿãֻӱַݷֳķ֣һʹĿԵ춼͡
Ҹʱ̣ǮȴӭһȺ֮ͣ˺۵һȺҵ˴˴ַ֮ǶʱһĨϷʵǵӿ󰡣ҿ𣿡
ɨˡһֻȵݸǮԪַͨݻվǼԣȥȺĲӬȸ˵
˵ţֱַӴ󲽵ſڣһȻģŶǻţƤૣԸ徲
Сӣ㻹ţο㻹ôӡһĨɫԵһߵףǴˣɱԼʮˡ
Ŷ߻˫ֱ֮ĶַݵССͣѾǰ۷ˣһţҲֻĽҲ붯֣Բðɡ
ַ͡ʵ̲ס͵ЦһЦݵĿߵԲã㻹ûǸ¡
֪ߵغ񣬻ߵǿ֮㲻˽ģȰ㻹ǹԹԵԲðɣܿࡱȥˣվһȻĿַݵ
Σֲûɱַݺνʼ磬ֱ˸ףЦ㿴Ҫɱһˡ
ʲôַͻȻͱһǵĹҵ˶Ǿˣ߶̲סĿ
ͻȻһЦֻЦַָݵΪһףͿ뻯߶Կ̫˰㡣
һΪ֪ۣܲܣԲ֪𣿡УַݵһЦֱ˫صĹֶΣ׼ʼ
ǼⷢǼֻǹò˵׷ŵսеĻǴǸɱ¾һаٶǷǳɵġ
Ȼͬʱٿǳѣַ˵һĶҲǲԣ΢΢һЦʢ磬ʼ



368 
ˡַģȻִļֻǹƵķʱʼ˷ٵת
һ˲䣬ҵĺü߶Ǹܵ൱ΣոУ̲סľСġ
վǰĻߣиһĨأڵȷɢʹõĿһִģɱԵİ
ҵǶǻ׷׿ʼɢΣɢٶȣĵֵ˼ٶȡ
աͬΰܼӵǾ޴ǹӿǰȺҵɨȥ
ҽʱӿԼǶãϾΪȻȫܿЩӵȴԵֵѸ˺󣬿Щȴȫ룬ϽӵһžҪǵ
ֻһǹֵ꣬Ҿ˽ʮˣһս˴ߵ۾̲סַݳСӣϷƴˡ
ɾǰʱַһֱûжȴͻȻ̧Ĺ켣һǼǹ
Σաһâһȵĸоߵһʱ͸е˾޴ΣոУҲһĨ塣
һ¿һǼ⣬յļֱһԵһŴֱӽ䴩һ󶴣ǴлˮֵĻȼˡ
˻ֲԼЩ׼İжһĨֵɫ
ӵĻϾʵٶȻûô죬ǻԶܻü⽫ӵס⼤ǹȴȫңֻһĻǲȥˡ
˶ٳˣַװƵĽַ£Żð̵ļֻǹڴһϷʵоΣˬǰɣ
㡭ַϷʵǵģȴҲçײĳǰȥΪʵ̫ǿˡ
ǺǡٴϷһЦַݻǺܲˬȴǿˬˣ׾͸ҪҪԣ
ֱ̫һֱɽİʱܹԶʱŭһϣӸֻһˣԸô˵ģֻҪӽǵ֮
𡭡ĻҵİǶ̲סǰһʼߵİ취ַݳ
ַȻǺѻǹֻǹ˫߲ЩֱС
Ȼͻڼ䣬ַҲǻɱߣɱļ߼ӽΣһԹսǮԪ嶼̲ס˳Сġ

ٺٺ١ͻƵַݻʮ׵ʱ̲סЦСӣ¿㻹ôӣ㡣
⼸ǵĹʶֻҪԼͻƵַݵԽסͻϵһ⣬
ʵǼҪͻƵʮ׵ľʱַϷһЦò˵̫ˣһ֪ʲô
ȺĪУֱַӲٿŸڿն𣬲ڿжǷ˹
⡭ڿյַݣȺҵǶǾˣĿſеַݣһʱ仹Щ֪롣
ַݿɲǿ˫߲ЩǷ˴ΧĽӶûӡ
һ˲䣬ʱҽַݵǹ侫׼Щƶܶ˺οվˡ
ߵ£Ψһʣµһ߶ʱֱܵܰɼֶΣŹҰɡ
ɼֶΣַݶ̲񣬲ϸһ룬˵һ׻˵еɼֶˡ
ɾ˺ˣַݾͻŹֱ׼ĺģַһǼǹֱӾʹ͸ĺ󱳡
ô졭ֳʱֻʣ뻯ˣԼʱЩ
ô죿ô죿ǳ飬ҪҸƨ𣿻Ͻԭ¡ưԶ꣬ôȥַ޿κ֮Ҳǲò࿪
⡭㶵ĿԼҸһۣǶʱһĨɬϥҲ̲ס
λүŹǰɣ۲ʶ̩ɽ˲С˹ǵƤ˰ɡһɬĶַݱȭĵ˿̵Ҳû˵緢
Ǻǡ˿ַ̣жʱһĨϷʣȫû뵽һˣȻΣԼģַĻŹ



369 
תͷǮǷǳȻҽţַݵо̲סһΣҪŹ׵Ļ֪Ҫࡣ
ǺǡϷһЦֱַ֮ӽŵ˻ϣǮϵһȣҿܻôŹ𣿡
ܡҧӿ˵⼸̧֣ͷεַݵ˵ҪôſϷŹǣ
ַһνģʼܱǸҲ֪ôҽŹҸˣҾͷŹˡ
һУǮ˶һߺ޵ģ࣬Ϊ˵Ǯ˵ס
ĽߣİҲܻ˵ţƵǮԪ彫ԼǸˣһǮϵȸȳӣ޼ǲ졣
˿̣ȨѾȫ˻ߵϣ˿Ǯңֿ˿ϵַݣٿ˿ǰжʱһĨɫ
࣬巢֮ĸ˵ظɱ㸸Һġ͵У˵ôһֱֳƣĵϡ
ֻ˵˰䣬ѾȫʧȥʶҲ˫ۣԼĸɱܹĿ
ǰһĻҲַԼǮڿˣ׻˵ʳӣǰһĻȴȫܽܵһУ߾Ȼǵ棬ԼĶӸɱ˵
൹֮󣬻̧ͷһɵַݵ£˰ɣѾףԷ뿪𣿡
Щ㶵Ŀ˻ãַŸ̾ԭֻȾͲˣû뵽ȻôݣֱӾͽɱˣ˶񶾵ĸףһǵһμ
ʲô˼ַݵĻ֮󻯾ߵɫٳԤϵ˷ǳõĽ
ʲô˼ַжʱһ⣬૵ԼӶɱˣҷȥĻ᲻
ᣬĲᡱ߸Ͻ˰֣ȻеȷôģַݵǿǰҲֻǵͷ
𣿿ҲŰһĨϷʣֱַӽǹŻ߿һǹ
׼ǹʱһһһĿַݵƭӣ壬ú
ǺǡַݵһЦǹֱָߵҿûƭʲôҷǳĲ⣬ҲűҪ㡣
ӡַһᶨıֻ֮ʣһͷǾǿӣӳַݵĹΧ

ӵĵ𣿡ַѾ⣬ҪɱӵĻǺ
ٿŸףַݴµĶԻ߷˽ֱɼ⡣
ߺ뷴ַȴһֱŰȫľ룬һֻƴѰš
һ׷һӣ𽥵ı׷ɽУַһֱҧŻߣĿǰͿյƣ˾Ѳ׷
ַֻҪԶԶĸУֻҪľܺɵ
Ҳ˽⵽һ㣬жʱһĨ֪ԼҪĻھֻ֮ضˡ
ҧҧ󣬻߹¶һװ֦һ㣬ֱ˵ϡ
ַȻҲһǹͻŲֱӶĻ߾Ҳһȳӡ
ַ׼ٲһǹʱ򣬻ȴͻȻתַݹؿͷ㣬ŹҰɣ֪һܣ漰һ似ֻҪõɵͻƵߡ
͡ַвһЦ˵ô棬͵õͻƵˣõԼ
ȻҪԼ棬ַҲּɣװһȤģô
ȻǴݵԼ似˵׹󣬿ǿնȥһԴǵģش
ǿգַɫһ㶣ٴοЦã⻯߻ᴵţĪеĶóˡ
ַҲûҪȥˣֱ̧ǹ׼ߵҾãؼԼŰɡ
ɱң˵ĶģģϾͿ԰ܳ׸㡱߶ʱˣƴ
ַͻȻĴЦҡҡͷߵ̫ˣԿףɱãһ𣿡
㡭ַȵɱ߶ʱ̲סһĿɬǰʯͷԼĽŰ
һͷ뷨ûˣֱӱۣǵļ⣬ֱӳԼĴԡ
˿ַ̲ס૵ڽˣһǹ˵ġ



370 ̯
һڵϵĻߣַ̲סҡҡͷǺαૣҪ˻ˮ
Ľ䵽˵ϣַߵߵǰʼѲ壬ܷҵʲô
ʣ˵ǸҲȻĶʲô似ĻҲȥԡ
ַû뵽ǣ䲱ѵһ˵ʲôƳɵԿ״һ㶡
ѵ϶˵Ķģ˿еԿףַ̲ס˳У˼еʵԡ
˰ַ֮ݻǾߵĻţȫţʲôõʱȥһܿ϶
ԽòƽƵԿ׸յ˻Уַٴ˸ףǮҵķȥ
䡭ֱӽ䵽ǮҵԺУַݻĽ𣬲һЦݵĿǮˡ
ִ磬ǿʵ̫˧ˣ𣿡һŹĿַݣǮԪͨѾȫַǳ˽ʸԼǿĸסԼַݺʱ⻹ô˵Ŀ־壬עŵ˿֮ϡ
ַݿڣǮԪǮԪֵͨԪͨ׿ôôϣˡ
ðɡǮԪͨϸҲĵԼ̫Сˣװܶˡ
˷ܾ˲£ǮԪͨЩηĿһ۵Щˣô죿ܲһֱɣ˵ġ
ַݵһЦǮԪͨùܣҪǾúµĻǾȥɽתһȦɣȻ֮͸øɾˡ
ɽϣӳ𣿡һɽǮԪͨٴαŽһ⣬ȻǶ
̰Թ֪ԳԳԡǮԪЩˣҲ֪Լ˵ܵվǸӡ
ȻˣһԸַݵ˵Сӣһ谮ģС̫ˣǸһˡ
˵ַ꣬Ҳٵ飬ֱӴǮˣԶɽȥ׼ݴ½һԭʼҰ
ò˵ݴ½ȫûִܵȾҲǷǳķḻɾַһɽֱ̲סǰһ
ɱּУҰҲǷǳҪһƣַݺ׵ľҵ˲ʳԼʳģЩʵҲģҲֻڳ̵йˡ
ȻˣȻҰԼͲȵȶǳȻȡĺǼ򵥣ȴޱȾ¡
ַ˵Щʳֻ˵ǿѣǮ˵ֱ˼ζԵǲ㽫ͷȥ
Ϊݴ½ζζЩ˴඼ֻͨһЩζ϶ѣԶûеô

˴õʱҼе߶սĻ˼Ըַݣ
ԴҶǴҴʰ˵ʬ֮󣬺ַݻǰԴҸԴѡ뿪
ɽϣ㷹ַݶʱǮҲĴ˸ãַݵСְһֱи⣬֪ܸܲҽ󣿡
ʰɣҲҪ㡱ַݵ˵ͷѾŲµǮҪԼʲô
ȻǮһĨصС²˰ɣԽĵط
ûַݵ˵ͷһпĵʵҵҲǸѣǣˡ
Ǹô磿ʲôͬСӵĺٴӿǮԪͨһĿַѯʵ
ͦ󣬵򡭡ַ΢΢һЦҲûκĽһж˳
ַݲò̾һ䣬ҵļ˶Ǹ磬˵ľͲԸȥˣΪʵ̫ӣ̫ˡ
ǰôһ˵ҵǾȻҲлˣȵǺ̫ࡱǮҲһпĵ
ǮԪ壬ǮԪͨܣȫû˵ĸпѾȫǸʵԺвԼȥǸĳ档
ַȻҲ˵״̬ҡҡͷǾͱˣҲֻ˱㣬Ǹ磬˽ˣǶڰǮ
һַ˻˶ʱҲһǮԪжʱ˲٣ǮԪͨȴһⲻִ㱣ҾͲˡ
ǮԪͨ˻ʱֳ˼žУҲòһ⣬Ǿַݿ϶뿪ģվҪ롣
ַ֮ͻȻһЦǮԪͨСԴɱһӣ󻹵ÿԼġ
ôܣ㵱ҽ򲻾𣿡ǮԪͨΪǵʼ磬ΪԼ뵽һð취
ȴȫû뵽һϯֳգһʱøΪĹˣþõĶû˵



371 ׼뿪
ȿȡַݸɿһ˹ǮԪͨıӵ˵£СӱܣܺԼˡ
ŶǮԪͨƶǶĵ˵ͷͻȻһֻɹ˳׷ȥˡ
ַŻعתͷǮѯʵǮϣѯһ£磬û뿪İ취
УҲǺֻǴ֪һ㡱ǮһĨɫμѾҪʧԺˣòײ
֪پ˵ٰɡַȻǿ󣬱ϾǮⱲӵļʶޣ֪һǲˡ
ϸпһǮſڵҲǴһ·߿е֪ģʱҸ٣ߴҼǰҪ˿ڷԣ˼䡣
е˼ǣݴ½ȷȥһ磬ǰңͨңһξ䣬ͨҲûܹˡ
ңַ֣ݵжʱһĨȣû뵽ͨȥƵҵϡ
ǰҡǮ̲ס˵ͷ󿪿ڵҼǵ˵ǰݣҶǿĴڣо˵ֹɰ
ɰò뿪磬ұ㱻һΧңȫ𣬶ͨҲҲ򲻿ˡ
⡭ַжʱһĨصɫϸĻһ£ıʼмһ仰
ǾҪǰǸĻҪʹһھھַݼǵúжʱһ㶣૵ѵΪ
˰ַ֮ݾǳпܣھⶫ϶ǿڿഫģ˶ĻǿھȻʧ
һô˵ַҲõһǳҪѶϢڿھǷãǻÿһ֪
ϾھǵصģǷãǻǸ̫ȷ顣
ͬʱַҲǮϿǸɰһ޴ĺģµûĻܴܿ˾ǻ߿еǸݣ˵ǿյ
ַ˫¶˺ɫǮϣλɰ˽ûʲôţ
ǵȻˣĴſɶȥˣһЩ㽲ɡǮҲһĨ羴ɫ·λɻһ

һ»ַݻһλ˵ģǵٶǰɣһݵޱȵǿ󣬲ҽҲǴǿļ塣
һ´ĪҲӣҲûκεĺΪǽЩΪļ嶼Ľѵһ٣Ƕʱ˵ݴ½гʱ򡣡
˵ַݵԺв뵽һ绪ˣǿޱȣһӽ綼ѹԼ£˶㽵ľ硣
ԣַݻֻᵱĸоҲ֪ԼڻԶǼɡ
˿̣ǮҲѾĽ˽ɫУüɫļôǿȻٲЩ似Լ˵ʱҿռй似һ񼶹һǳصĵطֻ׼ϵ˹ۿ
Ȼ˵òƵȷҲһطȴôҲ򲻿ֻô˲ģ뷽跨ҪǸطõеľأΪǿߡ
˻ַҲ̲סĶˣǮ˵Ļطȥɡ
˵޿κεһЩʩ˵ǶǺãֻҪʱ䣬ʲôܽ򿪡
֪ʲôط𣿡ַ̲ס˳ôڵĻȥﵢʱ䡣
ô֪ǮʼҲֻ˵ѣݴ½İɣΪҵļ
ȻЩʧַҲ֪Ǯ֪ҲôˣҲõһֻҪһʱܵǸطˡ
ȥַҲûʲô˼ˣֱʰ˻ʣµһЩˣǮһͬɽȥ
·ϣԵЩĬΪҷ·ʶʲôԲ뿪ڣ»λس̱ú˸С
Щַݻǲò˵Ǯֻܱ֮ʾźĵǮϣԪ壬ԪͨҲˣһҪصҵǸ硣
ٴ˳УǮһ̾þۺɢСעˣҲˣסһ߰ɣɫҲˡ
Ȼַݵ˵ͷټǮסһʱ仹еġ



372 ٻỨ
̴Ѿðƴַ̣æڳ֮У׼һͣΪԼ⼸챻Ǯչ˵Ķ飬˶ϡ
ǮԪķУ쿴ǰ̨ϵһƿַ˵ҩĶԼǷҪʹá
ûȻַദ˼죬ǿصѾռ飬ô־
ֻҲ֪˲һˣעߵһҲûжַ˵ʲôΪԼΡ
֮󣬿ƿҩǮԪһĨᶨɫȻ˲һ𣬵ȴ뽫Լһ棬С
ĴƿмһЩҩͿĨڰ̺۵ı洦ֻ˲䣬һĸоʹ˳ǮԪ̲סüַݸĻһΪ˼ҩ
ʵ˿ͿĨҩ˵ǴƤⲢ𽥵ƤҪ˶ãǹ⻬Ƥͻᶥǿѿİ̺ۣҲָԼա
˼ʱ򣬴дַϤԼ˵ζҿʰһ£ˣ
ǮԪʱɴϣ߳˷УǻϵΧȹַݺôʱڴ˿ͣ
ޱȵķḻҪ뿪ˣַڳ̵й˴ʳģʶˡ
ȻһƿþȻٲ˵ģַǮϲϵ˵⼸ı仯ڲ뿪飬ôҰˡ
㷹ַ֮ݴӷóһӣݸǮϵǮϣЩպãʱȥسӰɣס£ʵڲȫ
ô࡭ǮϽӹֻ֣ǵ˵бһĨ𾪣֪ײĶǽӵĻǻ°Ͷþ
ࡱַ΢ЦҡҡͷǮ֮˵ûʲôãܹǹĸãҾòõġ
˿·ϻŲܣٿ˿ЩˮĿӣǮǵ˵ͷӸ
ʱȴǮԪ循һסԼ˶Ǹһ
ַתͷһȴǮԪһӵɫԼ˰̴¶һָˣ˷ܵɫ
ôǮɫһϽǮԪļĵԼŮб
̵̣ˡǮԪָָԼĽ£ֻһѪɫİ̺ۣѾ䵽˵ϡ
Ǯϵͷһ̧ͷһ˵ģǮԪ죬үүôˣѵСֵǸҩˣ
š˵ͷǮԪ˫ЩĽ⿪Լɴֻԭа̺۵ĵطʱѾǹ£ֻƤЩѡ
⡭ò˵ǮԪȫ¶ַݵ֮ǳͦģַݿɲ׼ʲôԺܿͻָ΢ЦϲѾȫָˡ
ллǮԪ΢Цŵ˵ͷԼָܹǶַݵĹͣȻɲ

֮˱ص˸Եķ˯ַǺܿ˯ţǮȴЩ˯žΪ֪һַݾҪˡ
Ȼദʱַ̣ܶݵأԼǮҵĹģǷǳľ֪Ҫ뿪ǵĶ᲻á
ֻ᲻ҲûãַҪ̣ѰһصԼǸ·ҲֻǱףˡ
ɫ𽥺ڰǮҲǻ˯ţַȴ˸磬׼ǰ뿪÷ı˸ӿ
ٴĿһܰСԺӣֱַӻ˸ڿնɽķȥ
ַɽԭȻҵһĵͼȻɲ֪Լɵʲôط
ֱӽ䵽ɽַݾֱҵķȥΪɽӵеͼȫģȻҲˣϾǿɽļ塣
ֻǵַҵʱȴִ˴ȥ¥գֻһݵĴӣЩЦá
ҲԼɱôˣȷǽҸˣҵ߲඼⣬ʣµҲЩУԸûֵܲõİ취
иˣַݻ䣬ȴһûУҲֻˣֻҪܹҵͼͺá
Ǵ˿ʱ仹̫磬ɽ򶼻˯УַݸҲѯʵˣһʱ仹Щã
ͻȻһ⣬ΪˣԼշʱ򣬷·ԼԼһŹâĵط
طַϸһ룬϶ʱ¶ϷʵµĲĻʱܿŵĵطҲ·ˡ
ĴֱַӴӸ˲ֿȡԼסҶװ磬ֱ֮·λȥ׼㡣



373 Ҫ
ʱֵ峿·ŵʱ̣ڴ˽һ޵οǣҲźǷһˬ߳ظҡ
Ǵſڣһ֦չģЩο뿪Ǽ档
һߣ׼Ϣʱ·ȴǱͻȻסˣû㲻һ
߼ǿͣҲֻöЦݣܵλ͹٣·ĽѾϢˣŶ
ˣⲻ㻹𣿡ĵַݾ̲ס˸ȴǳϷʵ
Ӵλ͹˵Цˣơû˵꣬ͼַ߽ڣò֮󣬻㲻һеѽôɷ
ɷǰɣַȻ֪û˵ǸʲôȻҡҡӵİɣֻЩΪбµ˳֣㻨ɲҵĿС
⡭һĨµģǰλǸɷǣֻΪҶİ˼䣬ͲţԼǿ϶ҵ³Ҫá
Ի⣬ǰλҶҪźģҪȻ׬ٶǮҲûǡ
һת϶ʱЦݵĶַݵӴҶ˵ЦˣҼҴ𣿴¥ૣҪҪС
ˡַʼһģǴ㣬ǼѹװɣҾˡ
⡭϶ʱ¶˹ɫϵĴַݣ૵ѵСӺһڣĵͦεģҪʹɣ
뵽ʱһַݵĻУýȻҶӿ𻨽⸱лǽһźģǽȥɡ
鲻ԽĴ˸ַֻһļƤ⻨ʮˣһƤҲɳڣôܿţ
Ͻ˺ַЩµŻˣ£ΪǸ֪𣿡
⡭ȻǸþ֣α飬̲סЩ죬Ǿ֡
СĿַһۣ䲢ûжŭ󣬻˿Ҷٸ̧ˣһˣɶܰﵽģ
ܼ򵥣ҪһݵͼԽȫԽáַʼ磬һɵģ
⡭㶣Щ̫׵ģַݵҶ٣Ҫͼ˵ҶҲ𣿡
ô¸ҾûУȥݲ𣿡ַװЩͷģ

ӴҶⲻΪһѣĵͼһΪѵģ
ǲǰ׷ѿʶ˶֪࣬˭򵽵ͼǮ⡱ַݵ˻һۣһҺʧģ
ŵĲУһתжʱ뵽˰취֪ݵͼֻпе·ϾҪȥμӻˣ֪ҶûȤ
һĨԥɫַϸ˼һҲòЭȻŻ˷Ѳٵʱ䣬ܱԩ·ĺðɣ
žǵֱַӽһյǺðɣʲôʱԽԽ֪𣿡
ҶܵϢһ°ɣ˰ɣӦǰܵȪЪϢὨ
ȥɣҵ㣬ˣҵĻ֪ġַһвģ
ŵղһϽͬĸңһ׼ʱҶ㣬㲻ҾͲˡ
⻹ࡱַааһЦֱ·ʱɫѾ飬ȻѾҪ
ˡ뿪·̲ס˵ͷϵ亹뵽Ҫһͬ뿪̲סЩ鴤
Ҳףǰȥǵһ·ɲȫǰҵ߻ͣһֱల¡
ҵ߼ȫԻýѡŵַϣҲﾡˡ
ڻ뷨ַݲ֪֪Ҳ⣬͵Ǹһѱˡ
뿪·ַݱɽϿʼй׼ȥʲôɫСԡ
ȴޱȵʧЩСȻȱĵϣζʵ˵Ϻá
תһȦַݿһҸ꣬ȥһĹ𻨸⣬һڣ۵ζ̲ס˵ͷ
һ뵽𻨸⣬ַݱ㲻ɵ뵽Զһӣв¶˼
һ˶ĸоַޱȵԼ¼ţޱȵĿܹصԼ硣
Ȼ⻹Ҫһʱ䣬ַ϶Ҫ˶ãʵڲеĻַݻһԵİ취ǾùԼеԪ򳬼̵깺һź˵ըǲĤ



374 л
Թַͣݱ˴ݣʼһϣĺοϷԡ
ò˵һǳõϰߣΪЩˣ֪ŷǳ֮࣬ͱ˵ڣַԲԶһ߽ߣڸ˴ش
֪˵εݻᣬһѦľɫ˳֣֮˶ǶǳԵ˼㣬ĴټΪ֪߿̸Դϵٵˣ̲סĿ
һ͵ʱڵѦôƯôŰĴټʲôŮûУôܻᶼ׷
֪ƤѦ粻òŻҲǹھ񶼣˵һĹˣһ̲סģǰӵĻͳˡ߷˸۵
˻ֳ˶һǿ֪Щ˵۹жߣѦ绪Ļôһ˵
ַҲǲǰһȥѦŮˣǲǱջҪƯ
ַݾûǲ̫ܣյòУѾѦ磬ƺѳ
ʱ߻һ䣬ͻȻһصĶ˵˶֪ؿ֮°ɣ
Ȼҵݴ½ǿļˣ˵еĵשý̳ɵġһԵӵ
ʲôһ̲סһ̸ۣҵĲƱǶС˼ҪǴؿеľؼ߾˵ⱾؼܴﵽǸġ
˵ûߵ˵ͷһҡͷԵģҵؿλѾҵŴҶɣ
˶˵ͷ߲ԼСӵȴ֪ҵǸؿ⣬ȴޱȵɭϣȲ˵ܶúţſڵЩأ񶼵ЩǸ͸Խ
ôҿ˵񶼵Ĵ壬ɶ½ɵĵߴڣѵ򲻿һؿ⣿һԼɵ
ʲôֵģٴΰһۣ߿̸뵱ڵʱ򣬿һͽмʰķģǿ֮ӹɡ
ɷ֮ұΧҲЩ˲أٶŻָôǿļ壬ΪҪĵطܲǿ𣿡
Ҳǡ̲ס˵ͷȴǲͷ˵ôûõģ˵ʲô
ǺǡߵһЦ˵һĴµ֪񶼵Ĵ壬Ѿ֪˿Դܲصİ취ʱϵһ׼ͼıҵܲء

˻һֳʱ˵ж¶ĶɫҲǴ˼
ͳһٶ꣬չεĲƱǲЩȻܳԲ⣬ҵ©ӣҲˡ
ҲĲ˵˼һϷʵĵȰǻǱʲôԽˣ֪ΪʲôĴҪǾΪֹЩȥֵļһ
ûǣؿܶᱻϼӰأֻҪʮ׵ľ룬ͻᱻ棬ٽӽĻǾֱӻɱǾÿԶԿĴĻǾȥɡ
ôôԵǱֲĴģƾʲôܽȥǾͲܽȥ
ǾǣһˣĴܵôĽߣʱһӵϣָ˭˭Ӯૡ
桭ǲмĿһЩ֮ˣָ˵ʲôнߣǾһȺɢ˼Ĵʵ
֪ĴϵĵߴڣֻҪڴſڣȥٶˣǶͲˣʱֻҪɱϼû˸ˣ⼸ɱˣ㣬
ָָղŷԵˣ˶̲ס˺˼̲ס¶һĨɫڲƱԼ֮䣬ǻǾҪһ㡣
˺ˡεʼ磬֪ǿ϶˲˵ǣҪǾȥ˵ظɱûǡ
ǺǣȤ뿪ַݵ̲ס¶һĨϷʵɫ
Ȼ˵Ȥָ߱͸¶ģĴͼıؿ顣
ʣַǶˣȤ飬ôܲȥμӣڴ֮ǰҪϵǸطӦûü



375 ҹ
йһᣬֱַδ̵Щʳ£˲֮·ķȥ׼
·ʱһѾͣ˴˴ϷɫȻȥỨĴ˵ġ
ַ˵ⴺʵڲզأһȤ˲ҪᵽĻҲֻ˵ǳ롣
ʱӲŶͷϵĺܵĿţַǰ󣬻ʱӭһĵҶ٣ˣûһõȰ
ٷϻǸϽɡʵЩ㣬ַݸϽ˺ߴŸϽ·
߷ַݵҪ󣬻ĸҷϽԼһ˵ȣȪصķȥ
ַ֮ʵЩ̲ס²۵ôôͲ΢߿һ𣿡
ӴҶӰϸ첲ȵģߵӮЩˣҪǾˣЪϢһΣһЦֻȴҲǴַݵ⡣
ʵҲ֪ⴺǲᵽͷģȥһҲֻΪüǮѣַܹݿϵĻɾͷˡ
ַ̲סҡҡͷ⻨뷨ôֻ֪ܲҡҡͷϢͲˣ߿ͺá
ŶӦһҲǺް취ֻǸĺţԼ˻ᱻַݸʰһ١
Ƕ˵ǿȻˣβúܣߵַ̫ݷˣҲٴˣȤܵķ羰
ò˵ݴ½ȾĻ羰Զãд֣ɽҰʻԼԭ̬գַǸоѡ
һ·ǰţ֮ǰȪأʱسɺ֣ЩŹװǣַݻޱȵĸп֪ݴ½ĻΪԼԽ˹Ŵ
ڻĴ֮£һһͬסһùУΪμӻĴԼˣȻǲַЩвסתسֵĵطȥ
Ǻ«˵ȵԭ̬Сԣַ̲סЩ⶯һҲǹһЩš
ʵһسҲôһ㣬ַݹһ󣬱صùУԹصԼķ䣬׼ЪϢ

ҹ˾˯ʱ򣬿ЩȴǲԸ˯ΪһǳҪڵȴȥǾǶЩỨŮһ׷
һӰͻȻٵùݵķصһɲǣһǳ΢˯еַĻȻ˫ۡ
ַֻݲûΪ֪˵ĿľʲôԼ޹أҲȥ˺¡
ַֻʧˣͷϵӰȻƶ˴ڷͷҿ˼Ƭ
ѵַݵжʱһĨɫû뵽⻨㻹ǵùԼĻţһ˴˵еǸְҵ
ܰﻹǰ°ɡһ⣬ȻǴûʲô˼ô䱻ɻˣʵ̫ϧˡ
ַжʱһĨϷʵɫĵãɻ档
Ӹ˲ֿóԼҹ£ֱַӴϣ˴ֱһ˷
˭ַʱɻȴͻȻϽϵһһĨ䱸
ţͬУ֪ͬ𣿡ַæ˰֣һģ
ͬУɻһĨ㵵ɫû뵽ľȻͬУֱǻ֮
ʵͰǰַǷü۵ģ㲻ǸͬУҲǸϾӡ
ٺ١ַڨڨһЦһģһλֵܺÿٶȣҪĿø˰ɡ
ǰԷ׳Ĳɻûлظһ䱸ַݣţʵ̫ˣַڼԼˡ
ַݴĦһº󣬱˴˵뷨һתжʱ⣬ֵܣҪžˣϾߣֻɫҲˣȲѦ֮һƯ
Ѧ磿һ֣ǰλжʱһ˵⣬ַָݵλ֣ѵ㽫ͷϣ
Ȼַװģ˵ͷ˵Ⱦˣܹһ׷Ļǻ޺
СֲɻͻȻòмַݣһıӵΰɣѦԿлֱŵģ㻹ûӽˡ
զΣַͻȻһЦͷӻóһСƿ֪ɶشǧ˵ǻˣǵһ£Ҳ졣
ֲֶɻжʱһ˵⣬ַϵǸСƿŲˡ
㲻ţҲû취ǲַݺεʼ磬󽫴ƿŽ˶УתˣԤףֽ죬һ



376 Σ
ַһԾ䵽˵ʱֲɻУʱһᶨɫҲǸַλֵܣȵȡ
ַݶʱһĨϷʣ˲תʵģתͷŷֲɻֻɶ£
ǸֲɻһĨɫŤַݵֵ㿴ܲܽǧһңǮ˵
͵ЦţȴһĵⲻܣǧҿֻһƿѦʱõģˣʲô
˵ַ꣬ݸͲֲɻ˵ȥĻᣬֱתسķȥܹȱʹǳ뻯
ַݸôţȻΪλѦջԲǴֵܹģ´Ҳûɶʧ
ȴһֲɻѦ֣Ǵ˼Ѫһ㣬ֱַݸ׷
ܵĽŲַݵжʱһĨȣȫû뵽ӿλСܶȴޱȵӯ
һ伫ַһĨϷʣֱӿٶȾǰȥ
ֲɻһַϾҪѣҲҧҧԼһһַ׷ǰȥ
۷ַܶٶж죿һƥ϶٣ӴѶȣǽϷͻȻת˳û˦ӡ
ֻǼӹȥ˱ѾܳسǣһСУַ̲סͣ˽Ųתֲɻ󺰵׷ҸŲϸ㶯˰
Ӵֵ֪ûģҾеƿǧǴųġֲɻһϿҵĵ
ǧΪһе֪ҩеҩ˵ǰһߵõƾ佫һĴŮβ֣Ʋ˻漣ȻǱŮ׷ɱ
ֲɻѦ۲ãһ˲;ΪˣκûǸ£ֻǰ뿪񿴵˵ҩݴ
ַһģֲɻҧҧ֣֪ҪΪѣһƬĵģͳ۰ɡ
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⡭ֲɻʱһĨȻģⶫеĻҲܻó
뵽ֲɻҲֻҡҡͷתʱ·ȥַҲûѾλʱڵʵҾǿԺġ
ʲô˼ַݵĻֲɻʱתͷһĪɫ
ܼ򵥡ַһĨɫһ֣֮һãⲻ𣿡
⡭ֲɻһĨԥɫȻܿԲһΣܹ׷󣬲ҲǺܰһ뵽˵ͷҸˡ

áַ̲ס˵ͷʵֲɻʵΪѦ硣
ԭֻ׽Ūһ´˶ѣǳϤ֮жʱ˼Ǿǽ֮ڣõһЩõѶϢ
ȻˣԼ񶼵£Ҳֻ˳ѣɲԸ˷ôʱ䣬ǹٰĻһͬˣ뿪Ȼ
죬ϣһֱַͬ֡һģŷֲɻ
족ֲɻһɬģַ֣Ȼвʣܱûúðɣ
ǿǺߣ˵ǲǸ̹ˣָָԼϵɴַݿڵ
ðɡֲɻ˵ͷһ˺ԼһɴúɫַݵҽзССͺá
ȥŷСһźʵʵݣַ̲סһֿڡ
ַݿС㲻ü۵ģҲǸȴȫû뵽˾Ȼôһģ˵ֱǸصĴ
֣ôǲǾͦ˧ģַе𾪣С̲סٺһЦ
˧̫˧ˡַ̲סǳ鴤һ󣬶ǰλСҲͶأɻܳҲˡ
һѽԼֳ£ַĨһͷģֻҪס˧Ҷͺá
ԭҶ֡ЩȻĿַһۣСҲȫû뵽ַݾȻô㡣
˵˵ǾͰѻ˵ϾŵＯϣʱһǰ񶼣ٵˣɱû㡱ַϷһЦֱתѡ뿪



377 
һˬַݶһ󣬱ҵҲѾĻˣøȥɣˣ͡
ӴҶôô˵߾߰ҵõ·ˣ㶣Ͻ׷ַѯʵ
Ȼˣɲ᲻ַݣ᲻һѵıڰַˣûȥ뱣ڻ͡
ôҵʶѲ𣿡̲ס͸һַۣлЩЦãʵ̫ʵˣŵִĻǸʮزū
˵ַ꣬ݱ㲻ٹֹܻģֱתȥԺҲټˡ
ֱַ֮Сֵķȥԭصʱ򣬾ͼǷСǣһƥŹβͲݡ
ַݵĽŲСʱתͷЩȻĿַݵ֣ң׼·񶼣񶼿ǧﰡ
⡭ַҲ㶣һĨڨڨȻʧʧⲻ·ȼûǣϡ
ҪְɣȥϣһСһЦʮĺģ
ȥַٴ̲ס˾ֿڣתԷС˻ֵˣһᣬϾͻ
˵ţֱַȪȥ洦һ£߽һУʼѡ
ò˵ԭ̬ĻƥҪǿһЩַǰЩͨõڵǸ磬ԳƵǶġ
ַݵԸȴַֻ߽˴֮󣬱ĶеƹƹģϽõ±ûǮû
ûַѾٴν뵽ҶٵĽɫУеİƹӶǱЩ졣
߷֪ƵĻᵽˣеƹʱĵӿеȻҪһƥУ㿴ƥô֫ǿ󣬾ǧĴ
ַתͷһȴƹָƥȻЩģȻǲ⣬ҡҡͷ̫ˣң
⡭ַеһĨϰʱҧҧӣڻһƥֵҰѪǻûбѱ֪ûȤ
ŶѪĸַ֣ݵжʱһ⣬ϡƥ¡
Ҫ֪Ѫڵ֮٣ƷֻǺܴ⣬ݴ½ͬƥҪĽͨߣԺѪڵ٣Ҳܶࡣ

Щ̲סеļַݶʱһգͷ˵ӾˣǼٵģ֪
̲סĨһͷϵ亹еϰͷЦİɣҿôĸҿˣ㷢м٣ʱԻв
⻹࣬Ͻҹȥַݵ˵ͷߴϰ壬бܳȥ
ϰĴ֮£ַһ֮ͬУһλãϰָһƥɫˡ
˳ϰָȥַ̲ס˵ͷǰƥɫԣϿǷǳӽ˽⵽
ʵȽ϶ԣѪԵøߴǿ׳ͨ1.5ңͱͷϸߡ֫޳Ƥëϸšϸٳ߰ľߡ
ַݿһͣʱתͷϰһԣ㿴𣿡
⡭ϰжʱһĨΪɫַݵλӣȷҪԣǻûѱҰһ˵ô𣿡
ЩͷĻ˻ַ֣ݿڵ£ӿǰߣѵԸһƥ
ߣַݾȻǰߣϰҲ̲סЩĿȻݴ½߲٣ôģǵһοֻõͷǺðɣһСİ
С£㡱ַݰ˰ֱ֣ߵеѵȴţҲһĨ˷ܵɫ
ɱּоƬеĶӣһҲð棬ȻַݻûԹƾ֣ҲܹɵӦԡ
һᣬƥѪڼͺ֮£Ų鲻ԸѵУһֳǿĹԣֻҪ̲֮ס̧ߡ
лģַҲ̲ס΢΢һЦƥҪˣȻѱһ鷳һѱĻͻޱ˳
ȼƥҰٶԼǿϲ٣ͨ˵ȻǸ鷳ַ˵ȴ֮õ顣



378 Ѫ
ڵĹŴѧУѪܹǧҹа˰٣ⴿǳĶȲ˵ܲܵˣһ쿪ǧ˶ܲˣ˵ﳵôˡ
һ˵ǺѪÿҲܸһʮңҲٶ๫Ƕǲ˵ˡ
Ƚ϶ԣѪڸ·棬ȷҪЩѪͳҪöģȻҲҪѱĶ࣬ȻҲרҵѱôãЧ
ǰƥЩѱҰѪַ̲סһЦѱһƥѣǷǳĵġ
ˡʱҪ˵ĺѪϰ̲סһĭλӣҪһ𣿡
Ȼַνʼ磬󻺻˺ѪǰҪĲӴ
ɽΪȴúѪԵЩ꣬Ŷĸַݴ˸ǡ
ͦİַ̲סҡҡͷǣǼ˵ÿɣѱ
⡭ַݵĻ󣬼׳̲סѯһϰ壬ͷɿ
һѽסַһ˺Ѫϣȴķˡ
ɡҰҰѵַͻȻıֲʵĸоȻޱȵܡ
ԺѪֱһȣʼµİڶҪԼɶˤ
ַ׼ϵģ˫Ҳǽļס˺Ѫӡ
ܵԼƤҩճԼ࣬ѪоͿһֱڷԾܿɶ޼¡
һһĽţַݱֵĻ൱ɣѪѾԽʺˡ
дѪ˶Ļ򴦱һ˿ѪɫĺҺַµƥ˿ҲѾ졣
̲סеĺ棬ֱַһ£ŵǰۿֻĶѾȾ˵ɫ
ַݸҿ϶ԲʲôȾȾɵģ⺹ѪĺҺȻôԣһĻʺɫ
ַҲ̲ס˳ϲң⺹ѪĴڡ
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⼸ʱڣַݿνɱ¾ڶ࣬ϵߣѾ¼ʮ
Եڵɱ֮ԵЩͺ̲ס˸οַ£׵ĺѪˡ
ֻ˲䣬ԭޱȱյĺѪ㼡ַͣһ㣬˵汻ſˡ
ֱϵ̫ΣգټĻ˵ᱻɱԼ֮䣬Ҳֻѡ˺ߡ

ܵµĿ˲òٱַ̲֮֮ס΢΢һЦָ˼򵥵ĶҲհˡ
ַ֪ƥѪѾԼȫֻҪ䱳;Բٷˡ
⡭ַ׵ľͽƥֵҰѪѱϰҲ̲סɴ˫ۣȺְҵѱʦֱӵͷʵ̫ˡ
ղŵһ磬ҲǴޱȵѣǰλӣԲǸ򵥵ȻմȾ˲ٵ
ֵѪϰȻǲǣӲͷƤά£һƥѱˣСʵڰݷ
ˣƨ㿪۰ɣֱߡַݰ˰֣һҺܲͷģ
һ̸ַ۸£ϰ̲סЦ뽫ƥѱ߼۵ġ
ַݸղѾ¶һ֣Ļҽַݵףֻҧҧ˰ɣƥǿǻ˺ô˻ģСꡭ
ѵַ˷ϻôֱ࣬ӽԼıȡ£óһƽ𶪸ƹ
ǳƹжʱһ⣬Ͻӽӹ֣׼򿪼һ¡
ֻǸһ򿪰ƹľסˣΪûпŨ˸ߵĻƽҫĹâû۾λ
žϲɫһϰʱ̧ͷĵַݵӣƽԹˣһ㣬һ𲹸Σ
ˡһֱַ֣ǧǮ͵ǸǵѰɣҺ⣬һˡ
˵ţƹһУַݲޣźѪﳤȥ



379 Լ
Ҷ֣ڻˣһΪ͵͵ܵૡַһ̣Сʱ¶ʽЦݵ
ҡҡͷַһĵȻôܣûзİæҳɹĻɻС࣬뿪ǲɵ𣿡
ǺǡЩЦЦСͻȻַµƥѪ̲סǰһöҶֹȻб£ⴿֵҰѪܸ㵽
ŶЩȵĿ˷СһַۣЩɻõİⶼһϳѵлʲôΣ
ǵȻСĵ˵ͷҲԼʱҲˣǱ߱˵Σ
У߰ɡַݵע£СֱԼǰš
˱еٶȲ죬һţҲһ죬ò˵С˿ƺ񣬵ȴһӵĻˮ
һнţСҲΪȥѦ²߻ţҷǳĽѲ߻һ㡣
ַʵ̲סˣʵʣʦ𾿾Ǻηˣܽͽܡ
ҼʦȻǽ϶ļˣ˵ԼҵʦС̲סһԺ
⡭ŷСһԺݣַ̲ס²۵˵ְʦҲǸһеģԺʲô
С㶵Ŀַһ۵˵ֵܣʦĴû˵ɣ
û˵ַʼҵȦӺСҲЩʿյһѣѵʦ
ֹСͷһԺģַݵҼʦʮʦҸԸģ˵
ַ̲ۡסһЦ֣ңЩֶΣñԸ
Ȼˣֻ뽫Σһȥ죬ԸңǾ͸ţԸ⣬Ի뿪ŲˣֻŶȡ˵ᡱСһӵĿַݵ
ȥַʵ̲ס˾ֿڣСʵ̫ƷˣֶΣȻΪ˽ġ
ϸĴһСַ̲֮סҡҡͷһϷʵĵ֣ҹڻǸɣ
ô֪һֵĿַݣС̲סͷʲôֻ˵ЩŮ۹ⲻãǱɶϡ
̲סճ鴤һַݷȰ˵֣⽻Ľʵ̫ʧˣŮˣҶῴ㡣
˵ô죿СһĨãȻݺݼʱ䣬ÿαδߵŮˣ֮һӦܣͲĵĻᰡ
ַ̲ס̾һķСļ̽ɣһӵ

ŮˣһżӲʵһÿǼӲǣͻһĺ޷һ·ǰţַҲóԼ椾飬ʼԷСдڡ
СţȴһֱҧձӴʳַ̲סҡҡͷ˵֣ʦԣͱҪһ仯ˣôȥĸŮ˻ῴ㣿
ѵ׳һ㲻ʦ˵ЩŮ˶ϲУѵ𣿡Сһã
⡭ַסˣ̲סѯʵѵʦû߹㣬оʲô𣿡
вָ׳𣿡СҲסˣЩĪĿַݵ
ҵַһҰܸģеȷָ׳㿴׳һķ⣬˭ϲ
УŮϲУһ֮ǸǳͣǳķǳͣʦֱӵַܰһĿЦ
Ҳô˵ʦ㲻ĻǿԱһ£˭˭СһֺŲӶַݷ
ǺǡַϷһЦСһ椣ⲻ۸𣿲Ȼ뱻۸ַݾֻԸôȣ³ɡ
ܼ򵥡С˸ַָָݵǾøԵİ취һŮ˸δ˭ȷ²ģ˭ӮΣ
У˵㡱ַһϷʣСӮ˵Ļ治ײǽˡ
ַݵͷСҲһӦ˾Ͳ׼ڣȻ˭˵ӮˣͱʦǸӮˣôá
ǺǡַٴεһЦİɣֺôܾͷڣ²˳٣Ǹе֮ϾͿʼԡ
ȻҪķڷСɰͷһӮ˵ģʵУûеס
˵ĶԼˣʱɫѾҪڣڿǿҪرճŵʱ˼õס



380 Ҽ
һͬԹַͣݱ˲ԷСˣǾͻطϢɣȳȥ䡣
˯ʲôǻȥѡĿɡ̲ס˸ۣСҲַݵһͬʼεϡ
Ƚ϶ԣ⿤ǱȪش˲٣ŮԼ˲٣ֻǹһȦҹУ㷢˲òĴҹ㡣
ַҡӣһǫǫӵģСȴǺЦţֻ˫ȴĴţѡԼĿꡣ
һᣬһУַžһ½ӺסҵĿѾˣô
İɣҺˣǾȷֿɣԼĿͻؼ˵ʱź֡Сͷ
ȻǼãټС˻ֱַ֣תԼĿȥ;УһЩС
СЩСʱҲᷢӷǳҪЧһִžɵ椣ǾռޱǿƣַݳҲޱȵĿΣɹȻӡ
ַѡŮӣȻܲȻַݵļŮ˵ǲ˲٣ֲ׼ؼңҲνˡ
Żصùݣ˿̷СҲѾص˴˴Ϻƾƣַݻ̧ͷΣо𣿡
ȻҿǴ෨ġַһЦԼϵĴӷŵϣҲһĨϷʡ
ҿСһ֣жʱһĨţϽӴ򿪣
۴Ȼɫ÷СЩȻңΪ˰õġ
ôܣʱ֪ˡַ΢΢һЦûĽͣΪʤ
ӴͻȻСһӰͳ߽űһ˷ܵǺö˴ֱδţҶԵİ
˵δ̵𣿡ַ̲ס²һ䣬ĺűеİ׾ƣʲôҲû˵
ַһģС̲סһ䣬ٴδӰͳһƿѾƣҲνĺơ
еĺƣС̲סһĭҶ֣ҷˣȻװƲƵѾƣֱ˷Ѱ
ַݵһЦҲ̲סЩЦںͨĲͨĲŵݣȻ˵˵
ַҲܹ˽⣬ݴ½ǵĵĹŴһϡ֮ֻлʹܹӵУԷСŻ˵ĸ̾
˺ˡСҪȥֱַӽӽӹһϷʵĵûʲôˣʱ֪Щʲôˣ˯ɣҹҪжૣ˵ֱַ꣬ѡ˻ط
Сһ䣬ҲֻûصԼķУȻ˯˶ã˯پ˯ٰɡ

賿øʱ˯𾢵ȴ˲˹һۺ󣬱㿪ʼҹ£ͬǣСʲôҲûֻһҩѣַȴǱһЩ
·ַ֮ݶŷСڵȴ㿪ʼɣҵҪ㾿η²Ůĵġ
ߺߣȾȣ˭˭ַ̧ԼСҲòͷװһұʤģ
ַһϷʵģС̲סڵŸ߰ɡ˵ţС˴ֱһ˽ϣַȻϡ
һ·ǰţȻ࿤ǸɳάѲǣ˵书ĸ߳׵ľͶЩˣŷСĿ˴ȥ
ʮӺ󣬷СַͣһԺ᷿ϣС̲ס΢΢һЦˣҿɰ㣬һֱڵҲǣ
ŻСһĵģַ̲ס˳÷С˸۵ҵֱһɹģ㲻žˡ
һַݺ󣬷Сֱӿʼ˶Ӷóһ«έˣһͷһɫķĩ
СĽҿƬ󣬷СֱǷ϶У׼һƵ̱˷֮С
«έ˱ϣСûκεжڷϵȴһᣬϸһ᷿ڵĶַ֮Ѿ֮΢΢һЦ󹦸ɡ
˵꣬СֱӴӷȥ׵ľͽ⴦᷿ĴŸ˿ߵŷɫϵĴǰ૵߰ɣҿɰ㡣
Щεӣ˵ֻѣŷСһθȥַݻ̲סЩΡ
ַ֮֮ҲֹʲôСǿĻҲԹۣΪδ磬ŮӵӣǿıԼҪҪɲ뿴һ޹ʧǰ



381 ˡ
С֮ΪŮӱַ֮Ҳ̲סһִۣŮȻĲǷǳƯȴҼĸоҲǲˡ
ֺ۹⡱̲סһ䣬˵˳Ĳզ۹ȴҲ٣ֵĳޡ
ǡСͷһԺģԿ䣬ҿŮӵ۹ǺõĲ񻰣ŮȻǺƯȢؼҵĻһǸĸ
˵ˣȢؼң㻹ôϲɡʵ̲סһ·Сһ̫ԶˣЩʵʡ
ߺߡַݴСҲǲ䣬ߺһºīôˣҼġ
ǺǡַµһЦڷСҵſǧɱ﷭
ͲҪ㵣ˡЩͷҡҡͷСɵ㣬߳⣬ַҲֻøϡ
Ȼ˵ǱһˣСȴûܵһӰ죬ǷֵǷǳӯһҲԵó
ַݸҲǲϵĹ۲ŷСķ֣ȵķȻڵҵĲֻҪϸۿĻͻᷢһ·ܶǲھŹһ
ַ̲סǰһȻѾĲӯʺڽ棬ȴûзСװԲôľɡ
Բ֪䣬ַݱŷСнʽʼģ뿴ԼǷܹײ͵֡
ȴǣȻСİԲǼ򵥣ַѧȴޱȵѣտʼȫĲüζǱǿжϣִͷʼ
𽥵ģַǴĴٴηãѾܹ𽥵ĸϷСܶʽˣȻǿ
ڴ˹ۿĻͻ֣ᷢ˵ĲʽѾһģһڷСϰһַݻЩǿ̫Բ
ַţҪ˶ãԼܹײľյֻ֣ҪץʱϰײѾ֮ˡ
뵽ַ̲ס΢΢һЦҲޱȵĸˣܹѧײǻ˷СĸֻǷСһ˵ĻͱϽŲ˵ѧˡ
һǰһųķȥʮӺһСУСҲͣŮӷŵһ⻬ʯͷϡ
㻹ȶɣһŵҼô죿˿һԵַݣСü
ðɣԸַʼ磬ֱһ㵽һϣ׼￴һϷ
˿ܵĻԼСǷԼװ磬ַݾ֪ȻʧܣŮ˽ģôֲĻģ
ַҲûѷСϾ˾ҪһǵŻ᳤һǣԿַ֮Ҳ١

ַѾСʱԼ£¶һףϸĻȫǽţͷҲǳһĨ亹
һĻȻϵַݸ̲סҡҡͷСƴ󵨣ʵĻǷǳСġ
Ҳ˵ǵС˵ôʧΣһЩӰȳʱȻе¡
ַݵע£СһӶóһСҩƿ״ĶŵıǰţеĽҲǸʢˡ
źߡСҩƿ֮жʱһĨص˫ۡ
˫ۣԼȻеһʯͷϣȫǳצޱľǰһǴһӰǽ֪һ˶Ĥļʱ˳
£ૡ㱻ŵСʱˣϽһְȫУȻʧˡ
һԼģĽ˫ֻǰ΢΢˭ôط⾿ô¡
ġС㶣֯һԺ󣬶ʱڽ͵ģһȥٸƶģ·ż㱻һɻΣв죬Ҷʱ֣ǲɻߣ
ۡСǺߵĻַ̲ס˳Ҳò˵СеСģ֪Ҫ椻ҪȡһŮӵθУź˵
𣿺ȻûõģΪ˿ֲŮӱ͵СĻ˼̸飿ⲻϹ
ȻַһȻСĻѾõΣڵȴɵˣһҪؼңС˵һֱڷܡ
ī˰֮󣬷СڱķˣԼʧˣֻýΣһɬĶַݵˡ



382 ַݳ
һֱַӴһһǰܵķС̲סҡҡͷ˵ǣܳɹǲйˡ
ô˵ãһĨɫʣСǸһʧܾʹ򵹵ˣֻҪһ⣬Ͳ
ɽƣ㿴žͺáַ˸ӣϾ˵򵥣ѣ׼÷Сʥɵġ
СַݾȻ˹ӣСЩεĶһ۵ʹ㣬ɹ˵
ⲻϾ㿴ַ΢΢һЦһڷСе㣬ЩϷʵ׼ô죿
εʼ磬СһɬȻͻȥˣô죿ϾǿŤĹϲ𣬾һΰɡ
һɬķСַʵǲٴˣļͰɣһĸʦһȡʮš
ǱġСٺһЦͷ˿Լе㣬૵֪õˣһû
ȿȡʵ̲סСģַ̲סɿһ˺ˣϽͻȥɣʱҲˣһȥҵĿꡣ
÷ĵ˵ͷСֱӽ§˻Уڵ߰ɣҿ㾿ôʧܵġ
Ǻǣ϶ʧַݵһЦ˷С󣬼̤ĽŲұȥ
ʮӹȥٴλصĹ뷿Уŵ˴ͷñӸǺãѡ뿪
Ұɡַ΢΢һЦʱԼѡĿļȥСĸ
һᣬ˱һΪθĴլǰһǽǱ룬˳ǽߣʱ˴ַݵĿˡ
εҩַȻУȴûҩԿһºַ׼ֱӶֽ˴ΣҲ鷳ʱ
һ¡ԵķСһֱַӴӷԾ£㽫ޱȹϵ⿪ˡ
Щεӣַݿ˷µĲʸУĽӽ˱ɴǰӸ
һ˯Ůӣַ̲סһ̾ΪʲôѡŮӣΪҶӨٻ߷ֵԿ֮Ȼ뵽Զڵ
̲ס̾Ϣһַ૵Сٻ㣬Ӷ֪ǻ𣿡
ַݵ̾ϢŵŮӣ˲ѵļַݸϽ˹ȥ䱧ţ߳˷䡣
ַȴִӢŮӣС̲סǰһҶ۹⣬ǱһðŮĲ
Ǻǣٴţˣ߰ɡķСļַһڿϵǽϣһͬųȥ

ȻַݿɲСһҸʲôС־Ϳʼ̸飬·Ҫ΢ԶһЩ
Ѿ˽ʮӣС̲ס²۵˵Ҷ֣׼İ˵õôԶѡط
ǺǡַݵһЦϷʵŷС֪Ϊʲôʧܲ
ΪʲôѵҵطѡĲԣС΢΢һ㶣ƾǴСԴҲ뵽˵ϡ
ַݵ˵ͷȻ밡ŮˣԼһƬֲСУǰиźµӣлʲôӦ
ȻǺ¡ԥģС˳˲סΪѾ뵽һЩؼ
ٴķСļַݷȰҲӦˣҪö࿼һǵ˼ҪΪǣӺܿܲף𣿡
ˡݸַһм񣬷СѾԼΪʲôʧˣһӡͲãôܻ᲻ʧܣ
뵽СҲַҪΰøڴˣŸַݣ϶ѧණʱԼҲϡ
һ·ϣСǺƤַѯŰõľ飬ԽԽеҲԼǰǴĵİ취еΡ
ô֪͸ģĪɣȫַݵ֮󣬳ԼҲܳɹġ
ڣڰСʱ֮˻һ羰ɽϣһͤڴ˴еķԼ¹⣬ͤޱȵı¡
С̲ס΢΢̫̾ԶˣȷܲŮеţ
Ȼſˡַ΢΢һЦŮӷŵ˵ϣʼԼеı˳ʼ˲á
СȻҲǲԸ뿪ڨЦҰ㰲ŰɣҲѧŵ㣬ʱҲϡ
ַ̲ס˵ͷ֪˰ɣֻҪѧҵһаʽ椾ûκε⡣



383 
ڵϣֱߣƱҪɾһĺۼ
ַݵָ֮£СæǲֺȻ˵ַݷǳĿ𣬵ȴޱȵ棬˭Ҫૣ
ַ׼Ķܶ࣬ȫһ͵ĵĻ֮£Ůһͻᱻס
椵ģĵĻôܽǲӲǸ˵ǿǲ㵰壬ĵƣ
ڷŵĲˣַݴӰȡԼһһɫĵۣӸģһֱš
ܿ콫任ϣַ˲һɻһλӣǾֹ֮Լ󣬶÷С̲סЩ
һַٴóһ飬ֳ飬ֱ¹ģСʵ̲סѯʵ
ܼ򵥡ַݵһЦʲôŮˣĵһӡҲǳҪҵŮӷǳвŻĲӣͶãܰս
⡭С죬ҲһĨ𾪣ȫ벻ַݾȻŮӣԼǴ³жʱһĨΡ
ҲѾǴ⣬ԺԼ±Ҫı󶯣ȻĻʱܳɹַݿνǸһޱĿγ̡
źߡͻȻһŮӼ𣬽˶һַݸϽС˸Ͻ
Сͷ󣬶ʱ㵽һʯͷĺ󷽣һգգĶַݣ׼Ҫô
¼ʱУѾ죬֪ϹڣϦǺ꣬˷ȥϦŮӵĻֳַۣ鱳л˹˵䣬һģе
ŮӻҪеģޱָɵĴ֮жʱһĨĿǵӰ
Ը˳ãǧﹲ濾ꡭĽ״ʸ˳ַװ̾ģ¹֪࣬ҵ濾꣬ǷܹҹЯ֡
˵գַݻתѾѵŮ֮¶һĨȣŮһȭҹ⣬֡
㣬˭ΪʲôһŮҲȻʳԼеʣַſӺ̲סͷߵ
ҹżһģ˼ǧ˴ҹ¡ַ΢΢һЦһŵģش
㡭ַݵĻŮϵߺˣ˲ֹ̧ͷַݵ˵Ķ𣿡
ɼҵģٲַһֿģָָյ

ĻԼĻŮЩˣĿַݣ֪Ӧԡ
ð֮һߵģڣСŮʮֻϲ£ʵҡ
ͻˣ֣ɣϸ̸ǰʯ˸ƣַߵԣִ֣뵽ϡ
ǻƵ⣬ԼӨ׵úǸоУǰ˵ʵôвŻԼ
ǿ˺ƵӣַΪϣһĵҶϲһȡ
šߵĵ˵ͷճյĿַݽԼıҲٱ롭
籾Ⱦƣ֮£ˣԺԥĵ˵ͷ󽫱Ӹ
źǾٱĶַ̲סҡҡͷӿɲôٵŶɡ
˵ţֱַץסСְֵ֣Ľ̵ξٱúǽߵ˼㣬üζ˫ַ֣峺֮󣬱Ӳ
һĻ󣬶ڴʯķСѾǾΪˣ⸱ģǶַͶء
ﹲ˾ƣⱲҸ˵ţַݽоƸһҲûκԥСһڡ
νƲֻһС¶ǣϱ¶ĨϼճյĿַݵӣʶ㣬ҲҸԣԸȹ
ַһֱߵԣĽ§˻УҲĿԼļϡ
ģַϻһ£ٴδ˹ȥԼʲô̫ӡðԼɾǸˡ
ƽŵϣַϷʵתͷԷСЦ˰ɣ˾͸Ͻҹ
ߣʵǸߣαķڷŮ׼ô죿СϽǰһЦĶַݵ
νʼ磬ַݵȻͻؼˣһеһΰɣ硭



384 Ҫʣ
һƥѩǰ񶼵ĹٵϣƥϵˣȻַԼСˡ
һۣСǶַͶˣͲûؽʦûʦĻ
Ҷ֣ٶཻҼ£Ŀһֱȥ𣿡һ·ϣСظ仰ʱʱĻҪ¿ַЩʤ
ַǴҲˣҲˣǷСȴһĲںַݵĻǶ߷磬ˣּճ
֮£ַҲֻ÷ŶЩĪеĶöס죬˵ǷܣСĽζʱԼʡ
һ·֮ͣͣǰһس֮УַֹˣľѡϢ
ɷСȴɫѡ˳ţһصù֮󣬺ƤĽַݵЩߡ
ַ֪һ϶ǿļҵĹ׼ȥһܷɹַжǾʧܡ
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬ҹʱ򣬷СһɥĻصùУַݳѵΪʲôѡҲһϲŮӣҲһףɻʧˣ
ۡںˮַ̲ס˳תͷһϷʵĿŷСܼ򵥰Ϊûҳ˧
ָָСһ׸⣬ַҡҡͷûУһǷ⣬һʣٿ⸱飬һ㶼ܲŮӵĺøУ
ҡСַһϯĹǺ˰춼û˵һ仰ڰ̧֮ͷҪʡ
һ𣬾ͱһ㣬ܵ˶̲סĺ˳ҹĹиʲôףԽԽʣǡ
ܷ䴫ָС̲סͷÿ϶ַݵŰɣҼʳɹ϶㻹Ҫ˧
ܼ˵ɡַϷһЦ˿һϵһʳ̲סһָܼйˡ
˾ǡЩ̵Ŀ˿һʳǰǮģΪ·ãòˡ
ҪⶪȥģַݸϽֹǸøҳ԰˲˷ѣ
ò˵Ӷʳѡ棬ֱ츳ͱСѡĳʳ򵽵ġ
ðɡٴβĿһеʳСֱӽ䶪ַݵǰԼ˴У˯˹ȥ
ĵ׵ģַݶڷСܹеܣСļᶨȴȫԤϡ

һ磬ַùڵС̯ǰ͵ʱ򣬾ͷַСȻĵֻһС룬һⶼûУüʹĳš
͡ʹģַʵ̲סЦֱӶ̯󺰵ϰ壬ţ棬һɡ
㡭һŭĿַݣţԼɿĴ̼ڳСҲסͷе档
һᣬַݵĶǹ˱ǵζ÷Сֹסʣȴ档
һͳ꣬ڻùݵ;УַϷʵĿŷСʵ˵СǺαأʲģ֪𣿡
ǸôСЩ߷ߵ̧ͷȻΪղַݹջеڻ
ʵ˵СΪһߣӦñôֵģΪʲôǾҪԶȫйˡ
ڸ·СֻҪе϶ͻὫʳȥֳԷٳֵʣᱻ֡
ַҡҡͷȰʳȷģҲҪ֪һ첻ܲ⣬ȻҲǳֻ࣬Ҫнƣܿġ
ֲһôַǸС̲ס촽ΪǵԼϲ±㣬ţ⣬ԼʽóԵġ
Ҳţڵθѱŵ̫󣬱ҪΪӣͰɡַ΢΢һЦٴСԼ
ðɡǿסԼʳĿС⣬ȵ񶼵ʱԼһҪ
ٴ·СȻˣǸһţ壬Ȼ۵ȴǼȥʵڼֲȥˡ
ȥ񶼽ǧһҲܸѣʱ䣬ڿΡĳǽ˿̵ķСӶѾһȦɼжôŬ
ʵδ̵УҩʲôĶǣֻҪһţ÷СһھȴûôΪֻԾЩ֪֮
ڵˡǿ־޴ĳţַݶ̲סЩ̾޴ĳǽֱǸ漣֪ҪѶ


385 Ǳ
ַݾˣվΡĹų֮ǰַݷص˹Ƴ˿־޴׼ȷ˵񶼣ȵǸ񶼻иʵ
ڴʱСҲ̲סҶҲһÿ񶼣ᱻ񹤰Ľ㵹
ǰȷƵǹ񹤡ǼҪʮ̧ͷܿĳǽַвһ̾Ҳ֪ҪĶܴﵽز
˭ǵ壿񶼵ͻ˼ʱ䣬ķѪȴû뵽ΪĴļ¡СҲ̲ס̾
ЩתͷַѯʵѵҵĶӦòܰɣ
ȷܡС˵ͷȷЩҵ˳ȥֻͨͨ׷ɱ׷ɱҲԪˣôܻĴԿ
Ҳǡַ̲ס˵ͷĴ屻ѹô꣬ôܻ᲻Թңһ֮󣬾ԻϾɱ·
ٴһ̾ĵ׵ַݻҵģϾڵԼҵĹϵǳĲҼţȻЩѹ
ҵˣַݲǸ𣬶ǵһ𣬵⼸ʺȻ΢΢
һ֮̾ǣԼڲȥֻߵŴǱ㱻סˡ
סǵģĴһ˴岢ǣſϱ¶̰ɫ㣬Ƿһ˲ܽ
Ϊʲôǲøַ㶣˿Щƽ̲סѯʵ
ǰһûҪһӵģʲôʱĹأСҲһĲ
ȻǵѯЩˣֱӿѵôʣ֪żҴµĹ𣿽˾ǡ
Ŵ٣ַ֣ݵжʱһʣһ·ϣҲò˽һĴ
Ĵ࣬ҲûгʲôһҴҵ֣ҪһµĻĴ廹ǿġ
ǿȻż壬˵ߴڣھ壬Ҳŵһ塣
һȻҪڵΧҵʱżҳ࣬ԵõĺôҲ࣬Լе˴ĶߣΪżΪܳܳųȻŰ裬κ˸С
ǰȻڰƣĿľΪʲôǲö֪ȴ˶Թص
ԹΣżƴ˭ҲȥӲӲֻǹԹԵĽǮڱ̰䡣

ʵⲢֻһҲˣЩǶЩǮչ·ѡ
ַ˻õģֻһѣ֪ĸ̣Ǹյˣ޿κΡ
ɷСͲǸԸԿһǹôģжʱһĨŭʲô˼Ǻ۸ǰɣǣ
СǰߵϢѾɢ˳ȴһҲ£ϷʵĿŷСָָһŵһ۸ôǰɣŲϽͷ
˳ȥַ̲סһݣΪȻ֣ͷͷȻߡ
ַֻĸоسţĴݳޣַ̾Ϊֹȫܹ⡣
ʢеݴ½ֲǶ⣬ֻе֣磬ֵĵλİְ֣࿴ɽţҲʲôϡ顣
СҲǿߣ̲סӣŵͽɣһӶѣ绹𡣡
ѡЭʱȴǲˣһϷʵǸ㵢ôõʱ䣬ŷǼˣӣ
ֱ̫ʵ̲סеķŭС˫ֳȭ̲סҪˣַȴһѽץסҡҡͷ
ַлҪ˵ģСҧҧǺݣҸϣһֱЦȥ
˵ţСӶͳʮӵݸʵʮӶ˵ɶ̲żʵ̫ˡ
ֵ˵ӵķŵ˵ͷһӾͿԵģҪڣǲ֪ô
ǡС߷ߵ̧ͷһıҲֻ̾˿ַһ߽ͬ˳С
ŷСһ׵ģַ̲סȰ˵֣ô׸νӱʮ겻οǲõʮ꣬ͿԱ˲ǣ
ţ԰ַݵĻС̲סǰһϰ˺ҹˣҪ͵Ϯߣⲻټ򵥲һ£



386 ڽ
ʱֱ磬ʱڣڽֵţԼҪĶӵַݲ΢΢һЦܾΪӵļ˰ɣ
˿̵ķСѾʱ˸ղŵĲ죬˫ڴϵЩϳȥһѡĿģַ̲סҡҡͷ
һ·ϣСѾǳ˺üΣÿεĽһʧʧܻʧܣȴӲףŰսⲻѡԼĿꣿ
̲סķСļַҡҡͷˣ취˵ɣȻһжǿ̸
˭˵ŴŮӲòǵĻַݵİ취Сͳɹˣôܻܳӡ
ðɣҼŬ˼ַݷ֣С̲סεͷʵ⼸Ѿ˲ֹʮ⣬ʮķʱ죬ԵЩ΢
ȻѡŮûãСʱǰһصĴյַݵĶԵҶ֣Ҵȥõطط϶ûȥ
Ŷʲôõطѵʲôַ֮ҲһĿС۹ɲͣ˵ĺõطҲ̫
СͷһȻģǱģҾͲ˵ˣ֪ˡ
˵꣬Сտڲԣ·طùһ㣬ΪȻԵһЩ֮˶Ͷ˱ӵ۹⡣
˿˵ڵĺõط֮ػʲôطʱɫѾƣȥЩطʱ
ʵȻСַһ·СҹյĽһǳƫƧĽֵУڽֵʱ򣬷СȴǽַסڵҶ֣ѿִϰɡ
ΪʲôҪ֣һǰ˰̯ȴһҲĽֵַʵЩͷԡ
̲ס˸ۣСַݴһԣصĵǺڽ֣Ķ·ģͲ±ҼסòȻʧҵ󣬽㹩
ԭˡַҲǰһȻֵϵĶ·һߵĵط
Ȼ϶кöܷܲǾҪ۹ˣˣȻҲҲʲô˵ֻϵù
һԱĴ̼ӿַȲĽȡ˳ԼϣСһͬڽ֮С
;УСҲǶַݸһҪӷˣණǼٵģƭӼ࡭
һ֮󣬷Сַݵļֻܰ㵽ˣǷֿɣпеĶǮҡ
ǾͶлˡַ΢΢һЦСʵ˲ЩõֻҪĽһҲΪһ˲š

Сֱַݿʼڽε˵ĺö治٣෱ࡣ
ƽĽԼĴɼȻЩ̯ģǴӱ˼˳ģõɽӡ
˵һЩޱȵľַݶ̲סһЩ׼Ȼص͸ԼЩŮǡ
ȻˣЩ⣬иַݸȤרõ似ԼУַϸĿ˿֮󣬷Щ似̫ͨȫûѧϰıҪ
ʱַݺȻһ̯λϷһֵĶһԿ״ĶԼϿһģһ
ֻһַۣݾ;Կһ˾޴ܣ˵ʲô޴ã˸һ£;ⶫҪˡ
ַݶʱ̯ѯһ۸Ҳûľ͸ǮɲΪǵ޵Ľ¶ˡ
ⶫʱһȴͻȻϮץԼеԿףַݸһ
ȿеĶ̲סתͷȥԵλŮˣַҲһĨ䱸ɫ
ΪʲôҪ˵ŮˣΪԼǰ޳ָ֤ݣܻһˡ
ԲⶫܲøңԸʮӡԵŮɳƵڵַȴĳǹװġ
ϸĴһԵŮˣַݷޱȵֻǰ̵ͦλ÷·ǱԵЩ졣
⼸㣬ַףǰŮӾǸƷҴӸղǳֵٶΪҲԼ޼
ַݻȻǲܵģԤУǰŮӺ֪ܿԿ׵ܣһתбѾ⡣
΢΢ַеԿ׵ҪҲǲԸ㣬ýԿ׵ȸҡ
޿ɷ棬ӼǮҿٶʮַ˵Կ׵ʱŮӵжʱһңҲԵޱȵĽӲ



387 ֵ
ǰǺŮӣַݵвһĨϷʣڸղҿ϶ŮǷ֪Կ׵ܡ
Ůӻش֮Ѿ˰ٷְٵĿ϶Ů֪Կ׵ܣ¹ش󣬲Ȼҵ˵ֻ
ȻŮ֪ܣַȻ׵ĸԿ֮㽫ԿһϷʵǸǮһҲںҵ䣬˵Կ׵ܣ̸
㡭ŮһĨȻԿ׶˵ǳҪֻܻܲһҪֻҪģԴӦ㡣
ǺǡַݵһЦϷʵŮӵУ޸ңžͺãɣ
޳ܡȻַݵĻǼŭŮӣӶЩΪԿףӲȻô⣬ԿԼŰɣҲ֪ʲôá
ŮǵΪС˼ôܻסַݣνʼҲã͵ɣϣԵټ
˵ַ꣬ݲŮκεķӦʱ䣬ֱ̤źڽֵһתǴȥֻתǵһ˲䣬Ӹ˲ֿͳ²ϡ
ŮӳһϽ׷ǰ뽫ַݸץסĻӰֻǶ˶ţ׼̡
ȴǲ֪׼̵ʱѾһӰӵӣĸ䲻ԶӣѾµַݡ
Ů֪Կ׵ܣַôܻŹ׼ٵŮӵŵ㣬ȻҸὫץסʳԿ׵˵
ַݲų²ߣ²ԶԶĵŴŮΪԿ׵ܣиоԿ󣬴
ĸŴŮ֮£ַҲǿ䱳ӰƶѶϢʣǽյ˫ȣ֤仹ǸδĻƻŮ
ȿȡ뵽ַ̲סһΣƲ棬ŮıӰʵ̫ˣȶˣļãֻҪ沿ǳ̫ǾԾǸˡ
ַŵʱͻȻеһΣУΣвŮӣŮǰӭһߡ
֮£ַݸϽȥΪоĵߵʵѾԽѾ̤˵
ַݿɲȷһܷסԼԸϽѡ˺ˣߵ̽鷶Χ
̫ˡ뵽Լ߿ŵһַۣݻͷֱһ˲Ϳܱɱĸо
ټȥˣַݼס⸽ĵ֮󣬱Ͻѡ˳룬Լ׷ϣʱ㽫׻Ӳ

ת뿪ʱȴüĿַȥķ򣬲૵֡
ʲôֵģŮ˳˹ȥҲ¶һĨɻ
ҡҡͷ󣬱ַָݸղȥķղҸоǸˣһۿȥȴʲôҲûС
ǹǴɣʲôӵõߵĸ֪ŮӲΪȻʼ磬֪У߼ѾĶܶǸ֪ˣڡ
ǰɡǿĵ˵ͷǳŮӵСԴѪڽôûʲôջ񣿡
ѽһ˵ѪŮӶʱһסĸ첲ղôڣǼصİԿеһѡ
ʲôһԿ֣ʱƲסԼڵƶʱ˳Ѫ˺ü
Լʧ̬֮ŽһеĿѪԿૣ𣿡
εҡҡͷѪһϧģûУȥһһɶ˸ˡ
ૣû𣿡һеĿѪһʧ̬֪ԿжôҪ
ŵģֻһתǺʧˣҲ֪ȥѪɥĵͷΪԼܸеΡ
һ̾ʱҡҡͷøпʱҲҲ뵱İԿݣŬô꣬ҲֻһѣԿ״ǰߣɡ
Щ˸еĸ̾Ѫ̲סͷһԲ𣬶ҵĴǡ
ⲻ㣬ʱڵĻҲ׵ˡҡҡͷλֵԼͷϡ
ҲˣҪǣӦôԿ׸׷ѪһĨᶨԿ״ԼǰߣܽܣԱҪȡ
ȷ˵ͷһºſڵ㽫ǵõһУӵһЩһ飬üȥңȻϣЩãܱʲôĺðɡ



388 һõϢ
Ȼַݻ֪Ѿ˸ˣ˵ߵ̽鷶ΧϽԼ׳ۣͨһ㣬ùݵķȥ
صùݵʱȴСѾص˴˴̲ס²۵˵Ҷ֣ôŹžûˣѵĿȥˣ
͵ȥĿȥ˰ɡַݲ̫࣬Էһ󣬲Ϸʵôɶջû
ǱġСͷһԵõҲʲô۹⣬ֻȥתһȦ˵㶫ת־׬һӣһˡ
˫ֵط׬ôǮģַ̲ס٩
ԹĿַһۣСŷʵǲ֪Ҷûɶջֶܲܿɣ
װЩεʼ磬ַݿڵ˵ˣɶҲû;˸źµŮӣģ
Ŷһ˵ŮˣСʱȤһ٩ģֲͻȻûˣԭǸŮȥˣôŮʲôط𣿡
ûСǿɬҡҡͷַСҸǸŮ˺ܾãȻͻȻƵߣŵǵͷߡ
ߣСɴ˫ۣ˸һϷʵҲµûĻŮĺܿĴСеһλˣһҲֻǲʸõ߸ˡ
صҡҡͷַݷҲһɣĴĴС㣬ȥֵط𣿶ȥĻ棿
ҲǡС˵ͷҡҡͷôŮǲģҶִҪĻֽģİɡ
žʵ̲סСǺ˵˵ַͣһĵĵ˵ܲеϢͲõķʽ𣿱Լȥ
Ͱ͵ԼǱԴСԹôַʽⲻǶҼʦ𣿡
ðɡԼĶͷַݾСʦǸƷΪҲֻмƷ̳ܽ˼Ʒͽˡ
ˡַͻȻ뵽һ£ٴζԷСѯʵ֪Ļʱ𣿱㲻֪
ʹˡһᵽСб¶һ⣬аЦŵʮ㣬Ҿʱ򣬲𣿡
ȷºڷߣֵĺʱ˭Ҳ֪ǲǣַݵһЦɴӲԸԿýҹ£ȻҪҵӲǣ

ȻѾ񶼣Ҫ·ҲԵ¾ƲԼþƣôĺ
ò˵ݴ½İ׾ƣᴿԻȽ˵ĶǶľƣַݺҲǾЩζ
ַҲ̲סҡҡͷҲȫˣҲʲôӵʱЩӢۺǶֱ߹޺ȵġ
ȻƲ̫⣬飬ҲǺȵޱȵĿģϵرľ
С֪Ķַ࣬ݹ˵ְ֪֪ݴ½⣬˵һ硣
ô֪ܲҼʦүȥǸתһȦġһ磬СҲ̲סǰһ
Ŷʦү˭ô֪ôȥĲַҲǰһϣС֪һ飬ԼܹջصԼ硣
ҼʦүǴĶ㲻֪ӣǶʮʽ˵ɣСһЦַ
ӣԭһַ֣ݻ̲סɴӣҪ˵λǸ˰һƣ档
ٺ١ַһȵݣС̲סЩȻûǱٵʦүôȥǸ磬ҲǼǵ÷ǳ
ųȴǵãصҾַһطʱǿŵǵҵļһһѪĳطȻžͿˡ
һѪַݵвһû´ĻĶܾܿ¼Ǹʫ䣬ǵѪȴ鷳ˣܱܿҪҵĵϵŻá
ʫַѾӵУҵϵҲ֪ô治ڣϾһվҼȫ𣬾˻Ҳܱ֤ϵڣݴ½ôصĻҵʲôʱȥ
һ뵽ַݾ̲סһ̾ϢҲǳ˹ȵף૵ѵֻǸ취𣿡
ûַĵƣҲǳ̵ˣҲȷϣ̵꾿ܸܲԼṩǸ
֪Ǹδ磬ҲھԵΥƷȻ̵ƴǮܸܲ㵽Ǹδ֪
ַţӴĽǮջ֮£̵ҲԻѡӣʮڲ׬ʮڣʮڣһڣۻһļ޺󣬳̵Ҳӡ



389 
ҹ˾ַСȴǺ˯⣬ڼҪʮʱǻҹ£ŽսŸȥ
ûǰģȻҲǷΪ֮ȴǽԼĽ޶ʵǿɶ˼㣬ʲ
һ·ϣ˶нķǳСģΪɲʲôСسǻ߿ǣǸڶ񶼣һС˾ͻᱻ֣ʱӶûӡ
Ϥ˺ڰַҲϲ˺ڰĻΪҹɫ£Լ顣
һᣬ˱Ѿ˳ŲԶһ϶أǿɲҿ̫ΪﻹһػŵģԲעǾͻᱻ֡
˿̳Ѿرգһûһ죬ǻЦյṵ̂ī
Цɣǿ޵ġСҧնѹեһһĿ޵
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦСһʱ䣬ᵽֿ⽭ĸоָоǵԸܲģʮֵϧ
ڣʱ㣬ǰڵҲѾ٣ʱԼ·Լļиȥ
ַһ⣬ʱŸ˵̫ɲǸֵĺõط
Ȼûֹ˼ɣԱ߱˵Ϸ簡˵ۼҪôǮ͹һ£ɾѾ˼˰
׳աϷ̲ס˸ۣЩɸֵĿڵ˵ְ㶼֪ѦⲻҪۼϲĽţôǮΪ
ԭˡֵ˵ͷҲ¶һĨɫС˵Ѧ糤ľ͸Ůһܹһ׷Ҳˡ
žֵĻϷ̲סһĵԴϣѵ㲻ˣ⻰ɲ˵ۼŲԴң
ˣҴˣϷǧ˵ҵСɾͽˡһ̲סӣĿ˿ܣû˺˿
Ϸٴη˸ۣһĺɸֵһﰡ㣬˵ҲûѦܹһ׷ĻҶԸ⡣
ǾȥɡͻȻһ˵ĻȻɫӰ˲佫ǸΡ
ڵϵСתͷַѯʵҶ֣Ǹô죿ɱˣ
˰ɡַҡҡͷҲʲôŭԹ飬ѵһ¾ˣýǴͷΣ
⣬ǻҲȥسšСҲһ⣬ֳƣʱ֣ʼҵк
žžž쳹СӺٴΰҲعѡ˻صùݡ
СʱĵܵԼǻӺҽжʱҵ

һֻˬҹйһȻǺתûڽϣСֿʼʵ
Щȵ񣬿Щߺ첻ѣʱ䣬СѾյ˲ʮַۣݶԶԶġ
˻ߵ˳ԣĿģȻǼǷڣģôܻ
øһ󣬷С̲סͷַѯŽ顣
øһȥȻһѦ硱ַݵһЦôѦν׹ϣʱܹ
УǷֿɣټ˵꣬Сַݻ˻֣תһԵһĹȥȻȥˡ
ַһȣԼߵĵطȥ֪ŮھںδźôԿ׵ô
Ůӵݣַݰٷְٸҿ϶ĴˣпҵˣϾõһԿ׵ʱҵĻ߿˵ģԿزйأǲǣ֤һ
ֻаٷ֮ʮļҵˣַݶӣΪ˵Ѫ¹ܻܲص
ԻձߵĵطַһԲȦʼţֻҪܿŮӵıӰԼһ۽ϳ
ֻתһȦַŮӷ࣬ȴûзǺŮӵıӰֻҡҡͷЦ⻹ֻ
ǰȥַݺȻ֣ȻΪĻ֮أǹھݵ
վǰַݵ̲סһĨɻɫ૵ѵŮӣȻˣ



390 аŮ
ռޱȿַ̲ס˳ĬУǺŮӺпܾС
Ҫ֪ڿǱĴ׷ɱ㵽ӵĵطȫģܹ鷳
ַݺھͽȥϧûпţҲֻҡҡͷѡ˼ȥϾһૣ
ʱһܻδԾȴ֪ԼĿѾԼһΡ
תȥַݲò̾ʵ̫ˣתһ磬Ȼ񶼵Ŷûת飬֪
ʱ磬ַݸҲһЩԿʼһҵת׼Ѱһõطȥһʳ
ɾʱַȴͻȻǰһֵĵ̲סȥֻǿһֹۣסľŭ
ֻһŽ۵ӣһŮ§ڻо۸ţҲǲʵСӣʲôСԿ˲ɣ
ŹҰɣүѾ๫ˣŹҰɡеŮƴţĿõֵķߣаЦŵֿʼķ
ѾŮӵĻУ̲סһ滬С㲻֪ϲľи֮ˣУֻҸϲ֪𣿡
ء˭ȾҡŮѾ¶ޱȿֻŵ飬ܵˣϣܹվ
ɱ񿴵˶ǽͷǰʩӿżĴүȥǵ𲻵κãᱻǺޣʱܻܲǸδ֪
ҲһĨߺ޵ɫЩ޿κΣһϣܽԵǼֻвϵš
ҸƴˡʱŮӵųҪƴǸͨ˶ѣճ嵽ԣͱһŸ߷˳ȥ
ӴСӣԽԽ˷ˣ๫㣬ֱǰ˼㡱һĨ̬˷ܣǻеֲ
ʹŮ̲סһǷ߿ȴµǣв¶һĨץסŮˣûһк³
ಡͻȻһʯһХϷȥԵĻǸһϽžȼӣСġ
ǿʯӿַݺŭģǼأʯֱӻģֱӴ˹ȥ
Ҫ֪޶иĸػôרڶĵرĲ£ҲֻǿͻƵѣôַܳܵݵһ

һֵĽε§ţܺ˭ָվȻҴҼ𣿡
ϮĻ˸ҼܵȺʱһӵɢǱŮҲԼ๫Ͻܡ
ֻһ˲䣬ܵ˱ʧӰ٣ַҲǸȺѡ˳룬΢΢һЦع
˸¥£ַݵжʱһĨû뵽ĴôĺΪ͹ɱʮΡ
⿿һˣǻǲ̫ܣϾĴǽʮλִڣֲùˡ
Сϲ׼õʱһַ̲סתͷһֻղűεԴ¥
ȫҹĵطҽȫߡһʱһƬԼӽ¥˶ϳȥ
һŴ˷ŭģĻҼȥϽӶ£¥¸ȥԶ⴦Ƿ֮ء
ַҲҡҡͷվ¥ȥȻŴӺǲ˳ۣĵַ̣ݲС
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⡭ַжʱһĨȵɫתͷ΢΢һֵ֪Ŵʲô£
أСӣүңžˣһӶʱվַָݵ
ұ족ӵĻĵ¿ƨϣǵû飬תͷѵһ̲סͷ
ʵ̧֮ͷðַݵҲûɶ£һ˺Ⱦ˵㣬ҺȾơ
ǣүȾƣҵҡַڨڨһЦԭΪԼʲôط¶ű˳ȴȫû뵽ȴǱȾƵġ



391 źȾ
£ֱַĶ棬΢΢ĴǰԵĶ١
ò˵𳤵ĵεģɫЩ԰ףüҲǴһ˿鸡Ȼȵı֡
ԵЩĬͻȻһӣַָݵ˵Сӣ˵ĵ㲻ãΪʲôЩ˿Ҿǿһ·ӣѵҾô˴𣿡
㻹е֪֮𡱣ַ̲ס²һ䣬ֻȴǼ⹧άֻ˵ǲ֪ŴĺðˣҾӦöЩ⡣
ǡ̲סǰһͷܶ¶ģҸЩŮˣǶΪǺãǻĸһ㣬ȴǷҡ
ǲܡַ̲סЩĵĹάֻ뽫һ£Լ뿪
⼸仰ȴ˷ЧַݵĻ̲סǰһȫַݵ֪ϵ߿
ֻЩ߿ַ̲࣬סھҵĳ鶯ԵĻ̾ʹ
ַݴû뵽ϾȻֻˣǳڵĻͳĶӣҲͱˡ
ǻÿʼͿʼԼģʼŮӵЩδ򣬵ЩѾɻŮӣôѾ֪˶١
˵񶼵Ůӣ⣬һŴٵĶ鲻ԽĴѡ롣
ʴˣŮӶǱʮֹǲԸҪԼļңʵ
뵽ַݻǶеһ˿ô꣬Ȼûȥ便˶ٵĺöżжôĳ
ʲô취ʵϵ磬żʹǿκβ𣬱ϾļУߣȥӴ򹷣һȥ޻ء
ܹӮߵĵߣֶĴ֮Уͬôܻ֣ң֮ˣѾһѰ׹ǡ
СĵһۣУһѾһˣĲ
ַݴӲΪԼǸǵߣҲûҪ³ĵ飬ǰȴ̲סҪһشˡ
Ȼڲʱַݱһʱֱø׸һ⣬ֱ졣

ַݵĻ̼һԵľͽԼôĻȫ˳һȫ綼ң㶮ҵģַݵԼΨһ֪
üַݶ̲סӣΪЩ¶ǵĻ̲סЩΣȴǲòȥ
ַˣҲ¶һ򣬿ȴǲ뿪һֱʱĺڡ
𽥵ģ𾳽͵Ч˳ʵǺȵ̫ˣżֲסϡ
ֻ֮һģ˵Ҫַһȥ棬ֱǻ˹档
ȫ˯ţַһϽǼӴ˸к󣬱ѡ뿪ʵڲټˣΪԼ̲סͻɱ
߳˾Ƶַ꣬ųһҫ۵չ⣬ŽֵȺԼ·һ¡
ٵ˯һ磬һʱ䣬ٻһŮӣҲعɡ
ৡ˲򿪣ַһһεļڽֵϹ˼ȴЩû档
ʵʵ̫ˣҪһеļվݴ½ͳһ£ȻĻ˶ˮ֮С
ѡַޱȵƳңϾǰͳٶɲһ޷Ķ١
Ҫ֪ҵҶ洦һĴ壬ȴĸһ㣬ԼصģֻԸ˳Կ
ļǲܳõģͱڵż壬ȻǿޱȣֻҪһѣǺܿͻ˲串
Ͼɲⶫƿأݴ½ڶֻ࣬Ҫ˽֯ĻƷһżҾԲڻ¡
ҵ˻ûվַȴ޺ֻȽҵҳʱúõĲ߻һƷһżңĴ嶼ڻ¡
е˻˵ֱ÷ŸǼһڲַҲôǷʱ̫ܸһʼͱЩ߸֪ˣϣ߶ѾܹˣʣµĶһЩУοգģҲֻߡ



392 һȥ
ɫ𽥻ƣַҲڽһεģƵùݵķȥ˿̷СҲѾصùС
ŷСǾɥ飬ַ̲סϷһЦң׬һٽѾˡ
㶵ĿַһۣСεֵ̯̯û취ʵ̫ˣ˸⣬żҵĶķʵ̫ˣһӶû¡
ַ̲ۡסЦЦ´ȥǮӮҪӮżۣǳ
ŶѵҶ㻹Ǹи֣ҪҪ֣СͻȻǰһİܼǹڻ
žӦСȻһԴίĿַݵҶִ֣Դ
㱿ַһɸֵģŷС˵ȥʲôãǵȥֵط㲻ŹˣżҿĵطӮǮܴܲǸδ֪
⡭С΢΢һ㶣ӶǴ˸뵽żҿǳ˲¹ͷģԼӮǮ˵ðˡ
ڨڨһЦ󣬷Сͷˣ´Ҳȥǵطˣ˻һطľˡ
ûϢЩͷַʵڶķСеΪһ˹ԵСνҲԲ
˿ɫַжʱһ˵֣ʱҲˣǲǸóˣ
ţģȡСʱһ뵽ǧĵѦ磬Ǵ˼Ѫһȡ
ַȻνƷСΪֻܹһ񶼣ĿѾﵽˣѦ֣Ȼǲá
ַݸûʲôǧֵĻֻܵĿܣĻʲôѦ硣
ȻҪȥֵطȻҪױһСʱ֮һģվſڡ
ʵСҲѧַʵģĵԵʣô綼ĸ̣ԸɴƹˤͰӡ
߰ɣ˿Ǵ󸹱ķСַݾ̲סҪЦļʼƻضԶ
ԹĿַһۣСֻƵĸַݵҲǲƵĴܵЩǡ
˿ԭ͵ʱ򣬿ַȴ֣һĹޱȵһطȥ
ַ֪Щ˵ĿĶһΪ˹ۿѦ󾿾˭ңָӴԺǱҲŵߵˡ
ȺַҲ̲סЩ࣬Щ˵ѦòӰΪ޴󣬼ֱǳϡ

Ƴϣ񶼳ˮطȻӵµΣЩԭһĹӸ磬ǲò³ʼ·
ȻֻǶЩһĹӸԣĴȴȫãͱŴүһ㣬ҵǰʮϢ֮䲻ÿĻᱻƬ
ûŴүôԵѦѾ֪˶ˣߵ費˼롣
ѦӣȻɻûȫѣΪѦ磬ǿסǹ⣬ǰ˴˴
Ѿʮ׼ѦҲӲģ˸ĻһŴٵķŭ
һ·ǰ֮ϣŮιǸܵģȻɷˡ
ͬʱȻҲЩ޵Ŀ⣬ȴǺںܺĻˡ
Ҳ֪ҶֵȥˣҲûϵʽŮιµѣЩϧ
ôûоһôôһֱ֪ͱ۸СﶼҪһַѾ뿪Щ
޼ɵĴܣĿµĸоΪֻΣݡ
ʱһӰԾ̲סǰһΪǽĵޱҶ
һѽιԼѵŮ򿪣վʱվ·ַ˷ܵĻֵҶ֣ߣ𰡡
Ϥַݶʱ̲סһҪ˵Ļͷһ
ַװȻģǰţɸû㱻׷ϣǰҶɣҲҪȥѦһ𣿡
ԭְɣȻˣǾһȥɡ׷Լַݱ֪ԼӲˣֻ˳˼ˡ
˿̣ԵķСѾǾˣȫû뵽ַݾȻǶھ񶼵ŴϤֱϹѺϽۡ



393 ľ
̴ľϣСЩûعַݾôʶţ
ڷС˵ֱż񼶱Լʦţϼʮֻǰֻֻ
μȷ˾Ƿ֮ݿԣСģĵģ֮֮
Ҷ֣ѵҲΪѦģһ˰ѣһַѯʵ
ȻȻֿҲֻ˾ˣҿѦǷĪˡַΥĵĹά
𳩿ĴЦһַݵļһģҶֶҵģҶҲѦζʱֵ˵һǣöϲһ
ȥַʵ̲סе𾪣ɴ˫ۿ벻һȻ˵Ĵ󷽣ԼŮ˶Ըó˷
ַݿɽܲһŮеĳ棬Դ˸ǿĵǿҪĻСһ㡣
ŶַݵļһаЦģҶҵθڣİɣԺкöһϡ
Ǿ͹ˣҾýѹͦ󰡣Ĺӣ˵һšַŵĻشһ䣬õǵ
һĨмͷǼݰҸѦĻҲǣҵŮˣ˭Ҷ
Ǽᶨַʵ̲ס²ۣ̼ǵøղԼת۾һɶ
ǰĴǰͣ£վǺ̺֮ϣǸʵǣַҲ̲ס˵ͷȷʸΪµһˣԵˣôľ¡
ʱַȴоԼָָ㣬ЩĶַߺ޵ģоЩձ
ַ֪ЩԼԭҲܼ򵥣˻һǺ
ַݿЦⶼǱƵİ𻹲Լ˵ǼڵĵˣԵߣҲܵˡ
֣ǿȥɣǰۣһڡʵ̲סֹĸܣַ̲סѯ
û뵽֮ȴǹЦתָЩ˵Ҷ֣˵۹֪ΪʲôҪǶΪʼɣ˭ļ
ȷŴûĻ֪˶ٴˡͻȻһϷʵĻһʻдɫ˲ȥ
˵ľţ𣿡ҧһ𲻽ɫĿʵ
ϻͣſڣһɫ۵ӴӳϻһѴȵĸңһ֣˻ǵõ͵һ㣬Ȼһ죬ⱨӦġ

ŲͻⱨӦһľǴͷĻʱըˣһҪ˵ģֻҪһԲϣͿը
뱩ŭе𣬶ľŹΪĴڶĶľҴ٣Ҳòѡò̾һ֣Ȼû㲻ҲͲȰˣ⡣
˵꣬ľűҡеӣһȺӵĴӵУУѶõżС
ӣŪ㣬øȻҡŶľǿɶıӰ𲻽һָ
⡭Ƕľһ͵ģַ̲סЩԵ֣Ƕľѵǰǹ㣬ô˵ĲԸ
Ȼҧ˵ͷһ߿ĵҲһһȻãұҸ׸һ٣˵ܺԸ
ַԣʵ̫Ʒˣȥϵ˼ҵã˱д㻹һίģ
ַڵݿѣֻǸŷ߿һʵ̫ˣԺлĻɵʹһ£֪񶼾˭¡
ңһᣬżҰؼõֺ󣬵ôѵһĵ˵ͷһ̩Ȼģ
ַ̲ס͵ЦҵıãżõؼĻɵȹһ˵
֮⣬ҲǳصģҾԸ񣬾ǵõؼҲǰ׷ѹ
ַݿɲţһܹӻͷרĵȥ书ַҲᣬԤ˵ġ



394 һ
߰ɣǽȥɡٴκ޺޵Ŀһ۶ľŵǸʱַСһ߽ͬԼһŰС
ʣȻ뿴̨ĵطڿ̨ǰҲֻĴ٣ܹԤˡ
ڻûѦʱ䣬ַֻݼջŮ˶ϵĴ˵һȻֻ˵Ůˡ
ҶҲ֪񶼵ĴŮɣһĨ㽵ɫһЦĶַѯʵ
Ȼַݵ˵ͷĴŮ·ϵʱѾСüˣҲǲ졣
һŮźų֮ΪȻǻ䵽ѦϣС۾ȱС
ڶŮźŽɣַݸڰǶľŵöľϣΪʲôҪзɣַҲŵ˽һ£žľϣϲųȹ񶼵ķϴУһȥڷһ
ŮźŽħĴذϼĴС㣬ذϻңΪʲôҪӸħ֣ǾҪԸ˵ˣʵϲһСĶ磬ͷޱȣŴٿƵУΪʵǱˡ
һŮֻһƽѣźžţԸȻףһͲøУأľͼ޸Ĵ山ҵĴٱԨҲ˸ա
һаЦЦ𻺻Ŀڵҵ룬ǽĴŮȫУֻҪżҵõؼ֮ԸͽҪʵˡ
Ŷַ̲סһɻ֣˵ţҲҪ㵽֣
ȻһĨȵɫһȻĵȵõؼ˵ҼүүͻƵҵһ˵Ǹ磬ʱ£廹Ҳӣ
ԭˣǾԤףܹóԸˡ仰ַݲһҪ֪˵ĺԶ˵ͻƵδ֪ľˡ
ͬʱô˵Ǿ֤үүѾǴﵽ˵۷壬ֻҪһѣͻƵǸ硣
һͻƵĻ綼붯֮У汻żһͳµĻ羿ᱻ
뵽ַ̲סд⣬ԲǸĻһҪõ֡
˳ĬеʱеĵƹͻȻ˲Ϩ𣬶һǰףǸѦ缴ֵǰס

ַһֳ˼žеʱһĸ˶ǲһ
⣬˿£վףĿأɵδ̣ǧһĹŷϸַݶǳĸС
Ȼ׸裬ûִôḻУµŵİ࣬ԼŮǸе˴Կ顣
һˣֳþõûκһƵƹ䵽̨ǵӰֳ֮ʱþòͣЪ
òַ̾⻹ǵһⴿĹĵһйٷǳ֮ãҪֵĻѦ糪ģġ
ִȻޱȵķḻȴǱЩȫȲѦĴ⣬ֻһַݾޡ
ڣȫֹͣ˶Ŀ̨ǴűɴֵŮӣѦ쳹ݣȴһ˼Ŀ
ɾѾΪݵһˣɴֳ֮ڶ˶͡
һ׾ĿѦеĳ䣬ʼľ߼ԼҪ󼫸ߵĹ㺮衣
˵ע֮£ѦеĳշתŲƣԼΣһĨԡ
ȻʶڶŮַݣлɱһ˿תͷ˿ԼԵԼСѾȫ˽ȥ
תͷٴο趯Ѧ磬һתֱʱַͻȻһĨԻΪӰȻЩϤмǺŮӵ֮
ŮӴǽҹ£Ѧ紩ǿɵĳȹַݲ̫ȷԼ뷨
ȥַǱ΢΢һĨȣΪѾҰٷ֮ȷϣѦǸŮˡ
Ѧ磬Ѧ˼һ䣬ַͻȻԼЩתˣȻ׵ľҵԼĿꡣ
Ҳ鷳ַݱҪһ⣬ǾѦ絥ദһ󣬺ȷһԼĲ²⡣
ڻżַݿоеģֻȵ˱ҪʱͻѦܾ



395 Ϊдʫ
һģһǣα֣֤ѦݵһǲòѣֻòĻƿɫ
ַ̲סЩ̾ɫݴ½ܵһЩŮӣͱ˵ǰλѦ磬ԺյԼѵ֣ȴԸ顣
ַݲ²⣬ѦԲֻΪ˺棬ȻǴʲôĿĵģĿģȺܿҪ
һˣֳٴ˶˵ĻУþòѦ缸¹϶ǹ¼Ŷĳ̲סЩϧ
˻ڻζʱ̨ϵѦŶŴҾϹлҽǰѡԼһλԵˣҹ̸һҹ˾˭ÿǵıŶ
һѦ˻ֳʱһ̨µǣѾ׵ĸлεţǿѦͷ֮ѡˡ
ѦĻ̲֮סȻǵһ˳һȻĶѦ⻹ÿԵѦͷȻˡ
䣬һϤٴ𣬲ϷʵĻ˵𰡣㾿֪֪ƤʲôȻѦﶼѾ˵һпԵ֣㻹Ƥ˵Īɷ羰
ľţһԼޱͲŭҿеŮˣȷҪҪԣ㻹ʸ񡣡
ӴľϷʵľһ󻺻Ŀڵһ˵Ȼˣͬ⣬ذֺͱҲͬǰɣ
ľŻ£ֳȴһ˿ڣȴ֪ľûпڣǾǱʾԼĬϡ
޳ܡҧҧû뵽ľžȻ˸ˣԼżȻǿģڿɻûȫ֮ϣҲֻѡЭ
ǼҩζЩŨҰɡѦ粻òվλӣεºܹǵϲԵĻ绹ֳˣǶ飬ȴֻһˣǻҵѡ񣬺𣿡
һĻȴֳĻҩζٴˣͱ˵ڵ𣬸оԼҪըˣǿɶĶľţԼѾǱ˹ˡ
Դĵ׵ģѾǺ͸ǶľţлĻԻأָƻµˣֻл
Ѧ˻֮£ֳʱ˶ݵƽ֮Уһ֮ѦĻôԵˣҾѰʫķʽѡ
¹࣬ղһ㺮ҾʫĸʽޣҪ϶йأֻҪдеģǾյĻ֮

һѦ˵ֳǶˣΪ˵ԭԼǺ޻ģΪҪǮûǮҪûƣĴĹӣûһ˿һơ
ڣѦȴ˵ʫѡԼĻ֮ЩԭĵˣжһĨɵɫ
ʣ΢еŻӶˣΪĴ幫ӵΨһơ
ǣĴӾͷϵһһ㣬汻ѦѡеĻܻܿ졣
ԴˣԵѡ˲λ£ЩаΪһЦˣԸһԣ˵Ѧ繲һǾҲֵˡ
ڱʤȯյĴӣȴЩɵۣ˵ѦҪʲôãҪдʫʲôģǻǵˡ
ͱ˵ڣһѦ˵Ҫʫѡˣ˶˹ʹˣɴԵЩ֪롣
⣬ô죬ҲдʫЩĿԵļӣЩȷѯʵû˻дʫ
ν˶Щ֮Уôһ߻дʫģȻǺܾͨٻдǣ
߿ľݣѦҪʲôʫѰˣֻһڶѣʵѡǲԼö֪
һԵַݾȻͳֽʣ̲ס΢΢һҶҲ׼һ𣿲ҲãԼˣܱȱ˱˺ðɣ
ǺǣддѡַݵһЦԭҪôһͣĿǰǸýˡ
ëַݲûõַֻëд֣Ҳľζ˵㲻ʲôңżҵӣҪٲ١
ڣһʫַݹдֽϣʱַ΢ԥһ£дˣ£ԿףҶ֣Ѧ翴֮󣬻׵ġ
ַֽ֮ݽ佻Ͷ崦صеȴͶʫ˲࣬Ѧһ˺ܿܿ꣬Ҳȷľ



396 
һᣬʫʵռѾѦҲʱ˳һĸ輧裬ֳ
Ļص˺УһͻȻѦԣһĵѪίˡ
ҡҡͷѦһ񾲵ûµĸԸµãҵѪֲ֮ô꣬Ǹֻˡ
֪⣬ɾίˣΪҵĴС㣬Ȼίݣܡҡҡͷһ
ûѦǰλǰҺ񶼣Ȼо޴
ѦѪҵĵϵС㣬оͿԿĸĸʱ򣬶䱨˺
ݣҵλ֮һ𱣻Ѫİȫɴ˴ε
Ϊܹ⸴ңһ̷ǳ壬ѪҪһʧ
ĿҲܼ򵥣ǾԼΪն񶼵Ĵļ϶Ϊļƻһ޴ƶ
ԭѪѾ˾ǾһλĴĹӳΪԼĻ֮ȻҪų⣬ΪĴӵУױŭġ
ɵַдʫԿĸ֮Ѫ̲סǾһԵˡ
˭ѪôѪķٶȻǽһ˳ָķȥ֮ü
ȻԿ׶ޱȵҪӵԿ׵Ĵ˳ΪĻ֮ĻǼĴ飬ֵ취ˡ
֮Ѫſڵǻǽд˽ɣ취еԿõ֣Ͼì¿Լ취Կûˣҿɾˡ
ѪĽ֮ü˼һ󣬲ŵ˵ͷҲֻˣϾİԿףҪ¡
Ǿ˰ɡѪһĨЦ⣬ϴַݴǰߣ˺þãȻɾͱˡ
ʵѪЩ棬ҶӣôϳԼģװ˰죬ȷû¶κεţȴɱ˸˳
˰֮ѪҲûиʲôֻǵʱץټѯˡ
ʫʱ˵˵Ҳ̣ĳЩȻǵȵļȲͷˣͲͳǵǰĴ𰸡
ûͷȻͰַԵŶ̶ʮӲʱ䣬Ѿ䲻֪߶˶ٱ顣
ڣַЩܲסʱѪٴγ˵ǰҲһֽ

𳤳˿Ѫжֽ૵϶ң϶ҡ
Ȼ˵˵ĵȴȫûаգҪ֪֮⣬ǻǿľְ
ַȴһЦ⣬ֻҪѦ翴ԼдЩһѡԼ
ϾѦԿ׵Ľų̶ܾܾܶԿ׵һܾĻҲֻһˡ
ڷСǸ͵ģַ˵ĽѦߣҲѾˮƯΪ󻯾ߣѾʵ֡
ڣĿ֮£ѦǶԴ˸򸣵ĶŻĿڵлҶϲܳ
Ҳʫз˲ٺõʫʣȴֻһˣֻѡһˣýͷŶ
Ϊ˱ʾһʫôһһ£ôΪʫǷֵóΪĻ֮
ʵѡʫ飬Ѧһױãַдף׼ĻҪζҲͽƾʫˡ
ʫʫͽ϶ΪԾ䣬ܹľ䡱һºѦ㻺Ľʫ˳ĸӰӽǳ϶͵ҩ̺ҹҹġ
Ѧһʱֳ˼ž֮УǶʫ⾳϶͵ҩ̺ҹҹģʫ˶и̾϶˼ʫһɡ
֮˹Ƶʵ̫ˣʫܳΪãҵһ
ǰҲֻдʫѦҲ֪ǺһҡԴһάģ
֮УȴкЩ˵ȥͱ˵ַǰŴ󺰵˭ָվ
ȿȡַ̲סɿ֣ʫдġ
ʲôЩȵĿַһۣͻȻЦַݵļԭҶְǸͬиͬʱѦԼһͬΣ
ٺ٣ȻַааЦֻȴǲΪȻԼŮǾԼģô˹



397 
һ˵ȵ׷֮£ѦŻĿڵд׵ĹӽҶ˵繲Ƚ
һȽĸֳ֣ʱ˶ڴҶ˭֪ȴֻˡ
һڹЦ𣬻һһѾ˵ķСδô£Ҳǲ֪˭
ʱַݰԱһЩҾûǲҪվúãöСǣ
ľ˵ĺãҶѾǵǣ֪˭Ļǻ˰˵ǲһϷʵòж¶һĨɵ
˿ûܹĴŭҶӸվĻ¶Ȳ죬ͻѪ
ڴָӵУԭҪޱȱŭȴǹĴЦ˵ذҰԴΪһķƣ̫С˰ɡ
Ҳ¸㣬Ҷֵܣ˭ҶǲҵʬϹȥһᶨĵòжһĨɫ
ǿŴٴ˽ģ绨Ѧ磬ޱǣŴپȻ⽫ѦóҪǸҶò˶°Ͷ˵ϡ
̨ϵѦҲһĨɫԭΪ鷳ˣҶĴвĲҳֵĻԿ¿ɾ鷳ˡ
һĻѦѾ׼ȥɢѦԸⵥҶȻǡ
ȫû뵽ҶȻһҵͬʱҲǶҶһ˿ֵܵˣôܻǸˣ
̬չһʱжһ⣬ԭѾΪҶվˣȴû뵽ȴ˵˻ǲפ㿴֡
Ȼһ˻ľżŭʵѦ㶼Ϲøˣ
ôܣҸҶֿ֪ĶҵĶŮȻҲҵŮˣǾǸżɣĴЦ·ٳЦǶľŵ֪
ꡭ˻һʱֳһ˶û뵽Ȼ˵Ĳ֪ܣȻܵڽ
˻һԵذҰԭҰԴҲǿȥˣŭȷҪôȷҪ壿
СмĿһذҰԴϷʵذҰԭ˵һ˾ܴһľţɱˣֿɻûૡ
㡭ЩɵĿһһʼûзԵıףذҰԴ㲻ٶԣΪ֪Լʲô
⣬Ժ޵ʱذ֣߰ɡľҲ׵ڵǵȷûκεİ취ЦŸݻԺٱ

ŶľذҰԭһͬȥ𲻽ǵıӰָһıӵ°ܽвү
ֹȻڴлĿľʲôǰַһæַȻùְл
һνİ˰֣һˬĵҶֿˣǿֵܣ˵ô׻úõȥܰɡ
Ǿ͹ˡַݵһЦһЩ͵ķС֣ҹҲˣøȥɣһ˵
ŶŶáЩãȻĿַһۣСֻǧͷܹԭǲ߻ǧѦ㵽֣ȫû뵽ַݾȻֶξ͵ˣоޱȵĻ
ֻʵͰǰСҲֻֿǽѦ缴ΪֵϱҲͶͷ
ף£ַݻѦĹ뷿ȥл治ЩţϾڶˣѦ羿ǲҵˡ
ǵĻƻ뵽ӴΣУȻܱɱҲܲٵĿͷֻҪԿײСͲᱻ״ߡ
Ԥϵǣ߽Ѧ뷿ʱ򣬾ͻᱻ˲ץסӵĻᶼûУַԼжϣѦԾҵˣǵĻҲֻ˵ùˡ
뵽ַҲȫĿˣ̤ľŹ뷿ȥصĻƿ֮ȴѦѾȥɴͷŲˮ
ַݽ̧֮ͷһ΢ЦĿַݵ㻹ˡ
䡭Ѧһžµַ֮ݶʱסˣӾ·Ѿȫ൱ˣ˵˵Ըֱɽˣ־ǧ֮ĸо
ǰѦ磬ȴǿϸ鿴ĻͻᷢӢһüģ



398 ԸԳ
ĵ׵ģַΪ񹤰ݸе𾪣ʶַݣҲֻ΢΢㶺󣬱ָ
һ΢ЦߵѦǰСǰ£ѦҲˮãƸַݵ˵ɣԿҪʲôſϸң
һڲˮƢĲ㣬ַݲЩ豭ַݲϷһЦԭһ˵Կ׵ܵģҸıˡ
üëѦЩַݵ˵ҵԿ׵ĻҪʧˡ
ˡַϷһЦЦеѦֻһѣҪԿ׵Ҫ򵥵Ķࡣ
Լ⣬ѦжʱһĨΣȴ˲˹ַݵ˵ɣܻشĻ
ַͻȻǰһ£ֱѦ˫۵֪ǣ㾿ǲҵˣ
㡭һַݴ˻ѦжʱһĨ𾪣˲䷴Ӧ˹װȻģԲ޿ɷ档
˻ַ̲סһΪղͻȻоһɰɱɱѦ硣
Ȼɱһţַݸеޱȵľֻ֣ɢһԼ׹ѵĴʹС
һַݵȻҡҡͷʵ㲻˵ҲѾˣӦѦ絹ɡ
ΣĿģѦһĨɵɫԼܱ¶ĸоձ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦѦҡҡͷʵ㲻ôţ㲢ǵˣϸ˵һĪĹ
ʱվʵ̲סվ˳һɵģַݵô꣬ȴô֪ʲô
ǸûַݲŲæվһϷʵĿ˵ңңһҡ
ʲôһĨ𺳵ɫٴһĨεһ磿ôܣʵôܴĹؼա
ַʼ磬͵ҲǴͨģݴ½ֻ˵һ⣬ΪʲôҲ˵ȴа취֤ĪĹ
һĨɵɫѦһۺ󣬵ͷó֤ݣŷ
Ȼַݵ˵ͷʼվԭأʩչʼУԭԭζצ
ֻһʽһ⣬ΪȻûצצޱȵϤצûйַܹʹУǾ֤ȷĪĹ

һצַ꣬ȭУһ΢ЦĿ˵ǻòĻһ˵ҵϢ
ٴζһۺַݵ˵ɣĻŷĻǽ͵ýˡ
Ȼַޱεʼ磬ʼʼмصһЩȻˣԼ˽⵽һЩҲȫ˳
ַҲ˵ԼĿĵʵǲôɵҵģҵĿĺܼ򵥣ҵİһصԼ硣
Щԥַ̲סҡҡͷԼӵеԿ׶˳ŵϵѾ˵زˣԿҲˣֻϣܿôķϣһѰɡ
⡭Կף˶Ǿˣȫû뵽ַϾȻʹյԿףֻҪҵѺѾȫˡ
ĽԿ׸Ž˻У̧ͷº͵һַݵйˣҲԸصԭ磬ֻͨҪһǳҪĶҪʧˡ
ȱٵʲôַһ⣬µûĻȱĶȻǾʫʣԽ䲹롣
̾һεһַݺ󣬶ԵѦѪ˵ɡ
õģѦ˵ͷЩǿĵҪͨҪһҵϵѪҺҾͿ㡣
ڶȴҪһʫʣֻʫڵұĴΧʱѾʧˣصǸ磬Ҳֻˡ
һַݶʱЦôһֱеĴʯڱͨѾ˻صԼˡ
ַͻȻɵЦѦͷȻΪַݾܵ˴̼Żַľٶ



399 ̯
ַ֮ŽЦͣ˵ʫʧˣңûʧ
ʲôַݴ˻ʱжһĨȻַ˵Ҫһܲȫˡ
ǳһƱ㻯䣬ʻǳˮΡ֮£ַݽʫ˳Ҳ¶˵΢Ц
̫ˡѦһĨΪܹ֪ǰķұ·ƻʧܵĻѡ˵Ǹ磬жء
΢ЦſַһۺѦ绺ĿڵҪھ뿪ǵĻҿ԰㡣
ַҡҡͷҲһĨЦȻѾ֪뿪İ취ǻʲôһ֪һ⣬Ǿûнչҵˣ
ҵˣûаǸͨѾûпˡ˶һۣҡҡͷ˵û
⡭ַжʱһĨصɫ֪Ȼ۷߲࣬ǰǰͻƵ磬׼ͻƣڶûѶ
ȻûͨǾ֤ǰͨʱѾˣܹû۷ӶûӵĶҲֻеˡ
ϸ˼һºַݾⲻΪģϾûʲô˿Ի꣬һһֱһطȴҵǰɱʵʹңҸɱĸɸɾˡ
Ծַݲ²⣬пɱ۷ߵĲˣ࣬һŻʵࡣ
뵽ַݸǼᶨԼ̧ͷ˵Ƿмأܣûʲôǿࣿ
ţһַݵѯʺ˱һУͻȻ뵽ʲôڵˣҼǵһйҵϣڴһˮ̶Уһֻ൱ڻ۷ߣѵ
ӦˡַٴһĨأν˵ȻҲߵҲܹеģ˵ߵĲΣܹ
ͱַݲ²Ѿɱ䵤ߣ˵ĻѾ֮ܳΪˣǱ֮Ϊԡ
ΪǾǱսﵽһĳ̶Ⱥ󣬾ͻһʵı仯ϳΪһŽɫĵ״壬ǳ֮Ϊ𵤡
ز֮ȻЩС˵һݵܣȴܹƾһݵĻһξ룬ýеޱȿֲĹ

磬ǶѾǿֲףο࣬Ҫ֪ǼѣԵģ޷ԶԣǵĽҲĶ࣬Ҳࡣ
Ȼϣûô죬ȴܹƾŽеޱǿҵĹȻǴֲڣӴ֧Ԯ£һߣǾǷС
۷ߣ׶ĵԣһĻӶûӣ뵽ַݲΪ˰亹ǰĻ˵Ҳͬ
Ӧ˽ˣٶһ䣬ǲʲô⸴ҵļƻеĻַܶݻ̧ͷ˽
Ȼҵˣַܰﻹǰһ°ɣָԺ˵Ǹ磬ᵽжȼһᡣ
⡭һַ˻˶ʱһԥУǲԸַݣǴ̫ش󣬶ַݿҲûʲôܰﵽǵġ
Ǻǡ˵ɫַôܿ΢΢һЦ󣬱˵ԼĲ²⣬ҴҲǵļƻұصĿʽؾ˵İɣ
ô֪һĨȻһַеĨǺ͡
֪ǵĿҲܼ򵥣ǾǱ֮УڶĻأܹĴʧأͬʱǶ˵ؼֻҪԼĴڶٳ̵
Ǿȵɫַ̲סٴεһЦǲãɵҳֵܣⲻһκܺõĻ𣿡
ĿַһۣҲһ⣬ȷַ˵ڵݵȷǳ飬Ҳϵƭģһһ£Ǿͷǳпը
뵽˲˵ͷҲ˾ϣֵַӭļ룬һ𾫳ϺһصȥԻ͵ʱ
ֻ˵ΪַݵһЦɲҴƱϾڵʵΣûȫ˽⡣
סѦַֻ֣һɱĴ΢Цڣǿ˵Լ˰ɡ



400 ͵컻
ֻһţַݿɲѦԼ̰ͼɫҲǷǳȴǵĽ͡
ʵѾµĲˣҽѪ飬ѪҺѪҵĵŮΪĴŻѦ硱ѦҲѪĿڵ
ѪѦʵַ̲ס㶣ҲһĨĪɫУԸܵһ˿丸ĸԹ⸴ңжôִ
תͷԵֻʼҽͺãҵǱС㣬񡣡
áַ΢΢һЦҲһĨ죬ǵһ뵤棬лһ˿š
λǻ飬ǵˣǵ˵ĻѾӵ·ˡ
Լһ֮˲ַݣǶ˵ˣ˰ɡ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦֵ̯̯ҽַݣĵ򣬾ڰ۷壬һиϻҲûʲô⣬ϵĻ߶ܱС
ŶһַݵȻжʱһ⣬ֻУҲЩ̫ΣϾַ˵ʵ̫ˣûó֤
һŵģַ̲סһЦ˵ƾǾǼʶһǸĿƼɡ
˵ţֱַ˺΢Цſˣ˸׵ıװãֻһ˲䣬ַݱѱǰɫĿ׸ס
ɴ˫ۣŵĿַһ˲ʹһˣһˣֱȫǵ
⣬𣿡𺳵ɫѪǰָûһǸ㡣
Ѫַݵαһ֤Ǳɸˣһˣ˸ϷֻǲƤѡ
ɵǽײ֮ѪжʱһĨȻȫû뵽ⶫȻĽЩԾĵⲻǰϷ
ǺǡַϷһЦֱӲٿŸ˰Уֶ˵ȻǰϷԵĿƼ
Ƽʲô˼ϵַظſƼ֣˵ҲֲŨҵĺġ
ַ㶣󽲽ʵƼǿѧ뼼ͳΪƼʵʶ߼ϵҪ𣬿ѧ⣬ʵ⡭
һ֮󣬿лãѣַҲֻòþˣֻҪ֪Ƽˣͱ˵ڡ
˵ţֱַһԵһ¯һ⣬ⴥ¯ֱӽڶճһ󶴣ˮ˳
жʱһĨ֣ر⼤иܵвϾ߶УַݷǾֻܶ㣬С

ֻһַ֣ݵѾȫϿɣ⼤׵Ķ㿪˲ûǻ治ö㣬ָһˡ
˿˼ַݲ΢΢һЦʵҾðѪ㽫ԼɳĴ巴ĿȷеЧʵֲ̫ˡ
Ŷѵкμ̣˵һ⣬ʵΪ¸еЩ
ķѾЧͱ˵ڶľǳ׶ˣҲͽ˶ѣϾȻǼܳˣȨǸУҪĻûһ
Ϊ֪ô죬ַʲôõӵĻȻѡɡ
ٺ١ַ΢΢һЦҪȫĴӵìܣʵҲܼ򵥣νǣһȫֻĶʼģʣµľͿȫˡ
ҪôĶʼģ˼ͬʱ˳Ĵĳ޵ĻǶǽжзǳ޴İ
ٺ١ַ𣬲ааһЦȻÿˣֻҪһ仰ȥʣµľͶҾС
ʲôҪҰæģ;ֱ˵ɡʵЩַܹܲݣѪ˸۵
ȿȡЩεĸɿַͷʵҲܼ򵥣ȥ˵Լ˵ؿ棬һǳƯ·ԼǳҪˡ
ô򵥣Ѫɴӣȫû뵽ַԼ飬Ȼֻ˵һ仰
ô򵥣Ƕԣ˵ɾ鷳ˣͷҲôַʼ磬һĿЦ
Ǻðɣģҵ˳ȥɢϢҵһ飬Ѿԭıˣձ飬ʵڲȴѾȫˡѪһԵõϢȴַЩԾŴ͡



401 ԭ
ַһԾݣѪͻȻһĨ⣬̶̵ʱѾַݵıֳ̫ľȣڿҲжݵʱȻȻıе졣
⾿ô£ѵҽĸ߲㶼ɱˣʵ̲סеĺģַݾô˳
ɣġѪ˼һŽκŵ
»ôĴΧҿʼ˵𣬵νǶ˺ٵģԵõĶҲ١
ôһֱڱѹƣ˥Ҷô꣬ҲϢ˹
ԣһжУֱӽĸ߶ȫԴҪЮ壬ǲš
ʱڣҲϵĽԼҵĺ壬ʱգʱĳΪ˱ˡ
ˣǱֹЩҵĺӼԼĺӣǱϿɡ
˶ʮңЩװҺҲɳԭˣɱɱûʲô˴ڡ
Ҳͽжʵһ͵컻հĴ󷨣ϱ廹ǰǸ壬ʵ⣬ѾǸˡ
ַݵжʱһĨ𺳣ȫû뵽ҾȻôһ壬߻˴жˣҲǸš
֪ڿǸɣһֵĻǾԻᱻһ´ɱǡ
͵컻գһɱң嶷ĻǱΪһֳκεԡ
ַݾãƶƻˣµһ壬ұ棬֪û˱ҸĻء
ǰݱĻȻҵĻɣƾĻأɾˣеĸ߽ߣȫ档
뵽ַжʱһĨޱȵľ壬Ļôܻ᲻ǿʢ
ƶ˼ƻģҲд˵İγٴδˡ̲סҡҡͷЩ̾
ǵȻүүġһᵽˣѪжʱһĨݵɫóĶԼүүеԺ
ˣҲˣбʲôҪģһǣͬʲôҪæģҲңҾסڳġпһַݶʱȭ˵
֪ˣǻġѪ˵ͷĿַݻ뿪ֻȴţ㾿Ǹʲôૣ
ûѪַޱǿҵĺģΪֳһУʵ̫ˣһ

ַ߳һߺŸ裬һԼסȥá
ϾѾõ˻صԼİ취Լţ̬Ҳǿ
ңַݻĵҪһѣΰ˸Ʋߣܲܳɹǻÿ᲻Լˡ
Ƶ߻ùݣһ뷿Уַݱ㷢ַСһŵĺƾƣӰ󣬶ʱ̧ͷȵôôͻˣ
𣿡ַʼ磬ŹϣϵһµҿǸ˾ӣ̸ֻģ̸
̲ס͸ַһۣСЩҿ϶̫żˣѦ磬Բűϻİɣ
ˣôٷ磬Σ˼˰ӣССѦ磬ôܻܾҡַһǳģ
ŻСһµģַݵˣѦзһߣʵǣôյһ𣬻ֵܵģ
ʲôкյһղҲ𣿡̲ס˸ַۣݽ͵ʵģ졭
ˡַһλ˵֮󣬷СֻԼ۶Ҫˣַ˵Ķĵû»ˡ˭뵽ȥԸܱŴүסһĳ֪˵ַٷܣܵҲʵ̫ˮƽˡ
پ⣬СƵĺһھƵˣҵȳȥһˣѾѡһĿ꣬ܲܳɰɡ
ףɹˡַ΢΢һЦʵ̸ܽСĶѾˣܲܳɣǾ͵ÿŬǲŬȻҲҪ
һھƣСֱѡ뿪ַҲ˯£Ϊ϶Ҫ𣬿ʼԼļƻˡ
ַݺĽƻסȻ£ȻЩܣǸַݻǾʲôֶζʹá



402 뿪
һַݾȵķ֣СȻûл૵ѵһɹˣ
ַϲһЦνɵɵ˸Сĳɹ˵Ļֻףˡ
ʰһͷԹ׵ַ֮ݱżķȥ׼ʼڵж
ַȫţѪѾϢɢ˳ֻҪԼȥһȦΪ档
ȻַݻкֶΣܲãǾ͵ÿϲˣֻҪˣǾ;С
ַݵסʵż岢ԶԲʮ֮󣬱żǰȫܹȵĴַ֮ݲ𾪵Ŵ͡
ֱǳ֮ǰһĭַݸҿ϶żռԼĳ̶ȣȵ۾Ǵʳǣȫܹϡ
Ȼ澿ʲôַݻö֪ǰ⴦ţַЩ̾Ϊֹˡ
ҡߵſڣַݻδڣͼżҵһȻģʵأСӣϽżأԼ鷳
ŶַǶʱһĨЦݣŰļ壬ԸʱţҲʧʷĳС
ַʵǵȲˣżһΪǵĴ⸶ۣ˿ݿɲͬżֻܽãǵ
ǰȴȫԵԸŰˣǧˣ˵Ļͻܺ۸ñֵıŰ裬ܹס
һȣַһϷʵĵҾڸԼ鷳֪˭𣿸ô˵
ҹ˭ϽҹȻҿɶ˰ַݾһؿˣֲĹӣԼҲȫܵ
Ҫ֪ĹǰԼҲûκεİ취ȻᱻǼǺޣԼżŴҲҶԼ
ǺǡַŭЦͦŵİܿŲˣҵȷ˭ҲǣȴвϵǾŹӵĺѣҵ²㡣
ţ˭᣿ϽҹٿҵǰһĨɣûӵʲôϢԼҵĴүʲôѣУҲҸַ˰ɡ
ַʵˣŵ˼㣬ƣ϶ˣҲȥַһʱ仹ûɶ취
ʱһżҵ˳ַ̲סǰһĴ󺰵Ŵڼ𣿡
ַݵĻ߶ʱתͷжʱһĨȵɫת˲֮һĨġ

⼸ߣǸģܹˣǺôȻǴģǵˣ³ȻҲޱȡ
ǰַݿǰĺˣźˣȻǰԼ䣬Լܻôĺô
һַݣһĵǰַݹֵԭҶӰżǰôҲӶ߶ૡ
ʲôһߵĻбһĨֵɫַǲʶǰĴȴǷǳϤдĻʵġ
Ըû˱żҸˣΪ˹ţ˭ҲֻҪˣӣҲܰһοʲôҲǵ
ַݻŹ𣿴𰸿϶Ƿ񶨵ģεʼҵȷȥŴɵģȴҹҽ
ʲô߶ʱһҪַ֪ݿеĺˣκεиɾȻ˸
΢΢һ֮߶ʱתͷеľ֮жʱһ˿
ǺôĹȻҽҶٹǲ̫ˣݣߺȻҪһΣԺԥľѡѵ⡣
Ҳܲҵ³ʱַݹһ£һԼİƣһַԭµҶ٣۲ʶ̩ɽͼ˲СĹŹǰѡ
ַݲûзԣһϷʵĿˣ˵ǵڶżߵ˰ɣһ
ͬǣһСԼȵģȴԼȵģҲһġ
ߵǶʼѪַ֮ŻĿڵˣҿǻǱ⿴ˣöżϽ
ǣϹϹַݾȵУȻľ˵ϣ뿪ߣһҲԿжô졣



403 ʼ
Ŀַջ񣬶Եߵл̨ˣ㣬һ治ܽ뵽żңδ̨գ
ҽŴﵩܰﵽҶҵң»ҪңûҶţίˡŴﵩһģ
ֻС¶ѣǱ߱˵ɡַνİ˰֣Ŵﵩżȥ
һ·ϣַݶǺܺĿżڲİã˵һϢûУ֪аŮЩ¡
ɲò˵żܹﵽݵλûˢҲǲܵģַһ·ǰʶ˲ڿżˡ
ӦʱַҲǲΪżǿе̾νߣ繷ưԵĻߣַҲѾ˲ʮλ
ַݸ˵κߣһȥɵѹͬߣǺѹ
Ͼѧ̫ˣҸ似ı濪ҲԶûݴ½ôףϵĻļʵ̫ˡ
һЩ似ǰʾַжʱһ⣬ʱ䲻Ļ취Щ似ȫ͵ѧ֡
һ·ǰҲڵżסլ򣬶סլڴˣò˵ż廹ݳޣױԺռؽʮĶǺޱȡ
ŴﵩĴ֮£ַݽ˱ԺУķ䴦ȥֻŸոһߵǰַݵϱ¶˹ɫ
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д⡱ʵȥˣַݸϽ˳ķΧŴܵĻ
ݴ½֮УûеֲͱַǰЩУûġ
ͷַݿʼԺεԺֲĻݣȻ׳õģ˿ԼԼıʮĵġ
ֻǳٶϧҩҲǺãϾҩҲҪ޽ƵļȥŮ˵Ķϡ
һַݲŷѾֹͣĥ˰Сʱ֮һƣĴӷ˳
΢Цǰȥַһ񿪿ڵֹȻ£⳿ı¡
һʣ϶ʱ¶һĨϲɫЦҶֶҵģ⳿Ҳֻܶˣɱȭˡ
ҲҲνЦ̫񲣬Ц˿ԼԼ׾ˣ˸ַһ㶮ģ

úúá˵ãַݵļһģҶ֣ˬ˰ɣٺ١
ૣⲻǵһֵô˽ַааһЦ˸
ҶֹȻ˼һһ˼´лˣͽѦôŪôŪһ˷ܵģѦѾվǰһ
ǡַݵ˵ͷЩȻģ֣Ѧɲø㶨Ȼ˵Ҫõһ󣬲Ϊˡ
ʲôжʱһĨȻ˲תΪ˾ϲڵĻõļһġ
˵˵ұһǳƯ£ܹõĻʹˡַһ⣬ƻ
ʱԼû𣿡жʱһĨмһ·ѣֻҪԼҸ˵һû
ǡַٴ˵һǣҲһԥ·ǲ˵һ㡣
ʲôҶ㲻ֱ˵ѵݴ½ܶҲɣַݾȻԥʱظ֤
Ҷˡַ΢΢һЦװŭģǳǽұأȻû˸ᣬСϢǶľϰҰԴûģҪұأȥǼ¡
һĨɻַݲ͵밡ʲôݣô˼һһŮ·һ·˵õĻǵļƻɾ˰
ž𲻽һվȻŭǾȻôʵ̫޳ˣȻǸȥҲȥˡ
⡭ַװԥһſڵûУұ̫׶ȥĻһô죿
ɫһ㶣ҲһĨɵ˵Լǰȥʧʵ̫ˣɲߣȥĻ춼



404 
뵽жʱһĨη壬ɲԼСȥĻֲģϾѦѾ˺þúþá
Ҷ֣˵Ǹô죬ܲܿѦ类˶߰ɣʵ벻׸ô£Ҳֻýϣŵַݵϡ
װԥɫ˰ַ̧֮ͷˣ취УͿҲˡ
һҲ֣жʱһĨŭֱַݵǰɣʲôҵģֻҪ˵Ҿ͸
ϽļַݰοСҵĴֿżĴүݴ½ʲô㲻ҵǰɣ
ǵȻ̹ȻĽַݵĿޣſڵ㾡˵ˣôȻȥ
áַݵ˵ͷŴյĶԣСڵȻֲԸȥֵطҲǸһȥǵط
Ŷһַݵ⣬жʱһ⣬һϷʵģҶˣԭˣҲȥҲȥҶȥҸף·ҵ𣿡
뵽𲻽˴Цһ̾ģַݵҶܵ¾ͽˣ֤ȥǵط
ٺ١ַааһЦȻµʱҲòŵ㲻ǣһǸ˻ؼҸ߸ĸҲⲻ˰ѵǲ
ҲҲôһૣӵ书ɲЩĵΪ֪˿ɶǰߣܻ˶ͱһٰɡ
򵥡ַͻȻվܿ˰죬Ŵһҵһ޴ڴݸˡ
ʲô˼ЩĿڴЩɶͷԣֻѯʵַݵ
һЦַݽڴȥ͵ǸöֵҲһǮһ˵ʱȴЧ
ɻУַݼ͵밡һǰ棬ȻͻȻӺܳԴ£Ȼ󱩴һپܣܷʲô𣿡
˻һʶľӣԼû˺һȻܡ
ش֮ŷӦڴһץϵöôû뵽Ȼôá
ⲻ֪𣿡ַݺٺһЦְ취ڵǷǳձ飬ݴ½⻹ǵһΡ
ַȫһְ֪취֮󣬽ˣǾãӦþ罫

õޱЧķжʱһĨɪȫţԼ˳۵ĶľԼϰҰԴܵǳʹĴۡ
ַݵļŴЦſڵҶа취ǾͿʼжˣҪж߻аɣ
Ҿ͹ˡַ΢΢һЦʵӣԽһҲ鷳
֣Ӧú˾ʲôطжɣһԺַݶʱѯʵ
ԥĵ˵ͷ𿪿ڵȻһϳڼ⣬ȥˡ
Ǿͺãٶһ䣬л𣿡õһõϢַ֮ٴʳ˵ڶ⡣
ûСҡҡͷһĲмһΪԼֲҲû˸Ҷǣһֱǵжġ
Ҳַһ⣬ЦлĻǶܻе鷳ûеĻǾͼ򵥶ˡ
ǵ׸ôȸ¡ЩеĿַݣʵѵѵһˣǰһֱûҵʲôᣬַݵİôܲ
ַŵһЦſڵ򵥣ʲôȻɫóߣǵıؾ֮·ϣʱʱ˲ܳ鲼ڴסһٺǾܡ
ô죿ҲжʱһĨԼֵĻǾûֱĿˡ
⻹𣿡̲סж䷭˸ַۣݻȶԶ㣬˽סһӵϲ
ˣһ뵽˱Լס̲֮סĴЦ
˲̧֪˶ٴθܣͺ޵ˣֻ˵ݰԼҵĸҲǧ֣˿ࡣ
ȴַ취ܹ֪ľͽ˸ʹһ٣ʵˬĲҪҪ



405 
йһ죬ɫҲ𽥵Ļ谵һʱ䣬ַǾ۵Уĸо
ԭһĹ̲סȥϵ£ַҲΪ˵ˣòһЩȰ衣
һʱ䣬ַݾ˽ŮӣҲǹԲˣԵĻԼ϶㲵ȥ
Թһַ֮ݾͽ˽⣬ԻĴȥˣ˵ݴ½Сǳ࣬һһͷٽصҰ˵ջǲġ
ǰôԭ̬ҰζȻ͵ַݱֵʱˣԶʱԵ֣ͺúóҵհɣЩɶǺö
ЩһԹģζҲһѣȻҶֿ϶֣ȻúĳˡǰһҰζһĨ⣬ǺϲЩȻַݶô˵ˣǵøӲǣ
ַݲûж˵ʲôϾζ棬ϽǸϽȥҲ𣬶ԼҲǿʼ¯
һᣬһ׵¯㱻˳ǵֽҲǷǳѸ٣һͽЩʰĸɸɾģҲǶѳ˶ѡ
Ȼԭ̬ĻˣֻһСᣬѱܵȼַҲǽЩﴮ֦֮ϣʼԭ̬տ
оַ֮ݶʱԼڴͳһľʵСƿӵ֣пڸˣƽʱ᲻ãôҳʰɡ
ЩȵУֱַӽǵζͿĨտ֮ϣʼķתһһɾҵζ㴫˳˶˳ӡ
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ַжʱһĨϷʣʳֲڣŽôĿ˿֪
Ұ̿˿֮£յַݺܴ˺нǺЦޱȡ
ڣҰѾ˽ɫַվ˵׼һ£׼ˡ
ȻҰȻҪԭ̬ʢʳģҲƬ޴㽶ҶѣȻªʳζ˶˫۷Ź⡣
ҰȻٶȥʳõĲλ֮ҲһٶѣԺõĲλȻˣĲλЩǡ
ĻߣʳȻޱȵľˣٶҰ⣬ûñ㱻˶ǣַݲԻЩСﶼˣôҳԵĶ㡣
˲ַ֮ݿ˿ɫŶ֣ҾʱˣҲȥ˲ǣ
ȻһĨ˷ܵɫϽԼһȺӣųȥ

һϰ˵ͻرճţκ˵ĽʲôݣǰҹҪҪأҲû˸סԵߵſںһ󣬴ű㱻ż˸ˡ
Ȼù飬ȻͲֵģ˶ʱУһҹ¡
˵ַݵľĲ߻֮£ǶľذҰԴܿǣ׼˿һô죿
ַͰһģЩҲ𿴿ѣỳɵԼͷϡ
Ĳ߻֮£˶ʱè˱ضᾭһطȥèܣĵȴ
ȴַǳĵ飬ֻǵһᣬЩͷˣСĿڶַݵҶ֣˵ǻ᲻᲻·˰
Ӧòܣ˵ϰ߶ǹ̶ģӦòͻȻַҡҡͷﰲ
ȴǻЩ̫ģٴοڵҲһһйܵĻǲ͵õϢ𣿡
ʵ̲ס߶ˣַһε˵ְ㲻ôǣǿ϶ģžˡ
ǺðɡַݶЩͷˣ׵ȷԼ̫żˣԲ˼ͷûٶʲô
ĵĵȴ˽һСʱ֮ǰͻȻЦϸһǵĿ꣬ľԼϰҰԴ
˴ʱ֣һѵģƫƫģǰţȻǽȵĲ٣һȻûз֣ΣҪǵͷϡ
һˣַݱ㷢ԵȻĲҲޱ˷ܵɫȻѾ·𿴵Լʹǵĳ档
̫ڼüƻʧܣַݸϽתͷ˸ĶһҪ
ַݵѣĲֻͣе˷ܣȴԽԽʢˡ



406 
ں˾ƣ·ббģȻͲܷԼѾǱ˺üˣǻ
һţ˻һߴʴʣͱ˵ڣľһȻĿڵ˵ذְǸɵȣȻѦøˣҲ֪ôġ
⻹ﳤĶǶֻ֪Ů˵ɵӣԺżңôǶذҰԴҲһм̭
˶ȻǺޣֻ޵ͬʱŲмҲ޿κΣȻǿˣż壬ǻޱȹ˼ɵģҲֻû˵ĻŸҴʴһ
ֻȴû뵽ԼĻѾ˶Уǽ˸޵˹°ʱ򣬸Ҫĸҡ
˵ĶԻоԼ˲Ϳըˣȭͷ֣Ҳ΢΢ַݸһ
Ͻļַݶҡҡͷ˸ĶһҪסȺٱ
΢΢һ㶣ҲַݵȰ棬ȭͷҧݣѾ⣬һҪ
˻ȻڵţľϷһЦҲǿļѣҿʵԺԸżҳ綼УֻҪٺɿˡ
ǶľִЩһֱΪԼţ˼㣬ȴû뵽ֻǽɵӿѡذҰԴһȻԵõģȻΪԼĴеܽ
ľ಻÷ĵ˵ͷЦӾͿҪˣҵõؼ֮ż廹ôǶԿʱʧȥģȫ
ȻЩǲٵŮˣʱҪ潫ŮȫҲζһĨذҰԴ޺޵Ŀڵ
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ľҲһĨ̬ĺ⣬ҧûҲҪŮˣҪ潫Ů˸㣬֪ʲôڡ
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ҪַݵĴַ֣ڶϵĴɫզգۣ΢侲
ַȴܸܵĵڵҩͰһ㣬˭ǵĻضᱻը˸ҷ𣬶ľذҰԭȻ׵ˡ

ʱ侲ĹȥҲߵŵǰֻһ˲䣬߶ʱǽʵޱȵڴǸֽС
ͻĺڰԼŵζ˵ľƶʱһ룬ǵĵһӦǿв󵨣˭ȻϮǣǡ
˻ǵвȻǲܵģԼ֮󣬶ʱδ˳ͳǰ
ܵǰȻǷŭ˼ֻ仹δ˵ǹӾʹ˶ľϣ䷢һҽС
ȻԼŮˣǺϧģַ֪Ը˿ĳˣôմȾ
һһóȫһҪ˸ſµģǸ׺ݵģַݶ̲ס˸
ȺŹнУֻ⶯ɲСɱĲҽǴȥԶҹòٰ˯˶Ҳ¶˾ɫ
𽥵ģ˵ĲҽҲԽԽСѾ˺ַݸϽһڣʾ˸Ͻ롣
Ȼǵĵؽ磬ѲߵҲżˣ±Ͼ֪ԽԽòǣַݻǾôҸóˡ
ߡַݴ˳˵Ŀ֮һеĹûͣ£ţһŭδģ
ʱԶһŲԼ˸ȴǻȻδĳš
ʵ̲סˣַݸϽİӽ¶һԣָָһڸżѲߡ
תͷһŲ鲻Ըĵ˵ͷʾԼԸȥֻ֮ǰ˵Ĵ봦һţһͬžݵȥ
һ̵ģ˱ʧѲߵǰѲ֮ܽŽͷϵͷָҿϸı
˰֮ŷ֣˾ȻǶľذҰԭҲ˲һĨֵɫ
ȫû뵽񶼵ؽ磬Ȼ˸ҶҹӶ֣ҾȻģƻؼǵ趼ϲ˰ɣ
¿˲͵ͱ죬Ҳκεиһȥ׷ܵˣһ￴ˣǻص֪ͨôصһ£ǿɲ



407 
ƽҹΪһº˲òƽľԼذμĹϮ㶪˵⼸ͱ鰡
Ĵ˶ʼһȺͽץ˵Ļǵȴǵĥ
ץסȻǲܵģַһ˴ҴҵıǴԺҹ»£ŽһڴټϼʯͷŽ˾ˮУǾ֪
һ˵ʹŹ֮еķŭʱһ룬ַݵļ£֪ңʲôʱ򡣡
ֵܣ˵ô࣬ǻǸϽصѲɣ˷˵Ļǿɲáַһľ
Ǻðɣ˭Ҳ׼˵ȥȻĻɱС˵ͷһɫ˵
ȻˣһǽַȫԼ֪ĸκεĻɣⷬɶǶԼЩ˵ġ
֤й¶һ֡ڣǶʱͷԼһɱ˻УԼԺӱ÷ǳù
˵ı֤£ĵ˵ͷ˵İɣȻǶ£ǱҲǣһ˸ǷһԼֺȥ
л٣䡱һ˷ϰӣжʱһĨϲɫ֪ЩǮҲþˡ
ҶҪʲô;ܸ˵ˣܰ쵽ģһ쵽˿ǰַݣĵ
һЦַҡҡͷֻǸС¶ѣɶҲȱֻҪˣ
˵ͷʹˣΪ˿ڶҲˬޱȡ
֮˶ʱ뿪˱ԺԼסȥֻŸһᣬѲĸˡ
һתб뵽һ⣬ǰȥôҹĻʲô
ѲһȻ𣬸ϽѵŴ٣ղŶľذҰԭܵϮ˵ĲᣬǸϽؼҰɣñͽˡ
˺ţǷͽȻλӣҲп֣ܶԲòһ롣
һ˵ѣҲǷӳԼݼӵôˣһǸϽؼ˯ˣǼѲɣϽͽѳ񶼱ְ
ãһŬѲǵ˵ͷѰȻ֪ϣãȻٿۣҲҪȥǣ
ٴǰһᣬַݱѡ˷룬صס󣬺ȻַСȻûڼУǿлĺۼΪʲô鷳¡
Ŀǰּһ˵ɹİѵӣȻܳҹɣ

Ӵʱ仺峿εĶľʱ˹ܵԼʹ̲֮סʹһ
ʹҲǽһſŵĸ׸ѣһǼӵĶľ࣬оһĨۡ
ɱˣȻҼӣ⾿ô£ôͱ˴ˡľĸһİ̾
Ҳ֪Ҹûǵĳ࣬ذҰԭŵģͻȻʲôס壬㱻һ١
һĨãʹ࣬Ƕľܵʹһΰ򣬶һôϡͿ
һĨŭ޵ɫľҧݣĻΪˡ
ľãӣĸ뵽żҿе֪ģ˱ֵʱǱڴģԸͿʲô
˰֮ſѯʵ⼸еʲô𣿻Ϯ֮ǰû˵Щʲô
һľжʱһ⣬Ҫ˵ĻǽͦңڳǰҲ
Ϣ֮ܽ󣬶ľжʱһĨɫҪ˵Ļǻֻˡ
𣿡һ֣ĸжʱһĨصɫΪ֪ԼҶ𣬵ȷһֱԸҪۺĻ޶ľġ
ڵʱ⣬ľҲóʲô֤ݳ˶ʱ˼֮С
֮ͬǣڶľ˼ʱذҰԭҲ뵽һ㡣жʱ˷ŭɫ
ƹ˭Ҳܲ˲ǣһ㱻̱һ뵽˾ͲµظҲǺ޵˹
벻ǣûȷ֤ݣҲûпǺΪѾǰٷְȷѡҲ



408 ʧ
еڴϣ޵Ѿˣںʱѿǻÿַȴַͨʽ÷ѿӵǰ
СʱַݱߵĴǰͨһСţ뵽У˵Ĵ£ҵѪ
ҹϮ£ֵĿνǷзһַݣѪбһ⣬û뵽Чôߡ
ȻʵڲãҺɵľˣ£ÿǵˡַݵһЦ¸ҡ
ΪַݵѾˣ飬ӦýҲѾҵ
һģڻżϾº϶Ҫڼ㼸죬һҲõˡѪͷ
ȷǾͶȵȰɣɺ֪İԿףʲôܡַһĨĺ棬Կ׿á
һĨԥ֮ѪǲòҡҡͷԲԿ׹غҵܣʵڲܸ㡣
ðɡַεʼ磬ȻѪ˵ҲʣϾ漰˼ҵ߻ܣʾԵЩͱˡ
վַݿڵˣʱҲˣһʱٹ㡣
ȵȡѪͻȻվһ˼ģַݣЩŤǸܸܲҽ磿
ַ㶣΢ЦһĨϷʵȻôҪ˽⣬ҾͶིɡ
ַݿʼشӵĵʼʼ˷Ļ
ǸȾصĻʱѪüǺóֺĶ֮жʱһ㽵ɫ
ַҲǺȣΪݴ½ĵֵĿʵ̫ȱˣرѪĴҹ㣬ֻܴڼУ
֪ŮѾԹһƬеθˣǿԸ˵Ǹ磬ֱá
Ҳ֪ԼҪȥܷһַȥһȦܲһȥǾ͵ÿεжǷԲˡ
һͬõģ汦һƴѯַݹڵһк飬ַݶ̲סҡͷΪĳЩⶼ̫ˣֱ޷ش
Լ뿪Ψһ;ԾЩͷַݻǲòĽ˳
ɫ𽥵Ļ谵ʱѪŻȻһ˼Ķַݵʵڲ˼ôʱ䡣
û£û£ҲֻĶѡվַ϶ʱ¶һõЦݣѪ˻ֵ´μ
´μѪҲվĿַ뿪Լķ䣬жַ˵Ǹеޱǿҵĺġ

һڵʱ˵˵ַ̲̣ݾһ㣬ţ˳ԼĺӰϾԺ󵽲磬ҲǺõġ
һַݻĻصԼķ䣬ֻûƿţַݱŵһޱȾҵľü
ĻȻƿ˷ţֻСǰһ̳ľǿţȻⲢǵһ̳ˣΪԣѾڷ̳ӡ
ŵСһ£ɬһЦֵַҶ֣ɶҲ˵ˣҸ̳˵
ַݿóСڵǳãΪʲôҲѾЩ²⣬ΣԼ˵ǣ
ˣˡֽ̳ץһ̤һϣַһ̳еľƸһŷŵϣһǵĿŷСô
ʧˡС¶ı飬Ҳַ֤еĲ²⡣
⼸С飬ݵӴĻȣû뵽һڹȥʧˡ
ô£ַ΢΢һʧҪοģҲһԴ˿С죬滺һеͻȻһ겻
ĸ̾һСһºһھƣ૵СĸȻ˵ʲôҪŵԣӲĽǸˡ
ŵԣַݵжʱһĨɫû뵽ִ˵飬ȻҲСˡ
ҲǣϾԹžһͳϾ˭ҲϽԼŮ˱˰ɣﻹ񶼣СһӣƯģ˭Ҳϲǣ



409 а
ʵ˵ʵڵģַһֱԷСʦܺ棬ʲôֶΣҵôŮˣҶصġ
ַݹƣϼһûʲôֶΣֶٻþУСԸʦͬ鶼
΢΢ԥһַĿŷС˵֣ľʹһֱجج𣿡
ججһַʻ㣬СжʱһĨãȻ˰̧֮ͷҸô죿
ôСʵҲŮӣһͬӣֻû뵽ܵôҡ
Կ˰֮󣬷СǾҪаˣʦţ飬Լʺ·ַʲôõ·ӵĻȥԡ
ŷСһɫַ΢΢ԥһصĿڵȷиᣬΣգɹĻĻر
⡭СҲһĨԥַԥģȻ¾ô򵥡
ֻСڻеѡ𣿺ȻûеģľֻѡַݣܹԼƾ˫ֻһС
СԶСҸĸǱӵɫԼСҸĸֿ֮Сʹְ˵ɫ
еԥһĨᶨС̧ͷַݵҶ֣ʲô·˵ɣġ
οЦЦַķСļ˸õˣԸʦ̫һҵȷѡ񡣡
ȷ̫뵱ȻˣҶֱ˵ɣҪõԼҪĶôܲðһΣաС˵ͷһĵ
ðɡַصĵ˵ͷһصĵҲҴˣڲûʲôӣҪڰǳѣƼһ壬
ȵȡδַݽ˵꣬СһĿַݵ˵Ҷ֣㲻Ҽżңĸɡ
ַɫһͣһĿЦȥˣôż壬Ǹ˹ļ壬綼
ĸ壿㲻Ǹϵͦõ𣬲ȥżѵȥľҰСһɫĵ
԰ꡱʵǲ̫ˣֱַӶԷС֣󸽶СҪļ壬ңǰǲ㱻ҡ
ʲôһ֣С৵һվŵɫַݵ˵Ҷ֣û˵ɣҼǸ壬һô񶼰Ҫ֪Ĵɶǽǵж

Ȼ֪˵꣬ɡַݵ˵ͷҲһĨЦ
һԺַŻĿڵ֪ڵʲôڵȷǺƣȴһξѵĻᣬܹΪʤ
ŷСһĨɫַοĵ˵ͷûҲµˣҵؿ⣬أȥĻҲ˲أҵʵô
壿һĨɻ󣬷Сʱѯʵѵи˳ˣ
ҲҲַݵһЦһصĵʵڵıѾԭıˣΪڲѾ
ŶжʱϹһ⣬СЩŵĵ⾿ô£˵˵
ġַݵЦЦѪԼǼĸС˳
ʵǼܣַݲö˽ģôǽС˸ȫ壬ȻƽʱЩɵģҪʱ򣬻Ƿǳ׵ġ
Ǹ˲Ű͵컻հֶ֮󣬷СɴӣҲʵʩƻˣĵ׵
ˣСҲǲĴע⣬˰̧֮ͷַݵҶңмɵİգ
ָ壬ֻ˵иɵģ˵ĻҸ˵ųɣֻҪ㲻ˡַһŵģŷС
оųɵİձסСһ˿Ҳȫʧˣҧҧˣ벻ҶҶֻˣͿ岻ˬˣٴγΪ½ףҵҲܺù಻ǣ
ֹȻǸˣֻҪŬˣһ൱Ļر㱣ַ֤ݵһЦһӹɵģ
ѪԼλ˽ڵȷʣΪҲǷǳֱ
ַŸС֤ˣĻһ̵Ľѵ



410 Сس
ǸôȻѾ¶˾ҪңǷСȻҪкԼΣԿѯַһԼô
ַݵһЦķСļȴȥһˣҪʲôʱֱˡ
÷ĵ˵ͷСʼУ˯ʱҲˣ˯á
ã˵ôôɣǲǸȰЩ̳ȥôľò˯ַʼ磬ָǰǼ̳Ƶ
ȿȡЩεĸɿСͷϽʰϾͺã˯°ɣʰ
ַݵһЦһϴɻ˴ϣСΨһѣܰص;ַݻǾͦġ
һɫǷ磬Сں˯ַҲûгǵ˯֮һͬԹ緹ķȥ
ʱַݾѪ죬һȥҲˣһŮҲǼĿ鲻ǣ
ַ˴Ȼһ·ͨһѪķУݵоһƬ
ò˵ѪĹݷǳŵĻǴʦģַһѪˣͻ䵯һӣԼƷ衣
ȻˣΪرַҲǳ˲ٵЩøѪҲǻݻɡ
˽Ų֮ѪûͣеĹݣĵţ·ûκܹһ㡣
ַȻҲȥСһͬһԣŹݣϸճݺûõĲˮһȻԵá
ַܹݵСȻһֱѪϴתţǰҲͿѪɴģȡɴ֮˲;ΪˣַĻ߲·
˵ˣ˵ĶǼٵģ˿湫ַݣֿ˿Լǻ׸⣬Сжʱɬޱȣֻҡҡͷ
׻˵޲ۣڷСѪʮа˾ѾַݸˣҲֻѡˡ
һˣѪŽݵһѹ̧ͷַݵ˭Ϊʲô
ҵѣһ֤ԼҲҳһַһڲˮ¶һĨ
ַݵĻѪüڵ㽫ǵļƻѾˣ
ɣ֪˵Щʲô־ˣµĻԲлַһǸϾµȷ̫ˣѪҲ޿ɺǡ
ַһǸ⣬ѪжʱһĨΣνľѳۣСǲҲˣֻǵͷǺðɣ֪ʲô£

£С㶣źٺһЦҵı¿ɴˣͱҩβ棬顭ϢĴҲǵӦ֡
⡭С˵ҩβȵĵֶκѪжʱһĨߣа⣬ԺһҪСԶ㣬һͲˡ
ȷ˵ЩȷǳãʹõõĻҵļƻɲ٣Ѫֻõ˵ͷðɣϣ˵Ķģȳȥһ°ɣһҪҶ˵һ¡
õġνʼ磬С֪ѪôԼԲŻԼһΣȻ˽˵һЩܵĻ
һ㣬СȻϾŸռҵĶУҪǵΣǾ͵ʵжһжҪԼȡַܰҲôˡ
С֮ѪŽŵַݵϵѾˣǶľذҰԴѾָĲˣ֮ھͻ֡
ô죿ַһĨȣȻߣָĻҲʮ°ɣû뵽һڹȥѾˡ
Ϣǲģ׼һˣʱ֪롱Ѫ˵ͷŶַѵ
ðɡַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷʱжҵ׼ûУҪ֪ԵĻɲٰ
ͷİɣҿûôʱӾˡ̲ס˸ۣѪĿڵ
ǾˣȻȥ׼һ£ʱˣ㡱ַݵ˵ͷվȥ
һĨϷʵɫַ૵𣬳ģҪˣҲñһβ񻰰ɣ
ûַݵļƻ׼ϴ˵ĳޣ֣Ѿ¾㱸ֻǷˣֻ˫һΣƻͿʩչˡ



411 ٻ
ʱ侲ַһǶʱһĨЦ⣬ΪѾ׼Ҫˡ
ַţ񶼶˻ҩζڽұ֮ˣҲԲپˡ
һϴַװżȥǽԼ˻һ
ڽΣʵעַʵǸýѣý黻˻治УϾɾôһѡ
ĲеżĴſڣ˿ҲѾˣ֪λ׵ԭ
һַݣ˶ʱĵǰַݹҶүڼૣҪȥҪҪҴȥ
ˣԼȥˡַϷһЦҲǶԼΪеЦѣ·ѾΪżĿǡ
һż壬ַȻϵķģԲһ㲽еǶܲıԺС
ţԭʱ䣬Ϥĵǲַ̲סҡҡͷڿ죬ô
ĴǰڨĻַԹԵڻ԰йֱСʱڵϢͣ
꣡һƣӷ˳ַתͷһֻۿֲ࣬طѾƤǣƤѾɫ
ַݸҿ϶ȥҪ˼꣬ͻһغĻޱȵѿ
ȻʱѾܻôˣĽͽļգͲô鷳
ףҶˣôûΪ˰һƣĴ˸Ƿһ̧ͷַ֮жʱһĨϲɫ
ַ΢΢һЦһȻĿǺǣⲻΪ˱ⲻȷͷһˡ
ͷˣһˣһַݵĻжʱһ⡣
ַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷ΢ЦǵģѾ󿴵ǣһģСǿġ
Сǿʲô𣿡һĨ棬ַʳһЩЦõĻ⡣
ǳǳᣬȱˣҲһ¶ûУ㲻ŵĻȥҳַһϷʵĵ
ַ˵ŷӦһƵԭ˵밡һﻹһֳѿ
ҲҲȻͷѾȥҪҪȥ䣿ַϷһЦ롣
ȻߡһţжʱһĨѵɫҴҵĻ·󣬱ַһͬżȥ

ʮԼĸ׹˽գһΪ˱İȫϾͽûץΪ˱ȥ鷳
ʵĸҲɹܾԼҺģģҲܳϣڼңҲΪ˱Ӷѡ
ʮûеϵǣǼֱͬĶһ㣬΢еɫģȥŪһ¡
ַҲǿһԸֻҪֵ̫ĻͲԤϾˣ˼һ£ҲΪ˵
һʱҴҶȻ͵͵ʱ䣬֮ǰַݶ˸Сѣ˵ԼҪȥС⣬ʵĿģȴˡ
߹һתǣ˿̷Сڴ˴ַݺ󣬶ʱڵ־Ƶ꣬ľϰҰԴڶ¥
鷳ˡķСļֱַתصĶУЦŵΪٴι٣ˡ
ӴѵҶͣΪȻǹˡȻǲ⣬Ըַݱһ־Ƶ굱С
ò˵־Ƶ겻ľƵ꣬⻹磬дĸү롣
ȻˣôеεľƵ꣬ȻҲҪһΣͱЩͣǾֻڵ¥С
¥ȻЩͨҵĹӸǣڶ¥ǾרĴĵϵˡ
ĳͣԽһ̬ƹӭĵŴֺŰૣʹȥΣ
ʲô˼һֺŰ䣬϶ʱһĨ䣬һӵƹʲô˼ѵΪݻֺţ
Ӵһ𼴽Ҫŭƹ϶ʱһĨɬŴү˵ﻰⲻǶľӺذϹѾֺҲǲ𰡡
Ŷһ˵֣϶ʱ¶һĨϷʣû뵽ôּˡ



412 
ǺǡǶľذҰԭռһŰ΢΢һЦѾ⡣
һֵ̿ƹ˻ֵˣҲģȥֺŰɡ
лŴ£롱ƹɫһɣղǸģŵǺҪ֪һƹ񣬾ûеġ
һλƹ̲ס˸Һý鲻ȻûǿҪһŰᡣ
ƹ󣬼˶ʱ¥ȥ¥Ҳֻĸ䣬ƣֺŰᣬڽ¥ĵһҲõһ
ھſڵʱ𲻽ͣ˽ŲһĨϷʵ˵ǲǸλӴкૣǿ˵Ĳᰡ
ҾðɣҶĴļ̳ˣӦһ㣬ˣҲӦðοһ£ԵͰ𡱣ַݻ˻ϵӣһϲõ
̲ס˵ͷΪַݵʮ޵Ҷ˵ĶԣϾҶһطģͷ̧ͷһҲӦõġ
˿ַ֮ܵ΢ЦҶ֣һɣȥοһˡ
ַݱ˱ȭһͬ磬ֺŰȥ
ɸһߵǰﴫһޱԹǸɵȣȻôǣҳ粻˫ȡ
˻䣬һͬߺ޵𣬡ôҾôĵȲŽޣһӵ̫࣬ԶŮˡ
ֻ仰ѣַתͷһŭ֮󣬾;ο϶ᷢսˣֻҪ΢һ£ǳͻķΧͳˡ
ľֹȻݣʧȥ˵ȣǾҲղ˰ɣ붼ó찡һٴȻûˣ˶֪˿϶ذҰԴ
ϵķŭѾ˼ַ֮жʱһĨһѽƿλָĲôԸˣǸ𣿲ż屨
һŵ˵ĶԻʱȻַֹ֮ҲһĨȻϾ˵˻ץǾǼ֮¡
һεģַݶʱҡҡӣһĿϧҾðɣǻǿҲֻⱳīһˣб¾Ͷԣ
˵жʱһĨŭҪڷҲȷַ˵ǲ֡
ǺǡַݵһЦϷʵ鿴˵˰Ҳֻڱһˣ߰ɣ˲ֵͬ鲻ǣ
ǰ˳ַݵĻ˵ͷһοһ˵λλҧһڣǹҧʶİ
һȻ˵ԼǹľذҰԴʱըˣһŭĿ˵һΣ˭ǹ

ۡһ˵ĶԻַͻȻһЦҪ˵Ļϵ˵ֻǸѣҪԼɹĻҲ⣬ǰɣ
ַݶԼ˸ɫҲʱӦ˹һϷʵĵǰЩ˰ƫƫͲˣҪǷš
⻹һַݳ˫ɣȻһֱַݵĽߣֽ໹ˬ˼㣬رǿһ˵ı飬ǲ˸߳
˵һһͿνޱȣľذҰԴɫζըˡ
ĻذҰԴޱȷŭвַݵҶ˰ɣҿǰɣ
ǺǡַݵһЦòмذҰԴذδҲ㱾ҲֻвһЩСǰɣ֣
԰ԥ͸ذҰԴһӵ𵭵ĵҶ£붯㣬̤ҵʬ߹ȥС˵־ҲϢˡ
𣡡һȴذҰԴһԹ޵ģΪҲҶ𣿱ΪʹôɾҾͲ֪һᱻץѱ
ЦٴòмذҰԴ˵ʲôǣǴ޻̸֮ʲôݣĵֶΣ
˵Ҫңֻܶ˵һ仰ҾվҰҰӡ
ҸƴˡƵĻذҰԴӾ
ɻûܳ㱻ԵĶľסҡҡͷذֲҪ嶯ﶯֵĻǵռʲôˣԼ鷳ļɲǳصġ
˵Ҹô죬ѵôһң⣿˫ͨĿŶľ࣬ЩذҰԴͻˣٱôһǻͬھĸо



413 ԣ
ʵôذҰԭܹӣÿãá
ָűдλ֣ȴûлֵأؼ֮Ҳ͵õ˼䰲ο
ૣȻؼ֮Ҳ䣬عؽգûʲôʵԵĳͷ
ÿ뵽ذҰԭޱȵѻȻҲ֪ΪԼ򣬼ջ˲ٵĶɾΪЩδ棿
ѡãʵ޿ˣƱҲζ
ǶľһȰ֮ҲʵǾԼܶ𣬻ۼ壬üóණ⳥
Ҫ֪żǱذμ廹Ҫǿ࣬Լż嶼ó⳥ԼĻǿɾͲֹôôˡ
ʲôĻذҰԭʵʲʵ̫ˣҪ衣
Լʺ󣬶ľ໹һֱ֪ģذҰԭʱǰһ뵽һð취
ǾԼһǲ𣬿϶ľĻһеˣһ⳥һǲˣһĻżҲɵ̫֣Ҫǣôľˮ
һתذҰԴʱ뵽˰취ǾòòľķŭԼһ֡
һŭĿŶľ࣬ذҰԴЩߵľ֣ѵĲһվԴʹʵ̫ˡ
ôѵҲһ֣ѵһż𣿡
㡭ذҰԭôһòľҲһĨŭôֺγûҪ֣
ذҰԴʵĺ࣬ûĻھһˣΪҫ۵Ĵڡ
ɾΪӼ߰ߵļһľǱ˰ͷȻⶼսԣΪԼԺһٶƣҲǿҪͲסˡ
ľеŭ֮ذҰԭжʱһͼӴ׵ľ֣ǱڼЪϢôãôˣѵһ㲻𣿡
ҡذҰԭע֮£ľеŭٴʢֻûüϲͼŭ˲ϨЩȻ
һ̾󣬶ľҡҡͷذҰԭذ֣ҿ˰ɣһҲһСѣղ˶ˡ
㡭ذҰԭŭȫû뵽ҪɹȻʧˣҲ֪ľ¶֮ʧȥѵĻᡣ
ľذҰԴҲֻǺݺݵĵһ󣬷ݻٵ⣬ָҲǸͽǶˡ
һϷʵʼ磬ȻԲһȽϺãǷͽǼǰɡ

㡭ذҰԴȭͷָǶĸ֨죬ĵ
һȭۿϣǶľ಻ϣҲңֻһ̾Ϣɿָ
ȻذҰԴѾס֣ⲢַҪĽԼƵ֣ҿ˰ɣûѵļһ۸ûȤ
ûѵһĨã˲תΪһĨϷʣͷ˿ǸطȻôôˡ
ʷ㡱ʵͲסˣذҰԭȭַݳȻǲ𣬵һַǸҵġ
Ȼ𣬵ַҲȫǸ۲۵İףĻôܻôʴ
ȭͷַݶʱһͷһذҰԭȻǲϰݣֱʹһɨȡ
ַŵĸϽһһվַԵûַӦֱӱһɨˤ˵ϡ
ӴһʹذҰԭˣĿڵϵһ𣬲Ҫ㣬ʧʧ󡣡
ȥүһվһƾȵذҰԭϵҲʧ𣿡
ž֮ذҰԭȫľˣû뵽Ȼҵô˵ԼĶ⣬˳𲻱ĻԺô񶼵ˣ
뵽ذҰԭжʱһĨɺɫ̧ͷⶼҵġ
ôˣ㶯ԣҲһղȻһȸɨ˸ƽɳƣȥĻⲻŴٵ
ذҰԭʵ̲סˣԭȭͷֱͳһȭʹĶӣû緹



414 ˣ
һȭӳذҰԴѾȫˣǷ蹷һȥַݴ˿̵ĿѾﵽôܻԸٴȥĻǵûؼɸʮ£ûôʱȴ
һֱذҰԴȭͷַݸϽһѾ˵ĻǴ󺰵Ÿǲ֪𣿡
ַôһڻΧǿɲĶذҰԭһ٣ֻǽסˡ
˿̵ذҰԭѾȫʧȥǣȻѱסǽȴûֹͣڷŵĵطţҪȥ
һã֮ҲǻĻعסСľʹһŭߵذҰԭǰ֪㻹ǵһҵˣҽһҪ֪ʲôʹࡣ
ֱӳһԵİʣذҰԴͷȥһذҰԴԴϱʺѪҺ
ǻڵĻذҰԭѾˣ˿̵ڱŭ֮УĻܵô࣬Ҫ˵ͬʱлڴ󺰵Ҫɱ㣬Ҫɱ㡣
ɱңһĨϷʣֱϵһȲ˸ǵذҰԭԴϣ૵бɱҰҵ㡣
ҵ֮£ذҰԭҲˣҵĴŴеĺ죬ȫû뵽ȻĸôԸԼ
һԵĶľѾǿˣ㶵վԭЩ֪룬ֻԼ֪д˿ѾЦ˻
żذϼҶϣ˭յˣ϶Ƕľ壬ǰͲҶĸһԼ֮
˴ôãûȰ裬ǰͲ˴ԽԽãν
ڶľУذҰԭҲǸӶѣûһͷԣЩãŻһ
ֻȻصĺȴҲַǿһͬʱҲǶС˸еһĨм
ԵذҰԭ𽥵侲֮΢ЦĿŶľľ٣ⳡϷÿ㲻ذҰԭĺֵôԼֵܱ۸Ҳһ£
⡭ַôһѣľװһĻعϽϰҰԴĵذ֣û°ɣû˵
αַ΢΢һӵĿŶľ˰ǸʮСˣԼֵܣ˵Ժ󻹻Լļˡ
˵ķҸղֻûӦѣ֪ʲô˼ľжʱһĨ߳ŭ
ߡذҰԭʵǴֻ˼Ƚϵѣľǳ֮вΪԼе˱
Ϊҵһѣȴû뵽Ȼ¶ӶԼ򶼲һæ
˿̵ذҰԭǶɽԵĶľ඼ˣԵ˻ķ֮ݺݵĿһˣֱת뿪˴˴
ľҲһĨӵɫذҰԭֵذ֣䣬ҡ

һ־ַ̧ͷ֣˵ôû°ɣ
û£һͺˡ̬֮ŸܵԼСʹ̣̲ס亹˵ϡ
ַݸϽһĵģЩżĴӶóһƿװ޸ҩСӵݸ֣Ҵһλҩ˵ЧϽ°ɡ
ǾͶлҶˡһЦݵĶַݵ˵ͷҲûľͰǿӣԼ촽£
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ϵЦݶʱתΪһĨã㲻õô࣬ҶֲẦҵģҪҵĻϴβѾɹ𣿡
ϻʱһ㶣뵽ԼǰǰųԹַݿҰζҪ¶Ļǻõȵ
뵽ϻʱַ˸ϹǸҶ٣Ҷˣ㲻Ҫ⡣
ᣬᡱַݶʱҡҡͷһ΢ЦҲΪֵİΣôܻ㣬ʵǶˣô˶ֶĻôܣ
˺ˣ˵ôˣһ¾ͺáվ˸Բһͷ޸ҩһ
סֻһ˲䣬ܵ޸ҩǿҩЧСʹѾ𽥵ˣҲܸܵԼľ񶼱˲٣ҲǸоůůģ̲סЩ̾ҩҶҩʲôطҵģûУ
ûˡַʼ磬һεĻشȻ֪ôʿ϶ȼƿ޸ҩܲԼֲַָɵôܻΪһ˷޸ҩ



415 Ѱ
ȻкǿϧҲûǿ󣬶ǵ˵ͷ˵ҩȷУҲ֪λ˵ģҵüĻҶɵöҪ
ǱȻĺҪٴεüĻᣬʵ΢΢ַҡҡͷһĿϧ
ҲǸ̾һΪܵõԼ֧ҩ֮󣬱ޱӣȻ˲ٵмƿĻǾָɳģ
Ҳ֪ԼӱȽɾ̲ס˵Ů˵Ļ绹ʲô壿
˦˦Щ˼Դ̧ͷַݵҶ֣˵ЩˣǸϽͰɣͣǵ˰
Ǿ͸Ͻ¡ַ΢΢һЦϽŵֺŰȥȻֺŰѾûˣ˸ղŵһĻ˭ҲԸͲǣ
ò˵־Ƶ껹ˢӣ˵ζĲĲǺܾ⣬һЩԼҳȴַ޲ڡ
ϯȻַȻһҲ飬߲ܵĽ˵ľƣһ£ϾܿЩ˵һˣǳԱ˲ź·
һͣȻǳԵޱȣַݽ˵ʱҲȻⰺļ۸һҲȻ⣬Ͼٹ
ԹͺַݱһȽϸߵĲУʼ̸˵˵Ҳ඼һЩӣǴЦѡ
ڣʱڻҹϰԣôܲȥСૣ
һ߽һȻ§סһŮʼַװҪģֱߡ
ĺ󳡣˿ѪҲڴ˵Ⱥ򣬿ַ֮󣬶ʱЩŵĵôˣôûʲô
ȻˣûʲôΪżԼذϼ嶼ϢϾ´ȥ˭ҲǲַݵһЦ
ҲǡѪ˵ͷͬʱҲһ⣬ǲ߻ôõļƻҪﵽյĿˡ
ƻνַһֲ߻ģĻҪĳɹʣܾҪɣ˵Ĵ˼ƻһɹĻԭɻᣬͻľųɣָտɴ
׼ôˣ΢΢һЦַʳԼĵ飬ϾԵĻֿɲֲ߲Ļǻе
İɣ¾㱸ֻǷ硱Ѫ˵ͷҲһȵ۹⣬һ죬Ѿȵ̫ˡ

¹⻺գһϵҲӷ˳һкȲַݣ̲סҡҡͷ˵ҶְС椿湻ģȻûʲô˼
ǺǡַݵһЦ̧ͷ㲻֪쿴ѦĿ֮ǾΪ˰椻ǿϡ
ҲǣѦɴµݣôƯжʱһĨɣҪ֪ûѦĿȻޱȵĺ档
Ǳġַݵ˵ͷһЦݵҲżõǼ·֮Ѧ绹ǵ֮
ЦһַݵļҶ˵ûȻѾųˣԺҲӦĻżҲƷ󡣡
ǼǼַݵ˵ͷ˿ɫ֣ҿɫҲˣǻȻؼҰɣΣ
Уշ𣬽һҰˣǾ߰ɡ˵ͷԼЩ˳һͬżķȥ
һ·ϣҶ˵ЦţΪ챩ذҰԭǼ¶еޱȵܣϾǴ
ȻҲһĺͷذҰԭȻҸҶǣƲԳԷơ
Ŷ𣿡ͻȻһޱϷʵ˳ܳӰ˸Χм䡣
ĻҲרҵģ˲ͽַΧм䣬Ⱥ˵Ǿ˭ʲôĿģ
֪ʡ˵һͷʱվ˳ߵȻȡͷˣ˭µظȥүɣһϡ
ںӦһ˲Ļǳ˽
ȺǣҲĹȻûһԸ˺Ⱥ˾ӭȥѪƴһ
񶼵壬żȻĺܣֻһ֣һżһ㷢һ˿ߣ󺰵ԭذϼˣذϼͨȭ
żϽǰԮذϼŴٶ֡Ļ֮۷Ļ߶ʱбһҲһĨ֡



416 
Ҷ֣ҪɱҡһȺ˵ĿȻԼͷ֮˫ȾȻԾĴ˶һĨֵɫ
ȫ벻ذμ˾Ȼ˵ĵ󣬾ΪǼ飬ȻɱԼ
˵ʵڵģ˿лЩˣΪʲôҪ۸ذҰԭȻ顣
𣿿϶ûõģֻԼĻܳŵľһ㣬ŵżľԮǰ
ǵǿ껤ڳУ㱻³һѪ֮жʱһĨŵɫ
㣬Ȼǵߣذμúݵġ껤һĿǰĺˣΪ֪ǾԳŲԮˡ
һȭǰ߸У̧ͷޱݵСӣ·ɡ
̲ס˸ƴҪ˺󣬲ܵĻЪ˹Ĵ󺰵ǻŸϽסˣȫҶᱻǣġ
һŭЩǵжʱһĨҧǰĶѪƴһǣ˻صԭλǰ
۵òмȺһۣһȭһôĻȻһ˿ɵһ롣
Ŀ־崫ʱתͷϣŵַݵϣҡҶ֣㲻𣬸Ͻ취Ҫôܻ
ǶʱһĨЦַҡҡͷ֣ھԵʵǰκⶼûõģܰȡģҲֻһɡ
һĨᶨֱַվһ࣬һ˷˹
ɺ˿ǻڵĸֻ֣һȭѣַݱ㱻ɵһԣ³һѪ˹ȥ
ɣַݻ治װģʵʵڵˣϾҪϷҪݵһǣ
ַݱһȭɣжʱҲһĨޱԹȺ˵ذμǰɣǼȻɱңǾʱ׼ӭżŭɡ
ߣϻࡱһỊ̃󻺻𣬲૵ͷյˡ
ͨҲ̲סͷĿ־壬ʱź˹ѸٵĿͷҰɣ۲ʶ̩ɽõذү
סˣһĨϷʵ˵Щ𣿱˷ˣµȥɡ
ꡭһסĲӣָ΢΢һʱһ˲ӡ
һɲǣһ˼Ҵҵ˹ͷ˵ϴż˸ˣǲǸóˣ
˶ʱͷĺ󣬼ֻ˲ʧ˴˴ֻǰʮʬס

ǰԮżһǰһصʬ֮رĿ֮жʱһĨ֡
жôܳ裿Ǽżҵĳ谮һ˶飬Ҳ͹½նѣɴ˿ȻˣȫǼͱĴ°
ûʱ侪ȣڻǶʱֳ˼ֿʼǾȵķ֣ʮˣȻֻ˻һܾҲṈ̀һ˵ˣһ󣬱޴ˡ
ֻˣȴǲôʶ֮һ˲վ˳ȷϵүѣȾɣҲʱ龰ˡ
Ȼӳ˵ͷϽҽоȻ¡
ֻǼʱ䲻˴˺üӰվǰһˣĿɫ֮жʱһĨɫ
˲˷ŭˣڵȵȸӵɫһһߵʬǰķסԼ
ĸԴϵϢʼң˲תǰɱ
İɣ۳˭ӵĻǺǣҶὫץסһһĽ١Ȼ˼ޱȵ׺ݣӵȴޱȵºͣһλº͵ĸףڽ̻Լĺһ㡣
ûλӵݣĸףҲżĵŰ졣
־ͿԿ൱İԵԼĶޱȵҪɿԼΨһĶӣ
ĸһ֮ŰŽ۾ϣ价һº͵ȻؼҰɣģ죬һὫ˵ͷǰһᡣ
żķţŰͷҲصĶˣӹɵʲô취ö೤ʱ䣬ҵֵĻһϢ
ŵڳĻԼԱǵͷӦ͵Ϊ֪ʱ˭ҳһ䷴Ļǵȴľͽ



417 ڼĲ
ҹ񶼣עƽΪ񶼼̶ľذҰԭ֮һӳˣһֱ
ǼͱĴ°Ϊ˭֪Ƕôܳ裬²׵ľͶż廹񰡣
һżǷˣҹı㿪ʼҰѲһȺˣ񶼶Ǽɹ
Ȼ˶ֱͷȴޱȵϣϾʱĻָżҵǣͻὫǸ͵ػɱǶϻ
񶼵ƻͨɱϢҲ˲䴫񶼣˵жǾϲ˼㡣
رЩŮӸǷĴǺСĻȥϼʮɵıڣŸʹ졣
ĴеĶľ壬ȻҲĵõϢرǶľ࣬ǵһʱõϢ
¿е֪Ϣ֮жʱĴЦΪĲ²УܿǱذμ˸ɱġ
ĻǣżضذμǶľ壬ͿԾ֮ˡ
˵ģľ֮ԱǣЦĻǿɸǺ֣Ҫô̵ʱĽɱֻеֲֳС
񶼳Ĵ壬ĸе֣˵ޣ
һ뵽ľʱ˯ȫޣһ޺þƿʼʹǳޱȡ
ذμ壬ȻҲǵһʱõϢ˿ͷϻɴذҰԴϢ֮зǵûκεľϲһ󾪿֡
ΪôĳͻϾʹΧϢ˻ô룿϶Ϊذμİ
ذμżĻذμһͿǱš
һ뵽ذҰԭͲ亹ֱðҲû˰˯⣬ϽԼ׵ķǰŵף˯𣿡
ɡһذҰԴٴһΪĳԼĸʱ
һƿ֮Լ׵ɫʮֵѿֱĿԼĵ֪ǲȥɱǰɣ
ǵġذҰԭһĭͦԼ׶֣ΪĻ治֪ôˡ
ҵĴǣذμģ𣿡׵Ĵ𰸣ûذҰԴеκεɣΪӸ׵ɫпԿԼѾǼȵĲˡ
ذҰԴע£ĸ΢΢ĸ̾һˣֻϣżܹ侲һ㣬ҪԸذμ壬ȻĻذϼ壬Ϊʷ

ذصĻذҰԴжʱһĨľԼڣ˳ͻǵԼ裬ذϼ嶼˰ΣС
͵ҧҧذҰԭһķŭף˵¾˭ɵģΪʲôҪô
ҵĴǣ֪ذҪҪУҲһĨ߿δ֣֮˭ڱʹذֻǲ²⣬ȷϡ
ϸĻһºذҰԴжʱһӰһݺݵģѵ
˭ذһֱذҰԴ֪˭ģͷ
ɳֵģҲֻĴˣżǼųʣµģҲֻбԼľˡҧҧָذҰԭ
ȷҲˡذĵ˵ͷҲЩֻۣȫȷϣĸģֻǵذҰԴˡ
һذҰԴףҾ飬пǶľģԭ¼㡣
ڵı壬νһֱţԲóóȻʹʲôֶΣҾżǻƴҲòһĺôǶĻģǶľ壬ΪҲֻǲܵõĺô
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ǶľĻǾҰģĿܾܿǽȫΨҶ
ذĸ˵żذϼѪƴĻǼˣżҲḶʹĴۡ
ʱľѸײڶż巢ĻżԾԺ޵ֿ˳ٽݴ½ͽΪǵ¡
뵽ذĵжʱһĨֵɫĻǶľ˼ʵֲ̫ˣһоͽ˽ȥ



418 ȫ
Ҳ֪˶ãַŻĻָһʶֻԼؿڶʹУвɬһЦԼ⸶ˡ
֣ܰʶȫַ֮һϽװͷ󺹵ģֱӷһֵɨܡ
Ҷǰɣˡַ֮󣬷һλӣ϶ҲǸߡ
㣬˭ૣܵ𣿡㶵ĿӣַһĨеɫʳ˺ü⡣
һ̾ϢӵжʱһĨˣַݵԴˣѾˡ
ʲôַװһģҲһĨڵİˣͷȻôܣôܣܣûܱ֡
ΪԼʾİһ㣬ַݹ뵽ధ˵飬ϾǰӣпǸָһ۾Ϳα
ò˵ַݵݼǷǳģǰӲûпκεĶߣοַݵ㣬ѾˣڰѾûˣҪģҳˣΪ𡣡
ԣ˵ĺãһҪѪծѪҲ֪ʧȥ˵ʹࡱһĨ޵ŭַҧסصǰӵݣѾԶףŰ졣
֪־˭𣿡ŰһʳԼɻҲҪ֪ص㡣
һĨãȻת˼ᶨַݵͷʱǴź£Ҳûпǵݣֵ껤˵һ仰
ŶʲôһĨأ껤ǵػŰĻ֮һΣǾһۣҲûٻˣвʮֵĸ̾
˵ַ΢΢ͣһ£װߵģͨȭذϼ壿
ͨȭذϼ壡֪ҪϢ֮ŰжʱһĨߺ޵ģ
Ű֪У֪ͨȭҲֻذϼˣͨȭذϼĳϣذĳܹģ³
ذ飡еŭѾӿŰѾȫȷ֮˾ذϼˡ
ʱһ߼Ҵҵܽ˷УŶŰ峤ǵҶˣ඼һȭ֮£ȭ񣬺ͨȭ
ǺǡŰһЦߵˣ֪ȥôܼټżаϵߣȥذϼѰһ
ߵ˵ͷȻжŰе̫ͬҲǲòӡ

ߺŰҲǻվַݵҶֶúõϢɣȥ𡣡
ףʤһҪµı͵ܸһַжʱһĨ̾װΪеڻ
һĨοɫŰַݵļһģӴԺżĹˣ۸ĻͱŰ֡
̧ˣЩ鶼ӦģֻûܾȻֵַҡҡͷһɬĵ
ܸ֮飬ôֵڹĻһοɡŰ̾һٴһĨˡ
ҲڰϢһᣬͲˡַݵ˵ͷװһƣģ
õģúϢָһŰ˵ͷ߳⣬ַݽŸϡ
һַһĨظı飬૵ԱǸۻ
ղŵÿһ仰˵ЩΡΡģԼ¶һŰ췢֣ӶֱӱС
ݼͦOKģû¶ʲô˳ľŰ죬ȻĻĽҲ̶á
ַݿˣ⾫ͷһи֮󣬻ǸеһĨƤҲֻ˯ĸо
˯ȥ֮ǰַҲӸ˲ֿһƿǿЧ޸ҩ£Ϊʹĸоܡ
һƿǿЧ޸ҩ£ַŸоԼ࣬һ󣬱ĽС
鵽زʵַݵѾɵʮˣȫٿزˣֻǿżذϼǲǻô
ַҴĻҲʧΪһϢϾǵʵһ֣ҵĻͻһ֡
ľҲǸͷ£Ҫ̷סǣҪԱ嶯ֵĻӮҲһḶһĲʹۡ



419 ذϼ
ַ˯֮żʱװж¶˻Լߺ޵
ȻûϢΪż棬ô˵żټݣҲ嶤ϵ顣
ԵŰ˵ذϼĺż尵ϵǶʱߵվ˳׼һͬȥذϼҪһ˵
ϾⲢֹǰŰ죬ͬҲڰԼԼټɱǶŵĻԺԼɱ˭ΪҪһ˵
ֻǰСʱѣż尵ϵˣѾۼǿ䳡УȴŰķʩ
˿̣㽫̨ϣŰվ룬ͬʱվͷ׵ߣϸӦκε
żǶ֪ǵÿһ˵ΪѾﵽ˵Ϊżػ
˵ʵڵģȻ֪żĸߣ⻹ǵһοͬʱ֣ƽʱֻŰһߣԾǵǰ
ǿһݣ˵ĶʱһССذϼѣôܸǿޱȵż嶷һҪǸۡ
˶Ѿ룬һȵԼŰߵǰ̨ϣһˣŰټҵԭҲ㲻ٶ˵
˵ǣżЩһֱֵַģû۸ĸ壬û뵽ǣ̫ڳˣѾżǿ֮Ȼɱҵİ𡣡
ʣǶżƣǲҪǽʲôҪֻкݺݵĽѵһ٣֪ż岻ǳصģ˵𣿡
ǣһ˲䣬żǵѪԶļ˳ж˼˷ܵ
Ⱥ鼤֮Ű첻һأŴҵԴҳŵҵĺɱǲȥֻعżκһ˳µĻҶܵеĳͷһί
𣡡ŰĵĻ֮żǶ¶һĨȣļڣеĹܲǿң
˶֮Ű콫˫һѹҪģǽָ֮ڷǷԸһͬˣ
ˡٴżߵѾŰʹ£ﵽ˶㡣
úúáŰ֣һӵǳĿذμ塣
ŵ˶ʱӦһŰһ˺ƺƵذμڵȥ

Ŵżǣ·ϵ˶Ǿˣ˶һͬжǺƵݣ˶̲סĿѡ
Ҳóż˵ɫǳ࣬ǲҷһ졣
ѵżҵɱˣеĹͬ뷨Ҳ˵ɻ
һҹ֮䣬񶼵ǣѾ˵£͵ǻڲ²˭ʱżѾ˴ĶĿĲԶ
మֵжһĨܵɫ󻺻ĸżߵ׼̬ķչ
ȻżӴݣǵҲ̫򵥣пܻĴеһ塣
뵽Щֵ˲˷ˣΪѾ̫̫ã˴·ȻĶڲ
żĶôȻҲǣЩСȻһĻ֣̿»ǵһȣż޹
Ĵе壬Ȼǲ̫һ壬Ҳ˵ңһĻɶһֵݵģֻҪ̬ķչˡ
ľȻǱ˫֣һϷģлĻǿ϶ɿһƴһ
żȫһĻȻǱе̽ӶУ񶼶ʱŸɣѶϢҲǷٵĴ˳ȥ
ֻһСᣬ㴫ذĵУżʱоһĨõԤС
Ͼ»ûȷһżѾץ֣Լذμૣ
бŽҵ̬ذЩĵȴ̬ķչĲżϡ
ɾʱһ̽ӼҴҵ˽һֵ̿ĹذĵǰżĴ󲿶ѾǶǣ£ǳġ
⡭жʱһĨɬذĲ̾˿Ȼǽ㵽ͷ𣿡
˿ذѾûκεĽң˻֣һԵĴµ֪ͨذμ壬ߵľ䣬ʱ׼ս
ҲһĨصɫΣʼϢ˿



420 ǿƵż
شһ£Ȼǣ˵񣬵ż뵽˶֮ǱѾףżĿ꣬Ծذμ塣
ϾذҰԴͻ֪˺٣һʮʮ֮£˲㴫񶼡
ڶ˵ע֮£żҲذμĴſڣΪ׵Űʱվ˳һ󺰵ļŰЯżãһ
Űǵߣεȵۺķ֮£˲㴫ذμ塣
ż˴֮վſڵǼжһĨֵɫҲһһε亹
Ϊ֪żĴĻĵһ˺ܾܿͻǣܲ֡
ŰĻ䣬ذμĴϷذľֻһ㣬лŵ䵽˴ǰŰš
ͫ΢΢һ֮ذװ΢ЦģŰ칰ֵʲô˼ǰݷûôˣ
ߣ˲˵ҶҹҲ֪˰ɣŰһôвذĵ
΢΢ĵ˵ͷذӦȷѾ˵ڰҵˣ֮Է
ǺǡŰһЦݵذĵʱˣļ㻹ҪҴּѾɱҶ֣ذμˡ
ذ΢΢һٴαȭӦˣذμ壬ûҪɱİӣû顣
װˡһĨɫŰذĵҳҼһ㣬ذҰԴˣû뵽ȻôݣֻһСĦѣҪҶӵ
ˡذһĿЦҼҰԴûҪ£ҲвԵĵطỹڽҷʡţôܻȥɱ𡣡
Ʊ𣿡ŰһЦָذĵıӵǾʵ֤һУ㻹ʲô˵
˵ţŰԵһµǵʬ̧ļĦĦʲô˵
µĵ˵ͷüżߣ̧żŰײĵŰذĵǰ
ѩ׵İײԼײµ壬ذĲüǺ⣿
⣿ļǼ似ʮɣԼһǵ˿ڣǾôɱġŰһЦ˫ֻǰȴذĵļ顣

ѵһ⣬ذĵɫȥΪѾ뵽һǳõĽ
ˣҲòŰ׼һЩʬףҲĻǻʵ顣
ߵ˵һǰذɫصĶ˸ʬϵİײ
ֻǿһۣذĵУһĨֵɫˢһվòôܣ
ôܣʵѾǰ㲻ŵĻԽſȥŰһĨ⣬ذĵľţѾǸӵȷеĲ²⡣
ҲţһǼٵġذ̲ס˸һŵģҿһһİײÿһʬ壬еľţͲһ֡
һʬ֮ذЩҰվɬĶŰ˵Ĳذμģ𣿡
ǺǡذһɬɵŰ첻һЦɾԼѾˣҲţ
ذ̲סҡҡͷһҰĻشĲذμģҸҶ췢ġ
𣿡ŰһЦָذĵҪĲʲôƨԣҪһͣЩ˲ɱģǻ˭ذμļҴѧõô¯ࣿ
ҡذſڣ͵ʲôǻߣȴûκεԣֻҡҡͷҲ֪
ǺãȻûͣǾ͸һ˵ذμ徿Ը֣Ҫż嶯֣Űһĵ
Ű˲ĻذĶʱеľͲԸ𣿱˱˵ļưϸ룬嶷Ļ˭Żյߣ
Ű첢嶯ذôһ˵жʱһĨصɫϸ˼һذĻе˼жʱһĨԥ
ôĻҲǾԲܵ飬̧ͷֱذĵ˫۵Իذμ׸ɣż壬Ҳˡ



421 ̹ȻذҰԭ
ذôܻ᲻֪Ű˵˭˵Ļܶ˵ͽˣϾһ˶ѣذμİΣԵô΢
Ȼ»ذμżҲ⣬ŰеףԼΨһһӣôԼĶӳⲻ֮ԩԩȥ
ô죬ô졭żѹȣǵֵذģҲ̲סЩͷ󺹡
һԼӣһذμ壬֮ȡᣬذһʱٳٵĲ¶ġ
ȴõŰ죬Ҳ̲סüʩѹذμҲòһ£ҵĿ޵ġ
㡭ذеŭһ±һȭǰŰȥȻذμ壬żƴˡ
ңĲңô˵ĻǴǧذμ壬ͻһ֮䱻ҲΪذμˣЩ˻ҵǣ
뵽ذĵУҲѾ˶ۣذμԼĶ֮䣬ƽѾذμ塣
ϾӻذμûˣǾûˣԼĶӣҲĲ˲Ľ֡
ҧסأذҰԴ뽫Լľ˵ɻߣȴôҲ˵ڡ
ʵֵܲȴʱ⣬Űٴüذμٸʮӵʱ俼ǣʱ㻹ûĻҾͰɡ
ˣѾˡٴαŰѹȣذҲܲס־޴ѹڻشԸ⽻ףż⳥
˵仰֮ذ˲ʮһ㣬еʹ࿴Ĳһᣬرذμǣиʹ಻ҲŨŨĲġ
ٲʲôãżǿƣҪĻľԻذμ壬̲סͷżˣԼѾҪ
ĵ̾ϢһŰҲʹĿذĵ֪ˣֺαصૣذμ㿴ĺӣͲ˲ǣ
ҧҧذЩĵһ飬¾ذμģҴӦҵĺӽ㣬ֻҪסذμѡ
ŰĬˣʵУҲѾһ˿ɻذĵıԼŭȷװġ
ʵѾǰɲţŻ˱ذģԼһ
Ĭ˰֮ŰŴ⣬ֱذĵ˫۵ļ۸Ǽ壬㲻ܸһĽ͵ġ
ķ߿ԼôĽ飬Ҹһµʱ飬ܸһ͵ĻҾͽĶӸˣܵĻǾͱҲˡ

ŰѾǸһӵĻذĵвû¶ʲôϲɫǼĿɬ
һµʱ䣬Ҳȫûлᣬֻǵ˵ͷл£Ӧûҵ֣һĴ𸴵ġ
ˣѾ˵㻹ȽذҰԴɡŰЩͷİ˰֣ذʵԼѡ
Եȡذĵ˵ͷ΢΢һɣ˾˲˼ʮ׵ĸ߿գżĺﻬȥ
ò˵ֵزַݵĹͣεİպÿһ²߻޷졣
ͱ˵ذμ似ɱż廤£ΪĿУ֪һǳҪϢ
Ǿǰܵıذμ壬ǵ似˳Żذμѧͨȭ
Ҳ϶Ķַ˵¾ԱܣԼʱ似ذμ⣬ûеڶ֪¡
ַ룬Ҳ˸еԭǾֶ˵׵飬λôܻԱֱӽܴ˷Ĺȥκεļء
ֻλȫû뵽Ϊ㽫ذμ嶼Ͻ޵ԨҲԼĺӵǹǺ
˵ߣذֻһСᣬѾذҰԴķǰŵԴš
ꡭű˲ذҰԴޱȽŵףôˣżˣ𣿡
ûСذĸ̾һһǸĿذҰԴԴ׶Բס㰡ҡ
жʱӿһĨõԤУذҰԴǷһĨЦѾԼΪʲô˵Ļʱף㲻˵ˣˣΪذμ壬һ˶ѣǻ׬ˡ
ĸ̾һذĵжʱζӣĿһԼĶӺҡҡͷôۣżһµʱ䣬һȫ׷֣һס
֪ˣף߰ɡصĵ˵ͷذҰԭſڴȥһַˮĸо



422 ذϼĴ
ȻذҰԭֵԽ£ذĵо͸ΣϾµȷԲԼĺӣҲ˵ذϼܣذҰԴ
̾˿ذеθбȴҲûκεİ취ֻǸذҰԴŴȥ
ǲذǵذҰԴͻȻתͷһȻ΢ЦףĲˣֲȥģֻҪҵֲͳ𣿡
̸סذҡҡͷһɻ־ȻʹõذϼļҴ似ͨȭȥ飿
ʲôͨȭֺذҰԭжʱ¶һĨţɻԼĸ׵ף˵᲻Ǽڼ飿
ܡԥҡҡͷذĵϸĿʹͨȭľǵɣͨȭѾ¯ĵزǼģֻһˣǾүүô𣿡
үүһĨԻɫذҰԴҡҡͷȷǲܣүүôܻô
ذҰԭУԼҵүүһֱڱչأȻԼĺ٣ʱҲǺͰģôܻôӺԼ
ȷذĵ˵ͷһĨɫذҰԴӣ㱻ǧ𷴿ʲôģ㸸һ취ȳġ
㣬סذҰԭ˵ͷȻҲ֪ԼϺѱȳˣһΣҲܱȾĺðɡ
˿ذȭͷӣһҪסֻҪõұеؼ֮үүٴͻƣҾͲż廹ҽɱˡ
͡һĨεɫүүʵͻƵǸޣҪ̤һȴȱһеİ취
ǧҲҵλ̤һ߶ŵǱؼ֮ϣõľ飬һɳ졣
ذ˵ⱾؼضڱصãƴذϼҲϧϾһõĻذϼͽΪף˵ĻҲᱻԼĶҲᱻɱ
뵽ذжʱһĨᶨɫذҰԴļ߰ɣ˵Ⱦˡ
ȻذҰԴһɵʼ磬Ͼȥذϼ壬ʵû֮ǰҲǰȫģֻʱʧȥɶѣһѹҲûС

ſ֮󣬿ſһȺһż֮ذҰԭҲһĨ壬̲סһϡ
ذҰԴ߰ɡŰѵȺʱһذҰԭ֮󣬶ʱһĨͷ
ذҰԭǲ֣ŰҲȫĿ϶ֻǵȴذĸԼһ𸴣ܵĻҲˣΪԼĶӣҪ졣
֪ˡذҰԭ˵ͷתͷذĵףҵңһ
չ˺Լذĵ˵ͷǰŰֻϣһ¼䣬Ҫ̫ҰԴˡ
һġŰ˵ͷһĵֻһµʱ䣬㲻ܸһĻǾͱҲˡ
˵꣬Ű첻ٶԣֱתͷԼһȺżǵ鵽ȸһ䣬ǻؼɡ
żߵжһĨȣŰжѾ˵һУǾǷżߣԶ
ذϼΪ񶼵Ĵ֮һԼżв£ƨҷһԹԵľͽԼļ˳ܲǸеޱȵԺ
תżķȥż˶Ǵһʤ̰㣬š
·ˣЩĿżˣղŷһĻǿɶǿˣżȻذϼ壬Լټ˳ǾȵͬʱҲΪżǿ֮еη塣
ϾżôǱǳ֮Ϊ񶼵һ壬ǵĶҲ֤һ㣬µż壬ЩСǣ̲סԴ
ذϼ壬Ƕô裬ǶԸЩСĻǿ϶ǸӵϿ˵˵仰ֱһ־塣
˼ļ壬Ѿ׼׼ձȥŰݷãܹõһżչˣǻҲغˡ
ûûãǾ͵ÿŰԸˣ˵ǵֺþãԸţҲֻϵù



423 Ҫɱ㣡
һ־磬ذҰԭ֮£ʱͣϢĳЩȻǻвʣ޿κΡ
ͱ˵ľ壬ǿޱȵϣܹʵȴֻذϼЭˣԺг̬ⳡ־硣
֪Ϣ֮󣬶ľɫʱͿ治վ˵ЩʲôϾذҰԭĿǰѣ侮ʯĻ˿ࡣ
Ѫ֪Ϣ֮ɫһĸӣǵĿѾˣȫģֻҪһӣǾͻ޹˼ɵ
ż忭飬ַҲǻ˹ֻûˬǿЧ޸ҩҩЧɼһߡ
߳˷ţַһµģ֮󣬻ʱһҶ٣ôܳˣƿɲᰡ
û£зִ磬ˣż𣿡ַҡҡͷûĽͣһССĻѣֵ˵ôķϻ
Ѿڻ·ˡȻǲҷַݵĻֻǵ˵ͷԼ֪Ķ˳
ַݵ˵ͷЦŶԻлˣȥſڵżͬʱҲҪɱֵ֣˭
˵ַ꣬ڻǾȵУŴſȥһߵģȫûǸľģ
̲סٿһۣͷ૵ѵװģ񰡣챻̧ʱҿǿ߹Ƕ
ʵ벻ףҲͲôˣǸַݵŴſȥҲ񿴿ֲǣ
˿̵żţѾΧżŮǣѾõϢԼļǳѾ磬ذϼ嶼ǵͷϴ
ǲŻԷſڣȴԼ˹ΪҵӵΪеԺ
ַ˸λ£ȴŰĹԼбҪȥװһȡΡ
Ҫ֪ŰɱǸһöˣõΣҸλ£Ҳࡣ
ò˵żǰ޽ޱȿҳǽ⣬κεĽޱȡ
˽ĵȴУǰĵƽߴһӰ𽥵һߣƺƵż
ַ̲סһ̾ϢżȻǿ󣬰ϵߣȻô࣬żŵĻܹưһ
һǵӰ˵жʱ¶ɫЩѵˣ̲ס˳졣
ʱַ̲סվ˵ȴȺڣǿżȥ
ߵ;УԺ㿪ʼԼޱȷŭ飬˫ҲǿʼЩѪ졣
ڣھż˻мʮ׵ʱַݻɢޱȾ˵ɱǱ߼мذҰԴ

ذҰԴĹεļһ۸һȻͽɱֱַ֣˫ͨĿذҰԴŭĶ䱩
ԭͷذҰԴַݵ̧֮ͷһϷʵĻǿɱֶ֪Ȼֵҵͷϡ
ͷ㻹Ʊ磬ҿ˵ˣż˶ذμͨȭ£ذμ壬ǻ˭ַһŭĴ󺰵Ķǲš
㲻Ҳû취ذҰԭòмַһۣͷڳ˼һ㡣
ʱַȴǳһȭҵϣҪɱ㣬Ϊֱ𡭡
ذҰԴַһȭҵ˺ü̧ͷ÷ŭˣ˵²ġ
㣬Ҫɱ㡭ַݲĵĳذҰԭ˽ȴ
ٴηʱһ˫ȴǽסҡҡͷҶӣ֪ܷŭ侲һ㣬ңһĴ𸴵ġ
еѪȥһЩַݻ̧ͷЩ⿴Űżѵôһװôɱּ찡
ĸ̾һŰҡҡͷΪ˼ֻذҰԭɱ
ðɡַݺǿĵ˵ͷ壬㣬ʬδȥĻ¡
ûµģżбѣһۿ׵һ족ŰοַݵļǺơ
ĿذҰԭһַۣݺ޺޵̫磬ỹ֣ơ
ߡذҰԭһЦзߺ޵ŰɣֻҪذϼõţż壬Ϊᡣ



424 ֤
ʱķɿ죬תǼȥ⼸ַݶżˣǲǵҲȥŰġ
ֻ˼ζѣַݱ㷢֣ŰȻԼǶԼһĨĽ䱸
ַݲû׷ʹ򣬶ϸˮʱʱŰԼЩȹʱ⡣
죬ַʰżĴУ˿̵Űһ鼮ڹۿţַ󣬲΢΢һЦ
ЩַݶԼ𾴣ǿУУ̬ȷǳơ
ԭŰ쿴ַԼ׽Ȼﵽٻĵز
Щ˽⣬ȴ˹ַԼҶҲһֱеڻ
̨ϵһȭַݻĿڵҵѾõĲˣҲ뿪żˡ
Ŷôס죿Ű΢΢һ㶣鼮ŵһԣһģ
ллҾͻ뵽ֲһĻʵڱĻţȥɢɢġַЩ̾ҡҡͷ
Ű̲ס˵ͷҲãȥɢɢĵȷһֱĺãʲôʱˣһֱӭ㡣
ţлˡַװǫѷģ˵ͷ죬һģһ̡
ˣȥɡŰ¶һĨƣʹɫЩӵ˵൱ĴȻҲذμ帶һĴۣǶӻزˣذμ壬ʲôã
ˣæİɣԼ߾ˣ´μҡͷܾŰַͣһȭȥ뿪ż塣
ַԶȥӰŰҲ¶һĨп૵֪һôעŵֵܣһοɣ
ַڴ˵Ļһ̲סЦһֿģȪ֪Ļο⣬Ĺǡ
ŵ£˵˵ˣԩ겻ɢĻٴνһΡ
ڻη𾴵Уַ߳ż壬ʶɵĿʱ̲ס¶һĨ
ʵͺˣżô죬ֻǲ˻ɶѣֱҪ뿪
ٴһַݵвһĨɣ̲ס૵Ӧþؿ⿪ʱ˰ɣ
ַ֮ݴ½ôãɶΪؿⰡȻȲԼȥˡ
˿ܵĻַ֮ݻһȣ񶼳ǿʼȫȷû˸֮Żķȥ

ܵСŽ뵽ϢͨķСȻǵһӭһȭŵҶڳˣһΪǱżץסүȥૡ
⼸Ǳడһ㱻żץȥүˡַȻһЦҡҡͷ
û˵ѻǴţż˵⼸Ű컹ҹЩżŮӸʶ濴۵Ļ治ý
ϾַݿѣұҲǸῡţľͻƵ˰ڣ뻯Ѿһţ˵ţǴŵҲҰ
˵żŮʻǲģַݵĸߣҲֻúľܾ
ȥ̲סһֿڣСɴ˫۵ôû˿ˣҲῡŰֻûôζѡ
͡ͻȻһöЦ̲סĿȥֻѪ͵ЦţðŶԷСܰ׸Ļҿ԰ҵĹа˵ýŶ
һΪòһҲںˣٺ١СƤĶѪˣ
̲ס˸ַָۣݺݵһԴΰɣĸģȻ˵ں
ⲻ𡱣ЩɥԴСһίĿַݵϸһĻлǴһĨЦġ
͡Ѫ̲סٴȻһЦԷСɵüˣҵĹɶŶһˣͿް㡣
֤񡱣һƯСжʱһ⣬ҲȫǸɾ
ʵЩܲ˷СǻԸַתͷˣ⻰ȳﻹҪˣҡ
ŶСϽס죬һĿˣȴ˵¡



425 ³
ڷСע£ַֻһ΢ЦĿڵһұʲôʱܴһ𣿡
һĨԥɫѪ̲סں죬ȷҪȥΣյģҾ㻹ǲҪκϽȥĺá
ѪұؿеΣǾ޴ޱȣ洦ڵĻأһĻԼ
Ȼˣв壬ɱ۵ĻײϣʱַݺܿҲС
ַݶҵĹѾˣ˵ҶǷһ飬Ѿ㹻ǲ֪ôˡ
ַȥұسµĻǲ˵ңѪеޱȵİûԼںޣŻֹ
ַݻȻǲܵģ΢΢һЦҰɣҸ˵ǻߵıûǿҿɱˣҵ׵Ĺޱȵĳڣһˣҵɡ
ɵַصĲ²⣬˿ԼĻһе־塣
ַеһĨţѪ̲סĬˣҲȫףַ˵ĲûпʣǷǳĺ
Է˵ַѾ̫ˣûҪΪôԵĽǶַݵĻҲȷ𵽷ǳЧļӳɹʡ
Щԥʱַٴ΢ЦˣôľˣҲôˣ͵Ҹҵ·Ǯɡ
ǡѪ˵Щʲôȴַ˲ϵûʲôǵģҿɲԼСЦҵĻҿҪΪϲӴ
ޡַôҪĻ֮ѪַһڣҲ̲סһĨϼΰɣȻҪȥҲͲȰˣһҪסСҪ
ǶȻַݵ˵ͷҲһĨ΢ЦѪĹеǳοϾԼô࣬Ҳûǲǣ
Ȼ˵Ҳû˵ȥıҪˣַѪ˸ټ󣬱пʼȡˡ
СʱַҲԼ񶼵ʱ񶼣ҲЩƽʵεľʹ࣬ĸ̾
һжˣֻҪ򵹣̨ĻҲ棬񶼵Ҳܹĸá

ַ֮˸һ磬Уȴǰұصһֻ̣ҪⳡսӮҾͽٴγΪס
ˣһѾ΢΢ݹѪǰַݴ˸к
ַ̲ס̧ͷһǷױ̲֮סһĨϷʣȻѪѾʹԼﻯˣǷҲɿԿݡ
ⲻ±ϳ𡱣ַϷʵעţѪǲ΢΢𣬱ԼеĲˬ
ý֪ͣġַסеЦ⣬ӣĺð
ûѪ˿̾ȻһĴ··ӡŵҲЩޱȵĻ䣬ͷϻһͷֱǴеĴð
ѪȫߣҲûκεİ취ַܲܽݸһٰɣֻǷ˸ۺǱȥ
˰ɣַЩεӣǰȥѪ˼ǿ˸Цѡ
ΪôСþʹ£ֻҪϲҾˡѪƵĻشһַ컹еЩ޿κΡ
ˣˣҪˣҲóˡЩ̫ԾϽԲȰ
߰ɡַٴεͷűפȥ
һᣬתͷЩĿַݵ㲻׼һױȥĻŰһ۾Ͱϳ˰
ûҪٸ㿴һĶַ΢΢һЦ˵潫Լ¸˳˲ϡ
ֻһ˲䣬ַݾȫʧ˵УǻַܸܵϵĻǻΪԭʧˡ
⡭ѪжʱһĨȵɫָŸղַվŵλô˴иַݵȷǵǰ
ٺ١һȵַ̲סϷһЦΣ˵Ĺɡ
ֱ̫ˣĻǣٺ١һַݵĶУתͷһȴС˫۷ŹĿʧǸطп϶ʲô˲֪
һСĻ˶ʱ̲סһһɫرЩŮߣжǲŭ



426 ׼
ȿȡȥ£ַݿһ˵ģԼַݸϽֵңҷҲû·ȥ顣
˭֪ૣַݵĽͺ󣬷С̲סŬŬûʣҶ͸ʲôⲻԵ𡣡
ˡ̲ס͸Сһַۣٴνϣ˵ʱҾǵôʲôǶ֪ˡ
Ŷ˵жʱһĨ⣬Ͼһ˲Уʵ̫ˣ˵ַݻá
ַҲɢȥ£Ϊ˿̻ûбҪһӱһܵ뵽У˴˿ۼڴеıڤңҲ˵ҵǡ
ѪˣЩҶ֪ˣĺܲǰһôѪҵļ̲ס΢΢һЦ
ѪһЦָָԵַݵףŮ𵽵ʵСģƻ߻ģҪлĻǻӦöлл
Ŷ˳Ѫָȥַֻһģһϵַݣ̲סһĨ档
ǰ΢ЦŶѪ˵λ˰ɣӢ۳갡
һп˵磬ʱܻ裬ȴһҲ裬Ϊƿͨĵ·֪һС
ֻΪھʧҲûмˣͬʱҲû˳ȥǶϵԲŻ˵ľȡ
һèģԼַ̲סεͷˣҲֻǰ˸Сæ˷ƤӶѣ˰
ַһֳģ̲ס˵ͷĹ;ĹͣҿɲԷƱ֮һġ
ַݼʵĿһ䣬ʵǷǳҪһҵ书ؼ˿̺ȻʱҲֻе̽ź
ϣһ̨شҲ֪ˣ죬Ҫһӣܲܶյٹ⣬Ϳλıˡ
·һƬصǣ̲סغĴ壬Ƿҵʵ̫ˣѾˣ廹ڼǸңӦӦҲЩҵʹࣿ
롱һŭַҲ̲סѪڣûʲôͬҲмˣźܴ֮ǾǷűؾ

˴̽ҵıأ˵һѵĻᣬеĻʵ㿪ĻǾԲܻ
ô˵ĻƱػ嶼ǶǼ仳ɣԾ֪ظζ㣬Ҳ̫ԣҵĸӱӦ˶
һȺѾϾЩǣҵɵĶ飬ҲǴ˴жҸǵڻҪá
һȺűĸԱǣ̲סһ̾ȴû¶һ˿ԥһļĿڵҵӢۡ
ֻһ仰ѣЩԱǵ̲סһůΪʲôҪѡԭȻкܶ࣬ԭ򣬻ΪԼһӢۣҵĺհ
ڴҶܾʱվ˳֪Ҫ޴˭̹ȻģǷģǵ׷ѣһὫÿһ˵ֿڳϣҵУǵĺ󱲣ҲõõĽϰһ϶ģңҲȷƵһԾŶ
ж˵ĳŵ֮ЩԱǵУʱһĨȵɫҳϵͽһ㣬վΪľкҪһ㣬ԼҲܻԼǵҸǾֵá
Աǰο֮Žŵ˵ϣһĵж¹ҵҲϣκ˳κε״֪𣿡
֪˶̲ס˵ͷҲһĨǵһѾȵ̫ˣƴԼҲϧ
ַȻҲǵãΪ˴ж֮ҲǹˣܹصԼˣϣʧܣΪʧܵĻԺ磬ɾˡ
ãȻҶѾ׼ˣǳкĵ˵ͷ󲽵˵ǰ׼ŴǰĴŴ͡



427 ҩζŨ
뿪֮ǰַݾѾǴ£ȵĵҵ󣬶Ҳ֪ôţҲһĨ̹ȻͬʱҲʲô֮ٳ
Եø֣ΪĴˣȻͬһжŴۼЩϢͨģȻ͵֪ĴҪһͬǰȥ̽ҵıأ̲סĵĸǵ
Щ˴඼ǽʿѣǱһҵ̬뿴ԼǷܹռһˣˣ඼ĺ磬һɹĻҲǹ
ҵŵǴſڣ˿żڴ˵ȺˣеžͿԿżжǱ൱ġ
ҲǱȻģҪ֪ĴһǾΪصܵ϶СҶֻܴŲʮˡ
Ҫ۾ӢĻĸܹż壿ǴʮУĸ⣬ȫǻߣһֳ뻯ߣӴһǹھĴ塣
ڼʮ˻żǵжʱһĨмΪǺȻ֣ˣȻ඼ǰߣҶβ룬ֻΪ׵ʮ˲ǻߣߣȻֻһѾޱȵߡ
ʵַֻݲ֪ʵʵģʵż廹Ҫĸǿ󣬵ܹλΪʲôΪֻһλһĹܹسɻߣʱܹЧ
ò˵Ҳ߻ô꣬ʲôżǵıӣǶЩԱĵͷ­͸һǿǵͷеϷʺżܾͲôˡ
˫߶ǶǸվһӣУҲŰеıлǰȥŰ칰ֵ磬ż壬ǿ󰡣
аɡŰһԺȴһǫģǱȻʹЩߣķϡ
׵ģöٶǱֻҪɾ͹ˡһǫѷģĿǰֳʵûκεʸż嶷
ţǱԵһ°ɣӦҲ쵽ˡе̬ȣŰ˵ͷ˵ϺŲˮ
ɵŸûãһϤԶ˹峤ҼСˣ

ûǰ춪ذģЩھθãڵת۵㣬ԵûǷǳġ
ǺǡһذĵĻŰʱվһϷʵĿذĵİɣԵñ˯ů⼸ûٳૡ
ʲô˼жʱһĨŭŰ컰е˼ذôĿģ˵ذҰԴھֻһóԺúȵĹţȵʱɱ
˵˵ʲô˼ŰȻֱش⣬һϷʵĿذģԼ˵
㡭ŰΪȻذһ˵ҲЩᣬڻ治ҸŰ췭ֻһԼվһ䡣
λĻܴ󰡡˸ƽϢʱһϷʵ˲תͷȥҲͬʱü
ôܣǰĶľԨŰ̲סһĨصɫΪȻ֣ԭǻ۷ȻѾͻƵ˵
ԭżѹľһͷǶΪżĸߣŻὫǸѹģڶľԨͻ֮ƶʱȻ޴档
һԵذԼͬҲ̲סüΪ̫˽ⵤߵҪˣ˭ܹһߵĻǾͶһݻȨͬҲѹǴ
ذĲͬǣǶľٴγһߣǵΣֶһ֣ϾҪһߣǿǷǳѵһ鰡
ôüҲֻԣĿ϶ǣż壬ΪԭһҶż壬˿̺ȻѾԼľ֡
ʵ˵ұĽƱЩͨûκεҪֻǱؼ
ԭż忴ؼȻǵʲõĻˣȴͻȻ֣ľѾ˿ˣȻ䱸ּɵ
Ŀ˶ľԨһ֮Ű쵭һЦľֲصĿǿ˵ģǱؼǿԼֶΡ
Ȼ²˳٣߰ɡȻѾ룬ľԨҲʮģȻԸٵˣԵʲõı˵ǰ



428 αĺ
һ·ϣնԵǷǳĳĬԭӦҫżҲǳ׵ΪľʵѾǣҲ˲ˡ
˵ذϼ뱱żĶ֣Ψһľֻ֣жľˡ
ͬľҲ뷨һ·ϣǶǻഫƵ񣬻ҩζʮֵŨҡ
Ϊ峤ľԨԼŰȴǱֵʮֺϸһĻֻίߣжǴļɵ
ЩȻַУ˼Ҳ˲˴õĻһĻǻǰϹôõľ档
ֻڻʱʱĻỵ£òʧⲢøô
ȥұص·̲ߵĽĻҲҪ߸һ죬ԴҲϾ±أֻֻһȴڶٽ롣
ַȻҪѿغһҹҪĻȫͻĻǾ͸ˡ
һ·ϣҵǶԵ൱ĳĬΪҪٵһУʮֵĽš
ҲãȫΪߵ̬ʵ̫ûκεĻȨûʸ˵
ذϼ˿̵Ҳǲ࣬ȻľԼżǿǸеޱȵļɵͬʱжܷõؼҲǲת¡
ذȻ棬ҧҧ󣬶ʱһܾԴС
ҪʵĻذϼ߱ȱҲǿһѣľԼżȵĻǲǾ޴ġ
԰ذǰģֻһ·ˣǾ뱱ȻĻȲһڡ
ذı˽Ųвţһߵģ峤ѵĸõƱ𣿡
εʼ磬һĨϷʣȴһĿɬô죿Ǳʵ̫ˣܸźȿˣؼҲȷҪõ
ôܣذһĨصǸΪĻǿ϶ûĻǱһҲٲǣ
˵ô˵ǡһĨ⶯ɫ˲תΪԥɫ˵ʲô
Ĩ⶯ȻǱذĸĿУϽеĻԥˣмҪ֪һõؼĻͻƵǸ磬ǱȻͻ˳߲Ըĳ𣿡
⡭ذǹƻĻ֮ŶݺݵҧҧȻУĻˡ
ŶףǺ족һĨЦ⣬ذΪĽˣʵõģ֪˭

˵֮ذıصԼĶУװʲôҲûзģǰȻҲûзС֪ˣҲں
һĳ;棬ұصڵأһ֮Ϊͷɽĵط˿ѾĴǸʱӪѾá
ΪʲôͷɽΪǰ⴦ɽԶȥĻǾֻ̾ڴˣͷģһѵķˮء
ʵұͷɽͱݴ½֪죬ȴûκεİ취ܹ뵽ıС
ڱصΧŴĻأ໯߾ʮ׶ûߵͱ಻Ļظɱ˴˴ұصڴһȥĻǾһƬɫʬǣЩȻЩǰ챦ضСļһ
е˻˵Ͳܴܴ򶴽𣿵ôû뵽һ㣬޽֮ǰѾĿͷɽˡ
ɽ壬ӲĻɣһ򶴽ȥĻǾ㶼ܴ򵽱ص֮أҪ֪޽⣬ǺķʱŴɵģô׵ıƽˣǲԼ
ҪõıأǾֻ취һžǿʵܹɽʯֱӲǳŽİ취취Ѿҵʧ١
ΪʲôĴұأǶΪǵõⲿصĽͼֽΣѾǴļˣڲôǲֻ֪ǿȥˡ
ûͼֽóģҲҲȷûⲿĻôܻ᲻ŵʱһܸһĽѵ



429 кҩ
ڽӪ֮ǰַݾѾ˴󲿶ӣΪҹҪһǳҪ飬Ǿҩ
ڸĸҩʲôҩַҲѾˣôˣǻ˼㡣
ַݿĿ϶żˣԭΪԼļܹھ壬ؼҲֿɵá
ɽû뵽ľȻͻȻܳ˸֣ǵ뷨˲丶֮һ棬ŵģҲ˲˶С
ŭûɢȥֻǷǳʱ̣ǲұַҪģǰǰŭ
취Ҳܼ򵥣ַ;УѾǹ˴кҩ˸˲ֿУڶҩַҲȴѳɹ
ȻĿƼ󣬵Ƕڼı¿ǷǳǿһԷ֮ǰҲԶԷǳԳɹ
кҩͬϸ˵һҩģȽֶҲ鲻ͬʱҲһʱͷܹĶǵļ顣
ʱַݾǰȥתһȦӪأӪڵЩǵݸ׼ˮкҩ
ҲǹСϪģΪ˱ҩЧõȡˮʱ£ȻûʲôЧˡ
ȻĴǶٺ֮ЩҲǿʼȡˮ׼ַͣݺĵδȴЩǵĵ
򲻸ˣڰСʱַ֮ſżĻǣһǰϪȡˮ
ַ΢΢һЦֱӴǱˮףͶǵĲԶȡˮʱҲǽ˲ֿ׼İͶȡȡ˳ĽˮС
ЩҲ߶ѣôܷǱˮ׵ַݣĽŰͶϪˮ֮ŻصӪУʼ͡
ַĿľˣĿ֮󣬶ʱ뿪Ӫصܣ˵Ұζ
˿ʱ䣬Ѿ˽һСʱַ֮ŽеĵϷ£ӪصķǱжȥ׼һⳡ֡
ַݵϣ˿żӪжƮɢʳһ·ͼˣͿʼͰǡ
ֻһͨ˵ĻַܳҩķˣʮӾиоˣżҲߣԴҳ󣬾Ǻ޸о
ַΪԼ˼ҩ׼гʱһΪĻ֪ϴʱüԵĻ˵һ󣬱ʱéȥʼ
ַ̲סϷһЦ૵ϷڿʼˣһǸϽ뿪ɣ߱ضѬ졣
˵ֱַ꣬һ뿪˴˴һǰͶҺҲڿʼˣЩǿʼ䣬żЩǿɶǻߣǵֿȻǿޱȣڶûκεı֡

ӴڣСʱ֮һͻƻûõżüס˶Ӷĵļ˵Ǽģȥϸéޡ
˶ʱ¶µȻߴȥأͬʱҲһЩЦһԵЩƵա
ǵǴéʱȴéǰȻѾ˶ӣϸһȴǼĻ
̲סü߶ʱ󺰵ô£ѵéһ𣿡
ǲǣǵˣǣǳԻ˶ӡжʱһĨ壬ЩڨڨĽ͵
üҪʵʱͻȻһ߸˹һĻ֮󣬲죬һȵĵʲô
ȻֻǸʼѣʱţЩҲΪĵ͵ߣʼۼ˴˴ȴéӡ
ôˣȻŶӣԴҲֻ˸ط͵ؽڽʱҲ˼⾿ʲô
пܵģȻǱҩˣȻʲôҩ¶ǸеŭǻߣôΣҲǲ㽫Ǹˡ
ż壬ΨһûľֻĸˣŰڵĸߣûûгԷǵΪѾȫܹ㶾ˡ
顭֪żĳʳжҩ̲֮סһվ޺޵ʵ̫ˣ飬ϽҲ飬֪ĸĻһĲǡ
ò˵ż˵İЧʻǷǳߵģֻһСʱѣһڶľפصĲԶ鵽һ㻹ûɾİͶ
һ£żǶըˣǱǱһӵĻ˿̻кҩǱеĻʱӿ
ҶľȥݺݵҧҧŰô̵ֱӴżߣƺƵľŶľפظȥ



430 
˴ĶȻס壬ذϼҶһĪ˳׼ô¡
ľҲһĪԭǻֻˣͼżһڵģǵפ
ľԨжʱһĨĪɫǰŰ峤Ǻ⣿
ǺǡŰһЦֱĵŶľԨôҵû뵽ľȻôģǵʳ°ͶֱɥĲ񡣡
峤ģСĻӿڳҶľԨôܻĵֶΣԵ޹ʵıŰָűľԨ˲Ϳв
ߣ˭֪ǲǸαӣν֪֪治֪ģľԨûԼ֪Űһһõģѻޱˣһ飬ĸ飿
㡭ҲֻŰǺΣľԨеĻҲǲĴһŭĿͳϣô˵ô˵㲻һ֤˵ĻͱҶľԨˡ
֤ǰɣҸҰŰһЦŶľԨȻ˵ǶľģȻǰɣ
ʲô£¹ţ㾡ѾˣѲĻǰ峤ͱһǸľԨһȻģͲŰȥѡ
ߡ˵ȻŰĿһ۶ľԨһӣָŶľӪصѣ׳ҲҪճ
һĨɫľԨҲתͷԼ˵ŵǣǸ߼޻ˡ
ľԨʲô˼һľԨԵĻԭѾһЩŭٴδŰŭĿʵ峤ֶûˣɼжôķŭ
мĿŰһۣľԨ˭֪żǲǹҲ磬ҲǱ˿಻ǣ
ŰôˣôܻĵֶΡŰͷˣľԨҲʵ̫ˣĸ飿
ǺǡľԨϷһЦһղŰɵǾ仰ԭⲻĻ˻ߣ˭֪ǲǸαӣν֪֪治֪ģŰ쾿᲻ᣬֻԼ֪
㡭Űʱܹƿ仰ǵʱ˵ģľԨԼҲ޻˵ǣ
նʱһƬž֮УذϼԼҶֻܹ֣ʱ侲ֻѲ֮Ǿͻ˲ը
ȻżľҶϣǷǳּɵĽͬǣذϼֻһֵģҵһĨɻܾôЩΡ
رѪֶΣпַģϾӸղſʼûӰˣпµľϾµƣɵ

˫Ķ֮УͻȻһż߼ҴҵŴſڳŰ칰ַ߷ߵ¾ǶľģղǵĳзͶ
ⲻܣ˵һżߵĻľԨжʱһĨţЩŵı
ߡż߶ʱһηĿԩ㣿ż廹
˳żߵָȥֻһľһ亹ǰȭԶľԨңȺżǳĴ·˴İͶ
ʲôľԨжʱһĨţû뵽汻ż˸鵽ǿƺҲϴˡ
ߣľԨ¿㻹ô⣬һû뵽Ϊһ֮ȻָʾĵֶΣᰡŶľԨһĨѿŰʱ˲٣ָıӽá
鵽زǶľԨû뵽ģһת֮ʱһӵϽȥĻҽ˵һֻǸૣ
ǣȥжʱһ⣬ľߣʱ˶ľԨвŵ˼ʱ󲽵Żȥ
ֻһСѣľĻǱ쵽˴ſڣɪɪĵȴʡ
ʵҲԩǴѾ˺ܾã˭֪·ͲôİͶģǿɶְ֮
һ󣬶ľԨʱһĿż˵ǸңЩͶô£ǲǼ˽Լõģ



431 թĶľԨ
һʳʱذϼԼ˵϶¶˹ɫ޳ܵʻҲ˵ĳ
ľԨ޳ܵļһ鶼زѵƱ磿ŰȻӶľԨʳʱ֪дʲôˡ
ǾǴ£ȫķŵ⼸ͷϣľȫĳŰ޻˵
ʲôֻѣŰ켱ʲôѵҪǿӵ˵ͷϣʾĵŰһۣľԨתͷ޵ĶԻǵ˸ʵңҶľҲǺ۸ģǳ֮ܲԩ
ԴľԨôһ֮жʱһ⣬ͷͷʱվ˳ԶľԨͷԩЩͶԼ׼ԵģǰǳЩĶθĻţ׼ģûóż尡
ţ֪ˣίˡľԨĵ˵ͷתͷŰŰ죬Ѿˣ㻹ʲô˵ģ
޳Űҧҧȫû뵽ľԨȻ޳ܵزһת󣬶ʱʵ۾˵λ˲ҳôͶġ
ȻżţҲֻǿˡ΢΢һЦ֮󣬶ľԨʱתͷԼȻţҲֻίǽͶԵˣҲǣ
⡭ЩȻģŶľԨôҷֻҪ˵ǰͶˣǵҲҧ̡
һᣬĴļ֤֮£ľ߶ʱǴͶŵ˻ǵǰȻߴ̷ȥ
Ȼǲҷ֪ⶫ֮ԼʹҲó£Ȼӭǵģҵ³
żǷʹ๣ʵģ˶̲סһη壬ͬʱҲԶľԨĺеη塣
Լ˶˵ĺǶߵģǿ϶ݣôܲ£
ڣ˵ļ֤֮£Щƽ̯ŽЩͶ̵˸УľԨһЦһϷʵĿŰ峤˰ɣ
ˡŰ컹ûüڵʱͻȻһʯͷżӪ˳һŭ
ٶȵʯôܻһ֣ԶľԨֻһͷһʯͷŭ̧ͷʲô˼
ϮľǶʱվ˳һĿżЩǣżȻҲǺʾһŭģǣսһ

ʱŰȴһ󱬺ˣż˺󡣡
û֪Ű첻òվ˳ˣ޺޵Ŀ˶ľԨľԨݣǵõұ֮㡣
ҵţǶľҲšݺݵĿŰһۣղϮҲзŭޱȣż廹ǳһǺ˶ľ塣
ߡûټȥˣŰʱ˻֣żǣԼļפȥ
ѵ¾ôˣͶ϶Ƕľİһż̲סվһĲղβŻعһ뵽ǸǾһķŭ
һʣҲżǶǴЩ߶Ѿʼţ˸ƴˣĸżֲûС
Ⱥ鼤ߵһ棬Űȴ侲ҡҡͷȰұǸŭǶżˣôȴûΪֻظǾûΪʲôʱô𣿡
ŰôһᣬЩǶʱ侲ϸһ֮ҲŰĿˡ
ŴҵжһĨŰ̲סοһЦûҪһұΪأҪ֪𣿡
˳ĬŰ̲סҲżֻҪõǱؼǴϾͻƣʱݣ˳߲
˳߲˸Ƕôİ˵жʱһĨȣǵһѾȵ̫ˣԲʧ
侲żˣַ̲סϧҡҡͷûڹİô̡
ʵֽ뵽ˣܳȻã㲻ܳɵĻҲûʲô󰭣Ͼ޵Ѿ˲ǣ



432 ׼
Զż壬ַ̲סһ̾ԼҲתҵӪȥ׼Ƚһ˵
ֻһӪأ㱻ѪסˣɣҺ͸׶Ҫ㡣
¡ַνʼ磬ʵȻ֪ʲôҲʲôôˣҲҽЩǣ
Ѫַһͬе֮У˿Ѿݺ˲ˮȴԼĵ
ַݽ֮в΢΢һЦָָԼǰλɣæһ磬Ҳ˰ɡ
аɡַݵһЦҪҩǲĻҵĴ𰸾ңֻܿϧǣû𵽺ܺõЧ
ʵѾĲˡһ⣬ַݽһУĵ׵ĸе⣬Ͼץסˣ̤ɹ
ȻַݾץסˣżذμҲޣҩ飬ԿΪʮֵĻǡ
ˣֻһС°ˣҿʱҲˣҲϢиɡַݹ˹֣˸ǵ
ţϢɣ컹һսҪ㾫񡱣е˵ͷ΢ЦĿַ뿪˷䡣
ַ뿪ѪҲǶ˸ףŮҲȥϢˣҲ𰾵̫Ŷ
ȵȡѪʱȴͻȻֹѯʵѪλֹô
ͦģͦǣһżôæΪҲǹھһϸ˼һѪԼʵ뷨˵˳
ŶжʱһĨȡЩϷʵĵλֹӵ۲
Ѫûô࣬һĵʵҵʵҲͦģľһ㣬ñͨ
ǺǡжʱһĨ֮еɫ΢ЦѪҽֹӵĻ᲻ᷴૣ
ӦãʲôͻȻ˸޴ת䣬ѪûзӦӦ֮жʱ˵һĨϲɫ
вûظղŵǸ⣬һ΢ЦĿѪȴĴ𰸣ţѪʵ⡣
пЩзëѪʱʹΪһŮ츳УǾ˵ʲôૣѵѪҼ޳ȥ𣿡
Ȼǡ΢ЦҡҡͷֻѣôѡȻĿԼˣɫУҿ㻹ͦСӵ𡣡
ҲûСѪͶ΢΢ش൱ɴ࣬ϸĻܿеһĨΥġ
л˵ЩʲôѪϽס˵ټ
˵꣬Ѫ㼱Ҵҵ뿪⴦ֻ뿪ʱıӰȥȴôǱ

һˬϴ֮ͱѾ͵֮УɼжǶôչˡ
ַҲֵôչˣҪ֪Щ飬ѾǷһ飬һССĻرȻǲΪ档
ĳԹ緹ַ֮ݱפصĹ㳡ǰ˿ҵҲװȴзʩ
˵ģҶѾ˵ˣʲôҲ˵ҲӦ֪ôˣǳɡһηǳĻдͷ˵ǰĴļϵȥ
û߼ַݱѾǿ£ĵߵֻҪ˾£һǾ;Բᱻ׵ķ֡
ֻǼӶѣ˱Լĵص㣬翪ˣȻذμ壬ڿ֮ذı˵ͷ˼Զ
ҲǱ΢Ц˵ҲذģȴҲй¶ֻ֮ίߡ
ȴûãľż弸һͬ˴˵أһ棬Ǿǽͷ࿪һм֮Ϊģ
Ȼ嶼һ־еڻرż壬ȫ߶УȴûлӦеı
ľȻҲޱȣԵ޹ʵıżԩ·ŵ˭ϣܲǣ
Ȼ˶ѾˣǳʼɡΪж֯˵ż壬ȻһӦģԴָӵ
ذμȻһν̤ұڵȥ׼̽
ľǣȴǶŰֱָѡӣվԭأĻҲǳţŲṳ̂һ¡
ŰȻҲһУҡҡͷǲǾˣżߡ
ľ廹£ŰһӵģɽȴǣҲֻǸȥ



433 ̥
ò˵ҵز޽ķǳɽ֮ҪȥĻǱýС
ڵȴȫã˻ʱѾһڵĻ֮С
̤ʵַ֮ݹ۲һܣҲһĨѹֵĸо˿оԼ߽һžУ·ž˲ͽ£һ
ʵַݣҲָо·ײǻһǸоʮֵĲڡ
̲סڷһֻǰһƬڣͨͨŵظһ㣬˶̲ס˸
ģҾͲҸĵط޽ܵ˲ڡһߴ˸̲סЩ²۵
²Ҳ˶̲סͷӦͣزص޽֮ȷЩ̫ɭˣԼҪɵĸо
ˣҲѡ뿪ϾǵĿķǳȷǾͿ⴦أǧĻ۸ȫͿա
ڣһߴ֮Űվ˳ˣ˶ˣҲһ£˭ͷˡ
һͷ֣ĸʱǱտڲ̸Ϊûɵϣ˵лͼ˭Ҳ׼ͼȫ
رĻں󷽵˻ܹѸٵĳˣǰЩǸûˣһ˲أ˭ҲԸͷ󣬳ʲô
Ĭ֮Ű콫ŵеϣһαĵмĴ඼ǰߣһЩҲûʲôɡ
ʲô˼ЩҲǱľˣˣǼˣվ˵ǰɣͻˣָŰıʵֻУȴһĨ
ѽм˵ʲôͷָʲôôૣŰ챻иǺһ£ҲǼƻ
ǺǡһЦŰô˭Ҫ˭ȥǱ岻Ҫⱦǲˡ
һβģŰ̲סӣذĵ֣ذϼͷΣ
붼롱ذ̲סһֱӹľܾŰ飬ҽͷתһߡ
ٴתͷ˿ǰĶľԨֻһϷʵĿԼǸȻģûκ붯˼һʱεĵزС
ʱͻȻվ˳˵ʵҪǱͷҲǲУǶһݱ
һоȻվ˳жʱ¶һĨϲɫһۺ󣬶̲ס˵ͷ˵Ǹô࣬ȻҪһݣǵʱƽ̯С
⻹࡭жʱһḬ̃ɫתͷҵǵˣͷ󣬲ɷԡ

νȫݣд˿̾ݸģʵ˵Ҳͷ󣬱ϾĻǵһǰܸһϲ
ҵҲݼУһǰĺڰȥһﻹֵģһ鲻Ըģ
ɵӡǰı壬ŰжʱһĨϷʣһݲƱǵÿûǸð
Ҳ뷨Ϊе̰е˺ЦҲȷҪ̽·
ͨĿޣĴҲʱֳĸǰнţǰȻң̽·á
ڵڶȻذϼ壬ϾԽǰĶԽΣգϾ˭Ҳ֪صĸǷΧж⣬᲻ὫڶӶǸǵС
ڵģȻǶľ壬ʵҲģûż壬ֻǰ
ҲãϾ˭Ҳ֪󷽻᲻ͻȻָʲôأҲǰܣ˲ء
󷽵Ȼż壬ȽǰԣǵλþȫģϾһֲԾĻǾͿʱˣǰҲܸǵֵٵʱ䡣
ŰȻǷǳĵ⣬ϾǰڶȡƷʱȻռһƣȴһҲǡ
ϾٵĻǵȻȻõǼǿѹͲǲó
Űһֻ̣ǲǻÿĽΣϾľҲǳصģɷǳļɵ
Ĵ̥Ŀ궼ֱָеǱؼ˭ܵõߵĻǾͽһݴ½
ʱ˳߲۷壬뵽ŰͲҪЦܹһĻͽΪżΰһǧ



434 
ڼ˼ͬʱҲ߽Բصǰ벿֣˵һƬڣڻѵ֮£ҲܿһǰΡ
ǰǻˣСģǧʲôˣǰߡͣһº󣬶ѵ
ںڰеַݲ˿ǰƬжʱһĨɵԼֵģΪǰǷ棬ʵ̫ˡ
Ŀܼ£ַݾͷ˲¶ʮ߻ʬǣͬڶĻûз绯ͷǴУһƬɵģַ֪ǰЩ챦ˣɵķĩ
ȥһַ֣̲סЩ̾νΪΪʳЩ˵̰֮ģվǺǶһ˰ʱؿ⣬ô׾ͽȥˡ
Щضַ˵ȴǻ𲻵ãΪʹø׵ĻǾڿУĶᴥЩء
Ͼ඼Ҫģķʽ඼ǽȥȥַݷееĻǾ;Դ
ڽܵʱַݾѾǻ˸ףΪҲʵڱȽϺҵ˻ᴥأԼ¿ûôķֶΡ
ַһֱڶǰģܹ۲쵽κβԾҲܶ˵⡣
Ĺ۲£о֮󣬱˴˸ƣһ߲ŻͼǰţٶȷǳĻ
ҲǸϣκιĶ´ʲôأԼС͵
ôˣһЩ̫׵ģͱذϼһ˾ΪѣֱӲȵһյĵذ壬ذֱһתȥһҽС
̲סһ۵ذ·¾ȻǼޱȵĸֶߴӸ߿׹䣬Ѿ˸͸ǲˡ
ҲûõģľͬʱҲԽԽСˣÿǵذ崦ˣж̲ס¶һĨɫ
ҵĴ֮£ĴҲ룬һһߣҲûٷʲô£ȹһء
ֻǸʼѣļأҶĶˣܻʧʱڵĸشʱһľ߲СĴ˻أʱһ£˸⬣ԵļҲǰˣ޵˶ѾˣٺҲûκεİ취ǣ
ͼֻһ㣬һ·ʱͼǶϴˣвͣΣ˵ͼӳյĵطֻСˣ
˻һ˵жһĨɵɫҵЩ޵ľǷʤԲעܶ
ղôȫǶΪлͼԭֻ벿֣Ǿֻȥˣ˭ù˭ˣǾ͵ÿԼˡ

ҼͷֻѾصĴصԺ֮УȴһŵģΡΡǰȥ
ֻһС·󣬾һҵУݽһУԼС
ежʱһĨʹɫ֪ڵģΪʲôУȫԸģΪҵҫġ
ַҲޱȵĸ̾Щ˵ȷֵأΪԼĺԼҵԺ󣬾ȻԸԼһֶôΰ١
ǰţҵЩԱǣҲûκȴųʱ򣬶վ˳΢Ц
ǵҲõģϾǰ̽·ûĻǾԵ̫ˣ岻ɵĻҲܲµթ
ȻˣҵҲмɣļһЩСҲ͵Ļأ˲Ǻܴ󣬶Щأǿɶˡ
Ķȹһ֮ҵǼǰнذϼȴǸߵôشʱһֻµשͻȻһ£жʱ¶˾ֵɫСġ
ǵĻŸһͷһ죬һ鱻̵ĴְϷֱӽƬļ˶Ǹ˽ȥ
ҽһͣЪְ̧һɲǣ˶̲סһΪѪѾһˡ
ʣǽزһˣһߣذޱʹɫ
ϾЩ߿ɶǼоеľ񰡣һޱȣ˵߸ˣҵģץ
ܸذҲֻҧһУΪʲôҵûأҲֻΪˡ



435 ַ
ذϼһ߸ˣ󷽵ĶľԼżж¶ֻɫϾذϼȻǿģҲǵˣ˵ȻֵĲС
УǾˬޱȣ뵱ذϼɱҲٵˣҲֻǸջһϢѡ
˶ѣֹĴǰĲϾЩ˶ˣֻҪܹõؼҲֻܹϢˡ
ָ˶ȹһΣյĵط˼ǰٴζȹһͻصʱǰв¶һ૵ҲǶľˡ
ǰţڶľĴ󲿶ߵ˻شʱ̲סİһ͹ʯ飬ʱر㱻
޽⴦صʱҾѾֿܣб˴룬ҲԼ˱ҪЮŽ˴
޽صʱ򣬾׼һǱģһģͱ˵ء
а˻֮ԭⱾխͨԣͻȻܴẓ̇Ѹײڶ֮ƣľļ߶Ǹ˸Ǻ«
ʵЩѾԤϵΣֻǰˣǸûӣֻĿԼ̴壬֮Ѿ̱˵ϣϴССѪ
ľԨһʹĴ󺰣ȥļߣɶǻ߰Ƕľ帶˾޴Ĵ۲Žɾôˣܲʹĵ㣿
ڶľԨʹޱȵʱͻȻһϷʵЦĶУ̧ͷŭĿӡ
˳ЦķȥֻŰһϷʵĿֻҷԼŰ컹һƵģҰߣúķѶٵĴ۰
Ű죡̲סһľԨһߺ޵ģ˵̫磬ָһξֵˡ
ٺ١Űνʼ磬һϷʵģҺ°̽·ôֵܻǣ
ߡʵǱŰһС˵ģĲУľԨҲòվһĶŶľߵǼ߰ɣһҪСĻء
Ӧһ֮󣬶ľҲһĨʹɫϾ⼸˶ǵˣǰǻһ˵ĳ緹ھѾ
ҵȻǱи˶УҲһĨϷʵɫԭ뽫һżģľȽϺһ㡣
Ϊ¶һĻɾʡĲ٣ûҲܹǵìܸӼ
֮бǰ̽·ǵıְһ˸ҡ

˲һ·ٴΪȵˣʵҵģһ·Ѿ˽ʮһˣȫҲκǵɡ
ٴǰţڶȹһͻشеȴŶľߵشʱİ˻صĴť
ɲǼ䣬ԭƽ̹ʯשȴͻȻֿϷĶľ弸˶ʱȥεɲʲộ·ɳЩߵȥ֮󣬸޴ӽֻĿԼݡ
ҡоԼڱɳһûһߵжʱ¶ޱȾ֣Ҳ˵Ǿɫ
̴̴Ļǿܾ˲飬ֻȴĸоֱܰ˸Ʒ裬ǷţԽݵԽ졣
ڣһ˱ɳûûκεټǸҵĳ棬Ϸۿ˶鲻ԽĴ˸
ľԨһʹ࣬ûκεİ취Ϊܹ뵽طҪԸûд
һ̣ľԨޱȵĺڣʱĻЩ˾һˣֻҪץסԼһˡ
ĿԼ˱ɳûľԨеʹ֪һ߱ȫû̲֮ס˱ۣԼʹһĻȴôҲ
׼ʩ˼ǰʱͻȻһĽ£̲סͷһȴֽµȻһӡ
ѽڶľԨʱһϷʵʱԨʵڲ˼뵽żǴӵģϽȥðɣҪ
Ű죡ҧסԼݣľԨֻԼҪˣҿ϶Űǹģ뵽ܾˣԳٳٲԸó
ⶼ˵ˣ˵ǣ˶Ѿû֮˳ȫΪ˶ţöľԨֻԼ඼챬ըˡ
Ҳ֪Ű춷첢ûʲôãֻǺ޺޵ĿһۺתͷϣżܹЦ󡣡
Ͳ㵣ˣԼ֪ŰһЦߵǻûһˣǶؼпܵļˡ



436 żĴ
һϷŪľżҲȫȫĳΪУرǶľ壬ǼֱζҪըˡ
żʵ̫ͺȥ׿ӣûֽʹðԪ󳮲֮Աߵȴֽˡ
Ƚ϶ԣżԵøӵĶӣΪǶĿɲǰǺüżӣȴŲóֱ˶ѾˣóӦԼʵ̫̫ˡ
жľǶżҲʲô͵ĻأһѵˣȻĻƽߣ
ǰ̽·Ҳ뷨żҲǳ״ˣںǸż׼һ͡
һ·ǰÿ嶼˲ˣҵĻǵңǵʮԱѾ;ȫˣӢҲظ
Ȼ͵õľ壬Ҳ˽ʮߣҼȫǻߣҲΪǵ̰ĸ˾޴Ĵۡ
ڵڶеذϼ巴˲࣬ҲǸ͵Ļأ߸ߣһ·ǰȡ
ԼͦĶ飬ذĲοȻҲʧ֣ͦļ壬Ѿͦ಻ǣ
ģȻҪżˣߵǾȻһ˶ûֱͳƵһ漣
ҲǱȻģϾش඼ǰˣŰһȻԵõģǰһֱͷĶľԨϷʡ
ôĻߣʱǻôҶŰڵ뷨ʧ޴ȴݴֱͣǲҪ̫ˬ
ʱǰȴһָǰҿ쿴ǰѾܹˣֻҪ߹ؾѾǽǰ
ʲôеĻЩĬ̲סǰӿȥǿǴֻĴš
˵ж¶οɫߵֻҪܹõأһжֵõĲǣ
ǰ·κأΪǿҲֻһͨſڣ඼ӣŻһУȻһ̡
·ҲǳUεģ˲һϣֻǣһʲôأҲޱȵΣա
Ĵ˿ҲûзؾֻӲͷƤǰţ˭Ǿ˭ùɡ
ڴ󲿶ӵǰжʱ˵⣬һͣҲż峢ˡ
ԵUεϲ֮еı㴥һ԰ݵʯ顣
䡭ֻ˲һ죬תͷһֻʱ·Ѿһ޴Ķʯ赲סˡ
ǾɲʱͻȻ컨ϴһ¡ľ죬˲תͷһֻһž޴Բꤣ컨ϵ䣬ڹԵ£ٵǳ

˾޴һꤣнʮ֣鲻ʱذȻڲֵضɽҡĸо
ܰһλվż󷽵ߣٳꤺжʱҴҵľǰӿȥ
һλ߻ûܷӦһʱûվȽһԵеȥ˲ͱ˸͸
ʱڶż߸ʹѵһ٣Ǿ޴ꤴŲɵֿĹԳʱżĻ˵ô࣬ƴǰš
Ϊ֪վں󷽵ˣᱻꤸѹ⽴ƾɮƾ뷨Ȼƴǰš
ַݵĹ۲£ꤻûżӪʱ̣Ѿ߾ѾУԼǷֵ̿ģ̲סҡͷ
һĻŰ첻ңϽǰĶľ󺰵ŸϽǰܰ뺦𣿡
Ű˵ķŭľȻΪֻľԨһϷʵĵѽǲǰ߰ǰû·ˣǻûܽŴˡ
Ű̲סǰһֱ˵ȷڿţֻľذϼ֮仹мʮ׵ľ룬ȫܹǰŲ
ŰʱըˣԶľԨŭĿӵľԨˣʲôУôһξ룬ǻߵĻǾͱż岻ˡ
˵꣬ŰһŭģĿԼǰǶľߣ¶˲̵ɫľ岻õĻ⽫ЩȫԵȥ
αôŲ𣿡ľԨҲһŰĶֵĻǶľ廹˲أΪǺ󷽵ĿɶЩߣôֵܵżĸߡ
ŲȷŲȴŲķǳŰ첻ŭգΪǿʯѾǿҪӽǵĶˡ



437 ˺Ƥ
ľԨңżˣһǰ壬ľ˶ȥԼߵ֮£ŰҲȫľ˺ƤʼֹľߣϾܹǰһףǾܸӵİȫһ֡
һȭֱӽԼǰһľҽУŰݺݵĿŶľԨⶼҵġ
Ű죬ľԨʱҲˣżеֱ㻬赽˶ĺ󷽣ʼżĵǿʼս
·ôżôȫĶסˣҸƴǰţɿռô࣬ôܼĵǰ档
Ű챩¶ľԨʵ̫ˣԼ˸սټǰԼ󷽵żߵ³֪
ҲҵġľԨҲһĨȻŰôҲֻҪϵǰĵ·ż߾ԻޱѿʱǻʲôԼ
ŰȻǿĸεѣƴҪǰĶľԨΪԼṩһ·
ǶľԨôֻܸᣬҲûбҪŰɱ뷨ֻʹ˷صȭУסͺá
ϿеַȻǽ˸ߵĶսһǾʽԼã
־ս棬ܹĿһ컯Ҫ֪ݴ½⼸ʮûзһεֵĶսοְִսˡ
ַݵ侪ˣڿͬʱҲԺвϵĽǵʽԭ벻׵ĵطҲ˲
ߵżʵˣҪֻһѣǰ⸱棬Ҫһ
ſţַݵ˫۶ʱʧȥ˽࣬ѾԺУ˿ǴʼпĻʽҲʼת
˿ַʶѵĻȫܹܵһɹɱԼľתţȫӦڵϢ֮󣬱һͷ˵֮С
䡭һɲǣڶеַݻһ˿̤ѵһɱ뵽˻֮С
ûнڸеַݣȻʼпһЩ似Ҳʾ˳಻ɬĵطʱޱȵԲرǴӷС͵ѧװԲѾ˼㡣
Ѿһ˰ɣζʱ䲢ûгãַݱĻȻ˫ۣҲһ⣬ֻһˬ
ӦһֵǼַ֮ݵжʱһ⣬ޱ˷ܵ૵ҾȻͻˣҾȻͻˡ
Ļַݿ϶Ҫĺ˿ҲֻǿŵǼսİ˴󵤾ϡ
ʱǿž޴ꤣҲڶХųżߵ˶С

ǰ·£·⣬ϷҲǱģżڳǻݵأȻĻԲߡ
һ֪ԼѾӲˣѪ۶Ǵ󺰵ûõģҪģǵסжĳ
ȷߵԲСܹЭĻ˵ܽ޴ꤸ
ڵεƣԼǵĻ֣̿ĺûκεãòԼվ˳ֱꤡ
ꤼҪײһɲǣ̲סһԼļȥԼ赲Ľ
ꤵԾˣһǾ޴Ĺԣȥ֮ꤼûκͣٵľײļ򣬲ѹ˵ײ
ַݵĹ۲УߵûãΪķ֣ꤵٶѾһЩмʮ߶ȥĻǾԾͣ
żˣȴһҲģֻƴǰţֻ޿ӵʱǲŻ۵ǰȥ赲иģʱǾȻô֮С
һĻַ̲סҡҡͷżǵ޴е˱ǾȻףֻĵʱ򣬲ܹӳޱȾ޴Ǳ
Լ̱ѹ֮ŰȫķˣҲٲ֣ŶľԨȥҲǽǲ˺
룬ż˵ҲֻǱˮнѣñѹĻǱѹ޴ӡ
ڣȥ˹Ļ֮мŷӦꤵٶѾѸٵ
һҧҧ˴󺰵ˣӲģһȥסһƬ
ߵĺҲǽ˸ѣ˶һۺ󣬴žꤸȥ
䡭ֻһ죬ꤾȻߵһһٶҲѸٵЩǰ˽ʮ֮ͣ



438 ؿ
ڽˡֹ֮ͣǼżһƨű˵ϣ¶˽ٺĸо
һƬ̲ס̧ͷһѾѪȫꤺ󣬶̲סа̾żˣʵ̫ˣ̫ˡ
ȥ֮⼸߲Ȼ֣ԼļȭͷѾ飬ղûʲôоȫƾһѡ
һֳ֮ʱʹһƬȻꤣҲѾȫʧȥսںУѾ𲻵κεˡ
һȭľԨŰ첻תͷһԭʮ˵Ķ飬ڼĸȻҲѾֻʮһĸˣȫʧȥսܴģѾ֮˸ˡ
ۡŰ첻һѪ³ҵĳ棬ܹܣԼԭޱĶ飬˿̾Ȼ
ǵѪ֮Ű첻һŭ̧ͷŶľԨľӣҸƴˡ
ûһжǶľԨɵģ˺ĻżҲˣԲôңҲʮѡ
ܲŰеŭѪ۾ľԨȥ㱻Եһϸסˣ죬侲㣬һҪΪء
ҡŰסˣҵҧҧһĿ˿Եĳϵϣôʵ°ô˰ľ˸ˡ
죡侲㡱ҲһĨʹɫȴǱǿŰ֪ǳķŭƴһҪףľ岻ǻôˣƴӮˣҲ˲أôؼ
ңңҡŰɻЩ̫Ϊһ峤òԴΪأƴһսĻǷǵòʲôǻᶪԼ
ֻǵŶľԨһ㸶۵ģżˣô
˭˵ҵ㡱ľԨмĽൽһԣƴĻҲԲż壬ϾڻƵġ
ҲŰˣΪż巢裬ԼľһսǾӮˣҲԻ˲أװ׵ذϼ˸ˡ
˫ŭĿӵʱǰҲ¶һ˷ܵĴҵŵİ취ˣ
һ˵ɫֲ˲¶ôˣҪõżı
¡¡˵ע֮£д˺ü֮üǼıŻš

һĿ⴫̲ססԼ˫ۣ𽥵Ӧ֮ǲŵǴ򿪵ĴڣֻڵƻͨȻЩƹŴŵĴ򿪶Զġ
ǰ׳ĵƹ֮£еһжʱǵǰӳģȻһѱѻڵϵĽȻǶߣԽûжĸоǿǶѻɽĽ֮Ҳ̲סһ
𡭡ڣһ߿жʱһĿǰȥǰȻҲ롣
ʵ֪ҵıڶĲƱԲûжļģԵ÷ǳĴһؿ֮󣬶ûȥʲôؼ˵ǶѽϣΪؼͲ档
壬֮ȻǷɢ˿ʼѰؼڵأôҪĶһ㶼ᱻĺܺãҷŵ۵λá
˽֮ûñ㷢ǰһڸ̨ϵĽӣӵҲޱȵľ
ǱеĺʱҶ㶵ĿǸӣûһ˸Ҷ֣Ϊ֪˭ȶֵĻͻΪ˵ʧ
ôЩո˵ѡ˶֣ͱ˵ľĴϣһǸľ֮жʱһĨȵɫֱӾȥ
ƥؼֻżġżĳҲǡøϵĿ֣ʱͳȥֹؼõ֡
ǶľҲǳصģľԨԼҵĳϼҪ֣ʱҧҧ󺰵ľǣϽһż嵲סֻҪȴͻƵǸ磬ǾӮˡ
𡭡ŶľԨһ󺰣ľǶʱˣҰһıżǳȥ
ȻǶ˵֣żȴǶһ֣ƾֳˣľֱӷֳ˼۷ߣָĲסˡ
⻹꣬ذϼôܴѵĻᣬذĶʱżеߣؼȥ
ΪȻǼŭ壬һͬ˻ս֮У˭ҲǰľĳѾ˲ԿףǱؼõУ޹˼ɵķ



439 ߻ħ
ֻǿһϵжʱһĨϲɫЦˣˣԭˣҪ̤Ǹ𣿡
ֻһ˲䣬ľĳϣϱŷޱȿֲƣһ׺ݵĿ˵ǣҪ
ʱż۷ץס˲ǱؼУƬ֮Ҳ¶򼤶ɫ
ֻһľߴ˿ڵѾȵһֲ״̬ľͳżĶС
ֻһԭǻеһż嵤߱㱻࣬ڵʧȥ˺
ϡԼҵĵϲŰʱεѣҲףľߴ˿ѾǲɵֻֿǶ˵ҸϽɢ
ƥɱżߣҾɱľߡżĴ϶ʱҲˣһ˶ľ˶Уһȭһ߸ɱ׷ɱߡ
ַݲ֪ͻƵ֮ľʲôȴȻ֣߾ȻȫΥԭڿշԼĵ׷ȥ
Ʋɵַ࣬ݿȻǵսľϽٿŸ׶㵽һУĹ۲
ǾɽͻȺһ㣬Щط߸ɱǵĿ궼ǶԷļ峤Щߣֻ˳Ķѡ
ֻһӲ˫Ļ߼˸һɶŰҲڱҪͻƵĶľҳ׷ϣ϶ʱ¶˾ֵɫ
ôֻᣬֱһȭͽԴһݣЩĴЦżˣȫҪȫҪ
һżҲһĨɫ׷ɱ˶ľԨ׼һȭ࣬૵ľȫһҪĸɸɾġ
λϼ׷ɱԷһߣ˲㱻ɱ޷
ַķ֣ߵɫЩ̫Ծ·ħһ㣬ʼ·һͨҴлĴЦ
ѵؼ⣿ֻһ˲䣬ַݱ˸еԭҲ¶˾̾ҵûǹȴǳЧ
ʱذԼĸҲһ㣬жʱһĨɲɫԶԶĶ㿪ߺɻǰѪŵؼ
ڣҪͻƵĳǻӻԼһ˿Ĵе鴤º󣬱ʧȥϢ

һĻذĲҧҧףҺöĹƣȻüٵؼ߻ħ
ǺǡذԵһϷʵ˳ǰѾżԼľ壬૵ⲻͦõĵԼȫݴ½ĸذϼ
ңҾǱؼ߷ּ٣ȻϼһﲻܿһͻǰףⱾؼһǵûȥдĵطճʱͻƵӤ֮º˿ɵУ
Ŷ̴ͦ𡱣ͻȻһϷʵذĲתͷüǰС
УΪƾǼһ֣ذϼ𣿡ذ̲סϷһЦһʤȯյģ
һ˲صıôԼذϼѾ⣬ǾƾλᣬҲһʱذϼưݣһ뵽̲סĴЦ
ΪʲôذϼȽˣôʱ䣬ܿҲҪһȥˣͬʱҲҪ㣬ұˣСһϷʵĿذģԼʵ
ΪĿǰʽѾһƬˣżľȫͬھֻʣذϼ廹ߣңǻ
Уһ֣ذĵͫ׶ʱҵΪѾ뵽һǳõѶϢ
ˡ̲סһºذһŵģеѵҵ壬ʵѾҸ͵ˣ
Ҳ𣬵ȷʵѾˣôѪҲӦûˡһĿذģޱȷߺ޵
ٶ꣬һһļǵΨһԸͬһǾһ⸴ңĴ
ڵһԸҪĴܲ̾Ըӡ



440 ȫ
öƣúݵģΣذϼߣһҪٴα𡭡һ֮ذĲò̾˵ĺȻôãöľżȫ
ذϼ˲࣬ɻռϷֵģֻҪЩ˸ȫݴ½׼塣
ʵ𣿾ܣһЦ󣬰˰ֵò˵ʵ̫ˣ㿴ʵɡ
⡭д˻֮ذĵжʱӿһɲõԤУûü룬ʱĵǿϢ˳жһɾɫ
վǰˣذĵжʱһĨɫ૵ƣƣûв´Ļͼİɣһ·ǼЩ˶ǹİɣ
˵ûûǵôܹĵļ·ҾĲõૣһĨϷʣذϼѴȥȫгҲκεĲףҲ˸׹ɡ
УҳĴˣһôңҪͶĻǾԲܵģɱǡһĨӿĺذѾˮһսˣ󲻽оһѡ
νʼұûҪųȥذϼҲɣµ
ע֮жʱܷŹκһذϼˣĿȫߡ
õе֮ҵжʱһĨɫֱľذϼǳȥսһš
ȻǶذģеĴҲǶ丸ףǸģߣֱӲ˴ɱֻҪǾǷС
һ󾳽ѹƣ˵Ľذϼȫ𣬲һ֮ذĵжʱޱʹɫûκεİ취
ֻʱķ֣еԶȻһӰڹۿǵĶսжеĽҵһϵָеŮ
жʱһĨ⣬ذѾ뵽ԼΨһ·ǾǽŮץסԴҪЮУȻȷл᲻ҲΨһĻˡ
֮ذֱתһΣʹȫ״̬ͨȭл˹ȥ˺ü
ʱ䣬Ľ¶ʱһߣǷһ㣬ŽвŵѪȥ
ѪܡذĵĿ֮ежʱһĨֵɫҪذ׷ȥֻһֻܵ󣬶ܳԽ
һ̣ͻȻӿһǿҵĺģѪµĻܻԭԼ

ԼޱȽŵɫ֮ذĵжʱһĨϲɫΪѾµŮӾԾеãԼץסвĻǾܹҪЮ
ֱǾذܲϲνɽڲûգȻذϼ߶ˣֻҪԼڣǾͻл᲻ǣ
ѪҲѾӦ˹һֵǰȥֻǸڵ߶ѣܵٿ죬ôܵӮѾܹеĵ֡
ذֻһܳü׵ľ룬Ҫ˼룬ܽѪץУסԼ
ѪҲѾһ㣬жʱ¶˾ɫ֪ԼѾӲذĵˡ
˿ҲǺޱȣԼôûзԼ׵Ľ̻ԶԶģҪȥǴ򶷡
ˣԹԵĵҵʰɡذĴ˿ѾޱȽӽѪˣҪ̤˲סĲӡ
ܿϧĺ£ҪƻˡʱһϷʵͷͬʱĻһޱȾ޴ΣС
ذĵĸоУԼڵٶǰĻǾԻޱȵңֻǷŻһٶȣʱһâͻȻ䵽Ľ£ͼ׵ľ롣
ذΪ⣬ذĵٶȶʱŻٴαи׷ϣڴʱҵҲ丸׸УѸٵŴ˴
һذ̲סһĺ֪ԼһѾʧȥˣףǰͷǸŵĸס
ֻ˲䣬Ǽ߱ΧһĺΧ̬ذĸΧУѸٵĻɱ
ˣȫɱͳݴ½Ҳ𣬶ҲԼĹ⸴ж



441 ǿѪ
ذıһȭ࣬˵ֳ֮ʱ˳֮Уҵ˶סˣ˫ҲǿʼĲ
𡭡Ƭ֮ؿ֮бһϲŭеãȻȥȡ֮ȻβסĿϲ
ʮҵߴ˿Χ£һѣӵţǰûĳޣǵսˣĴĸȫʣµĶЩϺзȫΪǡ
ѪΪŮˣȻǲЩһһӵվһ͵͵ĨᣬҲޱȸ˵ɫ
˿ַ̣ҲѾȥ˸ףվѪԣһ΢ЦʲôǴʤӽԺݴ½Ѿصҵͳ֮ˡ
̲ס͸ַһۣѪⲻǸ˵㲻棬ĺܸ𣿡
ҲǡַҲ̲ס΢΢һЦҵǵȷ̫Ҫʹһˣ̫࣬˿ڽȫжԾչ¶Լˡ
ղţллҡеˮ֮Ѫ̧ͷַݣм
Ҫ֪ղŲĻѪӲذĵĴָ֣תۣǶַݸղŵһǹνǾһ
СһַݺǫѷҡҡͷһϷʵĿѪ˭Ҹϵôૣܲܿ㱻ذĸ۸ɣ
ȥġ̲סַݵļѪҲ¶һĨοɫȻǧ࣬Ҳ̫ϾǻʮˣǵĿѾﵽˣ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦԼеϲԼԸԺҲû˶֣ҲԷˡ
һлǶֹ㰡ǰ̵棬żľҲͬʱ㻹ҵŮ˵Ҹô㣿һĨɫַޱȵ⣬ܹյԼĻǾһޱ顣
ΪֻһŮŮȻǲܳΪģޱȵĿԼŮΪһ¶ԼӳΪҵļ
㿴Űˣٺ١ַЩ˼ҡҡͷʵҲα˵ԼʲôҪҲľ˳ڴӦԼؼ￴ȥ
ŶежʱһĨϷʣ˿ַֿ˿ԼŮĿڵֹӣѪôҾޱȵİ䣬ĻҿѪ޸㡭
ʲôд˻ַ֮ݵ˫۶ʱɳݣǧ㣬û㵽оȻŽѪ޸Լ

νŮӺϣַݾΥĵ˵ûжѪûģϾôεദŮķǳ黭ͨòԸ񶼳Ƶ֮ѡ
ַݼеŮѾԴһ齫ˣȻģӭȢѪĻǾԵ̫ǿһ㡣
Դַ֮Ӷʱתţ˼Žİ취ϾôܾеĻδ̫ɨˡ
ôôƬ̵ľ֮ѪжʱޱȵɬŶ
ʵ˵ģЩʱѪҲĿַô˺ܷȤҳĲҲбµӣʶ˵Уַݾɫһ
ֻŮӵȴòվԼеĽԼȻĸ֮ý֮ԲɵֿԼ
Ѫһߵģжʱ뷨ĵİοˣѪΪҴӦ㣬ֹദһʵڲʵĻΪԲ𣿡
Ѿ˵ѪҲѾﵽԼĿģɬĵͷʱʱ⿴ַݣ֪δ𸴡
˰ַ֮뵽˰취Ǿʵʵ˵̧ͷһȭлСӵ̧СӺεºܣС㣬һѾĸŮˣСҵĻʵ̫ίˡ
⡭жʱסˣȻ檲ټҵĹݺ߹ַܹӭȢˣټϼŮ˵Ļôܣ
һʱ䣬бͷΪѵĵزǲںҲУǷҲУͷˡ
һԵѪѾǾˣȫû뵽ԼһϲһˣϲһĹȻѾĸŮˡ
ôһˣ죬ǿסԼеıʹףͲҪֹˣȻѾԼҸǾֻףˣ𣿡
⡭ŮеһĨǿԼˣҲ̲סһ̾ðɣȻǾ͵û˵ɡ



442 ܲ
һۺַݷԼѪ֮䶼һңҲǲɱģҪܾʱ򣬾Ѿ뵽˻һ
ַݵĴӭȢѪĻǾͲӦߵôһĨΪԼҲϲġ
ĸ̾һַ̲סߵһԣʲôؼҲûˡ
ʱٴߵԣļʵҲôʵҲдӦҵԧ׵ģѪôΡ
ҡҡͷַݿڿ׵סˣҲǿСӲŻôģʧˡ
̲ס̾һп˿һһͷϥеѪһĿַݵĲܶ࿼һʵҲͦõģҼѪݵһˣѵȲĸŮˣ
ַȻȽϺĻ˼Լ磬ȻѪһʲô
ַôôԼĸŮ˶ͷ⣬ѪȻƯ׸Ҳܵһָ֮֮оҲޱȾ޴ź
ֻֻҡҡͷһǸĿеҵĸŮ˶ڵһȥҲǳİǣҲʧϣ⡣
ߵַݵĻȻѪһֲ˶Уһ̧ͷַݵѵҾıȲѵĲϲ𣿡
㲻ϲҵĻΪʲôҪôʱңΪʲôҪôãΪʲôҪôİңҰ
ҡĿѾ޳˵ѪַֻԼĺ·ʲôסˣ˰֮Ҳֻ˵԰ֵԲ𡭡
ԲʲôãҪ㣬ءټǿˣԸʱҲޱȵĴͱǰѪеʹ࣬ģᡣ
ַĴԴΪ֪˵ʲôģԼĸŮԼˣȻֻǹѪĺˡ
ʱѪ·ͨʲôһ㣬̧ͷһǿɫҧַݵҲЩŮ˱һҪãһ㣬֪˭õġ
֡жʱһĨŭҵŮ־˵顣
סƽʱѪܱԼҸôһ𣬶ʱʵԼҸǰȴһǿĿ֪Уҵȷں֣ûУϾҪ뿪ˣĻᡣ
ںڣһü뿪֮ٺȥ׷ĻҾͽԵľͽһİ磬ԼһããȻ˺Ҫôҵϲ

Ļַݵȫû뵽ƽʱһֱޱûʲôѪ˿̾Ȼܹ˵ôоϵĻɼԼĸ飬ûκεα
ѪղתͷߵĻַݿҲھһ£뵽Ҳֻ΢΢һ̾ѣǵһλ֪ԼѾܾȥˡ
ҲǾˣɫ̲סЩ԰ףȫ󲻵ԼŮȻǿӲķԼĻν⻰е˼ȴò
ȷѪ˵ںڵȷüֻҪַͻлᣬô뿪ĻҵǾͼˣһʱ䣬ежʱһĨ󣬲֪ϡ
һ±˳УַҲ˼Ѫе˼˰֮˲˾ϣǾǾԼź
һ̧ͷַһƽĿѪѪ׼ҪôʵҺܻģҲôãߵĻ϶ί
Ҳ¡һĨǿɫѪĵַݵڻȷȷҪ㣬Һ˵ĻԼǡ
ðɡַεĵ˵ͷһĿѪԸһλᣬ뿪ҵŮ˵Ļǲܵһ顣
ΪҾƫƫš̲סԼС죬ѪޱȵţͲˣԼвһȺӹ֬׷ۡ
ַֻ֪ݵŮôܶӹ֬׷ۣ˵ȷúŮַݵĸ龭̫ˣԶοࡣ
˶һԹŮģежʱһĨرַݣǷַַ̫࣬ǿҪѪС檵ĻӦ˰֮󣬶ʱһŭҲˣԼɡ



443 Կ׵;
ޱյȶһߣתұصĴȥ׼һǳҪ顣
˿̣ߵʬ׶Ѿɾ֮УŨѪζȴûôɢ
˿֮ߵǴԭǽӵʯ̨ǰӻͳİԿס
ַ̲סǰһΪ˿ѾŲµİԿ׵ã׼׼ǻÿнĶ
תͷһ죬һίԼѪַ̲סͷѪҸ
ߣ󻵵ѪһĨίɫͷתһԣҪַݣȴʱ͵ַһ£֪ʲô
Ѫַһ׵ģʵûҪôίԼģº˶ȥˣҿǸĹ󻵵
ַݵЩνǾθѪܹ뿪ԼĻַһΪеˡ
ַݲϲǷǳϲѪ˿һЩûҪԼί
ߣǰɣҲŲૣҪĸŮ֪ѶˡѪͷһǿģַݿȴôĿɰ
˶춷ĿʱѾİԿײ˸̨ϵĸС֮УһһŤһ¡
¡¡ֻһ춯˳Ǵʯͷĸ̨Ȼٴӿ
ַݵע֮£ʯͷ̨ӿŵʱͻȻײ¶һնĵطն֮УȻһɽ˿ľľ䡣
⡭ľ䣬ַݵжʱһĨ⶯ɫΪĲ²Ѿ˾ŲʮˣİԿףȻȡǱؼĹؼƷ
ַеһĨԼɻѪ̲ס૵µûİԿףȷѰؼĹؼƷȱһɡ
ԭİԿףǰɼǿҳϱŵģұΧʱǶսԿҲ硣
ԭˡжʱһĨҵɫַһϷʵĵҸؼԵֻȴûῴһˣ仰˵ؼҾû𣿡
ԭеģĴ̫ͻȻҵЩϸתƣΪ˲ؼǵУԾһѻˡѪһĻش
һַݺѪĶѯʵĺ뿴Ǳؼľ绹̫Զ˰ɣҪøԶŶ
Ҳû̫ԶַһĨЦ⣬һֱѹƵϢ˲ӷ˳΢ЦûѾͻƵ𣿡
ôܡѪɴ˫ۣһŵģַݣΪʹַݵģòƲŸյʮꡣ
Ļ֣ݴ½Ҳеˣοڵ

ϢҲǰ̲סһĿЩȵĵֹӣʲôʱͻƵģֱ
֪ڽ붴ѨʱԿ϶ַֻа۷Ϊôʱ䣬ȻϢͻˣܲеȣ
ٺ٣ֻǽҶѣղżǶľżİ˸߽֣һЩ⣬ȻȻľͻˡַЩǫѷͷеǰǵ͵һĺá
ң̲ס鴤һ£ң뵱ͻƻʱǻǲҲ̶á
ڰ۷忨һ޶ڽʱżǱͻơ
ַݻе˼ͻƵʱͷ·ǳԷˮһļһܲеƽ⣿
ݰҲַܶݶʼʲôģֻλһЦˣͻƾǺ£㻹ý佾꣬ս뵤ǲһӢҼ־ߣķ䣬įįֻн֮ĵˣߵߵһ硣
Ľ̵жʱһĨصɫʵЩַݻôһ˿ĽоЩΪǡ
Ͼʱ̣ܶһһ͵˻һУԳƵǿĴڡ
еĻҲǸ˸ѣһǾǵ֮£ϣֻǸͻƵ˻ѣûʲôʸ񽾰
ҸղҲѾĳ˵ĿеõһҪϢǾǵ֮һӸľ磬ǾǻӤ
Ǹʵ̫Զ붺Խ̤ʵصļǰַȷ
ַһ̻ܽģ̲סĵ˵ͷµľҹԴһ̻壬ĻǴҲԲá
ַݳ˼ʱҲ˳ֽԵľȡ˳ͳǱؼַݡ
ӽַ֮ݶʱһ˳ֽӹһ֮ͫ׶̲סһЩӵĿеǡ



444 
ЩεҡҡͷһϷʵĿַݵΪҲ֪СⱾؼˣȻ뿴ĻǾȥɡ
ѵͲҽؼȥһĨ𾪵ɫַݿ֪ⱾؼҵҪԣȥĻҿɾͿˡ
ǺǡνЦЦһĿַݵ洫ȥĻǾ͵пˣһһе顣
˰ԵӹɵĻ˲㽫ǵ͸ԭǻһеģȻô˵ˣʵĻǾǲˡ
ץԭӯؼַݺȻģ·ؼѾֹؼжԼΡ
˿ֱַеȻôңҲṼΣַڴ˷ģؼҾᴫڶˣԺöӡ
˵ôԡжʱһĨϷʣַһɻУͻȻЦָԺĶӣҵѪˣ
һϲĻѪɫһƬͨ죬̲סߺдͷֻͷʱҲ̲ס˿ַݵı顣
ַֻҲһΣ˰֮Щŵȿȣ˵ɣͬ⣬Ҿ;⴫˰ɣ
ǿסԼеЦ⣬̲ס˻ֵˣҲīˣϽһҪһطŹӦ˵ġ
ŶŶϾͿַݻȻ˲ⱾؼһһĿʼ
οĿַһۺŷԵǣùڿԼ
˿Щзë̲סЩŭҸϽʰɾϳȥ񶼻һȥˡ
ŶһĻش̲סɫһϣȴ޿κΣ˭ղ˵ôĲף
һߣַ̲סüͷΪ֣ؼտʼܿһ㣬ȴԽԽ⣬ֱȫ
ϸ˼Ƭֱ̣оԴҪը֮ѡ˷Ҳ˲˹ԼЩţǼˡ
ⱾؼΪ׼ģԼֻǸ뻯߶ѣǺһ顣
ַ֮ͨݶʱ΢΢һЦӲģʽʼһĿʮеļ
һֱøҩˮ£ַݵĴԼõĿĿֱ죬ֻһС¶ѡ

ֻǼӲַݱ㽫ҳϣߵԽؼݸллѾȫˡ
ȷжʱһĨȵɫȻⱾؼûж֣Ҳͺǧֶѡ
˵һҪȳ˴ϻһ㣬Ҫ뽫Щһֲ£ǻ治һ׵飬ļ£ҲҪϼС
ٺ١ַЩ˼ЦЦͷСӲţиĿСֶΣԲô콫ؼеݸȫ¡
ԭˡ̲סһĨȵɫ̲סַݵļҲʱˣȻңҸСæҳˡ
Сһ׮ַ΢΢һЦС£ôܾܾܽؼԼѾǳһĶ飬ܾĻǲ׵İ
ǾͺãǾͺáһĨοɫнؼٴηľУǸʯڣŤԿס
ʱʯʼ³ؼٴβؽ˵£ĶޱȣַݸеͬʱҲеһ˿¡
ԭַԴұصģôˣҲȷܹ˳Ĵ
ֻ󲻵ǽеؼǼٵģؼȴʯ֮£ʱͻƵ۷ҪͻƵʱ򣬿»øżľһ߻ħ
ûѡ룬ͬдһͬǰ̽ٶ˵ԼԼӦһкñǣ
˵ұصսѾԲĽˣҲʰúѡ˹̡
ЩƱȻǲôߣϾҲȱǮԴװ󣬱ʱķ򷵻ء
Ƚʱԣεнٶǿ࣬Ϊҵı֮УһصܿأֻҪťǾһ·ͨޱȣõκεĻء
ȻǣޱȵΣַĻҲᷢ⴦ġ
ʱǻСʱʱ䣬ҲСʱʱ䣬ʱ඼ǻռӢ۵ʬ֮С
ÿѼһʬ壬˵鶼̲סһ£ռһ֮в̾ǶӢۣһٿһεᡣ



445 ɨβ
Ȼж˵ǴȫʤҵȴôҲ˲ΪЩȥߣǵоͻ̲סЩ̾
̹ȻĻο϶ٵ鷳ʧܣΧ
һ߳˱֮ԭſڵЩǶѾ壬ֻʣҵǣһȵĿУȴ
вûжԣޱģҸԱǵʬŵ˵ϣ󻺻ǵΰģΪҵʤԼҳŵҴӦǵ飬һĻǵȴǵģͽҡ
仰˵ޱȵĹ϶ֿ϶ϾĻܷڣΪһ峤ҪһԼȳ׷ȻԻò˺ġ
ЩԭȵǣһĻҲһĨ˵ɫȸʱϾȻǻյʤҲ˾޴Ĵۡ
վڵһԱǰһϹԷĸųɶӣȥӢһϹ
˵ַݲҵˣЩҲȷֵ𾴣Ҳվ˶ڵ󷽣ЩӢǱߵľ⡣
ַݶһӢ۾Ϲ֮ежʱһĨοɫʱ׵һԣһԺģң˹⸴ĴΣĴĸ߲Ѿȫ̷ص۾ѹĴˣ¶ˡ
꣬峤ꡭѹĵĵڷ£ҵǶʱĴ
Ϊ֪ڻָյٹ⣬ٴγΪƬ½ףĴĸ߲߼ȫʣµļһЩ߹ߵĺΧ֮£һҲܲ
ȵף֮˶ʱԱǵʬպãһЩ߽Ƿŵ֮ϣص۾
ҵͣ񶼸ȥΪǻҪһǳҪҲ鷳飬Ǿβ
һ·ϣжüͷ˼ţΪ֪δǡ
˵彫Ҳɱ˸ҲȫôɱȮ
ãã࣬ҪɱĻǾԻһѪҲضᱻԲбʵͷ
ʧôŹĻǾԾǷŻɽԺįĻָֻͻȻܳҸ
һʱ䣬л治֪ξֻҽĿԵַݵֹӣ˵ǣӦôԴǣ

ַݵһĨɻû뵽оȻԼ⣬һô鷳һ⡣
΢΢ԥһºַ̧ͷһĨѯ֪һʲô뷨Զ˵˵𣿡
áе˵ͷԼмɵļطȫ˵˳ҲһĨãȻ
ַ֮ݵǶʱһĨЦݣΪѾ뵽ӦԵķҲ⡣
֯һַ֮ݻհǰ˺󣬵ȷȷģ̫ȷȷǾС
ŶôУһĨɫл治֪Уַ˵Щ̫뻯ˡ
ܼ򵥡һĨţַ૵Ȼ±ĺǱǾҪӸԴϽǳɳͷնϡ
кУַݼߵĻʲô츳ŬʵǣҪʵǹ
ΪʲôܹǾΪǵȻ屻𣬵ǹϢĻҲٴεĳɳǽĹȫЩϵ߸ùͨҪɳĻͼˣһüĻҲǧˡ
⡭жʱһ⣬жʱͷĬϸ˼ַݻе˼̲ס˵ͷ˵Ĳ
ǺǡַݵһЦʵûʲôܹļ壬һ峤ܲһ´Уܹסңܱ֤Ժļ῿ָҾΪһĲбǸƷ
ҵ˼ܼ򵥣ǾǾܣľˣж︣ܲô࣬ҲûʱܡַҡҡͷȰο
ǰҲ˲ַ˵ûҲͰ꣬Ժ͹ܲˣֻҪܺھѾ㹻ˡ
Ϊ˭Ҳҿ϶ԼԺһ᲻ҲƵãҶҲʱҲĴ壬Ǹͺá



446 Բ
ͨһжʱ˵ͷһ΢ЦĿַݵʣµЩиô
ַ΢΢һЦ⣬˵˰ɣʱǰ߻ϵĻҾ޽һط꣬µģֱӷ뿪һ˶ѣҲκεв
ЩԼŮҲͬɣϵÿʹֶΣǸε˨סͬڰµģǿԸһǮ뿪ͺá
СĻǾûҪˣĸڰµķ뿪Уһ£ҲԷ뿪ĸǰ֣Ʊػɹ¶ʱ͵취ˣԼգ͸˼ңǾͿǾˡ
ַݵĻежʱһĨصɫΪ·ǳ鷳Ҳǳķʱǳֺõ顣
ַȻеĹ˼ɣ΢Ц֪еΪѣҲΪҺãϸ룬˵Ļ˻ôңһм嶼ʴȵļ壬ܲܵǵӵ
Ҹ˵ô˵ĻҼʲôµĻ˶ǰΪ֪ǵĺãǲбʱ侮ʯַ΢Цŵ
лԥʱѪ̲ס廰Ҿֹ˵ĲȻ鷳ȴܸһӡ󣬶Ժŷǳĺô
ԵЩҲ̲ס˵ͷʵûϲɱԺƽֶν鷳£ҲǷǳԲˡ
ʵҲͬ飬ΪʲôþòԸӦǾΪ˿ЩǵķӦǶ̲סͷ̲֮סһϲ
̧ͷежʱһĨ϶ǾͰֹ˵ɣҲֲбļ壬Թ²Ӧġ
ӢжһĨοдʴȵļǻʲôõǵģǻظ֮ǰǶܹޱȵġ
˰֣ôҰ֮вһ̾ĿַݵֹӹȻҵĸΪҳıߵĻҿ϶ǧǡ
̧ˣСҲֻǸ˶ѣôƵǧԺ󣿡ַ΢΢һЦһǫѷĵ
ǺǡһĨ⣬ַ׵ɲһȻ㲻ôãǿ㶫˾ʾͱ˵ҹ桭

⡭ַݴסˣһŵģеǿЦɣҵļҹ棬һ˲룿
кβɣһԴǵʵˣ˶ҵˣָҹʱңЩ᲻Ա߳ıߵĻǲܲǵĲ֮
ʵҵһַݲҹƶ֮ʱҲЩ̫ͬ⣬Ͼҹҹ棬ֻԼƶĹ涨ܳƵǼҹ治ǣ
д˷֮ǵжʱһ⣬Ϊ˵ķǳеǶҵˣǱȻеطϸ񣬻ҵĺпӿ꣬ȫԡ
ǧĴǰҲֻǵ˵ͷͬе⣬Ͼ˭Ҳ뼸ұֱǰɣ
ַ΢΢ԥһ֮Ҳǵ˵ͷϾܰﵽҵĻҲǳ⣬ĶҲ͸һЩһеһЩҹԽҲ㡣
ǺðɣСеĵط˵Ĳãʱɱҡַݺǫͷ
̲סЦİɣֻᷴѣʱɾҪĹ۵ܹܲվȽŸˡ
һʧַ΢΢һЦԽԻҶ˵ĸ͸Ҳྭļҹѵиеʧ
һ·ıлص񶼣˿񶼵ĸŶѾȫرжһĨֵ̿ɫ
ΪѾµһЩ̫õĳʱΧΨһĿܾǣȥѰұصǣѾȫˡ
ʵҲ֤ǵĲ²⣬лص񶼺󣬶ʱָǶһϴϵȫɱʾҵɱϣڰµߣȫߣҲܵƴû̵ֲĴɱ
˾Ȼܵǵ֧֣һعǸܵҪĸľģ񶼵Ǳѹ̫̫ãһһַĸо
Щ˵Ѿȼ˱ڣףʱһ£ҲڻӭǵĹ



447 սȥ
ò˵ɨβȷǼǳ鷳飬æµ죬⻹ûȫǰðȫ
鷳鷳еָ£ҵǻǷǳģֻҪһ죬ܽЩ鷳ȫ
ʱ䣬ַݶסңԼҵҵļҹƶڳıߡ
ʵַݿеļҹǳˣַҲûҳʲô©ֻһʱ䣬ַݾͽЩ©룬ǳ
ĿܷŹٴַݿʼ˼ҹƶεַҲֻƶŹÿ˵һ䣬ЩǶᷴһַݵĽ֮£ŵͷͬ
ÿһζַĸеЩͷۣӼҲȫһЩ©ĵط
ڣ˵һַ֮վ˵ҶѾ˵ˣʵҹھڶ࣬ôѾȫˡ
ˣһĨδɫַ˵һЩҹ棬ǳտʼţʵ̫ϸˣϸһ󣬱ָоַ˵ĶȷģȷӦô
ǵģѾ벻ʲôˡַʼ磬һεĵ˵ȥĻоԼҪ衣
Ǻðɣֹ׼ҪǸ𣿡е˵ͷҲһĨڵĲᡣ
ȻַദȽ϶ݣлʵʵĸַܵǸ˲ţҲΪĹס
еĴУԼŮַ˨ԼңĻҿ϶ϣԼҲࡣ
ԸΥַݾȻѾĸŮˣȫĽ࣬ȴ޿κΣ˭ԼŮૣ
Ǹû뵽ǣԼǸһ߰ŮȻճַݣ˵ҪȥǸ磬ŮŮ˱Ƚһ뷨
ϸĿǹ飬ǷԵģǺȴ뵽ȻѾȥǸİ취ԼŮҪȥ͵̽·ˡ
ܳɹַݴȻǽԴϲܵĻҲνҲΪԼŮһĿγ̣ܹһ㣬Ҳˡ
Ǹ磿ĸַ֣ݵжʱһĨ̾ɫݴ½Уȫ⵽Ҷĸֵ塣
ݴ½ȷַܲݵĸȴڵȻȾأҲǹĶǣ
аԼĸĸԼˣԼһֵͬԼʦѣַôܸǡ
һַݵжʱһеɫֱеˣؼҡ
ҲһĨַ̾еļᶨޱȵĶݣ֪ԼסַˣȥĻǺܿܳΪˡ
ԻվһĨᶨȥ׼һ°ɣ׼úҾؼҡ

磬ַȻûʲôҪʰȴһЩ᲻µˣͱ˵ǰλһῴķС
Ҷ֣Ҫ𡭡ֱַݣСʵѾַ֪ˣȴɽַҶ֣ΪУַһֱǸŵԼżù⹴Ҷ
ǰַݸ̾ĵ˵ͷķСļҲôˣָʲôʱֻصૡ
ҵ㡱һ⣬ʵСҲַݵǸ翴ղͬСѾ˹ûй˼ɵĸַһͬ뿪
ȻǷСǰʶǸСˣСѽʱͬգΪҵΧϣеȨҲǴľˣһ۾ͨŮӣǾǶԷˡ
С۵ĸף֪СȻҡһΪ˴ôܻӶԼŮСͺá
СҲǷǳɣҵҲȷСҵĴ˺ȻľͺͺС
һѽС§˻УַҲǲĵֵܣˣҲǸ𣬲ô˸еġ
Ů𣿡е˸ѾɢĲˣСҲǻָԼʵԸ˫۷ŹĿַѯʵ
ȻҸ˵ǸŮ˿ǱҪſˣڴϣʲôȹʲô¶װǶǲټ㿴ַۡҲ˳Ļʼ˵Ŀǰ״
˻ַݽܾưֵطĺô֮󣬷Сʱ̲סһҲһĨȵҶ֣˵ЩĿһҹ飿
ʲôһҹ飿ʱһö˵ɫһϣҲԼȥˡ



448 ȥ·
ٲᣬַɻҪȥʱţҪؼҵĸоҲѾԽԽˡ
ݴ½˽һ½£ַжԼŮѵ˼ѾѻɽѹЩ
һڵˣѪ֮˱һͬŴķȥ׼ΪС
ַѪ֮ĹϵԵЩ죬Ʋ£ֳƲİˣǴյһѣҲǰĬĸоˡ
ַҲǷǳ⣬һ˳ȻõģѪôôӾˡ
׼𣿡ʱҲ׼ãһֲ̾Ŀ˵
׼ˣ鷳ˡַ΢΢һЦе˵ͷֻȴ·Լʲôһ㡣
Իɫ̲סЩеôѵʲôˣҪҪȥң
ַҡҡͷԻǶˣҺʲôǳҪĶ
úɣҲżҪ֪ͨҪһʱૣҪٻĻǾֻеˡνʼ磬һżģ
磿磿ˣˡôһַжʱһ⣬ΪѾԼʲôˡ
ôѪҲһĨǣϲַݣھȻЩ̫̲סЩɻѯʵ
ַһĨأѪѪ㻹ǵҸʶʱʹЩûҵ硣
ǵðôʱ㻹ĪĻѪжʱһĨԻ˲䷴Ӧ˼ǣͨһߣʲô
ûַݵ˵ͷҵ峤˵λﵽ˻۷ͨͨ磬Ѷ
ʹ˵йأ缸ǰһֻŻ۷ʵߣôѾɾˡ
ǲǺΣգжʱһĨµɫĻ˵ʵ»⡣
⡭ҲһĨصɫĻͲôȥˡ
Կ˰֮жʱһĨϵɣһ峤ĵһȥ˳㽫ǸΣոų
ˡַһĨϷʵһߵĻҿܻ£ֻͷԼֻܽҪСĵ㣬;ԲκεΣա
Ŷ˼ǣ׿ףжʱһ⣬ַݵ׿ǼʶģֻҪСһĻǵҲûκεİ취
һͷͲܷУǳӴ󣬺Ѷ㿪ַݵļǹᱻĸ뵽бǷ

µĲǵǿ󣬶ǵ˵δ֪ȻѾ֪ΣգַݱӦԵķں޷Ըƿ
ҵͨڴû񶼳УַѪʰ󣬱еͨڵĵطȥ
ߣһƬ಻ɽɽҰҲǷǳĶ࣬һֻͣҲţǻҲţһ·ߵķǳƽȣûñ˴еĿĵء
һ·ǰе·;ַݶǼУϾ˭Ҳ׼ԼԺ󻹻ص磬Ҫɡ
˴һƬɽȣƬɽжƮɢһɵû˴·Ļַݵ˾Ի·
һţҲڶַݽ⴦ɽһֵѾ޴ӿǺǣǳŨһͨ磬һֱҵĲ֮ء
һַݺҲ̲ס΢΢һЦҲˣҾͰͨķɡ
Ǿ鷳ˡַݱȭл̲סһŨޱȵתֻ̹ޱȡ
һȻԹûضķĻͻʧУ֪ߵڴڽ֮ǰвַѵ
ŶһַжʱһĨȵɫȻԹҲ˵ڵطţͱݴ½ŵܣÿ궼֪Ҫʧ¿ѣõĻܱӪȳõģˡ
вûжʲôǽ⣬һһߵһҪס˲һ
ʵⲢûʲôɣֻӲַݵǿûã㽫н·߸˸һ
Ϊ˷ֹǴҲǶѯ˺ü飬ȷ̲֮ס˵ͷסͺãǧˣȻ鷳
İɣҵļǳǿġַ΢Цŵ˵ͷҲ˵󻰣ˡ
ĵ˵ͷжʱߵһ·̣ʱǰİȻɢˣǰӳģȻһޱϵĴţϣҲǿޱȵ
ʣžģͼѾ˵һУַݵҲһĨȣΪ֪ԼϾҪصԼˣԼ˼ĺŮԼǡ



449 ſ
ַ֮ݲһ޴ʯţֻȫ޽ɽ֮䣬ĿĿ赲ͨ
ˡ̲סһַ֮תͷԵеҪôܴ򿪣
΢΢һЦָָһԵһСطǱˣֻҪѻƳžͻ򿪵ġ
߰ɣ²˳١һ⣬ַݻеǻشķȥ
ӳһ̰ͬĶϵĴһС͵İۣɢҵĴ಻֪òϿƶɵ֡
ַݳ˿תͷԵеû´Ļ봦İۣӦþǵѪĵطɣЩ壬Ҫϳľʫ
ûֻϣʫǵû˵ĻҾûʲô취ˣҪ֪ͨһ꿪һΣʫƴ˵ĻǾͱٵһˡһĨɫʵַݽʫʸƴֿһˡ
ôϸ񰡡Ѫ̲סС࣬ҲһĨţʵַݵǸҲãٵһĻͦѰġ
ӦòɡַݵҲһĨɵǴ˵Ļٵһ꣬ǾԽܵĴۡ
һĨصɫַݻߵ˰ǰ²˳٣ǿʼɡ
ãʫʡипĵ˵ͷҲַ֪ȥȥҲûκεã˳赲ĺࡣ
šַݵ˵ͷһص˵һ֣ŵ˵һ֮ϣÿһķǳСģ»һ˿һĲ
ǳһƱ㻯䣬ƼʻǳˮΡľʫʣǱַݸļԺһҲǡ
ڣСĴ֮£ľʫɣַҲ̲סһȴеж
ʱİ̾ȻɢɫĹâԵޱȵá
ַ̲סɴ˫ۣһе⡭⾿ô£Ϊʲô
ȻȻежʱһĨϲɫΪǰһĻȫӦ˵Ӽ鱾ϼصһС
֮ҲǻعһĶַݽ͵ҵļأ̣һλǳļģϺһʯôģҾͲ̫ˡ
ðɡַΪѵĵ˵ͷһڴĵǲǸõѪˣ
šе˵ͷӶͳһѷĵӣԼָݺݵһ¡

⡭ַжʱһĨ㵣ԭΪôϻѪҺɣȴǳϵģֻһ׺ۡ
һ㣬ַݱʾȫܹ⣬Ͼ־û壬Ƥǿͳ̶Ҳȳ˼ࡣ
Ҳ㶣ҧŵӼԭǸλøһ£ڳһ˿ڣʺѪҺҲǻ˳
иϽ˿ڴŲǸУһεУԼ̫죬ѪҺûͲѪˡ
֮б˻վһ¶ڴֽŵɫȴͨĿ
ϸ˵вûκεԽܲܳɣǾ͵ÿİˣѾȫˡ
˽ĵȴУǵʺѪҺʯյһɶʯ̶ʱɢһ˵ĹâŰģʯĺ
¡¡ʯź൹ˣ¶ͨһĵ·ַ̲סǰһֻͨڰããһƬʲôҲ
ⲢҪҪַ֪뿪磬صԭǸУѰԼŮˡ
һַתͷһϹллİҰҪ뿪ˣڡ
˵ַ̲סĿѪһۣЩεѪһչ˺ģ㲻Ҫġ
ϣɡ΢΢̾һͷתһѪϣѪסһ㣬±̫ǿľģľԲġ
һԣͣѪĶУȴŲһ⣬Զҡҡͷף˶ʤɣ춼ʤοǸˡ
˵꣬Ѫתͷ˿Եַݣ¶һĨŵɫֻҪַݾһᱻԼ򶯡



450 ع
ѪǸŵģ̲ס¶һĨɬҲȰˣѪȥɣˣͻ
ס˻Ѫжʱ˿˿⣬ҪĻʮ񶼶û뿪κεⶼԼĸ׵š
Ҫ뿪ԼĸףһԶһ磬ԭûκεǵͻȻ¶һĨ־ɫδ֪Ŀ־塣
£ڡɫַ̲סһѽѪָסҲ¶˹ɫ
ַȫܹѪڵ飬һû뿪ĸߵŮˣͻȻҪһȥһ磬еֻŵĻǳӵһ˻ࡣ
Ҫַ֪ͻȻʱҲǿֻŲѣοѪˣǸԼģҲ
ϴů֮Ѫ̲סһַǷᶨɫ֮ҲһĨᣬеĿֻŶʱɢһ롣
߰ɡѪԵЩСַ֣ݶͶ˸ɫ֡
á̲ס򴽣ѪĿԼҸһۺתͷַǣֲδ֪ͨȥ
дĿһнţü̲ס˵ȵȣȴס
ȻѾ˷֣Ȼƽգ뵽ǿˣһ̩ȻĿ˽ͨʧԼǰ
Ҳˡ¶һĨ΢ЦֱתǰԶȥ׼صңȴĽƽæµļġ
˵ַߣѾͨУ㱻Щ͵İ׹ţ涼Էò
ֻ˫ֽһ𣬲δ֪ǰַݵȻǿϲɫô£ڻˡ
Ҫ֪ǿź˵ʱ򣬾֪ԼĻûˣû뵽Ȼ˵Ļһһ硣
µʱ䣬ַҲջ࣬ʶ˷Сôѣͻ˻ľ磬˵ǣ˳һŮص
һԵѪȴԵЩźͺ£ϾǰʲôѾ˽СʱǰǰããһƬ
йµ־֢˽ֳַܷӶȴű˴飬ȻЩţȴԵöôľ¡
Ѫŵʱַݶ̲סοȶ£໥οżǰţһСʱ֮ǰڳһ㲻һĶ̲סǾһ

ǰһƬͬ¥ӰӰϳʾһƬдɽ֣һԭ̬˼֡
ַ̲ס¶һ⣬ΪѾ֪ʲôطˣڻĹɫʵܡ
쵽ˣǼӿٶȰɡѪС֣ͻȻӿٶȣһ·СǰӰȥ
ǵıܣӰҲԽԽ˾ٴһҲ¶ϲɫΪ֪ޱѹֵ֮ͨãҪ
ڣӰ𽥿ʼʧ˵ǰͨǰҲ¶һ̫⣬ԼǶ˵
ٴμӿ˽ŲַѪڳͨڴǴдɽ֣ŵޱϤĿַ̲֮סһ󺰵ڻˡ
һ΢ЦģԵַݣѪһĨŵɫİ磬ҲҪַݽӴĸŮѣжʱһĨŵɫ
ַݵһƬϰδ̤ľͻȻ޷׷ɣһţߵ˻Զ˳ܵӵǸѸˡ
ǡޱȹ죬Ǵ͸ȴǿ˻ַ֮ݵжʱһĨɵɫµûĻⶫ϶Ҽ¼ֻѾͻ˵Ĵˡ
ʵҲ֤Ĳ²⣬˻ַ֮ݺȻǰͻȻ˾޴Ķľ۶ϣ·ʲôӴｫǸײϵһ㡣
ΣաһĻ֮ΣյѶŶʱַݵԺһʱȷѡǾǽ׸ϡ
ѪҲһĨֵɫǰǻòȻڻ̲ס¶һĨС
ҡʱַѾǻ˸ףɫصĶԵѪ
šȻͿַݵװ磬ٴο֮ҲѪһĨ޵ɫ
̲ס࿴һۺѪʱ§˸׵ַݵĲٿ֮£˻˿УĶȻ



451 ս
˻һǼҪ˶ĤǸȻҲǴƬ֣һƬƽȵƽ֮ϡ
ַݸ׵Ӿ֮£ʵòҲǳǰһ۵ʱַݵͫ׾̲סһ鲻Խĵһ
ַҲûпߣǰһֱֻ·ִͰҪֵߣȴȫûп붼û
ٴһ㾵ͷַݺȻ֣һֻغɫĴߣֱ½ӽһңڳȣʮҡ
ⶫŵĻǾģɱȻĻ޷κЧɱԡ
ʲôɻ̹ˣֻҪǴ׳βͳһ£˲͵ñȥǱһ̯
ַݵĹ۲Уһ·ֱײǰһ嶼ǲܲˣȥĴֱһβͳƬβȴ˿𣬶ʲôٽصʯͷ˿ܵһβ͸ɣַ˸ղŷĵط
ˡһĻַ̲֮סһʣҲ˳˹Ϊʲô۷߻ΪǵһҲֻ뷨
УǾԲܵģߵַݲ֪ж󣬵ǰһ㣬׵ľͿɽʯһϰС
Ҫ֪ɱпɲֱսǽסļ⣬ļѹ
ַݸҿ϶ӲĸסĻҲԻᱻߵıΣֱӶѣɼ飬ˣο˵ˡ
һַ̣ЩȻķһ֮Ǿߵͷ֮ϣȻһ͹ĵطеʱʲôССʯ飬Ǹ͹ĵطһͷײȥǰϰʱ顣
ѵо֣̲סһǸ͹ַ֮ݾ뵽˻ĻУϸ
˵ɵģһľ֮ͷϾͻһ͹ĵط͹ĵط߻󳤽ǵĵط
ȫ֮߾Ͳ֮ܳΪˣǳ֮ΪԣַǰߺȻޱȷһ㣬һʱĻ˵
νк֮£Ѿľ²˵ĻַݿܻҪԸɴĿǰʮֵı꣬żǿĹԣַҲòһˡ
³еһַжʱһĨɫɱˣΪҪԼΪΪ汲ַݶýԾ󻼡

ʱѾޱȵĽӽˣ״̬µѪҲǿʵģжʱ¶˾ޱȵɫ
³⼸Ů˵ԣȻѪҲΪͼڣǿôһ֮󣬿Ҳ̲ס
ַȻǲ΢΢Щ̲סο£˺ǵģڿڿа
šַ仰Ѫֹͣ˲ֻڿʱҲ̲ס˸
ǽģַһۣҪúµĻǾͿң۾ϰɡ
ҪҪһԡһĨǿɫѪʱֱŬĿ˷ԼеĿ־塣
ַΣҲֻˣϾ˿ֲܹ˷ĻԺʱҲηˡ
ʵѪԸַһֱЩ²͸еʱֵޱȵļǿͱ˵ڣԽ˸εĳ棬ҲѾǻӦ˹
еʱȴǱֵʮͱͨǳͨʱַĻĻķ
ô˵ᶼԼ׼ŮˣһԼİ磬ַݶö为𣬽չ˺á
˻Ǵ͸ǿ˻ٴַ̲סüѪסԼ˫֮Ŵ§ס˸׵
¡¡Ǿ޴ĶѾԽԽҲǽĿȫȻľ
ԶȥַҲЩضѣɽۿʱȴǸеһɾ޴ѹ·Լվǰһֻڿͨһ㡣
˻̲סһûи׵Ļַ͵ͷˣȴޱĵԿһĨɱ̧֮˼ⷢ
һ̣ҲǸ֮ܵдȻɱ֮ͣ󣬽ͷ̧˫űĹӣĶˣսһ



452 㱻
²Զľַ̲סǺһϣΪʵ̫ѹȸˣ˵ǹǿλܰ˸˲ѹ
ַݸܵĵ˿̾ϴޱΣյ·ֻҪκε⶯Ļͻ˲
ˡַ̲סһʣΪͻȻԼ׵ĸ߶ȣ·ȫܸԼһ˿İȫС
һ޾ô۵С۵ĶַͲסˣеļǹ۶һɫļ⣬ʱžߴ紦ȥ
νߴߴ磬ַȫţûȫΪľҪ֮϶
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬Σӿʱ򣬾ʱһǰߴ紦
ֻߴ磬ȴûжʣµֻ˲㴩͸˾һСС
˻ʹͬʱһޱ˻жʱһĨɺɫȻǶŭˡ
һǼǻе࣬ǷУǰ˵ȴֻ·౻ӶҧһڶѣأǼԡ
ֻͣӸ̳һȦеַˣ³ԼǾ޴ӡ
Σաڳַ֮ݵ඼ͻȻҵ붼ûģٿŸףʼȫϷ
Ҳ˲䶯ˣԭ̾ڵصȴͻȻǱѹĵһɿе˼
áܵޱѸ͵ٶȣԼǾҵľַ̲֮סɫһ䡣
ҲѾȫû˰취ֻŸ׵İٶȹãܹһ
ƴİٶȾѾﵽ˻ļ𣬿ǾİٶȴԵø
ַݵĹ۲£ѸٵԼ˷ſһѪڣ뽫˶Ǹһ¡
ַ֪汻׷ϵĻԼ˻׶༪٣˿лЩڣԼΪʲôôдûвµȻͻȻóһС
ںҲѾûˣֻ˫ѪĲٿŸףװãԼװøߡ
ɾѾãҲν˱ɱ֮ģóֻҪвٵľͽǱһµĽ
˵ͦȴֻһ˲ѣǾ;Ѿǽӽ˸ףҲŵ˾ǹɾ޴ζ
ѪжʱһĨɫȫû뵽ԼŸһ磬ͽҪоЩ
ַȻǲ뿴һĻķԿŸƴİҲһĨѪ졣
һѪڻĿʼպϣַݷ·Ѿܹŵǿеȳζ̲סЩŻ
ʱ򣬴ߵĵȴͻȻʼµţַѾȫı̽˿С
ۿϿյĹѾԽԽСַݵҲһĨ૵ҵҪӲӲ
ڣľ޿ѾȫպϣַҲȫķˣȫϿаţײ˾ܲŵ֮ϡ
顭ֻһַѪǿǾΥ⣬µľȴǾԽԽԶ
ôһξնִ̼ĳ棬Ѫһȫ˸Ұܰףûιȥ
ַȫܹµѪڵ飬㱻̵ǼѪҺʼߵĻٺãҲιȥ
˻һޱҶַŭ˻ղַݵһײȫڸײƬ
һһǺüݣ־ҵʹȻڵϷԵľԼʯͷ룬ȫŭĸ˺Ƭ
ַݴ˿ȴȫעһǸֹеѪѪû°ɣҲã̫ˡ
ַݹеĻѣѪŻعַݵⲻ㣬ϾҲ֪һǰɣ
Ѫ½⣬ַȴһĨϧĸһӺô˵Ҳ㷸һĴҷģԲỹԺ󡣡
ɵϡѪһĨ۵ɫȻַݵ黰Ƿǳã̲סͷĻУ૵㡣
лл⡱ַҲһĨɫתͷ·һǵľݺݵĵڡ
ղǾյһĻַڶ£ӳһĻ˵вַͣܲޡ



453 
ȻѾҪɱַȻ飬Լ̧˼ǹͷ㼤ȥ
ֻǸĻǸôԶľ룬϶ܹɵĶȥӴƱж̫죬ַļǹͶ㲻ȥٴһɫС
˵ϲ䣬⣬ַݵļǹǴȡĹߣ˵ȫǸɱеĵطͬڻտһ㡣
˻ʹĸоþ񣬿ַݾż׵ĸ߶ȣƾĵָܵ߶ȡ
Ҳûа취ĴԲ󣬵ȴҲһЩԣϸĲ̽һº󣬶ʱһ⡣
žһβ޽Եһʯ飬һ齦ʯͷβͳеַݡ
ಡʯھǾ޴֮£˲ͬͻһ㣬ַ˼
ΣաԺٴһΣУַݸϽٿŸһһźХʯ
ٴθַһϲеĲмʱתΪأɲɵַ֪ԸеֱǸһĪľϲ
ַݿɲԸԿٴζžһǼ⣬Ҳʯѻ˫ʼ˶䡣
ȻַݵͽСԺױ˾ĹӴȻ˼ΣҲ˲ٵˣȥĻһǾ
Ҳ·һ㣬еַһ˻֮תʱ·ζΣ׼ȳˡ
ӣûšַȻǲ˾ͼʱٿŸ׸󣬲ʱʱķ˽
ҲǱİкʵĻʱҲѻֻ׼ͷʵ̫ˣֻǱİ򣬱ǹǲҽ
ʱǰһɽ֮ϣһԵЩ͵Ӷʱ޴Ķ̲סĿ˹
ڷζľ֮жʱһĨֵɫֱĻǾֻһ˵
ֻȻĶ֮ҲһĨɫ׷ž֮жʱһĨϲɫ
ûԭһֱڲħҲʹڲʱѾûκεΣ
ַݵʧ٣ҲھβѣŻȴ֮󣬴ǱǸλã׼һȥңǷַݵӰ
ֻڽ뵽ũ֮󣬻۷һ·ߵĶޱȵļüζ㶪ԼǿʵŴ
ҪӽǴͨʱȴû뵽⾪˵һĻҲʧ˾µַݣڿ§ŵǵӰ֮жʱһĨɫ

СӣѵĴǸˣһôŮòַݣСӵһǼǿĶŮԸֱǸ
˦˦ͷԺҵ˼˦֮ŶյǵӰĴ󺰵ַݣ𡭡
֣ں˵֣λöɽǷ
֮󣬸׶ʱռַѣַ׷ɱζ̲סһ㶡
ôˣһʶҵģһĨɻַ̲סЩɶͷԡ
Ӧַ֮ݶʱܣǰĻʱһתɽڶֵӳ䵽С
⡭ַݾˣǴϻһ㲼ϵĻԻΪԼ˴˵еũҰˡ
ֻͷ棬·ҲѾǱ˲ַϸı֮ŻȻȻ
ѵҵˣѪȻҲַݵľŻʳ⡣
ţǰɡݣַݻ治̫ȷ˵˰ɣû˵صң˵ǰɣѪԵϵھǲǣҲֻпԼˡ
ʲôǰɣǲ𡱣Ѫ΢΢𣬺ȻַݵشеǺ⡣
ֻ֪ˣȹȥɣٸַ͡ݿЦĽһ֮󣬶ʱڵɽȥ
ˡѪʱˣָָǰڷܵľһĨԼߺ޵ɫȻǵøղԼɥ߿ڵ顣
Ů˹ȻǸµַ̲ס˸Ҳ˵ȫû뵽ղŻµҪѪһռϷ֣ɱȻô
ô룬ַݿɲ˵ֻǰοżѾȥʰˡ
ǺðɡѪǿĵ˵ͷǺ޵ҪͲȥ



454 
ֻһСᣬַݶʱѪ䵽Ǵɽ֮ϣȷǸ֮ʱһȵǰַݵȻ㣬Ȼû
ַΪ˰ɱħδ֮мǱģھεÿ뵽ַݵʱ򣬶̲סһ̾
Ż¶˾ģǻҪҪʬû뵽ûߵǸ磬㿴ַݵӰҲһ׮Ըܲϲ
ҵȻû̲סӣַһĿ׼ݴ½ȥ𣿿Ѿȥˡ
ΪʲôһĨĪɫҪͻƵѾãַȴǸȥˡ
ΪͨһֻܿһΣǸղѾùˡַݿڣѪʱվ͵
ö̲סתͷһԵѪŮڿѪ֮ҲһĨ޵ɫ
СӹȻ˸жַĽһ̽Сӣλǣ
Ѫݴ½ҵļ֮Ůַʼ磬һϷʵĿڵ뿴ı顣
ʲôȻһѪ֮ӶǲûɳҪ֪ҿνǸңǸĲҡ
԰˵ĻҪѹһͷԾЩ죬һȭСá
µİݷãѪҲһĨȻ㲻ôģǷݵѣҲѣҵһףҲϰߡ
ŶŶ̲סͷҲǶѪһɺøУٴοַݵǸң𣿡
Ǳġַݰͷ͵ҿǸףλ൱ڹŴĻʵһ㣬˵òã
ΪʲôٶЩôûлӦðһĨ
ַѪ˶һ֮ŻĿڵ˵ɾͳˣ£˵ɡ
˵ţַݱһƽ̹ĵط£ԼľĽ˳ͬʱҵҲ˵˸һȻˣһЩù飬ַȻֲֻᣬͱ˵С۾ǼǼ顣

̲֮סһĨصɫȻַ˵ĺƽǴ仰еľĶǡ
лζ˺þ֮ŻĶַʳԼĿǰĵµ˼˵ǰǸĳĿУ
ַݺεʼ֮⣬벻ʲôɿԽ˵ʧ٣ղҲˣ䶢ϵĻܵ𣿡
ԺΣ̲ס˸ЦҡͷǷһ
ôΪַ΢΢һЦļʱĻָѾɣҵĻָѾθҺӡ
̲סһ̾ѾǷ˰ɣô
ûҪǻ˵ôԺʱ²ˣַϷһЦôбµ˵ܣҲᰲĲٲǣ
ܾܾ𣿡ٴηһĨЦվǰǾķ׼ô죿
Ȼˡַ̲סʼ磬ʵ̫ûˮ׼ˣ˻ĻԺҵ˲ǻꣿ
˵ͷһϷʵĿַݵǴһҿɴ򲻹ԻȥɣҰ㿴Ů˾С
˭Ůһ˻ѪɫʱһƬͨ죬ȻƤ̫ܲĵ٩
Ŷ𣬶Բ𡱣㶣װһǸģѪǸ
ʵͿˣѪһֱû뿪ַݣ˵ϲַݵĻǾǼٻ
㡭ѪһĨŭɫȻ̽ԼҲĵȻЩŭַڣҲ¶׹ⲻǣ
ȿȡѪЩĪɫַݸϽɿϸ׵ȵȣȥǸһ
˵ֱַ꣬ڿնȥ׼Զ⴦Ƿ֮˵ϾڵѪЩ¡
ԶԶַݣٿ˿ԼԵѪжʱһĨΣ˼һ飬ǾԼҵֶŮַݿνְðѪѹǴһ֡



455 
һַ̣ݾѾͨĶλϵͳˣҲǳļ򵥣ֻҪɵʾĵص㼴ɡ
ַȻǺԥѡ˸ֻ˼ӵʱ䣬ҵ˾Ĳص㣬һСĺС
ĵͦáһĨϷʣַݶʱ̧˼ǹ׼һǹ뽫
ɾǲΪںףǼǹвҲַˮеĻͷǧַԸַݡ
Ӵǣǹ˵ġ̲סӣַݷ˺öǹɾǲΪЩεΪں棬Ҿû취
Ƕڽֻˮ֮Уַûʲô취ǰֲˮСַеǰ취ʰ
ʲôߣȽϺһֶǾۻƣ鲻ߴǧİ꣬ۻƵʱҲʹֳԭ
ַݵһЦֱ֮ӽ뵽δ̵֮УҵһҳۻƵĵֱ̣ӶһֵۻƣҲѸٵĽĲֿ֮С
ٺ١ַ̲סϷһЦźеֻȻ㲻ԸҾ㲻ò
˵ֱַ꣬Ӵ˸˲ֿ⣬ЩۻȫСһᣬƬСۻưɫ
ڵˮۻƻûȫ͸ȥһ㻹ַΪԼ˼ۻˡ
ӹȥۻȫĻӷСУմճ˾֮󣬾ͻȻʼ˲ͬһ㣬ֱӴӵײܳС
䡭ھܳСһɲǣСǷһ㣬Ǿ޴ĶַݶЩĿɿڴ
˻зޱҵ˻һǰţһƴĴ뽫ԼϵۻƸ
ַţһºƬСΧҲκε֣ţҲٻص⴦СˣϾôۻƣ
ʹˮ飬ַȻ֮ԲٿŸףһ߿ǹһ׷ƱҪ
ַݵ׷֮£ҲֻƴӴܣֻֻС߻ãʲôͿȥôͣҲֻˡ
ûõģַеļǹһֱûмϣþ϶˿ڣǰɫѪҺҲմȾ˱أޱȡ
˻ԺɾûаˣַȻ飬Ǽ׷ɱƱҪе
ڣô˿ڶѪ£Ǻľеڵϲٶ

ַôܻϵҪ֪иԣǾǿ׶ѾˣܻйĿܣοֻѪû˶ѡ
һĨϷʵɫַݶʱ̧ǹ׼˾ߴ磬Ҳ֮׼䷢һ
ౡһǹ죬ʱžߴ֮ȥַϵǣȻٴζĶԼҪ
ܶ㼸ΡַݵһЦʱٴ׼˾ߴ磬´˹ʱҪȥ
˿̵ľѾûκεĵֿڶ˺üι֮ڱַݴ࣬ҲǷһ˻ûκεϢ
ַݾûǺܲգԶžҪ֮ٿ˼ǹûκεĶ˿
ҲûȥˡȻѾ˾ַȻܻͣԲٿŸף뿪ʱɽȥ
׷ɻʱĵѪʱվ˫۷ŹǾ𣿡
ˣĲַ΢Цŵ˵ͷҪ֮ôǹûĻǾԾǴСǿˡ
ڵȡ𣿡һĨ⣬Ѫʱ뵽ԼϿһء
ڵʲôַЩãĿѪ֪˵ڵǸʲôҲһ顣
̲ס˷˸ۣѪŽ͵ҵļأϵ࣬ڶγһڵ᳤һýһ
ŶַǰһЩѯʵڵǺöѵʲôЧ
ȻѪ˵ͷ˵ڵһľڣַµĻ˲ͻһ磬硣
˻ַ̲סһֻһ˵Ļ˵Ѫڡ
û۷ͻƵ𣿡ҲǰһͻƵѾܾˡ
ǸܣֻܿԼġѪҡҡͷһĵ
ŶǺðɡһĨϧɫҲ֪²ǿ󣬷һ֮ҲҪǸ˲ǣ



456 ڵ
ַ˵ǾڵνǸﰡղ֪Ȼ˵֪ôܻ
һĿ˵ˣȱ˵ˣǸϽȥڵóɣȻʲô˺ͶǾͲˡ
ôܡ͸ַһİۣѪ͵Цܵľ԰ˣĶҲ׽ӽˣǾ͸ˣλ۷߿ɶһô⣿
ٺ١ѪѵʵЩ˼ַ̲סͷ͵ҲΪԷһ𣿡
ˣ֪ҪǾ߰ɡһģַݣѪЩ٩
ţ߰ɡַȲ˵ѾǻڵΪˣ˭Ҳǣ
ԭַݱǿʻûôߣɵżľ棬ͻƵαӤ磬Ȼܹƾݵ֮бһƬȡ
ȻڵҲǷУȴǿŹߵƶԸУܹԼеĻǾһ顣
һ·ϣַݼСܵٶȣǺѪϵĻܵʬǰȡڵˡ
ߵĲȻͨ˿ǿֻ࣬ǰСʱ˱ѾԼԼĿֻʬ塣
˿̣ʬûκεĶԼ࣬ʱģַݲ˿
ȱ𶯣ҹȥ˵ǽ䱸Ķ˾һַһǰȥ׼Ƿ
ԥĴ˸ףַݶʱð˲٣Ͼſױ˵ĻҲֶͨƸ
СžʬȥȻ˿ѾûκεĶǾĶλҲַ̲סЩ塣
ַݸ˵ܳӣѾżˣɱʵڿϧֲòɱ
ߵ˾ͷַݲŸ׶׼ԴݺݵһţȴǺ޶Ѿǲˡ
ǷһĨ΢Цַݶ˵ɣȷѾˣѪңڵʲôط
ӦͷɡѪҲǺȷֻǿĽԼĲ²˵˳
ƤҲǺöžǻµƤҲ¶һ⡣
ȷַ̲ס˵ͷƤļͳ̶ڼ׵ĻԱκεķ¶á
Ҿ֪ƤֶɵڼףԷһܵһھ˺ԿԳƵ
ǵַ֮жʱ¶һĨƤȡڵƤֻҪλˣȻҪȫõĻҲνʱƽΣ
СӡжʱһĨЦƤرôƤһʱַ飬ַһھҪһ룬ԳƵʨӴ󿪿ڡ
˭ɱૣԼҲǷü飬ȫҪߵĻԼҲû˵ǣ

ۻȻѪλεεǣַֻóԼݴ½Ŀɽʼ˽ʵĹ
ҲóԼСʼ˶ԾİƤһƴḶ́Ҳִ˲ƣȱ·мƤڼ׵ĻǾǼ̵顣
˵ǳ鷳ھջ֮£ַҲȫһ㣬ʼԾͷ˽ʡ
ַݽͷϿһ֮ͻȻзһɫӣʱϲ
ҵˣҵˣѪ㿴ǲַݾֱӾͷӶѪѯʵ
ҿѪҲǴϲַеɫӸһºжʱ¶һĨ⡣
ϸĲ鿴һ֮ѪһϲĵȻָ񣬲ϸ۲Ļǻһ㣬ûĻǾڵˡ
ѪĻ֮Ҳ̲סϵĹǰһĿǿڵ
棬ڵӦôૣֱӷãҪӹһ֮󣬶ѪԼʣͬҲַݴ˿Ҫ֪顣
ҩĻЧǿһЩֱӷҲǿԵģޣڵеҲʱҾûǾñȽϺáѪϸ˼һ󣬶ַݿڵ
һĨϧɫҩĻҩЧȻãȻûУַҲֻܽˡ
ڵֻȵСַҲûľһڽ̽˸УȴҩЧķӡ



457 
ԭַݿڵǴӾԴȡĿ϶һζ֮ȴɢƢ㣬˴Բһ
ûо׽ַһڽڵ̽θУڵҲ˲俪ʼӷһַݱûȵģ̩ͨĸоеˬޱȡ
ʱţַֻʼԼԼֻʹĴ
ȻҪǷַݵĵﴦڵӷ֮γ󾭹֮󣬻Ľ˵С
ԭַݵĵʮֵϡֻ˵Ǹܵĵѣڵ֮£ڵʼԽԽӯγһ
ֻͨڷ·𷢳һ죬ַҲ˳µͻƵһ磬ȵġ
ⲢǽһֻڵеӯڱַʹţŻڷ
ֻһСᣬַݱѾԼѾ˻ڵ۷壬Ǵ˿̵ڵѾϡܿʹ˹ܴɡ
ʱͻȻӿһѪɫʣڵк֮󣬶ʱٴλһӴӿַݵĵ֮С
ǡַȻܹڷһ𣬶һɺɫʣ²ûĻǰúµš
䡭һɰ֮£ٴηһַҲȼֱӴӻڽ뵽˺ڡ
޴ı仯ȻǾԵַ֮󣬶ʱ૵㣬ͻƵˣ
Ӧǰɣٺ١ַһЦϸĸһ̲֮סϲû뵽ڵôǿһֻĻҲͻƵ۷ˣ
̲ס͸ַһۣѪһĶַݾĻڵĻҲٷˣȻһᾳ粻ȣɺܶĺ󻼡
Ҳǡַ̲ס˵ͷԼľЩ̫ˣҪܳһʱܹ̣ͻƻ۷Ļ治Լڵˡ
ˣСӵ˱˻ԣĻߣֱ̲סһַ̾ݾٶˣ;ѾͻƵ˻ڣԼһӻȥһ㡣
ٺ١ַǫѷһЦʵⶼָҪòͻૡ
ˣϿҰƤɣߣǼŮ˿ǵˡЩЦõĴ⣬ŵӿʼƤ
Ͼ뵽ԼǼŮˣַҲǻ˸ɾͬһͬƤ
ȻƤȫߵĻǲʵϷƤ඼ǧٿףֻǽЩȡ´ߣ֮á
һСʱַ˲ŽƤװ˸ˮ̶ϴһº󣬱㿪ʼ˹̡

ɽּ·ǳߣַȻǵʲõĻ˸ף˵ɣ§ңÿ״ǳȥ㡣
СȻûκε飬ֱӷס˿׵ָ·Ѹٵȥ
ֻߵһطʱȴͻȻַݸͣͣͣͣﲻܷУǱҪв߳
ΪʲôַһĨɻɫһѵдų
ûɵĻôϵ˵ͷһĨεɫ
ʵʱ򣬲ŷһ㣬ʱһ˾һͬʻŷгĿĵظϣɵ˴ų
˵ǣǸղŷɵĲǺܸߣֻǵˤ˶ѣ߶ٸߵĻǾͲܵôˡ
ȻʹøˣַֻܽĴ£һͬų֮ȥ
ΪųνųָڴõĿռ䡣ųʴڵĻʽ֮һڴųΧռ䣬˶ΧռԼΧռ䡣
˵Ǿȫнķй켣вͻɻĺǾԵģȫûκѹıͨ˴˴
˿ɫѾЩ谵ַݹƼô̵ܻĵطҹֱӴ˸ף˼ŵ۾ķȥ
ֻСʱѣ˾ѾܵΧַҲڷԼֻܹܵźˡ
׼绰׼Ůһϲ·Ȼǲʹøˣֱַó˻ŵң˽͵İť
ڴ˿̵ĵ۾ĺԺУԭͣԺδĻͻȻԺˣ˹ȥ



458 Ҫ
۾δõܲð칫У˿̵ĴļҲ¶һĨء
һЩǳ鷳飬ǾͬŰãһЩСֶΣʳμŵһС
ַڵĻ϶ᷳЩ飬ϾЩСֶζǼùģֻҪַһ飬ǾܹõҪ֤ݡ
ַѾʧ£δμҲһǿţȻҲżһ£ҲֻǱˮнѡ
ЩյĽеİϣһĨĸײеĹԣԼѾ΢΢¡СְֺܿҪˣֻҪǾͲᱻ۸ˣҪԹԵŶ
ѽ˵ʱֻһҲ¶һĨȵɫΪоĵԼеĺӣҶ
ǶôҸʱ̰ȴôҲ˲ΪôҪַܹһԣһͬһС
ˡ뵽ַѾʧ»ûлεоͲЩί顣
֪ԼôֹģΪһδŮˣ˺ӣȴˣί飬˭ܶ
֪ٸҹһ˶еİˣҲŮǷֻܶԳš
ŮǱԹַݻֵʱֻж԰ˣҪοŮ˭ŮΨһ֪ૣ
ʵʱ򣬲֪Ҳһָͱ˵ڣַ֪ݾһеĻͲôģҲôĵˡ
һĨ˵ɫϣԼСӵװģΪʲô㻹֪Һͱڵ𣿡
εεΡһ˳У֮󣬵绰𣬲ŴƬž̲סֻһȴѩġ
⼸ʵѾǽɰκζʼĵŮӣôĴ棬ԼҲ΢ַݻڵĻȰǡ
һĨοЦݣνֻѩôôʱҴ绰Ǽ﷢ʲô𣿡
ŮˣͣڼĻŶˣ𣿡ͲдѩĻݣȴ̲סһ
Ů˸ԵרгȻǶлŵңԿףǾԲܻʹģΨһĿܣַֻݵ
Ҳ̫һ˵˭ķгڰ·êˣҲܻʱûлؼҡ
ǿסеļԼ²⣬ЩѩûûŰ᲻ӶСٻõģ
ûаλŮ˶Ѿؼˣѵ𣿡˵ԼûеûŵʱѩĻҲǱóɶּ
ཡͨͻȻжϣжʱ˴Ŵŵ飬૵С𣿡

Կ׵˶ѾųΨһʣµҲַֻһˣεУܲԸӣ
ϽҶ˵绰ηַݵĵ绰룬˲ĺ룬ǵ绰ٴδϤʾԲĵ绰ѹػ
仰Ѿ˲֪飬¼䣬ÿ켸Ҫ飬һֱȴǲ
ٴεȴͻȻһ䣬һԼСԴɵˣȥһôãֻôܻе硣
Ȼ绰вͨȻһ취ȷϣǾͨGPSλϵͳҵŵķз
ֱӴԼԣμŷгҳ棬˻ŵıԼ֮󣬻ŵٶʱ¶ǰ
ǣܣʻյ֮εٴ˵εεˮΪȫܹȷַĻˡ
ΪżȻһʱΣʹѾΪμžǸϸ֪ھǱߡ
ԭξѾǹַûĻӴͻȥǸڿѾȫûбҪˡ
˿ɫѾȫĻ谵ҲԼǻûɵĹֱѡԼִ˸绰μ֣֮ҪҴκһ绰
˵ֱ꣬ӹҶʰ÷֮󣬾ֱԼķгĺԺȥ
˿̣ӵϢŮҲѾ˻ͣλãһĨڴɫôûַݣױˡ
ͬģַôûл绰ҲûдһеԹҲǿ֪ʱôַૡ
һĻ̲סҡҡͷŮǣȷݻǲҪ𣿡



459 η
ΪʲôŮжʱһĨȵɫò̫ɫΣΪĻʵǷѽ⡣
Ҫ֪Ů֮УԹˣεģΪڿɲһˣǴˡ
еŮǶôĴôҪ˵ĹذԼ飿ַȴһʧ£ҪǵĻ϶Թˡ
ȴԼ˲ҪַݣҴıȻһҲûйɫܹ⣿
ҡԥһ׼ԼôõʵŮɸһڣһԵĽΪ΢΢һ̾С˵ɡ
ŮҲ˲ĬʵѾֲ²⣬ֻǲ²Ҳֻǲ²ѡ
ʵ˵ַȥִ񣬲ϵʱŮѾ²Ƿʲô顣
ԼΪô˵ˣҲֻѡţŵڣֱ
ҲƭԼϣַܹչȴһֱûеȵ
ʵԼˣû˵ʲôǻȥʵĻǾԵЩ̫ˡ
Ůһɻı鿴ԼΪ΢΢һ̾»ôǰȥǼ˵𡭡
µѾûκıҪˣԽΪʱħĶԹ˵ٵǾȥΧ˵ַΪ˾ȴңź˵յһɲǡ
˵ըʱŮҲһĨֵɫѾַ֪ڻ;ʱضιȥ
ˣĲԣûкúõıݣһˣû뵽ҪűסһСҪĻ͹Һˡ󣬽Ϊòͷ𣬶鵽Լͷϡ
ôóһеΣҡҡͷǣҪ־͹Ұɣһֱ֪ģȴôãʵڶԲ𡭡
һ˳У֮ҶӨٻȴͻȻһЦ㣬ôૣУһֱһУģ㻹ૡ
ǰǰҲ̲סͷ͵̫ΰˣͱˣļǿӶе
ˡһĿεʵҲдģ㱳ô࣬ҪμţǻûﵽʲôǲŶԡ
һĨοɫһЦݵĿŴҵǣһжѾȥˣѾڻ·ˣ͵һУѾ˺𣿡
šŮһͬ˵ͷͬʱҲΪԼ˸еԺһٶǾ˽ˡ
˵ҪΪŮ˵ģԼôΰ󣬻Ҫѡ֣ǲǻ˸еĺ
ŮжʱһĨ˵ɫε㣬һģΪеԺ
š϶ʱ¶˲õЦգ⻹һЦôȻ

һߣַڳŴдҰζһߵȴŻŵĵ
ʵַĺ볢ֻʲôζ᲻ͬһ뵽ǾܳԹˣоͲЩӦĻţҲֻǳˡ
ţóԡŮ˵Ŀ⣬ǾҪܾĴڣΪǵĳġ
ǿмַ֮ζֱѪȫܾܾԷֵĴԴһԵҲ̲סࡣ
ֻ¶֮ѪжʱһĨɫԼСˣĶôóԵĻǵóԳɸӣ
ַ̲͡ס͵ЦҸҿ϶ǸԻĻǻóԳɸӣģԵٶ࣬Ҳȫֲ
ʲô취Ѫ̲סǰһʵݴ½ʱͶʳĿԼַ֣ĵܲ
ʱ֪ˡַ΢΢һЦȶѪһӣʵҲûʲô˵ģҲδļҩ෱࣬ȫ޶ãֻҪССһҩ裬
Թַ֮ݶʱΪԿϣѾ޵Ľӽ
Ȼ֮󣬻űȵͣǵǰַ̲סǰȥųأѾ֪һ˰ɣ
ǷһĨЦݣַתͷ˵߰ɣϳȵҼȥһ˰ɡ
⡭ȥַݼҵʱѪо̲סһ֮ǰν浽ʱȴЩηˡ



460 ؼҵů
ʱѪѾƾԼֻҪ¶ַݵļŮ˵ͻ֪Ѷˣ뿪øԼ
ʵĻôǾܵģʵҲףԼŮĻʤԺַܵͣϾͿԿ
ַʶûжãԶûŮôɽ˺ģڴ֮ǰַݾѾһѡһģǻǲɵ
ǵѪвһ֪ԼȥַݼҺ󣬻һпܻᱻɨسţܵŮΧ
ѪŻ˵η壬鵽ҲǲòӲͷƤˣڵʱʲôôӦɡ
뵽Ѫҧҧͷ˻ţһַˮģȴģһս
ַȻܿѪڵ״ȴǲ֪˵ܲܰŮ߲ǣ
ַֻѡĬ̬չǾ͵ÿѪôˣ˵һǳ鷳飬ѡǲȷѡǣ
ܿ죬˱һͬ˻ţַҲ趨ụ̀ɻԶʻԼˣ
ʣַڻشѪһֱͷ˼Լ飬Ҳûȥ
˵˽Ȼݴ½磬ԼͻƵ֮һΡ
ַǽ֪Ķ˳ܲףǾ͵ÿԼˣϾҲЩ˽ⲻǺܶࡣ
۾ԽַҲԽԽΪ֪ԼҪصԼļˣƯµʱ䣬۵С
ڵ۾ĺԺУŮ˿գַֻܹһҲð
ʵŮѩҲ˵뷨ҲѾǺܾûпַˣеԲŮ١
ȻַݵŮˣѾ϶ˣһӶַݡ
ڣ˵УϤӰĺԺϿգж¶˼ɫ
УַѾǿŮԼʦһңѩӰҲĿ
һ˲䣬ַһҪĸоڵź˵һɲǣ;Լܻزˡ
֪Լ뵽ַ֮ҲΪԼزˣĺüΣо˾
ؿڻˣڻصԼļңԼİԼˣַܲݸжᡣ
˿е³ַݴӳ̽ͷ˻˻ֵһˣ
һ棬Ҳʾַٴλص磬иʱڶԼ˲ģһһ㡣

ŻĽ䵽˵ϣַҲǱżӳһǸĶ˵ͷԲôҵˡ
ͺãͺáΪֹסЦݣеĵǣȫһ̻Ӱ
ֻҪַܹ˵£ַݳµĻһӻ֮С
˵ţΪһǰַһӵͽܣܿ˰ɣȥʲô
һѾǵ˵ɡַͷһЦݵĿŮôĸûѽ
Ȼˣ˵ˣˣĸҶӨٻЦ˳ַָָεĶӵ
ַɫһ㶣˳ҶӨٻָ㿴˹ȥжʱ¶ޱ𾪵ɫ
˵λлֻ£СѾ΢΢¡𣬶˽ַ˵ʵ̫ˡ
䡭뵽ַ֮ݵжʱ¶һĨ𺳵ɫֻ˲䶼תΪ˿հס
㣬ѵѵˣ˰ַ֮Żعѯʵ
Сⲻ֪𣿡΢΢һЦЦޱȵĲãϸһĻȴ顣
ܵѹģһУλߵԣļϵܵиС
ЩĽַŵεĶϣ̼䣬һϸ΢ɶַݲһ
Ȼ΢ַڿǻڵˣӦǳܹȽϵģԺѹ
кˣҪˡһĨϲɫַݵǶӵ˶
˾޴ľϲûַݸιȥҲܹףࡣ
̲סһַݽĽ§˻е㣬úϢɣһңˡ



461 Ѫľ
ѾþúþûַůĻˣ仳Ужʱ¶һĨɫֻģǳ
ַֻһֻܰеĻȫʧȡ֮Ҹɫ
֮ŷַֿݸһε㷢㣬չ˺ǵı飬Ҿͺá
λǰμŵ鶼ţǴ˿ȫһˣ˲͵Ļַݿ᲻á
μŵҵַ׼Խ֣Ȼ۵㣬Լһۣܱĺǰɣ
ˡҡҡͷһ΢ЦૣûʲôӦܹġ
ôԣһۻô죿ַһĽţ뵽Լǻδĺӣôĸôࣿ
ûµģҴӦ㣬Ҿ۵ĻμźܶҲҪΪˣڿܰҲæŶһ΢Ц
⡭һֵģַҲֻǵͷǺðɣʲôԾģǧҪǿҪһʱң֪𣿡
֪Ҿ㲻ΪԼҲҪΪ˸еĺӲǣεͷһƤĵ
šַݵ˵ͷתͷһԵŮȥСٻӶԲǵˡ
ҶӨٻҡҡͷһ΢Ц⻰Ӧö˵ǣҲһֱΪȥִȥˣǶһ˳ôʹࡣ
ַٴһ㶣̲סһ΢ЦԼΣҲ̲סһϧ
λУһμţЩ޴ѹԳܣַһ
Ҳͬĵ˵ͷĺ¸ңҵĻͱĴˣɽȴԳһУΪеԺ
ǵģķǳ¸ңҾˣŽһͬ˯ȻĻСǲ㡱Ҳ΢Цŵͷ
ѽŮĻҲ̲סЩ죬ҡҡͷ˵ôãֻһľˣûҪһǿⲻͳɹҲ
ˣԵΰ󰡡ҶӨٻһЦݵĿεҲǰ¶һġ
˺ˣǾͱάǼƤˡһԹĿŮͲǸˣǵĹάеЩ̫Ӧ
εĻŮ˲ЦҲ˲ɢ
ַݾǵֻڣ۲ŻԵôлҾͲ

ϣѪһ԰׵ſһУ˵ʵڵģŮò϶٣Ҹô΢Ȳ˵Ĵڡ
οѾеһɲǣԺֻһڴݴ½˵еɱ̫ˡ
ݴ½Ů˻˶Էĺӣ˾ͱҪȢԼȻŮӾͻɱһʬ
ȻѪȷΪַݵΨһ˲̵飬ôóһʱ䣬ֻʣãȻɫ
뿪£˿Ѫ˽սţ뿪ַݵĻµĻζַݣ
ѵҪһͬ𣿡һĨԵʹ࣬һʱ֮Ѫ治֪ô
ʱһʼû˵ڵΪֱ
֪ʲôҸ㣬СӵļŮˣԲһȻר飬ҲӲ飬ĸŮָ࣬βơ
ѵľͲܶ𣿡ѪвϵѯԼѯ˺ü֪Ҳ΢΢
Ѫһԥģ̲סҡҡͷﲻòȰһ䣬ϲǾͷԼĽɣʵҼֶŮҲϲһ㲻ץĻǺܾܿͳˣûǼһԻŮλ𣿡
˵ָ㿴˹ȥѪ̲סһ㶣ΪĳһģһŮӣַݵг޾İĽԼһ˿Թ
Ѫٷְٿ϶ֻҪַ˵һ仰ŮӾͻһиŮˡ
һѪжʱ޾ԹԼʹ֪࣬ҪһˣȻܿʧȥ
̲סĴһѪҧ̧ͷ૵ҲŲҪ뿪һҶ뿪ԼˣǾͱҪһ𡣡
͸Ѫ̲ס֤һῴַݵŮҲһĨµΪŮż뿪



462 Լϣ
Ѿ˾Ѫ̬仯֮ǷһĨ΢ЦȻѾ¶˾ģǾȥɡ
ǣǣҺ¡һĨη壬֪Ϊʲôԭ첻µزµѪ˿ȴǶŮĵ׵ĸоһ˿η塣
̲סҡҡͷ΢Цûõģó΢Цǣ㲢ǲֻʱѡ
ҡһĨԥɫѪϸĻ󣬶ʱ̧ͷһᶨĵˡ
һĨ΢΢Ц⣬ת˲֮䣬ѪѾȫָʱַ绪ģ
ѪͳϵĳȹԼŵ֮󣬶ʱ޾̲סһ
ˣ̲ס˵ͷһֱ״ĻŮŲ¶ơ
лл㡱ǹĶ˸ûȰĻѪ治ԼĵλҲпܻʧȥ
лáһĨпɫһ˲ԼѾ˵뷨
ˣȥɣҪӱܣΪûӡпһʱվǰѪ
ҶˡѪ˵ͷһֱƿ˳ţȥ
Ѫһɲǣ˵񶼲ŵϣӺݻģȻ˶Ϊ֮Ŀ
λǡһĨɫֱŮ򵥣пһŮˡ
ַһĨεɫ֪ôܣϾѪڵݣе㲻̫ȷ
ʱѪȴ΢΢һЦŮԼΪ˸򰲵ĶöĻܵСŮѪλ밲ˡ
ŶѪΪһ֣㽫ŵϵףŮҵĺ𣿡
ҵģҵġһϷʵĿˣ˵һĪĻ
ò𣿽Ϊֻ΢΢һ룬˸еĹؼ֮ЩȵĿѪѵǸҵˣ
ǵģǸҵˣ磬ϣλúõദѪ΢΢һЦٴε˵ͷһ񵭡
⡭ΪˣٴתͷԵַݵѵĴǸ϶Ǹ磿ѵƽпռôڵģ
ţǸݴ½ĹŴǳơַݵ˵ͷԼ˽⵽ʵ˳ʣµģỹǽʱ
ʱ˵жһĨ⣬رַȥǸһоǶҪ֪



463 Լ£
ò˵ѪǷǳ׺ģôһҽܣŮǺ˲٣ٲղһĶǵˡ
Ͼŵʱ䣬ҲǳԹͣһַݱЪϢĵ˵ڽַݵĿ꣬Ȼˡ
ַǱòˣΣҲǲòͷ㣬Щˡ
ֻ࣬Ҫ뵽㣬뵽ǱҾһҸһĨȰɫַݲһ̲ס§˻УԼ¶ů
ҲǹԹԵĻУûһ˰ȫУ˶˶ţٺԼ۸
̧֮ͷϷʵַݵСʵĸңǸѪ㵽ǸʲôϵǲǸһŮˣˣҲ˵˵Ǹ㾭ɡ
ȿȡַݸɿҲκĽԼЩԼݴ½о˳
ΣַȻޱȵΣԼŮ˶εĻǻŵĹ˭Դӵ䵽Ǹ署һֱԼʱ
Сʱ䣬μΪַݸе˾ʧ룬ҲΪСһµЩ¸еֺֺЦܹ˵ַݴ½֮ãоգһ˵İһ˴ơ
εвһĨ㽵ɫΪǸȫԭ̬еԣ̲ס૵ȥǸһΣӦûܲɡ
ȷȥǸ磬·ԼŴһǣǵĻ˵һǸ粻ˡַһĨɫǸȷȤˣûôĹĶǲǣ
ٺ١ַ˵ĻβȻһЦҿǸңŮǰɣ
˵꣬βһַݵʵ˵ʵѪǺÿૣСѵû𣿡
ȿȡַ̲סɿһͷһԵɣǲ뿪ǵģÿһҵıһ뿪ĻҶġ



464 㣬ι
ʱɫһֱ죬ҲַݵĻг˯˹ȥ˯ŵ϶Ǵһ˿ЦݣȻΡ
ַ̲ס΢΢һЦ佫ѹԼϣ˯˹ȥ֮Ҳ¶һĨЦݣôҲûкúõ˯һþˡ
һɫɻ˯ţַôôС֮ųķȥΪ׼ˡ
Ҫ֪һ˵ʱνˣܻǰһԾͲˣֻ׼ţ͵ȥ
·ϵʱַݲδ̵й˺ЩӪƷԼ޸ҩ׼βЩҲҪ˶Ǯ
ߵ˳У˿ѩѾڴ׼ͣæµٻӰַ̲סһͬʱҲ̲סһ̾
ʵַݺŮ֮ԻôίԼԲǻԼǵĶ飬ȴϲԼԾۻҲԸԼߡ
ַݺεºܣܹôɫŮ˵ϲһĨпַֻԼȫΣرǶŮΣ˿Ѿﵽ˶㡣
΢΢ԥһַһĨᶨɫԼʱһˣȥĻȻò˵ʲôҲԹʲôַԼȴǹȥˡ
»żҪŮĿȻһһԾŶڶŮأַݾûѯһǣ˵ǣ
ַݻԥʱ׼͵ѩ·ӦʲôȻתͷſڵַݺ󣬲ϲˣôˡ
ѩľϲҲͻȻתͷſڴַ֮ҲһĨϲɫȴһЦַݡ
ˡַ̲סһ̾ǰȥŮô׼ͣǾͲʵͲôԼģžˡ
ôԣѩæҡԼСԴŮԼ˿ɶǻŶǳԵĿһ㣬ǿɲУҪӪС
Ů˵ַȻ޻˵ֻǵ˵ͷǺðɣˣ۵ĻԸ˵ȥķЩˡ
ǲ۵ģ㲻ô鷳ˣЩ컹֪ૡѩٴҡҡͷЩżĻش
ַʵûˣֻĶǸжŮΪȻܹزϧĻǶԲˡ
һĨᶨַ֮ݲ΢΢һЦеӪƷԼ޸ҩݸǵҵĻԶЧŶЩӪƷǿԼɣιҩÿ찾߰ϡ˵ʱ򶼿ԼһЩԴҶŶ
ǻġѩСԴҲһĨϲɫַôû֣ܹôԼܲˣ

Щ֮󣬿ŮæµӰַҲ̲סӣŮҲæɣʲôҪģ
ôУžͺˣǵġѩ϶ʱһĨŵɫݻŮ͵ôԼҵ飿
ôҲţǴҵļң˭ЩŶַݵһЦ󲻹ѩķԣֱлڴ߲ˣľϴ
ַǷæµӰеҲģЩַݵԹҲɢ˲٣һԼֵӻˣ̫ǾҲģǶַݣѾޱȵˡ
˵Ĺͬ£ͲһѾȺˣַҲһѾǰϡεķȥֻ֮ǰǶŮһ
ַݵӰԶ룬̲סһۣӶԷпһĨϣַݽΪôǸеůҲַܲݶԴǵ̬ڻĸı䣬ǵ񣬾ǿŮһ㣬ôĳ硣
뵽Ůǳ˸ɾûһ㽫ʰĸɸɾģͰڵ˲Уȴǰá
һߣַݻصʱɻ˯Ϊ˱ַ̲סĺ㣬ˣȺ߲Ŷ
šַݵĺ֮£Ż˫ۣǰһַ߲֮󣬶ʱ˹Լ˯ʱȥЩʲôӿĸжҪĸо
㣬ιɡַ΢΢һЦʼϡʵ¶֮󣬲͵εĿУᱻ̵
ַݴûйᣬֻԼĶڲţеҲǻַݸ



465 ڿ
һޱܰͣѽԹȫȥַҲǳİ⣬֮ǰַһ
ַ̲ס΢΢һЦϸĵķδǸСĵģβһжȴǵСʵૣֲôĴ㲻ôġ
ôУɲһˣȻҪһĹţһޣûʲôһġ˵һ룬ַžԼĻ̫ԼͣǵһЦ
ԼĹ˲㻯Ǿɶ־ŮǿˣЩЩήҵҲ˲˻ԼڣȻ˵
ַ֪ʧ֮ҲûǰԷſֽˣμȻɱŸٵԼõ֮£Ҳֳ˲ٵ飬μŵһĴ
ʧȥģҲʱһˡһ⣬ЩιĻǱޱȣַѾӸȫãûӦ
ȷֻˣǼȻ۸㣬ǾͲҪ˵ַ̲ס¶ŭԼʧЩţ۸ԼŮˣ̣
ɣȥ˾һ£ʱΣ̲ס΢΢һЦֻҪַڣûκκþµˡ
˵ַ൱ҲӲˣַǶôҪʧȥַݵĻ϶
õģҳԹ緹͹ַݵ˵ͷθ͵˳ϣг뿪֮Ų˲֮У׼緹
ʱ򣬴ҶѾˣڲǰ죬ַǰ֮󣬶̲ס΢΢һЦϷλϡ
Ѫ˿һĿַݣȫַܹܵݵĸŮ˶ǳദҲûκҪų
ѪѾ⣬ǾǺúõŮദԼǣΪҶӨٻ˵һ仰ǳĸж
һˣҪ˽ӵǿһУȻҲĵһŮѣ֪ǿֻһ˵ĻҲӦҲһӻԼУҲԸһĻҲŻǣԼһͬͦõ𣿡
һ仰Ѫϸ˼һҹףҶӨٻ˵һûһľҪеˣĵĻǾԼʵ
ҶӨٻһУȻ˿ȫ⣬Ѫȴܹ⣬ǾҶӨٻַݵİѾ˿԰һУҲֻҪܹԣϣѾ㹻

ڴֵпŮԼΪ򸾿ǶǸĲУԲ䷳ѯַǸһС
ַҲǺĵĶԴһУЩ©ĵطѪҲΪ˲룬еζ˳ѪҲץסᣬԴȻҶݴ½ôĺ棬ǵһ֮ͨһȥһȦΣ
ððжʱһĨ⣬ͨῪĻǶҪȥϾһ飬ôܲĶ
Ӧ֮ҶӨٻԼӵбһĨϧɫҡҡͷȻҲǳȥͨҪһſһΣǹ˾ʲôʱ
ûŮ˵ڹ˾ǵӣôĻǿ϶ܲˣʵȥǸ䰡
ַȻеĿϧɫԿ˰֮󣬶ʱ΢ЦʵҲôյģͨɻһʱˣѵһʱ䣬СٻӶǻһܹù˾˲ų𣿾ʵҲǾ͸нƸ룬ҲеǮǣ
ַݵĻ֮Ůһۣͬʱ˵ͷȻǷĲԼĹ˾ΪܿһǸ粻һ磬һжܷ²ǣ
Թ緹֮ŮҲǷ꣬ԻصԼĸλ֮ϣڲҲ¿ڲԼĸǸгҲÿ춼ܻع˰ɡ
Ůַ̲֮סתͷһ΢ЦѪŵôоðɣ
šӦһѪһĿַݵ˿һ⣬ãرҶСĻҲԼľ
ʲô˼΢΢һֱַѪѾµѪѾһھʲôǻ˵ǣ
ѾˣǾǺļŮ뵽һ𡱣ѪһĨп쿴ַݵ͵һˣ˭ϲૣ
ȿȡַ̲סɿһֻȴЩϲģѪ뵽ŮеĻĺ󹬲һ



466 ޳
Ŵõ飬ַݴǱѪԼĻţμŵķжȥȴĻ鷳Ҫȥ
뿪ͬŰöμʵʩ˴жȻַݲ֪ô֪Լûлģƾ˵ݣ֪ЩϾҲʲô¡
ַ˵˸ͲΪǣеͷ۵ȴһֱɽ¶ˮΣֻϺһ㣬»ˮ©ҪֶνĻǻǼܵ顣
ַݻûвȫԼģĸҲһеĻҲԼһеֶΣʹ
뵽ΣַݵԺֲ뵽һӰ૵֪ڹôҲӦõõԼҪ˰ɣ
ǷһĨ΢ЦַݲΪԼܹﵽǸǿֿɱŮӸеԺβŵԵĻַҲԻ֣֪ŵԵĺ
ţǰδҲѾĿܼͬʱδõԱߣһΪߴĴȻʩţַ֪γ޽´á
ϾμŵҵչԭⶰŶʮѾǲˣҸҲȽϻ޽Ҳڱصõһˡ
ַȻ֧֣ͬʱνøƳ۾ı־ԽҲֻμŵԼλ
гĽμŵ¥ַѵõϢıڽ£εİ칫ȥֻǻûУͼǾĿܵǡ
ַ֮ٵ϶ʱ¶һĨϲɫ߹Լ˶İַݵļֵܣⶼû˰ɣȥˣ
Ǻǡַ̲ס΢΢һЦеȥæˣⲻæͻʱô
ܺðԴٺЦԵñůÿ»һʵǮˣܶĺܺãҲҪллֵ㣬Ȼôҵĺù
ⶼԼȡġ΢ЦŶٵ˵ͷַϸĴһΪЩȵĵףͻˣ
ַݿߣͻǳѵ飬ɾ֪ͻưǰͻƵ˰ڣٶȲν졣
ҶѣֵʲôΪˣЦЦЩĿַݣһЩֿ便ǺΪȻʲôҲҪַ֪ڿǻڵΪˣһ󾳽绹Ҫ࣬ܿйˡ
ȿȡַʵڲĴ٣ֻ½ڵͻ˻ѣҽҡ
Ȼַ˵ĺǼ򵥣ٵĶУȴȫΪˣϸĴһַݺһĨȻȻֵܸһǸţôͻƵ˻ֱǣǡ
̲סٵļַ̲סȰοף;ˣҲͻƻģҡ
һĨᶨɫٿǴӵײˣСܽȫ򵹣ͬʱҲǽַݵԼĿ꣬Ҫ׷ϡ

˰ַ֮ٵļˣԺʱģҽҪȽȥˡ
ȥɣҰſڣûǵͬ⣬Բκһ˽ȥġٵ˵ͷҲһĨᶨɫ
ַݶ֪֮ζ˵ǹǶˣ¶˾ģҪ˺ǵĻǴԼʬ̤ȥ
ַҲ̲סһοϾӲѡģܿҾģҲ°׷һ⡣
ͬʱҲַ뵽ĸˣǾմⲿӥԼ׼ֵܣôûȥǣԹ˰ɣ
ַݾãԼбҪȥôôǣȻĻһѱ䣬ػԼʧַݾԸ⿴һ顣
»żƾַڵľԼݵλֻҪһ֣ĸֵļһȫǲĻַݲǡ
뵽ַ̲סһЦ߽εķУ˿һ侲Ŀеϣַݽ֮Ҳ¶һĨЦݵСˡ
˼ղŸһᣬһʱ䣬Ҫ鶼𣿡ַǸģһεǰ
ʰˣ㿴ɡε˵ͷеİݸַݵȴļģв¼ķԼμŵӰ죬Ҳ˵ļ⣬ܹΪַʡ²ٵĹ
ַݽӹ֣㷭İĵһҳʼ˲鿴ֻǿһᣬַݵб¶һĨޱȷŭΪʵ̫ˣҲ̫޳һ㡣



467 ׳н
ַ˵ԼЩ飬ʵ̫һ㣬Ȼμɲ̫𺦣˵ĻҲ˶ĵС
ͱ˵һ飬ַʧʱǷ·õϢ˵һ̽Ǿһˣ˵ԼǳμŵҸνⶾҩ״к·жһ㡣
Ȼºܿͱθ壬ҲΪμһӰϾ绹кܶ˲ý壬Ϊĵģ˻ڱƶţ˵μģȻҲǮƽһС
˵ĵȷģԻкܶǵЩԣϾμڵȷôμμʧȥĿͻ
⻹ֻǿʼһͬ߻СֶΣΪľĨμţμʧȥͻΣԼһΣôԼַܵ
ȻЩСӲŻֶΣҲСֶΣҲγԴΪͱҪ˵Σ͵Ļ˸䱾˵Ĭˡ
ֻǿһַ֮бһ⣬뵽һİ취ҲһĨЦ㣬ʵ飬Ҳ𣿡
ʲô˼ѵԼĨԼĹ˾һĨɫΪַݵĻʵ̫˷ѽˣԼ廹ˣôܻԼĨԼ
˵꣬ɡַ΢΢һЦε㣬ҵĿĿɲҵ˼ǣԼĨԼԼȺĨǹ˾˸׽ͽ𣿡
Ŷ̲סǰһ˼ǣϷ˿ñμǱԩģ
ûַ̲ס˵ͷ͵ԼĨǹ˾ʱ֮󣬱򹫰ؾٱǣǳͣȿԶסǵ죬Ҳܶסһ졣
ð취̲סɫһϲĻ֤μǱԩģͬʱҲܽǰһ鶼ҲֻǳưͿܲվ˵Щİɣ
ǵġַݵ˵ͷǽ׳нȻǰЩûͣǾԼһЩ۳ȻһˣĻͿԽһжУЩƻ˵ڣӴԺҲΪμŵ˷˿ԺҲΪЩԸμš
Ҳ뵽һ㣬Ȼãַһͽ鷳飬һñڵμתһ䣬ΪһƵܺߣࡣ

󡭡̲סַСһڣε˵绰ַݵС̫ˣȥ´顣
ַһĨ΢ЦܰﵽȻıֹҲǲòѵҵЩˣһҪҿڷϵģϾй¶ĻһжˣμŻ⵽Ĵ
Ȼ֪Ҳһע⡱κĵ˵ͷҲַ˵ЩǸЦй¶Ļμŵɾȫˡ
ϸĽЩ̧֮ͷһ΢ЦĿַݵСҾ˵Ǹţһ㣬ȻĻμŽ㣬رϻҪǿࡣ
ٺ١ַ̲סɬͷ㹧άˣҳ⻹УĹô˵Ļ϶ͷˡ
ַҲû˵ѣһ˾Ǽǳ鷳飬ǱҪĻԲμţΪַݿڣԼ飬Ȼ˾ĿС
ڶ࣬¡̲סַݷ˸ۣ̲ס΢ЦСǸôôһʵ̫˲ǣ
Ȼһǳҵ³ԻҲʹһ⣬ַݿɲһССֵ飬ȻҪԸǣһξҪʹԸӡ
ôַݻϸһϾ˵ĸڣҪ׵Ĵǣǻ治һ׵飬ô˹ʵ̫ˣԼбҪһξǾϵеĵ·
ǱַѾ뵽һǳʵİ취̧ͷѪ㣬ԴĿˣӦò˰ɣ
ǵģѾ׶ΣҪһµʱ䣬Ͷ뵽Уʱ綼ΪԴжһ籩̲ס˵ͷ
ǱȻԴ;һȾܻã벻ʲôַܾݵһĨЦ⣬ԴһĻ껾Ի뵽֮С



468 ٻڲ
ַ˽ڹĶܶ࣬ҵʵǻʯͣƹеĻĵԳ粻õ磬Ǿ;ܸһ
ַݵԴǿڷϣͬʱϣڵЩԴҲӵĵһܾҲܾǿߵһ¡
󣬵ʧȥΪصĶ֮껾εľеȨҲ˲併㣬ʱ򻹲
뵽ַ̲ס΢΢һЦԵε㣬Դⶫ붢ˣϾһ죬껾һ졣
Ȼ̲ס˵ͷҲһĨɫ껲ٵܹһ챨͵ĻȻҲԸһ졣
ˣǱߣ׼ô죿֮Ҳ̲סЩͷۣڵĵزſǸɫҲûκΥĵطҪĻǼ̡
ʱٿɡַҲ̲סüⲢûκεİ취Ͼδ̵пû˽ĶһΪЩľϲ
ţżشٿǶ֮ǣöĻȣŵʱʲô취Ļһᾫϵĺβ΢΢һЦ
ʱżĿɲǣɣýز磬νǴʳԣνǺ֮ǣʱȫԣֻҪʲôԶһĻᣬ˶Ź
ǺǡַҲ̲ס΢΢һЦɴҲǸۣʱ˺üǿĶ֣Ҫһͳ̽ĻǾǲܵһ顣
Ҳֹסϵ¾ˣʣµʱ䣬˶˵ʱȤ£һ᷿б㴫˵Ц
ʱ仺磬ַҲڹ˾סˣԼбҪȥڲһȦϾﻹԼĵˣ׼ȥοһ£֪ԼѾȫĹ
ԳԹַ֮ݱ˰ݱϻǰڲӭӴֱڲķȥ
һ·ϣַݶ̲סЩпڽط֮ǰֻǸ۷СߣȴѾǻˣڲ֮⣬ǿˡ
Ȼˣľô죬ǶΪԼǿν뵽˶У˵ķֻڵȻĻҲڰ۷εţ߶ǡ
ͬѸٵĽٶȣҲַݵĸԵЩ鸡ڲҪһסԼеľ磬ϾǹˣⷽҲо顣

һСʱֱ֮ͣڲ֮ͣУַݲûи֪κԼǰȻûһǰӭӣҲⲻǣ
ַݵĵһĿ꣬ȻǻѵӪеµʱȥҲѾǳɳ˲٣Ҳǿ˲٣ַݹƣ޸ҩ£ԺĳɾͣܲԼֺҪӵѸһЩ
Ͼַʱ䶼ѾǶʮˣڻʮ겻һʦĽ̵ʩԻַԺгϢ
ȻѵӪѵأַݲȥֻ˿вţϴž޴Ĳ
ַɼǵãϴʱվһŲŵģұ˸żţ֮ȴվ˵ǰӣҴСߵпĿǿž壬Լ¡
ȻʱУ϶ǱֳԼǿϰ츳ЩͬĸСǸе壬ַСŮп񶼴һ˿Ľɫ
ȻôȷҲԵúɣҲַ̲סǻһЦܿСгϢȻҲΪе˲ǣ
ϸĹ۲˽Сʱַ֮ݺȻ˿̵ľ粢ûκεͻƣһһʽ֮䣬ȴǳ˺صĸоȻĸѾʵǰһôḡ
ַ̲סοĵ˵ͷǴѧնǷǳģʱҲǽ򰾵ĳҪ˶ãͿٴͻˡ
ڣһμѵʱҲǴһеĶϢҵķ˹ַ֮жʱһĨϲɫ
ˡַݣȻޱȵԼĸĸûַеУϾַݿνľˣҲôĹ
̲סСԴַ΢ЦղŵϰҶˣΪеԺֻеӴˣԺ·ߵĸҪ֪𣿡
һġһĨᶨɫ̲סԼСԴ˭ĻԷмַݵĻȴӡ



469 һ
ָܲһ£ҵ޼ȭѾЩԼŶַһ̲֮סվ˳ַ
ַһĨϷʵɫҪγԼķ񣬿»ҪЩʱ䣬ȻѾˣַвӵ˵
ֻԥһ£ַݱվ˵ͷǾ԰ɣҿô㾿жٵ򡣡
˵ͷ˼޼ȭʽַݸСˣҪŶ
˵ַ꣬ݷ˽õʽ޼ȭеȭУֻһַ֣̲סǰһΪĵȭУȷһ˿ͬѰĶ
޼˿޼ȭȻҪͣҪӳȻҪȴһк֮ǣþȫȭеӳ
ַݵĸ֮£޼ȭĸȫȥʣµޱȭУ˵ˣǿκ¶ӦԵ˵Ľ
ȭ辶ȱ޼ȭеĸͣϸһĻȴлһ˿࣬һк󣬱ȫץס
ַ̲ס΢΢һЦȻ߳Լĵ·ҲָʲôˣϾԼ߳·ʺԼģ̵ַָĻ谭ǰĵ·
˵ļвУҲڷٵļȡַȭеľ֮ԼĲַ֮ͬҲˣٻ
˵ĶսСȻǾ˲ϢСǣȻǲȭеľ֮Ⲣ谭մ֣ܴܲҵһܹԼõĶ
˵Ķ˰СʱѵĿʱһδַ֣ݻ˻ֵҪȥѵˣ´лġ
ȥɡһĨЦ⣬ַĿǰѵεĶж˵ǳַҲһ㣬Ǿ޼ȭȷԣҲӦֻûɱ
ȭй̶֮Ҫٸıˣַֻľһ£޼ȭܹӳŲ
ȻѾȥѵˣַҲûҪһ֮תŲķȥҪ֪һѧյȥˡ
ڴѧգַǴĵ׸мģʶˣܰԼزԿǸŵȳˣͬʱԼʦĵǣҲǷǳĸж
ߵ˲ǰµʱ䣬ҲʹôѧսԼ¼ˣԵַݿʱŶеƷŲˮ
һĨϷʵɫԼô߹ȥʵ̫ƽˣӦøλصһϲȻǰ׷ԼĵĲǣ

һתַ֮жʱ⣬ʱԼеϢȻ˸ȦŴѧյȥ
ǷǰĻܴѧͷַݵӰˣϾʱַһ磬һǴ󾳽硣
ڵַݣѾͻƵ˻ڣȴѧջҪ߳磬ֻҪַݿصĻǴѧվ;ԷֲӰ
ƵŴѧյȥŵıӰȥһġ
žƷĴѧոһеĲ豭˳ȥ
Եס˲豭֮󣬴ѧŷŭתͷĸϼһҿֵͼġô㣿
ڴѧտܹﵽԼ󣬲Լܲģһеһ
ϾڲĻ߾ô࣬Ҷͷ׵ͷˣʶľ˳
ǵԼˣȻѾʧõַݺжʱ¶һĨţԼֵɫ
Ϊַܹȫƹĸ֪Լ󣬾ֵԼ϶ײаˡ
ˡ̲סһĭѧЩַݵ˵ַݰ˻ҸҪҲȥϹͷˣɾڡ
ѧտе仰ַжʱ¶һĨЦõɫ˵ϰû˯Ѱɣյģʲô
ףѵû˯ѣһĨɻɫѧ̲סԼһ¡
Ӵʹ˲Ϯôѧ̲סһʹŵַݵҲΣֲǹôҵ̽ģ
ЩЦõʼ磬ַεѴô껹ұ㾳ߣȻֲˡ
ôܡѧŵַݵң²ʱ䣬ʹӰͻƵ˻ڣ
ʵ֤۱磬Ҫһ£ڲǻڣǻڡַһϷʵĿŴѧյ
һǻΡ֮󣬴ѧ̲ס˸ͷſϣ૵ɣɡ
žַʵ̲סˣֱһĵϣֱŴѧյ˫۵ģ㲢ûΡ
ѧĺȻ̧ͷһЦĿַݵҵϣΣΪһУʵ̫ˡ



470 
ʵַݳֵһɲǣѧվ֪һжˣֻĲԸֻ¹ȥַݵľѾԼͷϣֻȵǻ࣬ھȻѾԼоԼС
˵ϣѽͬǾٶҲͬͱҳ㣬ܾͣͲǰˣʱ㲻ֳˣַ̲סϷһЦŴѧյ٩
һַݺ󣬴ѧտЦҡҡͷ˰ɣҪСӵĽٶȣʮ껹࣬ҾͲˣʵʵĵȴͻƾС
ٺ١ַһЦŴѧյʵҲǶϣָԺͻƵ֮ĵˣӰ;ˡ
˵ˡѧհ˰֣һĿЦͷӵһ֪ܲ𣿵ҾͲˣֻ뿴ǹͽܹͻƵˡ
ǿ϶ģСԻͻƵ뵽Ǵ˵еĻӤ硱ַһĨޱȼᶨɫֵġ
ǺǣȻѧպοĸԼһĨСӣһĨɪ츳ߵģͬʱǳԿ͵ԸҲޱȵ⡣
ţɪ֮󣬴ѧնʱתͷһĿַݵСӣ㾿ЩʲôôʱŻѵ˵һ磿
⡭ַ϶ʱ¶һĨɬɫԼˣԼ󣬶ѯ⣬·ǲʾͲһ㣬ˣԼļҲˣѧҲˡ
ȻѾ飬ַݻĵĶԴѧսԼоԼǸһЩص㣬ܽ˵Ҳץص㡣
ݴ½ַݵĽ֮󣬴ѧյжʱ¶һĨ㽵ɫǷŵݴ½Ļ˿ôܲǻ
Ҳû취˸ǵˣȻ粻ʤһ֮ѣܹԼļҲǣҲֻǸ̾ѡ
ͬʱѧһĿַݵСӣӦһ飬һͨҪȥǸȥ䣬ȻҸ㼱֪
һһַݿЦӣȫܹǸǻжջΪߵãֻҪϽĵߣض
뵽ַݵжʱҲһĨصɫԼӦҪռĴˣȻȴҶ֪Ĵڣĵ߽磬ӵԼȥǸ磬ⲻ˲

ǵַݵжʱһĨᶨɫݴ½飬ԼεǼˣԲܶ˽ȻҵıҵĻǿɾˡ
ˡַݳ˼ʱ򣬴ѧȴͻȻӦ˹ַݵ˵Сӣ㻹ûôͻƵڵˣǰͰࣿ
ȻǡַݷӦ֮󣬲ŶԴѧսͻƻҵʱ˸ֶսʱͻƵģԵʱǺɡ
ֶ򣿡ѧжʱһĨɬɫҡҡҡͷ˱˰ϼһǰ׻⼸ʮ꣬ôûжһૣ
ԵݰɣԵݵˣȻܶˡַݺٺһЦͷԴѧȰܲ˵ԼϡͿľͽζɣ
ðɣϣܹ֮꣬һζʱĴѧտɬЦЦٴοַݵ˵ͻƵ˻ڣôͻȻͻƵ˻ڣһ¿ԽС磿
ԼʵˣҴǸصʱһֻľɱԴȡһڵ֮ͻƵˡַʼ磬һɵĻش
ʵҲû˵ѣܹɱʵأǾûи׵ĻǾجˣ뽫ȥǾͱҪӦʵܹ֮ƥ䡣
ͱ˵ѧգֻҲԻٵһʱܣĻ˵ԾǸجΣԲַһɱȡ
ͬѪҲ˾ڵΣһ̫ߣûЧһ̫ͣµĻὫֱӳűͽûи
£ųɾڵַݣҲΪ˲Сһ鷳Ǿڸȣͱ˵ղսʱüζղסԼĻˡ
ַݼʱжûȻĻ϶˲ͱɣ뵽ַ̲ס̧ͷԴѧѯʵϣҾô죬е㲻ˣҪôܽ価ס
һĨصɫǰǴѧ˲ͿΪָһ·ַȴѾͻƵ˻ڣǱҪߣһʱ䣬Ĳַ˵Ȼ



471 ս
ϸĿ֮󣬴ѧ̧ͷҵİ취ֻһ࿴һЩǰǵ飬ܻҵһЩԼõĶһ־Լ绹Ҫߵ߶ԿԼǱ㻹ҪߵΪѹ㣬㾡Ӧ
Ŷַ֮ݵжʱһ⣬ǰǵľȷǿԣĻʵ̫ˣַڷǳҪʱ䣬һͱ޳ˡ
ʣµһҾԼߵߣЧȽϿ죬ȻȽַ࣬ݾãʺϵĻһѡĻҲѾãڲߵ
ûбҪʺϵѡˣַݶʱ⣬ǾԺʱĻǾͶһ£ԼľѹԼԼϤܾĽ뵽һ硣
ַ֮ݶʱվԴѧձȭлϵָ㣬Ѿˣȸһ£ʱǰл
ɷˣֻһ¶ѣûʵԵİﵽʲôૡѧտЦҡҡͷȫû뵽Ŷõʱ䣬ԭԼһ󾳽ַݾѾǳԽԼС磬ԤУַܻݵļޡ
ˣȻʲôʼ֮ģԴѧǴĵ׵ַݸеˣַܿгϢҲޱȵĸ˲ǣȻˣڴȻԼͽܹԽԼĻ϶ܸ˵
Ŀַ뿪ѧŻȴûղһǰеĺȲˣóһ书ؼʼۿνѧϣҲҪŬˣϾ˵ܹͻƵĻܹƾһʮ
뿪˲ַ֮ݻڲСȥ׼ȥԼҪ飬᲻ӦַȻʮġ
ϾǷԼü飬ԼָһµĻ˵Ҳʲô£ģҲֻܹʸˡ
뵽ַ̲סЩпʱԼʱһִĸоǿ޿ƥеϢ·ɻԼԺŶãԼѾֻһСѡ
ַҲ֪Լľ綼ģҪƥУԼʵܹ֮ԿһȻĻԻ˲Ͱ
Ҫ֪⾳Ҫߣͬʱڸ似ҲѹԼĴڣַҲûκεף˿ҲѾһɽֻһСɽ¶ѣҪ˶ãȫĳԽѹ
뵽ַݲ΢΢һЦǰѾǳǰֻ˲䣬ַݱ㽫ȭͷĺԣ

ԼϢ֮˲תͷַ֮󣬲΢΢һЦַָݵȭͷˣҪ
Ҵһ˵ַݲ̫࣬˵ôһ仰֮󣬶ʱȥҪһ£װԲǷܹЧ
Ҫ֪ԲӷС͵ѧ֮ûʹùһΣǰǵһĶַеҪ֪便εǿ
ҲǸţַݽµİԲ֮жʱһòһö治١
ַһԲ̤ŰԲҲԵЩƮѰһĻᣬΪϣһ˿
ȫҶܹ⣬Ǿ绹Ǿ鶼ѹĴڣôܻᱻַ׵ҳһ˿̫
ַݵĹ۲£˿˫֣ҲЩƮĿԼȻַȴ֪Լ۴ĸȥĻܹ˲ķӦиɻ
εַ̲֮סҧҧ޼ȭ̤ԲıȥΪĻǾԾˡ
ǵַݹȥʱȴתֳץ״˲ץסԼ֣ס˾
ʱ·һַֹ̾жʱ¶һĨɬɫ֪Լв࣬û뵽Ȼôֻһ̽ԵĹѣͱץס˲ס
ַ˵Ǹ޴ĴַǸǾܵģֺ˺󼸲ҾͲˡ
ڶΣַݲû׵ķץס˲Ŷ䷢˽ַݿ⼸Ǳеһȴȫˡ
Ҳķ˷ֻжѣַݱ㱻˵ϣַ֮ҧҧ



472 
Ҫͣ
ڲСߣʱһ˵ĺǧᣬǲڸ㼸ڽϽսҲ˵ַ̡
СʱҲûһ˿ĸı䣬ַǰܼܻǰܣ׵ĸʰķģκεĲˣҲ˵½Ƕû
˵һ޴Ĵ˲ͶʧȥȤӴж׹һʵȥˣַôܷһδʧܣȴǺףּ˽
ǰܣܱǻͷַȴҧͬЧҲԶ׼ģӿʼһоͰܣѾϼʮУԿԳƵһĽ
ͨߵĻܶսСʱѾ۵ˣַȴǶսСʱһƿ޸ҩһ㾫ͷʮĺ˼
СʱȻԸҲɣ˸ǿȵĶսҲǸеЩƣٴνַݸ֮ŴڰֵСˣ͵˽ɣ۵ˡ
ðɡûκαģַ֣һϹлˣҶսôãҲ۵˰ɣ
ãСǸҩԺȣ͸Сǿһǡ̲סҡҡͷַݻеһĨļµĸо
Ͼַʹ֣Ҳ˵ճܵһĨ޿κΣܰﵽַݵĻǻһǳ˿ĵ顣
ٺ١ַ̲סٺһЦͷⲻǾͻ̫죬ЩȶұҲУ̵ֻܹһˡ
ˣ˱˻ԣ͵˽ٹɣ㡱һЦһϷʵĿַݵ۵ĹǺӦģҲ˲ٵĺô
ַȻҾҲ㣬еʱڳеʱȴЩпգҲΪ棬üζ㱻Լϡ
ַݣޱȵģĸ߶һزλվԼֽ̣ЩпַôٶͻƵ磬Ȼռ˾󲿷֣ĹִҲвֵԭ
ʱַܶһز뵽Ҳһ㶣ַĽٶȵĻǺܿħͲΪ壬ԼӺҲܲ˰ɡ
ûôҲǲòпһһǸûһַݣһĨĽĽҪ˶ԡ

һᣬַݱ㽫ϵͷȻһУ̧ͷԵףмһͬ⣬ܴӦ𣿡
˵ɣֻҪǺֵܹ顱΢Цŵ˵ͷʵַݲûаԼʲôƾ츳ԼԣʲôҲӲܡ
ģ㿴ÿﶼҪתֱʵ̫˷ʱˣ㿴ܸܲҵķг֤ͨʱͿֱӹˣַЩ˼ͷ
ȻȷǸС£˵׵ľ˵ĻҲһ£ǣڲĹأַݻû˵˭Ľܹͨڲ֤ͨģǻĹ׳˶תֱ
ǺǡַǷȻɫ̲֮ס΢΢һЦ˵СӰͻҳ⣬˭ڲĴૣͬˡ
ʵ˵ûַݵȷڲ˵ĶˣΪϴ˸ǰȥַħַǼ춯ص顣
ַݵʱѡԼܣûѡ񽫺˵ԼߵĻЩ˶ѾˣַݼȻôˣǾڲĶˣһҪҪĻǲǻ֮
ǾͶлˡַ̲ס¶һЦݣÿڲ˷Ѻöʱ䣬ԭһСʱĳ̣ȴҪСʱ꣬ʵ̫ˡ
ллӦҡ̲סҡҡͷĻҾĵˣôĸ߽Ҷҿᰲİ
ַ̲סͷʵʱҲˣֻһ˾ͺãô˶ȥĻһ˻Żʲô˼
ˣ뷨⣬Ҳܹס̲ס˵ͷ󻰷һתСӣһ⣬ҪʵңȻ¾Ҫᡣ
ַ㶺󣬿Цʲôֱ˵ɣҿ϶ʵģκε
Ǿͺã㣬ҴŮôģһĨ⣬ֱַݵ˫ۣȴĴ𰸡



473 ŮĽ̸
Ůˡһַ֣жʱһĨɫڱһУҲǽһβ֮Ե
Ƕʱڣַݸоͦĵģ˵ûиоǿ϶УʵԸ񣬻ǳ͵ģȻĳЩʱ򣬻ϲСƢҲ鲻ǣ
оַϲҲǽ䵱ԼһѰˣԥƬַ֮ݶʱ̧ͷðɣҺѣʲôҪҰģҿ϶Ӳ
ֻѶѣûһŮ֮飿һĨصɫַݵ
ֻһ仰ѣַе뷨ȻڴˣַûǸ˼ˣֻǵͷǵģֻѶѡ
õַȷĻش̲֮סǸ̾һҡҡͷ㵱ѹȻԣµǣûа㵱ѡ
Ĵһַݺҡҡͷһϡǵãʱȥɱħ㱧ź˵뿪֮һ飬֪ܿʬ޴֮ҲҪֵҵ㣬ֱҴ罫֮󣬲Ŵ˹ڡ
Ҹ˵Ӿϲˣֻ仨⣬ˮ飬ʵͦģͲܺúõĿһԣŮˡ
ν˶˵ʱַ֮ݵжʱһĨޱȿɬɫþܾ
Կ˰ַ֮ݶʱ̧ͷʵҲûôãпܻڵģ㲻ȰȰ𣿡
ҡҡͷ飬Ҷ԰Ȱı⣬ǸҲֻԼ˵Ļ𲻵κεãֻԼ
ǰַݸп̾Ϣһ֮һ֣ܹܹȫƣԼ⣬ţزĻǾͲ֮ܳΪˣһľͷ
Ļַ־ʵڶԲҲԲԼǼŮˣԿ˰ֻУǾԼҺþۺɢǸã
Ҫôַлûиֻۣǵʱ˵ߵȴԼɣϾҪܾ˺ǾǼǳ鼼顣
ַݳĬþòԣҲûټȥˣվˣҲܲʲôԼˣˣȥϢˡ
˵꣬תԼķȥַҲûټǻ˻ţֱӳԼļȥ

һ·ϣַݶ⣬ԽԽͷΣҡҡͷǵȴʱɣϾ¼
һСʱַݵĻŻĽĺԺУ˿ŮѾص˼Уڷ죬ַ̲סͣվſڣǻ˵Щʲô
ֻȿڣָӵӶãСȥɣҿǼüζڼ߶Ŷ
ôԣɬĵͷԵҶӨٻҾӦõĻСٻɣҪĻǱһŶ
ҲŲҪҶӨٻʱɫһ죬ָŮݺݵĵҲŲһૣô׵ıǼһ
һ˵ŮжʱһĨϷʵЦݣҶӨٻĻǸоķǳɰԼַǿɲڣֻ˵Ǹиļְɡ
ʲôЦġҶӨٻһ䣬ԵҾðɣǽñȽϺãǰһֱûڼңԶûʱŶ
ôô˵ʵҾðɣǼȽϺðɣϾǿɲһǼһŵĻҲᰲࡱԵҡҡͷһһ΢Цε
ҪˡϷҡҡͷǼһⱻ£ڿ϶ͱˣֲֻܰǿŶ
㡭Լʱɫһͨ죬Ȼ֪λеľʲô˼ƤôܲɬԸӣһԻûоϴҶӨٻɬĵͷ
ַʵȥˣֱӴźվ˳һЦĿŮˣǾͱƴˣ˽һ˯ˣ
ȥС
ַͻȻ˵ôһЩŮʱ¶˱ӵ񣬶ַݵȻҲǱǺԥĸأЦŮһжң
ٺ١ַڨڨһЦҲǴ⣬ضҪҹŮţʱһܷŹ



474 ð
Թ֮ѩöʱʰϵһУϴȥˣΪȻҲɢѪǳԵ̫࣬Ժдȭȥˡ
Ҫ֪ѩõǺõĲˣѪǵһνӴôóԵģô̵סԵ㣬ÿԹַݾܷһɬģ
ַЪϢһ֮׼뿪ʱȴͻȻСѩã׼ô죿ѵôһֱǵŮ
ַסˣЩĿΣе˼ҲŮǸʲô뷨⾿̽ʲô˼ַѡ˳ĬԴ
κεȻ˲ַݵĹ˼ɣ΢Цҡҡͷ㲻ôңֻҪ뷨ʲô
˵ʵѩĺϲģͶԹҲޱȣ춼߶㣬ν֣ҪߵĻǵһͬ⡱һϿҵ
ǰĺܺãһ鶼ԸҲǿϼǽеĻҾҲŶҶӨٻҲ΢Цŵ˵ͷԼĹ۵˵˳
˵ûҲ̲ס˵ͷѩŬǶУ˵ʵڵģǱǸϧԼ㣬ǵĻ˫޳ɡ
ӣʲôҲû˵ֻǵݸַһһоڲУַܹԼҪ˵ʲô
ǡŮһı飬ַжʱޱȸжɫŮˣǷ򸴺ǵԼַ֧֣βܹǣ
¶һĨжɫַݻһŮǵҶ֪ˣʵǲ˵ҲҪˣϾȥĻʵ̫ƽˣҲ̫Բˡ
һַ֮ᶨĿŮѩҲټˣһǸһҸҵİҲƫ˭ֻǽҵİƽָǡ
֪ԵĺܻģҲ֪㣬Ҳ˵ķŲκһˣκһ뿪ҵĻҶġַһĨ˵ԼÿŮ˶עԼ⣬κһ뿪
Сǵ˱˻ԣʵǶһ벻㣬Ҳ᲻㣬Ȼ绨ģʲô˻ɵģһ΢Цŵ
ŮͬƵĵ˵ͷ˽ַ֮ϲ˵ĻǾǲܵģǻбַݸüʮ˳֣ǾԲܵġ
ⱲӣѾǸַݣĺܻģ֪㣬ֻҪַ֪ݵǾѾ㹻

˺ˡͻȻЩ˸Уβòվ˳Դҵ֪ǵôģȻǶѾ¶˾ģǾӦüȥ
ŮжһĨᶨȻƽȴޱȵ㣬뿪ĻǲɵˣҪַ֪ܸԣǶѾ¶ľˡ
Ů̬仯֮תͷϷʵַݵСȻ㶼Ѿ¶˾ģǲӦʲôʵʶૣ
ַ㶣ڨڨͷǵȻֻһûøô˵ૣѵҴҵĳȥǵҵŮ˰
̲סǰһͷһǳȤ˵ǲѽ
ǡĺŮжżɫۿַݳĻһǳȤͬʱҲ뿴ǹɵѩþڱַݱ׵ʱ򣬻һɫ
ǡַݶʱЩɵۣЩ޿κΣȻζѾˣĻǾǲ֪ôˣҪ֪ɶŮġ
εʼ磬ַݿɬȻô뿴Ǿ͸ɣ˵Ǿһ͵ˣȻһ᲻˼ġ
ӴӴӴһϵϷɫŨˣֱĿַݵһû뵽ôƤļһȻ˵Լ죬ֱ̫߳˲ǣ
Ҳ̲סһЦʵǲ֪СʵĻẦŶҵʱૡ
㣡ġַٴɵۣȫû뵽ξȻŮͽԼ¸˳ĸ鰡
ǽ˵˵Ǿô¡жʱ¶һĨɫεһ֪ǿ̬ȵ
ٺ٣ġôȻκε˵㿪ʼַݵɬСкģ˶ǹЦ



475 Ů
ַʵȥˣֱӣŮǼģȥѩˣɡ
ٺ١Ů˵Щʱַݵ׵ģɲʱܹˣѩģ׺ɬģ϶ӵǸе档
ַǰŸһ̤ţ͸оԼĸӰҲ̲סһĨЦû뵽ŮôģȻ鶼ܸо档
ʱ򣬳ŴȭѪҲǷŮĸַ󣬾һ㣬жʱ¶һĨ棬СŮڸૣ
ꡭȽѵʱ˸ĶԵѪ͵һ׼ȥѩñૣǸȥ뿴᲻ܡ
⡭Ľ֮ѪʱԼе㲻ˣַȥŮ˱ҲǾȻһģһϷģܲоң
龰ֻֿܣһŮͲϲַݣһ־ǰַݼܹһ飬ͬʱҲܲʼɡ
ΰİѪжʱпޱȣǷ֪Ů֮˸⸱Ļ϶ڿЦôܻɵŮˣһξĸ
ʵͷǰԼ˵Ժ󻹻ΪеһԱѪжʱ¶˹ɫЩãôʵ
ҲòǣȻŮŮܿݵزָһ˾ͻֵˣҲ˵ĿԼԼһַݵߡ
뵽ѪжʱһĨ̹ȻܸʵŮԣҲһңҲ˵ˣãַݵĸŮѶǳãûദ˴ڡ
Ҳ룬ദ˴ڵĻַݻ𣿾УҲѱŮͬˣͱ˵һ㡣
ѪҲ̲סַݵŮһͬ׼ۿַݵı㣬ǳɹʧʵûκεҪֻǹ̲ǣ
ַȻҲ֪һ㣬ȴЩţϾͬʱ˱ףַ˵ǵһΣ֯ԣ֪ôܹ
ڽŵͬʱַҲޱȵļѩʵҲѾǴãܹһͬӵǵĻǾһ˶Ľʼɺ޵顣
ڣѾǽǰַҲ̲סͣ˽Ųŵ˳æµٻӰҲ̲סһĨɫ

ö̫̫࣬ȻûԼİ⣬ϸˮİ⣬ַûκεɾܾԽŻ¶ģһͬ¡
õַ֮Ŵ˾ģųȥ׼ʼԼһαףҲҲֻһαˡ
ڳſڵһУŮһգգĿַݣʵĸ׳漴ʼǿɲκһ
ʱжʱһĨϷʵɫǣ˵һ﾿ôףǸૣһͬʱ֣
⡭Ļ֮ŮжʱһĨԥɫ˵Լֲ²⣬ȻŮܹõͳһϾֲַݶеĻ׳棬ôġ
ĿǰΣҶӨٻԼΪַݻֱһףѪԼΪַݻƣϾһ㲻ǣ
˫͸ԵĹ۵˵ֵɣɵòͳһʱζֵˣ˵ô඼ûãһϾҪˣǿ֪𣿡
ҲǡŮʱֹͣԼ֣̽ԼŵַݵϣȴĶôźܿͻи
һߣַݵĽŲ֮ѩʱתַݾȵˣôˣںģȥŮǾͺˣԼеġ
ѩͷ˿ѩ˫Ө׵Сִ˿ȷʵһ˿ֲڣַ̲סһۣһѽץסһĨϧַ֪кεºܣܹõǵϲΪҸ
ѩˣַܵ˫ůֺʵ֮жʱһĨ֪룬ַͻȻı仯ȫˡ
顭ʱһѩ𾪸ɢתͷԼĽһԼһ˿ĪɫˣһˤĴ̡
ַһһᶨĿŮѩҪǵҵŮˣԸ⸶ǵػǣԸ𣿡



476 糣Ը
ءַͻȻĸ֮ѩжʱһĨŵɫסԼͣԼܹ
ѩΪʲôôŬȻΪַܹһ̫Ƕʱ䣬ѩһֵʱ⣬ַݵһΪǸܵ˱һ۰ĸо
ַ뿪֮ѩŻ᲻һеŬѧϰŻѧϰŻĹķΪľܹĹʱַݸܵŬ
ֻĹ֮ͽ㶼ôŬַȴǷ·ҪԶǶҲǲǣⲻѩеޱȵġ
ַ˵һ仰֮ѩֻԼеίɢתһ־ϲԼж̬ԥĶַݵ˵ͷˣѩҪһߣŮһĵλֻҪܶҾͺá
ɵϡַӿһжɫѩ§˻УĶͷܹܵԼȵİ⡣
սԭ˿Ǳ֮ϣҲ¶һĨõЦգǶ˵ģַݿĲһҲһĨɫ
ַݵĿУһᶯݵݣҲһȻɹԼǴΪĲԼãɾڿҲϲԼ
ԺвֳһĨ̫ĳ棬ַҪ뿪ȴװѩԼȥӵȻɵҲַݸܵҪԼһľġ
ѩӵ˰ַ֮ݸСԴСɵϣ˵Ҫһ𣬿ǽɻû˵ŶҪ뿪Ļһġ
Ҳᡭַ˻֮жʱһĨ·¶˾һ㣬ַĴ
ءͻȻϮַݱƽ˫ۣȫû뵽һ侲Ȼ˵ĴϣַݸܵеĻȡ
̽Լ࣬ȻСһַ̰˱ǳĽҺв¶һĨ
ַܵݵĶ֮ǻһ·˲ַ§˻о۸˿̵ѾǱַŨŨİڻ
սԭȫûԼһᱻһ§˻У۸⸱ģ뷨УԼ³ܿǱ巢֣ǣӵа顣
ַݸһУ⽫帲Լİ˵ͷ·һξһ㣬ȴôʵ
һԵѩѾǿˣû뵽һĽξȻôԴ˴֮ѩʱַݵĴĿڵҲҪ

ַݵĸУһűܹɪɪ˽⵽֮ǾܹܵĵĴһ㣬·ܹڻ
ѩȴǳУһ񶼸о˺棬ͱһַţԭ裬ȴ֮̽£Ȼռ
ӵţ֮Ŵ֣ѩҲѾַ̱ݵĻУڴڵĴŴҲ¶һĨãȻ·Ѿʧȥʶ
˻ַ˳ԼһȴͻȻԲѩףȻεôӯȴҲǳһޱഺ
ȥݴ½£ַݿһŮ˶ûԼѾǱը˼㣬پѩôһַ̼ݱоԼǱըһ㣬ܵĻ⡣
Ůע֮£ַҲѾǺ޹˼ˣֱӽѩ§˻УԵɣǣΪҵŮˡ
˵ַ꣬ݱ㱧ѩֱԼķȥ˿̵ѾоСַݿҪըˣܾͷŵĻһ
ַܵݵ֮һĨߵɫҲһĨᶨַһǸˣԽԼĺܷġ
ֱַӽѩԼУÿһ缡µѩôܾһб㷢èĽ
⽿ַ˵ȫǿҵĴҩԻȥһŮװĽ壬ʼڵĸš
ϵѾһ֮ҲǽƬ̣бһĨᶨȥԼһ·ڸŵַȥʼԼĦ
һģһ绨ŮŮӻԼǰַλܹѳֻ֣Сַݶ챬ըˣѪۿʼţһ᷿б㴫ǵ͵Ůߺ



477 Ӳ칤ϣ
һҹķַıȫͷ˳ͬʱҲò̫̾ѩԼȷҪȻĹŮҪſ࣬һʱҲޱȵԼܵ˵ˬ
һҹķҲ۵ĹǺַʱŮҲ˯ʮַݵжʱһĨΡ
ڿѾͻƵ˻ڣʺǿŮ£ԼȻûаѳֵסǸ۳ⷬģַܲΣ
ַ̾һŮĶͷ϶׵һ£·ļǺãԼųķȥͿҲֻԼˡ
ַݺٽͣ෴ǣַݹĦ鼮ͻҪŮӵľ£Ҹд⡣
һСʱ֮󣬵ַݽϡ֮ȴǼҴҵĳ˳УһεĶַݵ˶Բ˯ˣȻ׼ͣʵڶԲ𡣡
ɵϡַ΢ЦҡҡͷһЦĿŮ˵ԲӦңȻûϧǣôࡣ
ⶼӦõġѩжʱһĨɬģ뵽ҹַǷģɻԼǻģ·ַҪ˵Լһ㡣
Ҳˣͷ·𲻸ҿַһۣҹǱַݸڵĹǺԼ˹ǿǶ˵Ҳһ²ǣ
ȻŮѾǰַҲһͬܰĿʼ׼ͣͷŵ˲֮УȴŮǵǰַֻݺ̹ȻŮȴһĨ¡
Ϊǻ֪ŮʵѾ֪ҹ飬ԺԼŮ˻Լ뿪ַݻܵǻеޱȵΡ
ǵĵĶǶģŮһǰǲԼͬĶͶһԿʼ˵ĻŮɫɬޱȡ
ַȴţ·ûڽʲôһ㣬ȴǽǵ̸˸һĳЩʱ϶̲סһĨߺ졣
ȫû뵽Ůæֱ˻Ҫˣͱһ㣬󵨵ѯַҹı֣ŮһԼҲӦԡ
ŮȻỤַݣ˵ַúҲǸоοѣͬʱҲһĨ⣬ԼӦøһѵˣȻ̫ߣԺɲѹ
һĨЦݣַѾ⣬ԼӦȥķתתˣҲܹ֪Լ˵ǶԼʾɡ



478 Ӳ칤£
Թ֮ŮҲǷ׷ױԼĸλַҲǶ˸ϻţŷϵصȥ
ҹַݾѾҶӨٻ˽ĺĿǰΣҲûж˵ַֻ˵һ䣬ҾӦôһˣǸطǳư˰
ֻַݵжʱһĨ⣬ǰȥѰĺΪ˺ôһǣȻܲãƾڵʵҲĺ֪Լ֮
ֻǰСʱѣűѾʻλڵ۾⣬һرŵĹǰ˿̹֮УĴнţŴӳķϡ
˵ʵڵģ⻹ַݵһ⴦æµĳ֮жʱһĨп˦ƹֻ֪Ǯǲ֪⹤Ȼ˵æµÿôĹΪ׬ȡǮơ
Ϲǲ˽ģĳμԼ齨ĳӣ˵Ƿǳأַ˵ȴԵôϤ
Ϊ췴ϵḶ֪́һҲûʲôģֱӾͽŸ˹ͣУŸһ³ĸ˱ӭַˣҪҴιһ𣿡
ˣԼСַݻҡҡͷܾ˸˵֮󣬱ŹĴſȥΪµĲĻĺ˿Ÿλ
ǵַݲ˴ʱȴûĺеκһˣֻ˾Ƹıڸλϣַݵɫ˲
̼ǵõĺѱʱ򣬿ǽԼǣһϰһػλʱ˾Ȼһ٣ַܹŭ
׼ֵӥ۵ȥˣֱַߵ˸ͤУڼظλѯʵ
㶣ȻǲʶַݣַݵɫԼҲԿԲǵĴڣ˶һۺ󣬱ǺȥǱˣʲôҲ֪
Ŷַɫ΢΢һ֪ڸǾпԭģϾ׼ֵԼӥۿǰߣЩͨˣҲġ
ַݵ˵ͷ󣬱ָķ˹ȥ׼ĺЩʲô˳Ҳøһ̵Ľѵ



479 
ǰȥӳģһƬĵأǳӲݣȻƽ˾ַȴܹĸоǰԶмϢд
κεĻɣ⼸ϢӥԼ׼ֵܴģϸĸһºַݵжʱһĨϷʣΪоĵֵڶѾͻ˰ӥ۸ͻƵ˰۷壬վͽͻƵڡ
Ƿŵǰַݿܻ⼸˸еɵһ㣬ڣȴһҲмǣϾԼڵʵٸߣҲᱻԼһ
𽥵ַ߽̲֮ס˸طͣ£ϸ˼˵ĶԻҲһĨɫ֪⼸һ﾿ڸ
ȻĺӴַ࣬ݻܹ׵˵ͱڣϴԼСܵԴѵŸϿȥҵȻ¹򲻹ʲôӥʦֽ
ȥϴԵȰֵܵλϽӣȥϴ̲ס˱ӥʦҲǣԼϲⶫֲԼ֣Ҫ
ַǻȻ򣬼˾Ȼϸʱ䣬֪㵽һȻŹַݵжʱһ⡣
ȻƺСҲǺܴû»ãҲһְضѣǳ£ʲôߴȥϵĻϧ
ߡһַ֮ݻĴĻ߳źϴȥʱһŨζıУҲ̲סһĭ
ò˵⼸һﻹǶܣ˿̸ǳԹĴʱ䣬ҿǰɫζȫĹȻ⼸һû顣
жʱһ⣬ַݾֱվ˺ϴ󣬿ڵţ涮ܰ⹷治ǼԵ𣿡
Ǳġϴʶıشһ䣬˵һ룬Щ̫Ծֱתַݷ˽νΪǿ
ַûκεķ˲ס˺ϴŴһϷʵĿôҶ֣һˣ»̫ɡ
㡭ַݣַ˲ס֮󣬺ϴʱ亹ֱַ֮亹ǲҪǮһ˳
ϴȫû뵽Լ˲㱻ַݸסһȳֵ£ȻЩִ٣ȴľǰ۷ߣֻʱܡ
ַܹ˲ס¾ΪѾͻƵ˻뵽жʱһĨֵɫҲַ֪ݽ߲ˡ
вһַ֮ݶʱڵϽҹȻϴҾˡ

˿̣һյԣӥ˫צϵǰһžʯϵ˺ţʱڣõַݵҲǾķɿ죬˿ѾͻƵ˰ڵ۷壬վͽͻƵڡ
ӥ˵ַԼشţһ裬ַĿףԼԼĶ飬ŰĵĿ¶ѡ
ͻƣ𽥵ҲǸ׵η࣬Ż𽥵ԼĸλԼϲ飬ѾţֻҪԼͻƵڣǾͽҹ˾ڲʱȥҳĺģԲַݡ
ӥ۱һˣΪַݷôãͲͷˣǾ绹һĻˣһҲԿַǰȷģȻͱһ¥ӡ
ϵҪԲԶӥ۴ʲô뻪ѺõĹһãǱ˵жԹң̫ȵȹңַ͵ñ˵ˡ
ò˵ӥ۵ӥץѾʦķ緶ʯ֮ϣҲѾץԼ׶צץ˵ĻǾԲַݵצҪ
Ǵⲿַݻܣνӥ۱ĳ裬һжᵽַݹ֮ϣŬţΪгһգַܹٴεһ
̡ʯмҷɵ𣬶ӥҲǽĳ̽׶ΣѾܵԼڵѾﵽ˼ޣܿܽͻͻơ
뵽ԼͻƺַݵĿƣɵģӥ۵жʱһĨɫͬʱϵĶҲǲļӿ
ͨͷ·ͻһ㱡Ĥ㣬ӥһצԼָ˾ʯֻ֮ԼڵѪ·˲ȼһ㣬Ҳ˲ͻƵ˰ڡ
ҲͲסеĿϲӥ۶ʱ쳤ХȴѾ̫ãͽ뿪ˡ
ӥ׼չʱ򣬱һϤĶУβһ㶣Ǻ֮жʱһ̵ɫȴĻᣬڵˡ



480 Ҳ
ַݵһź֮ӥ۶ʱЦ·㲻ߣ㴳⼸ĳɹ
˵ţӥֱչԼϵĻҳ֮ĵطȥ׼ַݷսˣӦĻǾʹӦ
һߣܼŲĺ϶ԼʱһǿûӥĴ󵨣ϴַǸ׶ѾǳԾ˿ͷ
Ҳַ֪Ǹμŵʵжôۺ񣬾ܵĺǶܱ׷ǿӥ۴ģӥҪߣҲֻǸ档
ַݽԼϴס˵жʱһĨɫַ֪ݺ߲ܿƣָ֪ЩʲôԼ˵ġ
ܵĻǻŵĨ͸ϽܣԼϴѾ䵽УܲܶԼҴԼܰɣ˿ɬĶһַֻ֮ݳĵطȥ׼Ʋá
ڹĽǰַѾɿ˺ϴ֣ⲢԴ󣬶ʮģϴҪܵĻӲʮͻᱻ׷ϣвŻ˵޿֡
ϴһĿɬȫַܹݵ̬Ҳַܹݵɲ⣬ģǸŲַݻһģԼһˡ
ֻǼӶѣǲû뿪Զĺ϶һηηģǰַһԲΪҲʵڲ֪˵ЩʲôֻǵȴַݵС
ַҲֻĿһۣĽ˫ֱǰȴĺеͷӥ۳֣ӥۻܣΪʱ򣬾Ѿӥ۵εˣӵĻԼҲɵץס
˿̣ĸ֪УӥѾǻߵ˽ǰ¶һ˫˫ֱۣĿַݵַݣ׼ѵǵ𣿡
ѵӦ𣿡ַνʼ磬ǰӥҸĹǰҿҵȴǲЩˣ
ǹ֣ӥһЦҵҵĸ㿴˼µĴţҲĶ˰ɣֲûˣαôţ
Ʊ硱ַ̲סһ䣬ӥ۵֪ԺзˣҪܵĻ̾ʹˣӵĺǣһа취Ʋá
Ǻǡӥ۲мĿַһۣЩĵƾǸΰɣ뿪ĻԲҪԸңΪѲͬգҾҪɱȻǸϵ뿪ҺΣ
ȷͬաַ̲סһЦһмĵΪھܸƴĻ̿ɾʹˣϾͻ֪ʲô

ӥһĨмɫǰ۷ߣǼϣҲֻʧܵһ;ԣ
۷𣿺ܱǸҲǣڵľǣڰַһϷʵĽԼľ˵˳ȴӥ۵ķӦ
Ȼַһַ˵Լǻ֮ӥһĨ㵵ɫǹЦַָݵ㵱СˣڣôܣΪʲôɵҩڻࡣ
ܱǸһɵҩ㲻ŵĻȥڲַһϷʵĿӥۣҪӥĺܸߣصˤ
ٷϻʲôɵҩ㵱С˵аɡ˵ţӥ۵һĨ̵ɫ˫ֳצ˲ַݹȥ
ַ̲סʼ磬һεĵ˵ڵ˰Ҳ˵˸ʵôû˿ૡ
ӥ۹ַҲһĨмɫ󻺻Լ֣Ҳǳצ״ӲӲ̬ӥ۵צӭȥ
ַݾȻҲצ似׼ԼӲӲӥ㶣ʱתһĨмɫ
ַȭĻСһ㣬ַצ似ĻǰŪԼ˼ʮӥץڵĹַһСѣԼĳȽϣǼֱǲ֪ߵغ
ﬡӥ۲мУ˵צӱ˲ײһ𣬶ʱһͬײӥ۵񲻽䣬ͬʱһɾצϣצּ۶ϵĸо
һˣӥ۲ı˺˽岽ַȴһģվԭأϷʵӥ۵ӥצҲôӵ˶򲻹
ҲţҲšֻһײӥһЩȴһĨŵģٴַݷ˽ȴһģһ֪ײһεĻԼָҪˡ



481 ɬʳ
һ˵ڵϣӥ૵ôܣôܣô䣬һצ似ϣ𣿿϶ˡ
һԣ׼ֵѾǾˣȫû뵽צ似ĶУԼҵĴʦ־Ȼܵ˵ĳף˵Ǻ޵ֿ
û˭ǸӥЩϰӥצжôĿ̿࣬ǼǷʳһпյʱ򣬾ͻóһЩӲĶĥԼ֡
ɾôŬȴĳϰַܸһһǰܵôףܲӥ۸оУǺ׼ֵܣҲŴͣһģ
Ҳ֪ǰһٻţģǵĴʦӥ۰ˣһ˵ԼļƻҲǴ뵽ΣյľС
Ȼӥ˵ЩǴַݵļͶȣԲŹԼ˵ģ뵽ֵܵ˫ȶ̲סЩˣúԼᱻ
ַݲûйעǣһϷʵĿӥ۵ˣڲûΣһжģҵУһóצ似ϡ
ӥһģַ̲סҡҡͷҴѧצϣҲǰܵˣľ̫ˣҲһ󾳽磬㲻ܿԽĺ蹵
ַ˻֮ӥ۶ʱ̧ͷַݵצȻѵͻƵ˻ڣҲš
ţһ°ɡַ̲סϷһЦԼص˲ͷ˳ǰ˶˲һϢҲһĨŵģ
Ϊǿ޷ֵֻһ˵ϸܵǾһֱڲżȻһⲿչʾһǿ
ǹһֱǼ£ǰַҪЩѾޱȵĽӽˣҲҪһʱ乮̶ѡ
һ֮ӥԼ׼ֵܵٴľǺַֻǻڣǻеһƴ֮ǻȴĴڣԼѾַе֮ˣôôԼҲǺ޷
һӥ۶ʱ̧ͷһģ˵ɣôԸǣҪɱҪУôŪҲѾ֮ˡ
ǺǡַݵһЦҾҵֶλ̫ˣӦøµҩУϴθǳԵǹҲѾףεĻҿǲˡ
㡭ַҪҩʱ˵жʱһĨɬǱַץסʱ˵ҩһֱûзǱǾƭԼˡ
ΣȫǴַݵۣٴóĶԲǼٵˣԼ˾ԻᱻƵġ
һɬģַ̲סҡҡͷ˵ǺαأԹĺúõģҪԺǣҾͲòԼˡ
̲סǰ̾һ˿ҲһĨĺڣҲûкҩԳԣҲֻʳɡ

ʵ֮ǰַݾѾǵ½δ̵꣬ΪѰźʵҩˣ˵δ̵ҵһֱȽϺʵҩҲ˵˰ɡ
ҩԭһδļģõԶİ취ҩбʹһĶأ˳ԵĻƵЧͨ˳ԵĻǾͻ𵽷ˣ֮һҩЧͻȫӷγϵʹС
δ磬ҲѾ뵽˽İ취ֻҪһöõĽҩǾ׵ĽҩЧԲôҩûгΪֹ۵ҩ֮һ
ַҩȻ׼Ƿ£ȻһڸǰöҩǲڼʹҲҩЧԿԽǸȫĿס
ַ֮Ҳǲԥ¿һƿҩ֮óֱݸǵ°ɣҪҶ֣ԶֵĻǿ϶ܲˡ
ӹҩ֮ӥ۸ûκεԥֱһڽ̽˸УԼֳκεԥĻַͲκεԥ˲佫ԼɱС̹ȻĽһС
ַȻҲǲµ뷨΢΢һЦ֮󣬽ŵ˺׼ֵܵϣвζԶ
ַ⸱ɫ֮󣬺׼ֵԭԥɫʱɢһˮɫüͷҩ̽˿С
˶Ѿַ֮ݶʱ΢΢һЦŶҩһڷһΣҩЧ֮ǰһ˵μŵܲýҩɣĲҶ˵ˡ
ס˿ɬĵ˵ͷһеһжܣҲֲκˣֻǹԼַ̫ͣݵĿƣŪɳ׾
šŨĹζַ̲סһĭ΢ЦָǰĴξˣ²ΪҲˣһ԰ɡ
˵ַ꣬ݶʱһڴڵĳĺһۣĻθһаԭʳŽУҲԵǿɬ



482 
ֵһιַֻһǻȵģ˲վ˸ллǵĿˣ⡣
˵ַ꣬ݱһɫУڲķȥûǣԼÿѵҪȥǧи
ˣžһεĽѵ֮Ҳֳʲô۶ˣǲҪˣܹȫֵҩʹС
ٴڲںߵȺ򣬼֮ͣ󣬶ʱ΢΢һЦˣǾͿʼɣĿʲô
ַݵжʱһĨ⣬һŵģгʮУȻǲ뿪ģҲ׼ˮȻ㡣
Ȼˮó汾°ɡһЦһڴĿַݣĶսҲǳԭͣͲǰĳЩһЩ
ʼɡַݵ˵ͷһŵԼĽȻҲһɵӭַսһš
˴ǹĻַռ·磬𽥵ı¶һĨģץסһ˲ɣҲճһĨ
ǹɲľƢӿַݶʱҧҧһˣǾͲһСѣȻʮжŲ
˵ţַϵĳ˽Ȼһģȴǲ̫һַϳʱѾԽԽˡ
ӸտʼĶʮУǰʮУֻһ㣬ܹﵽĿˣɫѾҰʱַͷ󺹵гʮУҲ¶һĨϲɫ
лˡһƣַ̲סǱ˱ȭл˵ڵѾԼʦˣַ̻̫̫Ķ
ͱ˵צãԼתһһʽͷʱ˶սʱַԼ
ַȻҲ̣Խķɿ죬жҲǳ˸мϾ˲صָ̣ѾȫԽ飬һ߶ȡ
лַ֮ѡ뿪ڶٴģһַ֮ҲѾоԼĸѾι
м°нַ֮ҲͣΪ֪ȹѾٽĶսˣֻܿԼܹﵽزҲѾַݺˡ
ҲǴﵽԼԤڣһ۵ĹǺҲǴַޱȷĶн˳ܹúõϢһˡ

սַҲѵõڶҲû㱻һֱĺԺеѪץס촽һˣǲӦôҳȥ棿
Ѫ仰Уַһ˿ԹĸоҲһĨΣԶʱ̧ͷ΢ЦѽҾʹȥúõĸһЩóԵĶɡ
һóԵģѪжʱһĨ⣬ЩȻѩĶǳóԣҲôһ˿ζϾѩҲù˼ôиǣ
ˣϽȥʰһ°ɣϳַ΢΢һЦѪѵǸ磬ױŮ˵ԣһ˷Ѳٵʱ䡣
õģŶѪСװĵ˵ͷԼķȥʼױʱҲǼʶŮĻױֶΣҲ˲٣ױҲǸӵĵӦˡ
ַԭؼƷĲˮʵҲ뽫ѩýϵģѪЩʲôҲֻ´˵ˡ
СʱѪߵַݵǰױģַݵǰַݽ˲͡
ԭѪͳǹˣپһĵĴ֮Ǹģַݿ˫۶̲סŹ⣬˿һִװװģѵԵôˡ
ַ֮Żع΢ЦŶѪԼֵѪ߰ɣʱ̫æµһ㣬㲻Ҫ⡣
ģ֪㾳绹ûȹ̣ҪһѪҡҡͷַǰȥס֣Ҳһ۵ĸо
ţ߰ɡַֻůůģѪŻȥŻ۾һСԽ֣ʼѪƷ෱ʳ
ѪȻǳԵĳ޲ѣϾǸĳʳʵ̫ˣԶûôķһСʱ֮㸧ԼĶӣ߲ˡ
Ҳǲͣ£һ綼ڵıǺ«ַݵĻƷţϲĸоȻһֱӵַݣֻһ̣Ҳ㹻



483 Ʒ
ѵõʱ䣬ַȻǽЩʱ䶼ŵԼļŮϣǹԼ֣ÿҲޱȣ·һ㡣
ֻʮַ֮ݣַ˵һǳҪϢСԴѾУʩҲѾ׼ȫǲӦý˳ˣ
Ŷô족ַݵжʱһĨ⣬΢΢һЦҲӦ껸еʲôˣҵǹ֣ڳôˣ
ȻҲѾ˰ȻֶΣμŵҵǼ»ҲǵǸ÷ʱˡһĨЦݣЩԼĨμţùӶЩǹҲǸӵͼӴףμŸ˵ʮģ
ǾͺãҸʱ乫ɣʱǾ͵ſϷɡַ΢΢һЦһܹ飬ͬʱЩҲʲôû
Ҫȫ껣⿿Դ»Ҫһ㣬ƿصĶȫ߽⣬иǳţҲжɽĻᡣ
ַôû뵽ڻʱͨ磬ԼӼȿʼҵĸ߲˼أҲƿص԰ҵһЩ֤ݡ
ַţֻҪ˫µĻһ겻񣬱Ͼ֧ȫĵԼеҲ˲߽⣬ܲǸе
ǾͰɣԴ¹غ󣬿²ǼҾܹģʱҪеĴͷøңҲܹԵһӶѡ˵Լε
Ҫ֪ڻĹĹˣϾԴʵ̫Ҫˣƿ˽еĻǿ˽˹˾ƾȫƿһңǲԸⱻҿһ
μŽгǻãμȻһĿҲ취һĲ뵥µĻҶֳһԵ̬ʱμŵԴͽǴ粽С
֮βŻ˵һ˵ַݴһԤ룬⵽ʱַݻԵ÷ǳĲǳʲô¡
ĵǴַ࣬ݶڽǮѲ̫أҡҡͷ㣬½ҲǸҲֵУ׬׬٣׬ˣǲҲΪ磬Ϊǵ츣𣿡
Ҳǰ̲ס˵ͷͷһԼСһĨֻĸ׵ִȰ顣
Դӻ֮ζڹ淽Ĳȶ˲٣ǻкñģԼĺ£Ҳ㵽ԼδĺϣԺֻҪĺúõģǾͱʲôҪҪ

ڶһ磬ַαһͬμŵŷģ˿̴˴ҲѾǱżǸΧסˡ
μŵÿһƷᣬ磬ͱ˵ϴεķгǳ׵׵ĸı磬ֻҪޱƶĹңܿϿŷгܷš
ԭ̫ȻޱȵżгΪԼʱҲǿʼ˽˷г˵̫ĳ裬ԭĻĹһֱξȻǽڻĹģһڼ̫ܹܣ
һ㣬ĹǸеޱȵĽμſĹĽǷгĲƷҲǳڵңӰĽ
ȻʱμŶǳ˸ţǻޱȵ֧μţϾ˶ɵӣֻҪ˶Կ϶רĨμš
Ͼĸ̫ˣֱһһνＫطһһŻ߻ɣ˵ķ˭ܿйǣ
ķУμŲҪƷҪʱܵĸһͣͬʱҲҪһý嶼Ǹеޱȵ˷Լ
Ȼŷ˲ֹμһңͬʱҲĴԴҵԼйٷһЩԱǣӴƣеýľȫܹţμܹǵõԼޱš
Ŀ֮УΪμŵܲǲڴῪʼһӵ̨ǰ֮¶һĨʽЦݣҲǿ˿ԲԶַ¶һõЦա
ôҪһ飬ַôܲμӣοŮˣҲӵ裬ַȻҪȫ̻ݣηԲľȥ
ڣʱʽ˷ṫʱ䣬εɫһ䣬һĨصɫ˵ڽƷ֮ǰôȿһ
˵ţδһӣֳĳҲǲų׼õһƵý߶ŵǰǴĻ֮ϡ



484 һθı
һƵ׼ȷ˵һξڲƵΪʲôܹȻεҪԼˣϾҪһУƵǱزٵġ
ýļ֤£ƵһץжץĶһȺڿͣǵĿҲܼ򵥣ҲΪ棬ŪһЩĪеĶĨμš
ں֮УȺڿҲǽľ˵˳ý嶼ǸоһмһЩģһĨŭɫ
Ϊ⼸ǽ̫һ˵룬ǴĽǮĨμţھ˭޴ӵ֪ǵһЩشҲýǲһЩ롣
мΣЩڿǶ˵ǶĨһ·г˵гֵİȫΪʲôὫЩŵгϣҲѾܳˣЩ˿϶̫ġ
˾һϢƽʱѾܹýˣ˿ȴûһԸ뿪ΪμŵƷỹûпʼˡ
֮ǰѾõһЩϢǾμδıǣһθı磬粻һ
˰һԣֻͨĶǾ˵ȥýԤϣηĶԻľϲջࡣ
ý嶼ǽŵǰεϣȴԼĴ𰸣ȻҲʧƵ֮ǿڵƵشҲʱμžĨ¼һ˽⣬Щ鶼ģμžԲϣǼٵģ˹ĨڣμԶؾ
ýǲ˵ͷΪμŸеһЩҲΪԼĳЩΪеһ˿߳ܣμſνΪ⣬ЩýķǵûаǴͷΪһһͬĨμţһޱȴľ
ý嶼Ѿ´лĻһҪΪμһĻıμȫ쳹ģ硣
ýǵɫ֮βĵ˵ͷ΢ЦŶԴҵشҲǵȼ˰ɣεƷᣬһʧһεĸı磬һλҪףΪηĶԴ
Դֳ֮ʱ쳹һƬΪѾܹµμŽƷε硣
˵ʲôԴܹıĻǿ϶֮ԱǣμſǸľϲʹϴεķгͿɼһߣμŴӲſջ
ڴעУλվǰ빤ԱǽһĻ˿Դĵһ飬չʾ˵ǰ

ýע֮£һС͵ķֻķȴһ˿ͬΪڷĶλڵú̿ˮΣյĺ˷Ӧѣһ鲻СʯͷС
ڣʯͷɢž˵ƶŸܸ˵ԴԴųĵǰһȵתţ·ԶͣЪһ
һĻȻ˶ǰһŵǿɢžСʯͷ֮ϣϸĹۿţҲȫʯͷǸʲô
һý̲סԼʣܣһ£ѵɢžСʯͷ˵Դһܲٵĵ
̲ס΢΢һЦʵļߵȷĸ㣬ǰȭͷСһ飬÷ʮȵңңǿԻõģֻҪɹ°ʱ䣬ͿٴʹãЧʴﵽǧΡ
⡭֮жŵɫǵĽ㣬˵Щʵ̫ڷ˼˵Ļ綼Ҫ츲صı仯ˡ
ȻܹЩеĲԼɣԶԵִһ񣬶ҲᣬԼĹİóרҵļļϡ
ȻˣҪʱ̣ЩǰҵԼԱҲվ˳μ֤һ㣬ȫȷ֮еýǶǷˣΪ֪һ硣
μŴ𽥵Ĳιչ񣬲ԴܹõĿչʾǿͱԼ໧豸ȻҪĻĿ
СʱĽýҲ˽⵽һ㣬ǾĿʼԴ֮ǵļ۸񽫻ڽʮϣήĸ
ýȻǿϲѣصԼҵĵ̨󣬶ǵһʱ佫ޱҪѶϢ˳ģ綼е𾪡



485 ε
˵ǿԲע췢ʲô仯ҲԲעʲôطս˶ˣرǵһ棬ǾӶ
֪μŵԴһʼú󣬵ѻήʮϣĹҶˣڻμŵ֣ΪҪ֪һµĵѲ࣬ʡһĻҲǲСһǮˡ
μŵһ֣νǰ׬ϾڵĹңڵĹңûĸҿԲù˼ǵ뷨ǵ֮£ԴҲʼ
ΪԴڶã棬ҲǷһξ޴ıΪַѾ棬Ǿʹȼ͵Ƿǳ࣬δĸʱʹõİ취
ǾǽһװãֻҪеȼļ۸֮󣬾ͿԻװãұʹԴΪˡ
˵ȻôʡǮôҶԴƶҲǻһƶϾԴҲ𵽱ãҪִ֪Ѿ쵼òӵһˡ
ĶʱһԴȳͬģҲǽԴתͨɵķеЩǰμ׬Ǯ
ЩȻһԸģֲòôΪǼʹȼͷĻǽһȥΪڵԴʵ̫ˣ۵ĵزûɵϣʹԴǼʹȼ͡
ļңǱŹ״̬Ϊ֪ԴĻһᱻμŸһʣҹҵҲٵյ³
ܹԴǷ񶨵ģϴηг棬ЩҵǾѾֹһˣڼԴΪĹֺô֮ôܱ
ҶͻȻһеȳд󺰵ĿںŶǣҪԴǲҪȾԼȼͣҪ
ȻںޱȵƽȴЩޱǿҵԸһ򿴲Ĺ̫һһεУϾʵ̫شˡ
Щԭ뻪ıȽܻûʲô޵Ĺңѹ֮£ĹԴ췽ȻоޱȵۣȴǲòôϾۣԸۡ
ЩȽ̵ĹңĹҲǱֳһۻ̬ȻˣͬĹңҲԴͱЩСĹңĹǵͼǣޱȵĸм
ЩǿĹԼܵĹңǰյ۸ȻԵð󣬵Ҳǲܽܣֹ̫ңǸļ۸ȻܹǸеޱȵʹ
ַȻּɣԴռУμȻ淽ȴҲǳ˹⣬ҵʲôģ

ԵôĹԼأȻìܣȴôȻôľӪҲѾȵĽεƿԼС
ĴУҲѾͷϵƣϾôľӪҲµ֮£εռ˵۾һͷһţûܹǵǻܹ˳⡣
һŰУȴԵЩȻΪһֱžƣҲ¶һĨݺݵɫõַݣҪ٣һҪңҸһжԡ
̼ǵǰã֪μŷԴ֮һԵõģЦŶ˵ַݾǸɵӣⲻΪ𣿡
ȷԴҵ񣬿һֱƿ껵Уǵ绹ȼͣ껵רΪҷعҲֶ˵С
ѾܹȫԤϵμԴϵҵ϶䵽ԼУʱԼĻԼģ˵ܸսеȨ
ڽ죬ȴһޱֵϢǾԼԴһת䵽һְλ֮ϣΪʲôҲ˽Ǿַ׳ԴʱָյĲƹܣһ֮Ҳͬ
껶ԣһجģȥĻʧȥеһУʲô۾ĴӣҲûķݣԼҲȫʱûκηİ취
ԽΣľԼһ⣬ΪѾȫͶ·ˣʧȥеһУΪһʧߡ
ôصһ֮β΢΢һЦӪôõһڵˣֻĵһҲҪһΣҪķǳƯ



486 
ĺһ֮νŵ껵ϣϷʵʲô𣿡
ȻֻҪܱסڵλáһĨɫҲѾȫȥˣνɼףѣһǴ󸻴ʧȥеһУǻˡ
ѾǴ⣬ԼļνֻҪֻҪӸλԺһңҲǲС
ãҸָ·ӦһҪ󡱣һĨ⣬ѾеľϣһͶ·ˣǲʲôġ
ʲôҪֻҪһܾ͵ҧҧһĿΣҲֻܰԼˡ
֣Ȼرһ°ɡβûֱӿڣ΢ЦĿԵİãΪڳһ˽ܵĿռ䣬ȻĶԻð֪
Ȼνʼ磬վȥ˸ط£һ̡֧
ʵú֪˾̸ЩʲôҲ֪һֱز¶Ҫ֪е뷨ǾǱȵ컹Ѷȡ
κҲȷл˲ٵİǰòɵӣ֪ϴûԵ޹ʵİ껿صİԼ϶Ǳͼġ
ˣǰַûгֵʱ򣬶Σյˣ϶ѡԶ룬Ͼ۾ޱȼնֻҵȨУֻúþӪԼĹ˾
ȴǲòνһ𣬲ȡİΪ֪ԼķĻǵȴԼģַɵѻԼİϼҲ˲ӰǰþԲܽܵ顣
³һȦý̵ٰ̻ҸУվһĨᶨڵ˵ȻѾܷˣǾѡܣλʲôƻԼҲֻǼвˡ
ʱ򣬷ĴŴˣһ΢ЦݳǰڵְҪ˵һŶϾҪˣʱһҪϯŶ
ʲôжʱһĨڵɫúô˵ĻǶ۾ʽ츲صı仯
ʵڵ۾ûôķӣΪÿһļеɵһԿǣرӴļ壬һĻǽǺ䶯ĵһ顣
ϾҵĻһ濴ѾǿӰ쵽һŵľˣһ㣬һҲеޱȵļɵһҲΪһķӶ
԰ѾȫܹԤϵڽʱڣ۾һɰ֮УʲôģǻÿҵĿľʲô

˵ʲô껼ճɻ飿ҴгУַϢ֮еǹ߻Ϊ˵ʵԵ̫ͻȻˣҲһǳش顣
ԭڱ뵽гҪǰַݾѾֵĲ²⣬ȫû뵽Ȼһ飬һǸŮǣϡ
˵ַദʱ䲻ȴȫܹܵŮеİˣԼԭǸ壬˼ܱԼС
ַŻ뷽跨İԼ棬ΪԼһҲϧֻΪõԼҪɡ
ǽȴͻȻվȻһ׮񣬶һһֱϲ껣ǸһǴֻ֪汲ļһַ鶼˲
ǵģҲյϢģҶѾڹ㷢ˣӾͶ¸ĩҲޱȵأǾһ𶯻ĵĴ¡
ֻͨļԱǻʲô껿ǴңҲҵĵϵŮ˵ԲһС¡
ǺǡַݵһĨ⣬૵øΣȻ㲻ţҲҲ棬̴ĺãңǾ㵹ù
ʲô˼ַݵ֮ŴͣҲһĨɻɫȫַܴݵһĨ䣬Ȼ˵еޱȵĲ
ѵһﻹգֻ˼һ֮жʱһĨΪǵַһǿǱΪ۾ĻӣʼҲ˵Ǻޡ
ҲһȴΪҵ棬ָðΥ飬ֻԺȢޣԼһ



487 һ˲У
²Ҳȫûݵģԭ˽УַݿֹٵţҲȷйôһ˿
ˡַһ˿Ϸʣʲôô֪ܲԽ͵ģչӽҡ
˵ţַݱ㽫չӽԼҪﵽԼĿĵ˵˳֪ҲΪ򱧲ƽ
ַݴ˻֮Ĭˣȫû뵽лôһϷݼУҲֲַݻ˵ķŭҲδʵǲ̫ˡ
׼ô족һ֮ҲһĨصɫѾܹ²⵽ַݿ϶һľٶ
ô죿θΥԣһʲôģһΪԼѡеڡַһЦҲԼĶۣԼȷ̫񣬵ȴʲôҲ£Ͼ磬ҲѾûκеµĶˡ
Ǻ˵Ѿ˱żȥݴ½ܹڣҲǺް취
ȫŭҵ˶ӵĺǣǶܻϾһڣ˲ͻҷ
һĿַһ۵ֻϣ²Ҫ̫Ͼ㲻ֹԼҲҡ
Ȼ֪ˣҲǸеܡַݵȻһЦڵν֮ϣЩ
ΪܵǣĻַݾ͸Ϊ춯صĶ֪˶ǲĴڡ
Ͻܹ⣬ڣضɻһǳҪ飬Ǿһڴˡ
Ŷ᲻һ㣿ַжʱһĨɻɫ֪ҲѾСˣҪ˵ĻҲѾȫѵ䣬ڴĻȷЩ̫˰ɣ
ᡭصҡҡͷȻЩһֱùҪ֪ƹ⾩нʵˣԺĽ;Уһͬһ㡣
Ҳǣνĺɡַݵ˵ͷص˼һ֮ζĿڵһθڣǴ󵽳氡
ȷ̲ס˵ͷĶַݿνǲıϣξӪô˼ʹϵֻǸǸλ֮ϣеģֻǻĹǸĿλá
ܲǸλãǵÿԼûб£Ҳÿû֧֣ûеĻһҲǰϹδ˵ı£ҲǸеޱȵͬģ˼ʹϵЩľӪҲޱȵĹĴУҲֻܾǸλá
뵽ַҲֻǸпѣȴǸеޱȵأΪ汻ǸλõĻҲ֮֡

뵽ַҲһĨ⣬ͻȻ뵽һȽҪĵطڵˣΪʲôΥԼԣҲҪռ޸Ǹˡ
˼ǣҲɵַôһ֮Ҳ˲˹ҪǸλã⿿ھʶЩ˿϶Ҳǲģҵȫֵ֧Ļǻ϶Ϻü
Ǻǡ뵽жʱһĨϷʵɫ૵λ˸̰ԼһþͽҶճԼǴ׬
ûô򵥣Ҳ̫Сˣлġַ΢΢һЦμǱԴ̨˵˳
ԭˣνĹǽϷһЦ껾ȻַݱƵزϣҲһֱҲӦõģϾһﱾû̫ȴҪַݡ
ϷһЦ֮ɫٴ૵±ҪֹȻϵһǳɹļʾѾ߳ɣǺѵֿġ
ǱȻǸαҿɿߣҲƹĹһӦĻţһһĽѵҶ²̨
˼ǣףʵ˵ô࣬ҲѾַݵʵ뷨ͬʱҲޱȻĸоַôĻһΪĳ衣
кβɣַݵһЦֱӣҲЧһ飬ȴԼһ׮ԸҲĿȻֵ
ǣķһɭϰһˡһĨǵɫַȻҲǸ߽ߣôķҪҡڵĽߣҲһǳ顣
һ˲𣿡ַݵһЦֱ˵ڵܻ˳ԵеϢĿ־塣



488 ޷
㣬ھʲô硭ڴڵĴŴַѾȫǹޱǿǿϢϢһֱУþòƽϢ
ڣַһĨŵɫڵ˵һվ۷壬򲻹ҪܵĻҲް취
ڡȫľˣȻޱȵĻȴʵģΪѾʵʵĸַܵ˽Ϣǿо
ˡ̲סһʣĿַһ֮ɬҡҡͷʱĻΪǸ࣬ٶȻģֱǣǡ
˵ѾҲκεĻַݵٶˣϾѾȫԽңһǰַ࣬ݵľ绹ҪһݣȫǳԽ󾳽磬Լ˻ɡ
ٺ٣ֻѣҲ̫ھȣԺָҲͻƵġַ΢΢һЦһİο
˰ɡɬҡҡͷѧҲֻΪ˷ѣôߵľ磬ķѵľʵ̫ˣҿûôľ
ˣ⻰ǾͲˣˣҸҷĻһеڡַһĨʮŵ
ַݿڵȫѾǿԹܵӵˣʹôģɱԵŻԼһԼ鷳һ£Ũصĳ棬ԼôĴڴˣôܻдģɱ
һ᲻ұڣǿ϶ǻģǾܻΪȥ룬ҲԥľܾΪַݺõôַܻݰ£
ıڣַһȭһܽˮģΨһĿԾջܾԼ뿪ַʵҲǹΪףտ϶ܵһıȣԼǿףȫõЩ
֧㡱΢΢һЦҲһĨĿ⣬ҵַƻĻԻޱȣ淽棬鷽Ҳޱȡ
Ǿˡַ΢΢һЦһף粢ǵ£ַݵ£ҲֻŸ޹˼ɵԼ顣
һ仰ַȴ˳УΪѯʵ㽫֮󣬾Ҫδֽȥɣ
˵ʵڵģַ˵鷳һ飬յİ÷ȷǸ⣬֮ŻʱٿԸɣӾˡ
аɣԼҲʼ磬ַݽսĺ󹬣Ҳ˵ʲôˣϾַһһֱԲİ

ʲôҪȥ˼ϱһǸաַݻؼң˵֮¶һĨȵɫҲŵϴ
˵ʵڵģǲ̫ϲǸգϾϴ뿪ַݣһζӦù̵յͷϣַݹƤԼת⣬ٴһ
ҽͣġڵ۾ȨĶַݲûŮ˵ֻ˵յӽԼĿģԼβõĿɶ
Ů˶ǸԵַݵĻ֮ŮжʱһĨ˵ɫرҲǳҵģȫܹ⵽еʹԼΡ
ΪѾʶ̫̫ԼĽñż޸ԼϲˣŵĹԼΪ߹üΣж̲סĽ
ȻѪԼҲидҲǳңϷҲ˵ΣжҲǸеޱȵͬ顣
֮۽ǶһĨ⣬ҧַ뽫ոȳȻҸ㼱ʵ̫ˡ
ǰǰż޸ԼϲˣԼѷڣһޱȵʹɡѪ̲ס˵ͷ޳ɵ
̫ɶˣҲǣȻ֮Σ˲޸ƤȥӭȢһҲ̲ס˵Լķŭ
ʲôҲû˵еķŭͿԿǶҲǱԼԸԴ¸еޱȵķ߿
ҶӨٻһ΢ЦĿַݣַ֧ݣҪȥκ飬˵ʲôֻ΢ЦŶ˵ͷ
ҲֻβеĹؼ֮ǣĲֻյҸе۾ĴĲģûַݵĻονǴѳɣ˭Ҳֹ
ַݳֵĻҲûκεİ취ֻǿɬĿԼļƻʧܣΪ벻ַݾǸ޷



489 һؼ
ôһ¾ĶַҲع鵽˰һַҲǴ⣬Ǿǻص̽һԼĸĸôòҲĻˡ
ڻؼҵʱַȴޱȵķˣǾǾô˭ؼңǽŮһصУؼҵĻԼĸǷ̼ܵĳ档
ʣַݵĸĸǴͳĸĸַݴ˿ȴȻѾŮѣĸĸȵŴͣǴ̼ιȥ
ֻҶӨٻؼҵĻԼŮرΣʵ̫˹ƽˣȻƽʱʲôҲûֻĬĬַݵԣַȴܹҲޱȵĿԼܻͬرַݵĸͬ
Ȼû˵ַȴΪеΣ˼һַ֮Ŵһ⣬Ȼܻһ㣬ȴȥˣΪʵ̫ƽ
ʱ䣬ַŮǹһԲڿַ֮ȴûжӣǿŮһҸϽ԰ɣ˾١
٣֮Ů΢΢һ㶣ͬʳԼеʣΪʲôҪ٣ʲôҪ𣿡
ǳҪַݵ˵ͷһȦǧĵŮ֮һҧڵһؼңҸĸҸ׵ա
ʲôַݴ˻һͬըһ쳹ŮԺһ侲ַ仰֮󣬶ǾĿɿڴ
ûһؼҼҸĸˡַѾǻȥˣҲѾزʲôù˼ɵģԼĸܲܽܣԼǽܡ
ַβܽ⼸ŮһͬȢؼҵ飬ڿѾȫû⣬Ϊ绹ǴһȨģͱҵǣͿһޣһܵҵĳϡ
ڵַȻҳƾڵԼҪһǾټ򵥲ˣ˵۹οҲԲںȥݴ½ⲻͽ
ʵЩַݵŮҲȫܹף׹ף浽һʱҲǲЩֻţϾĸŵ˭ͷϣǶǼޱȽŵһ顣
ַֻһ˻ãȴһô࣬ôһμ棬ǾԻޱȵǾţŮʱĬ㶵ĿַݣȴĽ͡
ŮǷŵɫַеθҲǸˣǷ̫࣬Ҳ̫ڼѣֻһһǸеҸ

Ĭַ֮ŻĿڵ֪ԵЩȴģÿһҵŮˣҲĶԴ
СٻһңҲίģԶӵңȴҪίĽԼλôһҶԲ㣬ĺܰ㣬벻㡣
ɵϡҶӨٻҡҡͷһ΢ЦһˣǾҪһУûĻһеޱȵľţҾҪһֱ㣬һӡ
СٻַҲĿСٻһ֮΢Цܹӵ㣬ҸеޱȵˣҲһṼ㣬һӡ
ǣҿ˶ˣðοǲŶ԰ɡҶӨٻ̲סСָָ࣬ЩһпŮǡ
ַݻĽŵεϣŲѾ߹ģĶϣһ㣬⼸ίˣҴȥǾСҹڣԼүү̣ҲǸһӽԺּҵϱˡ
ء̲ססԼͣԼʳ۽ȴǲ˿˿ˮΪ⼸ίڻͷš
ûܹ⣬һδеŮлжôʹ࣬رзĸûлóϵŮˣʶַ֮ǰεԺлԼʶһ˺õ
Լ֮ںԼĸĸţÿʲôʲô˵ʱΪԼĦЦ졣
ʵȴֻǶһ˵ĳһУرַݲ֪Ƕʱ䣬óŵĺۺۣȵַݻع飬ҽҪԼȥĸĸܲᡣ
ٴνŵʣ¼ŮϣַһӶѩ֪ǶǰҲŸһ𣬲ںʲô֣ȴһ֣ܹ˳ĸҵԡ
סַݵļŮжһĨϲɫֶܹ˵һ⾪ϲҲΪЩʱһָ衣
ô⣬ŮʱɢʼױַǵڻǰȴŮǰҲǲЩԤУԼᱻĸǸĸѪͷ



490 ϼ
һСʱʱ֮ŮŻ˻ǰַһȥɴ˫ۣΪŮǽװ磬νǧģ뷽跨ĶԼƯһչʾ˳
ַ˵ȫǿ۰ȫû뵽Ů˵ʽǼһθĸõô鷳ȥױ硣
仰ɲ˵Ϊ֪ԼֻҪ˵һ䣬ŮǾ˵ʮҲ΢ЦŶţƯΪܽʡʱ䡣
Ȼַܵݵ֮ŮҲĵ˵ͷ˻ţȴ½ĸڳҲûͣ£öԷԼĲ֮Ը
Ůߴߴַ̲סӣȫܹ뵽ԼĸʱǻжôĹɣҲԼǶôҪǣ
ڣһϳַ֮ʻ˻ţڵˣʱҲˣ߰ɣȡؼҸ緹
ôżַݴ˻һȴ⵽Ůǵһ·ԣҶ´ǾǱȥ̳һˣΪʲôŮҲǸԼĽͣǾܲܿȥɣ
ʵַݾȫûҪô鷳ŮһҪҲܲɣֻ˵۾Ϊһҵ֣׼һĹ
ǰӰߵﶼеĽ㣬ַݴŮһͬ³֮ȴǳΪ˽еĽ㣬ȴǳΪǷߺ޵Ľ㡣
һôŮ֣˶Ҫַݸ£ԼһƬУֻһҲð
ȴַֻǵģȴûʹģҪ֪һŮ˹־۵УοżŮһ֣ͬ
ֻǰСʱַݾѾССİסˣϣͷ϶Ѿ˹ȫΪһεİ˳
ַҲûа취ҧҧֱڽ˼ˣһԪרŰԼŴӰн˳
ַݵŮҲֻȻһЦĻǸеֺЦֺǵĹȴûͣǵ˵ǾǵһμĸҪвǣ
Сʱ֮ŮͣǲԸȥˣŵĺᶼѾѾǳһСɽѡ
һѵ·ױƷӪƷַݸҴƱЩԹԼĸúüˣȻ˷ǮֻҪǿľУ
ʰַ˻ţŶķȥҵɲټȥˣӴҲַݸΪ˽أǱƵεĻˡ

۾ҲСʱĳ̶ѣڷгտʼߵʱַȴǸԼĸĸ˸绰˵ԼҪؼ緹Ƕ׼㷹ˡ
ȻǸ˵УȻڽͨѾޱȵķ㣬ȴǲϲܣǴڶϼңԼĶӻؼңǶľϲ
ȴû뵽ľϲȴں棬ϲҪιȥַ׵ļһȴһο׵顣
Сʱ֮󣬻ŵӰȻСϿգĽ䵽СеһƬյ֮ϣǰӰǲٴθ̾
ּСֻˣ⳵Щ϶׬˲ǮɡһϲԵĴ迴̲֮סҡҡͷ̾
һԵһҲ̲ס˵ͷڵǿ϶İûҶǹŮѾǣ˹˾𣿿϶ַݵĹͰɣҲ֪θŻû
˰Եڼ䣬ַҲǴ˻ŵĳţŮһͬ˳ЩǧĵŮӴӻ֮Դ趼̲סɴ˫ۣΪǿҶӨٻˣһ³ôֱǻλǵ˫ۡ
裬һԾ˿Ů֮󣬶̲סɴ˫ۣһģΪСʱֹôŮ
ǾȵǣЩŮǴӺó˴СַݵַݼҵĵԪ¥ȥһСϱģ
ˡȿڴԴ̲סһʣԼĻ²˵ЩŮӶǸʲôݣᶼСֵŮѰɣ
һһ㶣ԥҡҡͷôܣ϶ҶҹŮѰɣôܶŮѣҶҹŮͬ𣿡
ǡԥƬ֮󣬻ԼĵһжϵԽԽ񰡣ȻĻôּܻСôܣҿһŮǶӶૡ
˵ҲˡһᣬһҲ̲סǰһ»пܣǲ棬ǻõʱٿˡ



491 С
ˡޱŮԼҵķǮַҲһ˷ţ׼ӭӸĸѵ⡣
ˡַֻ֮ĸ׺ԷܰϤ˵ĶУַͬڣ˵жһҪ˵ΨһɵģҲֻҶӨٻ˰ɡ
꣡˲俪վſַҶӨٻ֮󣬺Էܰ϶ʱЦݵСٻҲŻ˰ɣ̽˺óԵġ
лл̣Щ͸ġҶӨٻ΢Цŵ˵ͷԼĶݸ˺Էܰһ˷䣬ԼŮ¶
Էܰ˳һһŮ֮϶ʱ¶һĨ𾪵ɫΪǵ΢ЦӴСٻЩѰɣɣС
ǣȷҵѣǡҶӨٻжʱһĨɫҪ͵ʲôֲ֪νֻͣܽŵַݵϡ
ַҲһŵɫҧҧ裬ǲСٻѣҶδϱ
˵Щַ֮жʱ¶һĨѵɫ仰ѹĵʵ̫ˣν˳жʱࡣ
ַݵ֮󣬺ԷܰɫһһĵԴϣѵСӣ˵ʲôૣССٻ˰
̡ҶӨٻҲǲòվ˳ԺԷܰ˵ͷ̣û˵ʵǶŮѡ
Сٻ㡭õҶӨٻĳ֮󣬺ԷܰѾȫľˣվſڰ֮󣬲һסַݵ·С㾿ʲôôôૣôҶҽôСٻ
衭ַ̲סЦһָָһѾһھŵܲȽ˵
Сӣ㲻ҾͣҾ͡ԷַܰһôŮˣǱҶӨٻģҶӨٻΪǼ˵ֱġ
һֱޱϲԷܹܰܣ뵽ַǼŮ֮Ҳи̾ԼСӣ۹Ҳʵڲ
ߡʵҲʲôݻ֮󣬺Է̲ܰסһɳϣųдһϽҳִˡ
ôôԷܰǷŭźַݵĸ컪һã˳ڿվŵǼŮ֮ҲѾһЩ²⡣

СӣôֶԲСٻૣңҸôҶ彻Էܰһ֮컪ʱŲֱַָݣһߵĴ󺰵һʹļ׵ģ
壬ֵ̡زҶӨٻҲ֪ҲΪԼƽжʱů˲٣ҡͷ͵飬ͬģҸĸҲ֪
ʲôҶӨٻƽĽ֮ڶʱһģڵСٻ˰ɣ£尢̸ʲôί˵
ûû˵ĶģҸĸҶӨٻЩЦõҡҡͷͬʱҲΪԼĵλе˸ˣҲΪǿҪԡ
⡭ڶһ֮жʱһĨϲɫʵ⸱̬ǶΪƽϢҶӨٻеķŭ˹ɵļŮӣôϲ
Ϊ˸ĸĶԼӵˣԼĶܹӵжŮˣǶԼбµı֣ܹϲʱҲǮˣеûţͲַݶǸ㼸Ůૡ
õҶӨٻ֤ʵҲǸоԼͬһ㣬컪óԼֻһ¥ϵҶе˸绰֤õϢȴǣҶӨٻ˵ĶģҲκεĽ⡣
鵽еľҲ˲ʧеԹȴǻҪַһһŭվһ߿ģַѵСӣڿȫ綼֪ˣڹ
һƪ۵ѵ⣬ֱַ̧ͷյʱַ̧ͷ˿ԼĸǾȻԼ˸ɫɫȻΣҲַ˲˹
ĸѵԼǶΪƽϢŮеķŭԼίҲԼģΪԼеԺܹôŮѻǾϲǷŭ
뵽ַ֮ݶʱȻԵõĽǵѵ⣬ҲϵĵͷӦͣҲû˸ղŵо
ŮҲɵӣȻܹһ㣬ȻֻѣҲԿַݸĸҲѾȫԼҲ̲סһĨϲɫ



492 Բ
һ˰Сʱַ֮ͣЩ̧ͷֻĸ׺Էܰ˸˸۵ŸϽһ°ֲɣô֪ôǣ
ŶŶַŻȻ̧ͷߵŮԣͷһεɫŮ̲סһЦ
ָԼĸĸŮܵλĸ׺ԷܰλҸ컪ʶһ°ɡ
ã̺ã
ַݽܵʱŮҲһɵģţڵ϶ʱ¶˲õЦգЩŮǿûһҶӨٻҪģܲǸеĵ׵ĸˣ
ԼĸĸŮҲ˹ʼѩǰȥһɵģԼܵãҽѩҽˡ
Ӵô˫̥ѩߵƾһģһ˸е̾οͬʱΪַݵŮˣٴһɻĸо
ǵģɷݽԺһúТǵġѩŮڶ̫ȴޱȵϸ񣬵ȴʮֵϲϲϲһԡ
ڽԼҲĿ佱һͳԼϵЦݶֵ˶
Ȼγˣ󷽵ģڶޱȣҪŮһ󸾵ѡĻξռһġ
ȵȣŮôЩ졭ߵǰʱ򣬺ԷܰȴǺȻһʼɻΣܾκԼ
ǰڱֽϿǸʲôҵܣ컪õ㣬һ±˵ڵݣϸȴ˵ˡ
尢̼ãҽΣڵȷڰݹμŶһЦڽԼĿǰʵݡ
μţΣαԼʵ֮ڶʱȻҲ˲˹μŵǿ֮ԼǰλŮǿΡ
Ǹеȵǣμڿ׹ҲѾĹ˾ȴǸǣҹ˾ΪԼӹģ⾪ϢǾþûлع
ˡ̲סһʣԷܰŵŮˣôһҹ˾һ۰ɣϽ°ɣ̸Ϻȡ
衭ϵʱַ̲סҡҡͷڲܺŶһţ̾ˡ
ΪʲôܺϣѵС岻ǰ̵ʧҾȥ㵹ţ̰ɡԷܰʱһԴһǸģ
̣㲻岻ŶСܺŶһԵҶӨٻ̲סʵ˵˳
ʲôСҶӨٻ˵仰֮ٴδ͵ʵڸտεʱǱ㷢ԵЩӷףڴµڸ֮£ҲʲôҲûҶӨٻĽ֮ǲŵεĶϣһĨȡ

һʲôҪģʴڽӴڵһλģѾԼּҵĺܲڸеϲ쳣
ԷܰһӦηŵӴŮǰ̵ĲԣվôãûûϽ°ɣʲôҪģϽ˵
лл̣һġһ̣ʵʵĸַܵݸĸޱȽŶֵǵĹģֻůůģ΢Цɳϡ
Ҫ˵ʲôַݸĸʱϹţʲôöõǰȻŮҲû£ȴȫûôġ
ЩȻŮУȻЩʼɣҲףⶼӦõģϾôİַݻ˺ӣҲôԼףҶӨٻҲǶеĸԸ
µδŮ븸ĸļҲ˸ԲĽַ֣еĵҲȫķԺ󾿾ΣѾҪˡ
һͺܿãΧһӣַݸĸһֱǴЦݣŮΪԼеĲˣ̵ģҪˡ
ҲܵǵصԴʲôóԵĶţԻ˵ǸŮԵģζһ㣬ҲЦŽɣȻѾǳԱˡ
һٷȻǳԵıϴȻ䵽ַݵϣ˭ԼĸĸлɻҪŮૣ
ַȻҲûκεԹԣĸԸڳϴֻ꣬ȴʱעǵ죬Ҳ¶һĨЦա



493 һ
ڼжȹʱ⣬ʱУοĸܵԼûйĸԼĸַݵĸĸǶӵĹػůĸое
ǵ۾Ǳ߻ҪȥĻο϶ԸȥȴǲòȥˣĶַݵĸĸټ
Сڵ۾ǧҪע尡鲻ôľ׬ǮҲνģʲôĵط͸ϽǴ绰ϾֳϿǹػַ̲סӡ
ʱ뿪ҵʱ򣬸ĸҲȰԼȴȫΣ׼ȷ˵θеĺӡ
ַôܻԼĺӳԴףһЦһԶԸĸ˰裬ҲûȥˣǱ߻Ҫૡ
ʲô㲻֪ȥһ˵ڶʱ̲סַݷ˸ۣԵĻ뽫θڶźţֱеĺӳ뿪
Ҳ֪ǲܵ飬ҲǺܼľܾΪкܶҪΪȻĻμŶġ
尢̣ǲģʵˣǾ۾ǰСʱ͵ˣܿġ̲ס͵ЦһЦĿڵ
ҲǣǾô˵ˣʱʱ绰Ƿǰ붼ľͻѡܾڲһˣǱҪչ˺ԼδŮԻ뵽۾˼
Ҳһʱ߲ϾϳҪǵƻˣһҲŲЩʱ䵽۾ġ
ʵַҲѷȰĸǲô̿ľӪҵϳˣȴǸвסҲɵˡ
ڣһ˵Уŵ۾ķȥĿŻԶ룬ʱ컪̲ס̾һһǾÿǷСٻҲǷССӣǳˣЩ̯ӡ
ǰԵĻһϣֻСٻһ͹ˣҿĳǶǺŮۼСܹõǵϲҲ֪ϱӻ˶ٵĸԷܰҲǸ̾ĵ˵ͷ
ˣж︣Ҳܲô࣬ɵǳСˣԺ㣬ǴӲˣ컪ҲĿһЦǺǵģ
Է̲ܰס͸һۣҲȷ뷨һ뵽ԺԼҶõģϾֹסЦݣ󻺻컪ص¥ϡ
ַݵ뿪С˲Ϊַһӵ˶ŮǼֱϹ˵۾ҲΪǰԵû⡣
ַݼȻû˸ȥʣҶȴвòһҶе˵һЩǾôԼŮộˣ
տʼҶеĵĽţ˵֮ҲǷŭĴ󺰵ΪСǸͨˣҸǣǼӹŮ͸˼ҶҪ˼Сڿǡ
Ҷеַһҵ֮˲˲ǰһǴСкھȻѾ˵˾̾̾Ǽֱ޴Ӧԡ

ֻСʱѣҲڻص˵۾УȻͣıμŸȥΪʱĹѾǻѹһѡ
ҶӨٻԼҲǸǰ˶ֹ˾лѹĻҲ٣ҪȥȻĻطϢǴгţȥȥνˡ
ˣַݾĺԺеĳʱֻѪ񾲵һιųеĽǸ񾲵ģַݿĲһ
ˣ⼸ôһĨεɫַӶѪѯʵʵ֪ôӦѪ
ǰ뿪ʱ򣬵ַҪԼŮǻؼҼĸʱַݺĴпһĨĽɫȻǺԼؼҵġ
ʱַһ㣬һж˳£ѪҲΪԼŮˣϿɣηˣѪҲ̲סЩȻˡ
ܲã㡭ַݵѯ֮Ѫķеϣߵ˳̨ͤУǸдĹݡ
һ׾ַ˲䰲ߵѪǰϵĲ豭ʼƷһԵôȻֳζ
֮һ׷˽Ѫȴ̧ͷһԹĿַݵϲ㣬벻ˣþͲܳ𣿡
ѪʧɫһݣַжʱһĨᶨһѽ§˻УĴҵŮ˰ɡ
šһ˵Ů黳ҲڱԼ⣬ַݻеԡ



494 ̽
ʱҴҶţתǼʱȥ⼸ʱУѪҲѾȫ뵽ŮǵŶУַݸеޱȵο
⼸ʱУԼյĿѾ쳹ĵȨ磬ܹյˣǶǱԺϾԼڿֿȵļ壬յǶǵ
յˣǰѾ˵۾ȴŻľУͱƵΧסŵĹԱһһи
ȻˣַȴûյϾڻ껵ĳˣ껺ˣôܻⲻҿ
Ҫһ㶼ҪַݱҪȥ֮͵ģȻûȥˣô򵥵һ⣬ַôῴס
ΪĴ嵱еԼ¼ҶյʵҲ֪Ⲣ룬ڶʾʲô
ȻɫһѿҲܹףҵϻ뵽һƬУѳɵĻλܾġ
ҲǹȴǱȫ񶨣һѾַݵŮˣǳҲӭȢģҸûкʵѡֻҪҾϺĻʲôģûҪ
˵ַݼҪȥֻ񣬲Ҫոߵʱ򣬶̲סǻһЦǷ·Ѿܹһѿ
ַȥֵĻҲûд۵ģƱҪ׷εĻһΰܲģȻǸС⣬ȴַܹݴɳϼ죬Ҳʵ˶ĵġ
ַݻ𣿵Ȼᣬ˵ֻǹϼѣ͵жȼˣһһᱻأϾԼ¼ҲǳصģҪһ㣬еǮõʦΪԼѣҲֻǶһԼѡ
ô˵Ѿ˵ͻˣַȴһĵȻôô·һҲעһ㡣
⼸ʱУоĵԼѾסˣھ˭ѾҪκεĲ²⣬ģΪľͻȻǰҡ
ַҲܸܵĵЩԼУ඼ǰ֣ܵһֱصĸоʮֵĲΪ˼ƻҲֻסݾߡ
ŮǳԹַͣݶʱܵѩķ䣬ʼǵź򣬲ò˵̫Ůһ棬ǷǳľͨŮһͬźַݸоɡ
ڣŮ˯ַ֮ĸǸ˱ӣ󻺻Ļ˸ףŵ۾ҷȥ׼ȥңǸŮˡ

۾ңڵ۾ıţǻʳֻһǽѣ˵пڵҾ죬Ŀ۹⣬Ҫһжܹõ
յпڵȻƷ⣬ڲȴûһ˿ζоﲢǼңһ֮ء
дĸĸҲһƳ谮ĸ磬ֻ֪ԼһɲǣԼĸĸѾԼ˸£ǾΪεĽԼĹף׾
ޱȵ壬Żڴѧʱѡ񵽹ѧΣڹʱҲڼ֮£Լɡ
֣ģԲŻڻعʱϣɹĽӽַݣַݶϣﵽĿġ
ĿǰεĿĵȷǴﵽˣַݶϱ˾ﵽ˿ԳҵĵزԼȴֻǶݵĵõɣ㱻ǿż޸껡
ĿŴ£һĨɫʵ˵Ⱳĵһʱ䣬ַദǶʱ⡣
Ȼʱ˻ɣַݵϸԼĹĲΪůĵģÿÿ뵽յҲ¶һĨεɫ
ΪַȡԼɣַ֪֮ǵûйԼԹ£ԼԼԸȫΡ
ȻˣҲǴһ˿˼ǶʱУַݵѧѧȻһεľ룬ȴôůô
пܵĻúϣʱܹȥҪȥȴȫ˹ľͲУΪ˵ΪǸĸ˵Ĵ⣬ҲΪٹ⡣
ò˵һޱȱĴ壬ԸԼһͨļ壬ֵĳɳһİԼˣƽƽĹһ
Ƕ˵ȫһһɲǣ˾Ѿ£ҵģܵôĵչˣҪԼĹס
ַݡ㶵ĿŴ£·֮ϳһõЦݣڶ΢ЦţҲ̲ס¶һĨδй΢Ц



495 ôΪ
ʵղ֪Ľǰһɸڳ·ҪһУһݣ¶һĨЦ֮סˣҲޱȾ޵ɫѾЩ͡
ʵַɽ¶һЦݻʲôģĴʻ㣬һĨ񾲵Цݣͷ·Ц¶֮綼Ѿʧȥɫ
ԵĻΪЦ֮յһĨκ˸еһİˣſڴ̨ǰ૵·ʧȥеһ㡣
ʵַദǶʱУվϲȻƲףȴκŮиˣӵÿԼ¿κַݶԸȴؾͿԿ
ȻԵ÷ǳƽҲԿַǶϸڵİգҲΪС£˶ĵģձֱȽϸĵŮӣʮֵУȫܹܵĵַĵڹԼҲûʲôر
һԵַݣ仰жʱһĨ⶯ɫҲӿһɳ嶯Ҫ˲վ˵֣Ը⡭
ַݻǾãԼڳʱΪԼ̲ס̾ͽմߣһϷݲˣҲҸе
ʧеãַҰοԼ͵һϲɣĸԸԼ뿪껸ܵʲô
ĿһգַһƬҲյ⣬Ȼ񵭣ȴǶԹ˭
Ҳˮİ⣬ַݲݾܾԼӦýոˣܵԼ˹ذζ
һĨ谮ɫַݾԼ̽ҲѾǲˣԲٿŸף˿УԼҵķȥ
ʱǿв˵磬ſŵյ㷢΢΢Ҳһ磬˲վ
Ϊʲôôů۸磬շ·ܵһĨʮϤζȻֻǸоôǿңԭĶǴ˿˿¶ȡ
ԺٴθֳһϤıӰٴص˵ϣһĨɫ·ǵӰǰȴĸڷ絲ꡣ
ٴ¶һĨõЦݣ΢΢һЦ㣬᲻ὫҴߣ뿪ط
仰·ѯַݣַ·ѯԼַҪԼһߵĻһͬ뿪𣿴ֻԼ֪ˡ

һҹʱܿѹȥַҲʼʰѩҲǿʼ׼ͣҲ֪·Լҵ˻ȥܹ䶯ĵ顣
ַҲǱĲõĴһ״ɫ·ޱȵϲ죬·һ㣬껡
ûַݽĿľΪգΪԼŮˣҪⳡԼĻҲǸԼԼһ
ľʱʮַҲżԺкŲˮȴʱ侲ţҲ¶һĨȻ
ľٶҲȻǱЩУӭŹǵΣӱС
ʵǵĿĲֻǼַݣΪҪ赲ַǰȥңַûκεĶҲֵУһԶţø
ʱ侲ʮһ㣬ЩҲ˲٣ΪַûκεĶǵҲɣԶޱΣյˡ
СĽһڲˮ£ַݻĽŵϣҲ¶һĨϷʵˮںˣҲó˰ɣ
˵ţַݱ̧ͷ絶Ŀ˿ԼԵļλãҲһĨЦ⣬ļλжǲһߡ
ַ񿴵ļˣжʱһĨηɫΪǱַݿ˲䣬͸оԼ·Ǳһѵ˲һ㣬ôۡ
Ǻǡûжַ̲סϷһЦϵһ豭аǳ𣿡
ĵȴ˼룬û˿վֱַ֮ͻȻһ˲佫豭ͶԼǰһݴУǲ豭һӵ㣬˲ûС
顭˲䴫һͷ׵ҲǴӲݴ˳һصĿַݵӦͷǵӰ˰ɣǹװ֪ģ
ôΪַνʼ磬һӸεطǵþЩˣܵסҵȥ·𣿡
סԲ֪ˣһĨصɫ󻺻ַ߽ݵǰǰǰһһԵҲǻַΧм䡣



496 ڤڤ֮
Ǻǡżһ䱸Ķַ̲סȻһЦ֪۵Ҫңܡ
˵ַ꣬ݾͷųڵƣǹǿ޿ƥеԼɱʱΧԵǲϵĵš
Щ߲ľ˺ʮϣǿַֿܹڵƣҲ˺˽ҧ
ôôǿжʱһĨֵɫ˽Уַݽٶȵȷ죬ҲͰ۷ѣĸ֪УַٲȻѾͻƵ˻ڣҪС硣
㲻Ҫֻ֪Ҫ֪Լ˽̧ȥһĨɭɫ⼸ַˣһûᡣ
ҧסأ˿ѾǴùģΪǰַȫɶԿѾǮǾӦҪԼ֮£ȻĻǾǻٵԼ
Ȼ壬ȴһҲû˺󣬶Ķסѹվַݵǰ׼вУȻ֪ԼܣһʱǾһʱ
ַҲѾǿǵľģһЦ֮󣬶ʱѡ˳֣ɲټȥˣҪ⼸֪ʲôǲĴڡ
һצֱץǰߣֻȭڸԼļһɲӣҪֶνƷ
ַצϴľ磬߲ɫ˲һ䣬Ͻ˺һһǵûعʱַݵһѾץļ򣬲סǡ
ꡭֻһ˲䣬߱㱻ַݸжһ첲ײеһĻǼ߸ŵԼϴûк˺ҲֻӲͷƤˡ
Ǻǡַ̲סϷһЦһȭһһһֻһӲ㽫˸ڵأֵǵģ˵۵š
˵ţַݱͳһ绰ɳȥ⼸˸ߣԼҲǻ˻ţ֮Żеĵطȥ
ַݸ뿪ûãľң߸ߣƽʱˣַֿɲᣬ⼸û±ָɡ
ڻϣַݵжʱһĨ⶯ɫ૵գֻҵģǸһ֪ʲôΣһ֪һıƣھԵʵǰġ
ַֻһͨˣǶ˵Ľϻûκεİ취ڻͨȫܹĴڣȻܹ

۾ƵУ˿ҲѾΪｫٰԼյĻ񣬱Ҳ½ĸΪ˼֤ⳡͻ񣬼֤ϡ
ͨ˵Ļ϶ⳡҲˣʲôҲͰµ϶ѣе˵ĻǼӶῴ
ΪֻҪϸ۲Ļܹ׵ķЩĳƺżֱܹϹ˵ÿһƺŴÿһվ۾һôţ
⻹ֻǿʼѣĳûʱûԵöôŨأȴҲӡ
ַʵҲѾ˴˴һ¥ϾĹ۲һУνǶһ̲ųֵģڿǣȻôͳ֣Ȼ־绹ôУ
վ¥ϣַݿĽƵһţ˿̵վڴſڣӭŻıǣʺš
ѾϲװԼҲվɵλϣʺţǵĺ
껵ǵЦݣǱ˹飬ҲǱסԼڵλãһãܲеˣ
һĵȻżһЩЦݣҲֻǿɬĶѣǷ·ЦӶǼĹϲǣ˾һԣαַ̲סЩŻ
ȴİõĽ˴ҵĹϲʱʱóԵգǰŮѾˣܹӵˡ
ʵȻܾҵİţԾܾ껵İţҪõԼĻףͲ䡣
ڤڤ֮Уշ·ܵĵ·ԶԼǵôᣬôĶϸѰܣ·ϬĿַվǸط϶ʱ¶һĨõЦա
ȻĿܼȴܸܵĵǴﴫģһֱעԼ·ںԼԼһͬ뿪ĵط



497 ַ
տʼˣȻһЩصĹԱѣ껴Ҳֻǵ˵ͷǽȥ¾ˣÿһ˶ŵ۾Ŀǰ۷ȨƣҲǱҪóԼˡ
Ȼ껵ĵȴУ˾Ǻһ۾үӣǰˡ
Ŷ֮ԼεжһĨϷʵɫԭǿǷҲǲܻģʵȴˣһôĸߵ
ߵ껽ǰʱ껶ʱϷһЦԭٰǸæ˰ȻμҵĻܳ
ǺǡһĨЦ⣬ֱ껵˫ۣҡҡͷЩ˰˶ԸҪȥ빷ᲢʲôĴӣǸе߳ܡ
ʲô˼Ļ֮жʱޱǿĺ⣬ⷬȫģԭʹĸóһһ顣
ûʲô˼پ͵ɣǧҪ⣬ϲӰһҪ˰ҪŶٴϷһЦ껱ȭ˸ϲģȥ
עıӰ뵽˴УҲߵ͵ɣǸλ֮󣬿ԺǷЦ
ʱ˾ǵٴ𣬡۾¼ңүһͬǰӭӡ
ţ֮ܵҲղӭһϷʵģҧҧ֪߲ƣ߲
Ȼ룬ܻߵ껵ǰϸĴһ֮ҡҡͷȻɲŮòҾŮòʵ̫ͻˣҪĿŰ
ɲ֣ҧķǳУе˼ǷǳףѾŭգȴǲò¶һĨЦݵһģóѡ
ǾͺãǾͺáϷһЦ껵ļˣӭɣȽȥˣͰ
˵ţܱԼүӵŴȥȫܹܵĵԼһޱԹԼıӰ·ҪԼ̵һ㡣
ɳȴһҲ⣬ΪѾ֪һϾҪҶ֣ҲΪһǼҵүӣҲᱻ
˵֮һЩλȨص߻ӭĽ׶Ҳ뵽βҲǶԵյնǽȥɣ׼ˡ
ʲôѵ㲻ӭ𣿡תһɲǣһޱϤϤޱͻȻɫ˲䡣
תҧгݵĿԼǸˣмַͬݡ

˵һ޵ֻһˣַֽݣδԼԣԼƵһزθ£µһ
ѡ˵ĻôܻѡԶַݣǺ޵˹ԵĻκΰ취ַݸ֮ء
ַԼ¼ţͲԼҲ϶٣ҲֶνƷڸ棬ַܴһԼüӳҲǿ
һĨߺ޵ɫǿѹסԼеɫ¶һĨǿЦݵȻˣôܻ᲻ӭૣϽɣ񼴽ʼˣҾͲˣԼλ°ɡ
ȻַˣȻ㲻ܾҪַݸеռ޸ԼΪԼŮˣŵַݸе
ȫţַݾȨƿǵ£ʲôľٶ۾ȥˣģҲȥ
ȴǲ֪Լַ󣬻һҲż֪ܿˣַ޷иûжٵļɵ
ֱӺӵ껣ַݽŵյϣ¶һõЦݣȻʲôû˵ҲܹԼ⡣
ҲȷַһֵһɲǣվѾ¶˾ģַҪ뿪ĻԸ뿪ѾܹһС
뿪֮ǰַݱԼľģҲǸԼһַ¶һõЦݣԼ⡣
˵ʶһЦ껵оͷ·ǳʲôѳԵĶһеķŭҪﵽ㣬ȴǶݺݵѹյ߰ɣȻʱˡ
áƵĴӦ֮նʱ껵Żױķȥعͷʱַ˸



498 ҲԸ
ĿջʧתǣַҲջһĨϷʰЦݣ߽˴֮Уǰһλȥ
ò˵ַһɫ·ټһʣߵﶼеĽ㣬ЩǶڷ׷ײ²ַݵݣȴûһܹϳ
ǵעУַݾȻߵԼ¼ҵĽ̸̸ͲǸӺַݵˣҲ˵ֲ²⡣
ַݶЩȻһҲں΢ЦŶǰĳ¼үӹĵүӣоôˣûиоһ㣿
ǺǣлСĹˣǱҽ˵ٻһʮ궼û⡱үҲǺƵһЦøмɫַݡ
Щϼһ˵ܹһ죬Ϊıһ죬ַݵĻŲǸڣοٻһʮˡ
Զ¼˵ַݶĶˣԶַҪǶᾡ쵽ЩΥԼҵ׼
ĿǰַݲûԴҪЮʲôֵ飬ֶͨΣΪ¼ıȡŸóڵĵλҲǸӵȹŸߵķŷš
ͱ˵Σַݽүеϣܹҵ̣үӽϵݸһ֮һűζĶ˵һ䣬Ǹλʵ̫ˣҾӦٵһˡ
ȻүӴϲԶ˵ְַǳ¼һΣЩ鶼ǱļУԺлٱ
Ǿͺãүӿǹ֮һʮ꣬ܿҸӵǿ󰡣Сӵҡַݵ˵ͷҲһĨǫѷɫ仰ûйάǾλˡ
ַ˹ĳϣүӶʱһһĿַݵ˵СӣͲ֪һ裿С˦Ų
ȿȡүɬĻַ֮ݶʱ̲סһתүⲻһֱӲҿٻʮҲûɶ⣬˵ǲ
үҲǱЦˣ΢Цŵͷǰͷ˭ĽõŵҿҲֻŻá
ǣǡүӰͷԼ壬зȨģǰԼϵİ˻ӰԼڳַ޸ҩ֮İ˶ѾǻָƾߵݣǾ׾ٵ顣
˻ڳʱ˾Ǵ˿վ˳볡һӭ
žžžֳʱַһȴעһУȴⳡ־翪ʼ

˾ǵ£껴һĨɪЦݣȳȭܵȺţʱʱʾһԵַݡ
ַݵпڵ껴ڴƣַҲֻǵһЦ㲻ᣬǼױٿһСһ㡣
ַݾȻҲͣԼɵĶ˾ǵ󣬿ʼǷӵĻ
ֳõʽ񣬵һȹھͷʱ˵ǲȫΪʵ̫ˣ
ַҲˣеĻ񣬿ջ껣ҲǸֳһĨڵķŭԼ̲סҪˡ
ȴǱҪסΪûеؼʱֻһĿ˸̨վ껵ǰֳʱҵ
Ϊ̸˾ǣҲǷеǱ飬֤ʣһƪ۵ף֮󣬽̸źҳ˵С㼴ΪӣԸԼػ𣿡
ڽ̸˵һɲǣ껱ԥĵͷӦ͵Ըһһܵһί
Ϊɹƣϵףǡ̸ؿڻ˸ʮ֣֮תͷԵյС㣬ԸƶǸ󶼸ԣһֱ𣿡
ҡջ죬ɺ漸ֻû˵ʱȴ̨´һ˶˳մеĸ֣Ը⡣
ֳ˲һžУҲ˿˿ˮԵĽ̸ԲҲԸ⡭
̸Ҳסˣִƻļʮ䣬ûз飬ԭḻҲȫסˣ֪μȥ
㶵Ŀ˿ԼѾܼˮ껣ٿ˿һһĿ̨»ַݣҲһĨȻѡԵ뿪⴦Ƿ֮ء



499 ܿͻ֪
̨£һ΢Ц˳ɻΣϵЦҲ𽥵ȡ֮ɫԴв̨ϵա
ȫû뵽ԼһֱޱãȻ˶ǰ˷ľٶмƻƻһ㡣
ԭļƻУռ޸껣Լź˳ʹҵԴﵽԼĿģȴܾˣܲŭ
Ƿŵǰջе£ѾǻȥˣȻѡԼԼҲûҪΪʲôЦĹˡ
Ŀַݻߵ̨ϣ˲ס֣һЩȻĽ̸Ҫ޵Զı䣬䡣
͡˵Լֺѹֵķŭʱﵽ˶㣬Ҳ³һѪһԵַݵݺݵĵҪô㸶𡣡
ǺǡַݲһЦϷʵ껵ʲôۣҵ°ܽΪеȨԸļһ
ȫǷˣַݾȻô˵潫ʹһ˳ȫǳܽܵļޡ
˿̲ڲףַһǸӣһǸ޷Ȼҵô˵ҪԼ׼Ӹߣܴ裬ܹ£
˳һͣһλεǹУֱַָݷȻԡ
껽ǹһɲǣֳʱж¶˾ֵɫַݿԲȴֻǸͨ˶ѣǴĵ׵ľ£û˻ΪΪĴееĻһѼǹ
ЩСˣȻѾſӵ£߻𣬽ԼǾʵ̫ԩˣֻμһѡ
һͨǹַûһ˿ľ£ֳǰָ˿ľ£ϷʵҡҡͷĻ͸Ͻǹ£ⶫһ𣿡
С껣ǹ¡ʱүҲһվɭŵַݵϣڵַǰɣμӻģһӭҵģҾֻ˽ȥˡ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦתͷ·үӵүӣһУˣܲã̳ôТӣΪеġ
ҸƴˡТ֮ȫѾˣָҲ˲䰴ǹİʱһǹ촫ֳ˶ǾС

顭ǹ˲䲻ڶҲڼʱУ껾ͽеӵȫգڴڵĴŴһĿǰǽŲûжһµַݡ
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ˡַݵһЦһϷʵĿ껣һԵүӵô캦飬ʱҲһˡ
ʲô˼ַǺĻ֮үӵҲޱȵķŭֱַָݵǲ֪ߵغΪĶǺ£ôܻЩ캦飿
ʱſȴǳһȺˣΪ֮ȴһ׵ˣֻһ㽫˵˹ȥ·˵УǾԵĽ㡣
ȷˣطģǾԵĽ㣬ΪĿǰľȨߣһţȻ·ѾҪסȣͿȴôΰ
˵ûڣʵ̫һ㡱˵עУһƽĿǰүӣȻĿڵ
ȻܵȻȴͬһ㣬쳹ڳ˵ĶУж֮ͬ㣬֪ĶҪһˡ
һţʲô˼ҾʲôȻô˵үҲ̲סͷһõʣ侲˳
ܿͻ֪ġһŵĻشһ䣬Եһӵ˸ڵһԣȴ



500 
ᣬԼĹİкصóһļ˵1£ʼһ£˽Եá
ֳ˶ʶûһ˲£ΪֻҪǾ׼û£Ǳȥһû¶ŵĻܱųõģǾ׼һӵηɡ
ûļͼ첿ŵͷϴרЩԱûԸ۾ĴүӶԸǡ
ƽ֪ĴЩʲôҲѡԵĺԲ¼һųҲûκεĹ˼ˣرЩһЩͿ顣
˵Ҽ껶ô顭ֻ֤ѣүӱ̲סֱָӵıָǵתͷһҰ׵ɫ֮ɫҲ˲ˡ
Ϊ˿껵ɫѾǻҰһƬ֪ЩǼͼ첿ŵ֮󣬲Ÿҵô˵ģ³Ѿע
һжˡ૵˵ô֣ԼЩ˶ٺͿ£û˱ԼȫĻ껾㲻ᱻǹҲڽεһǻˡ
Ӳûͣ£Ǽ껵״ʮ̧֮ͷ껵껣ǻȥһһԩһˣҲŹһˡ
ߵԽʱֻһ㣬ȥүҲû·˲ʮһ㡣
ע£Ӳûȥߵ껸׵ԣĿڣ˽⵽һЩ״ٶҷˣ϶¶˾ɫ֪Ѿˡ
Ȼһ껴飬ҵֱϵȫñӸһˣмƨǸɾģֻҪĻûܹӵ
ʱֳǶѾˣرұλϵĹԱǣǲޱȵĺҵ㣬㵽ǵͷϡ
ȴˣһŴŴҲֻҶѣͬʱĿģҲΪ˾һңʵһ㣬ҪЩĪ顣
Ҳһ㣬ҲֻԹ۵ĿһУҲ˲˹һᱻһŸԣȫҶΪѡ
ڣҷµȫߣһҲһ̾ĿѾһɫүӵһӢҲǱˣʣµʱ䣬ͺúϢɣôˡ
үһһȻĿһŵܿܣûʲô˵ģ߰ɡ
˵꣬үӱǰǷϵıӰжһɬĸоλһΪˣȴ䵽³
Ҳȫܹ⣬һ˲ҪɣͬҲҪܺԼļ壬Լĺ֮أֻǿʢԼܺ޺֮ǡ

һŴ뿪֮ⳡ־ҲٽβַҲ̲סҡҡͷյֵ߰ɣûҪٴȥˡ
šɵĵ˵ͷַݵԣҲһĨЦݣΪڲǸַݵˣԡ
ŸȴͻȻһϵգҸеޱȵʧ㲻ҵŮˣĸ뿪ĻԺԶҡ
ַ̲סתͷȥֳ֮ǸˣҲǺ֮յڣֽԼŮƷ۵ˣַȻһ˿𾴡
һЦַ֮ݿڵǰɣ⸱䵱յĸ𣿼Ȼ㲻ŮҲǼˣǻʲô£
㡭жʱһĨŭɫô꣬ûйַָֺıָޱӲĵ˭ǵļֵ㿪ڣ
˭ʵЦ⣬ַ̲סЦյֵգ˭ʲôݣ
¶һĨЦݣҲȫܵļ壬΢ЦַݣյˣҲһӵֿҾˣҲּҵϱ
աˡ治ĻԵŮ˲վ˳˵߾ߣ˵޾ͼޣĸ׷ŵȥˣô꣬ʲô
Ŷַһ⣬ֱĿŮӵҪʲôǮȨνĶ顣
ǮĻ˵۸һڹڹ㻹ĻҿԸһǧڣ𣿡



501 ȫ̽
Ǵ˿˵ʲôڣǧڵֳе˶䲻мһˣϾôһǮЩ׸óޱȵͷۡ
仰ȴַ˵ģǾûκεʣϾμŵʲǹھеĴ壬һǸ
Ѿͳƣͷгһһ겻ʱУΪμŴǧڵ󣬸˵μſɲֹг仹ܹ׬ǮĿ
ͻȻݱռԴĿеǾ˵ľ޴󣬶ҲǹڣĹҶǰɹѴѵĳƱμŵĿڴ֪ɷ˶˵
ĽҲֻĽμſνͰһ飬ҪһŵĻǲܵһ£˶һͳƣǮ縻Ҫ׷μţǶ췽ҹ̷μԭ̤ꡣ
ַݵļ䷴ʣֳ˲ĸȴһĨ⶯ɫûз飬ַ˵ҪóһǧڵĻ˵ˡ
Ƿôһ֮󣬶һô˵棬ҪԼ棬ҲҪ˼ҵ治ǣϾڴĿɲԼҵ档
Ƭ֮ĸ϶ʱ¶һŭɫֱַָݵݵʲô˼ĸӣЩǮݵ𣿡
Ǻǡ仰ַ֮ǲŭЦһֵĿĸ׵㻹˵ղ˵Ҫۣ۲Ǯ𣿡
㡭仹׼ڣֱַӿڵ֪Ҫ˵ʲôϵһ׼ҪǮҪ̸飬ûʲô̸ģô⣬𣿲ǸһǮʮٱΣ
ַݺһĸжʱ¶һĨɫΪԼ˵ַ飬û뵽ȴ˵˵ȥ˵Ǯ
߳ŭˣû˼㻹ûǰɣҪǮֱӵμҾˣҪ㿪ַһģ·𲻰Ǯһе˼˵Ǯ
㡭ĸؿţɫͻȻЩ԰ף˲˹ȥַݸĸˡ
ַݻ׼Źһźʼ˵Ǯ̫ˣһܲ˰ɣ֤ȴˣҡ
˵ַ꣬ݱתͷ˿Եգ߰ɣԺ㣬㲻һˣû˿Ա㲻飬ҲС
㡱˿ſžӨ飬ȴǴŲõЦգ֪ԼҵԼһҸȻúܴ󣬵һ˿ӡ

ĿַǣŴſڵķȥһģӶʱҧ٣ѵô뿪ˣʵ̫˰ɣ
Ȼô죿𣿡һĨϷʣתͷԵ٣ʵ
ҡжʱһĨɵķŭһ뵽ղַ嶼ûһ£㽫ӵץסʱжʱһĨļɵҲûκε
ǿһˣλҲǵһμʵַݣȴַݽıܹȫӵ۾壬ҲǾ˸еޱȵ𾪣һССľپܹ赲ġ
û¾͹һȥپþòشжʱһĨɫ˽ַݵĳ֣νǽȫ̼ƻˡ
ԭΪƾԼԼҵټԼôľӪԼܽڽߣŬʮ󣬱㽫ĶС
û뵽ַݵĳ֣ȴȫĽ࣬Ŧոߣĸǣ껣ҶһֶͣͨΣһ¾еζǸоޱȵĿ־塣
ֿ־ԴеѾַݸ⣬ʵǰѾףַݾǿƥеĴڣĻԻһ鷳
ΪԼĴҵȴǲòôĴгԼԼܶǸʡ͵ĵƣֻ֣ԭɹȴǹܴɣ˵߻ôõļƻȫ顣
Ѿûκε·ֻҧأһַԶԶȥַݣ૵ΪͿҷ𣿲ܵģһ֤ԼһǶᱻĲȵ£



502 һŵ
ַȻ֪ǷģԼ뷨֪ҲνϾѾܹھַȻӦһ仰ھԵǰһıƣֽϻ
һ΢ЦĴ߳˽ĳأŻͣĵطȥ·˿˵ʱ򣬶̲סһЦΪǿɲŮòһԡ
ûãȴһµͻȻһԴ˳ַһϹҼ룬ʱ𣿡
ˣַݲͣ˽ŲŴˣ˲˸ղһŴȺм˵˶Ȼһˡ
ˣܹõһŵ룬ǿ϶һĸȥһţ·ŵַݵϣȴü֪ˣûʱ䣬ȵȵȰɡ
˵ֱַ꣬Ĺ˺ˣŻȥڵַ˵ҪĲǼʲôһţǽմԼңܵԼԼԼҸů
һ˴ȫûζļô꣬մ˿̵ƣҪĿ϶ַݵĹĺͰʲôһţȻҲǲ
ں˵Уȴȫôһ£ҵԪףõƱԼ˵룬ǶܵǻСģߵ
ַֻһ˶ѣеģȻ˲ӵľ;ܾԼ˵룬ܹܣ
ŭ˲䲪׷ַݣǰʲô˼
ţסȥ·ַݶʱüͷ̧ͷòƵ˺˵˵ĺˣټҵ㣬ڵΪʲô˼
ʲô˼ŭˣһŭĿַݵҼʲôݣȻ㣬Ϊ˭Ĵ峤ûôţ𣿡
׼ôַЦˣǰɵĿɰһˣһŵΣȥȥȥܽȥɣ
ôϽȥ˾С̲סһ·һַݣǾһ㣬ޱԴǣǿĹַܹܣ
ùַҲǻˣôû˸ǰָ߸ϵ̬ȣһҲ̬ȣ˵λˡ
˲佫һƸɣַݴﳤȥȻûº֣ǸһȫֵĻĿܻ
һԹ޵ĴӵԴӵһŵ֮󣬻ûκܵĴֳмǸоվԼʱķȥ

ַȻܹܵԹɫȴһҲںһСѣ첻ɣ浽һһŵŭַҲκεľ¡
˻ţַݶ΢΢һЦ߰ɣһؼңӽԺҵļҾļңϣܹӦ
ţŮҶ֪ŶǶǺܺõˣӦòżҵġյ˵ͷԴͬʱҲǸоһĨҸĸо
һߣҲѾǳ˳ȨĵϺȥһŴ˿ڴ˴ȴַݵĵ
ʵѾǶصӳ˺棬ҲԼһǰһֱûʱ䣬˻ᣬŻǰ̸
˰Сʱ֮ȴһ˻ˣ̲ס΢΢һЦôԼһ˻ˣַૣ
ԥƬ֮󣬺ҧ˵Լ£׳Ȼᣬֱǲ׳𡣡
ŶһһĨϷʵɫҡҡͷûаҷУǲ˵ģСҲȷԲҷУѵΪǻĹܽ𣿡
һĨڵɫһŻе˼Ȼˣ˼ַѾȨ֮ϣ˵Ĵڡ
ǰĺȫסˣһ̲סҡҡͷȥɣȻûգȥɣҿжôжȥְȨֻǸͨ˶ѡ
ǵģ׳ھУ˻ſȥռٴλһһˣߺֳһƬžС
˶ַݵ̫֮ܲ˽⣬һȴǶַǳϸ˽⣬ȴӾ÷棬μſνռĵİڽɽμŵĻǺʵģĹ뽨һνΣõʮꡣ
ٴ棬һҲѾ˽ַڵΪҲֻǱ˰ɶѣϵǳã˵ž֮ģ˴л
֪Щ֮һűѾȫףַǾǵĴڣֱ˭˭ŻֶֻΣַݸڻģģ֮ϡ



503 ͵δ磿
ŵķٶȻǲö˵ֻʮӶѣַռʻķгѾ䵽ĺԺͣУ˿ַݵļŮ˶Ѿڴ˿̵Ⱥˡ
³һɲǣһױ֮ŮоһĨ޵ɫǶѾɫļŮˣ޾ĵ֮ҲǴĵ׵ĸоһ˿硣
ѪҲǾˣݴ½ĴڣױݵʱҲǸоԼһ㲻粢ò棬ҪȽĻ˲£մ˿ȴǻױ䱾ݸӵ͹˳
ʱѪҲ˼Ů֮У׸տʼֲ˽ܵʹо΢΢һ֮Ѫһӭȥ΢ЦÿֲһðôķնҪ
ҲҿϲĽɣԺŶһЦʵĹģоһů
ȻˣѪҲúõĹģӽԺļˣÿɲҪŶΪеĴȻҲҪվԼ̬ȣŮǶܹվ
εĸַ֪ݴ³һɲǣѾоնСҲһɫ˸ͲֿܷҲֻѡܡ
Ȼο֮ŮҲǱԼ̬ȣַݸоοޱȣͬʱҲĸܵ˼ҵĸоչ˵ĸоúܺá
ջ뵽ŮĶ֮УŮһַͬȴǱ׵һߣֻӣ׼Լȥˡ
òַ̾⴦ĺԺǸȷѡĻԼôŮˣס£һŽΪ򸾣ĺԺѾס˽ʮˣԴ´ࡣ
һˮַݻ˺ͤУлԼЩı仯Ҳ޾ĸпҲ˵ĸж
ûδ̵ĻûڵַˣҲѧʼ⣬˺֮У֪ʲôʱվҶӨٻһͬĵá
ַҲǾЩԻδ̵˵ҲѾԽԽСˣ˵δ̵ĶãڵѾܹ֮ˣǽǮ滹似棬δ̵ԼİѾ̫ˡ
Ľ뵽δ̵Ľ棬֮ЩĿƷַȴҡҡͷЩԳ󵽲еĶǶ˵ȴûκε
Ҳַ׼ر̵ʱ̣ȴϽһ͵ר棬дĶַݲ𾪵˫ۡ

ΰĿѧΤµо֮£ռ䴫ݻ˾޴ͻƣڱ̵ռ䴫ѾԽഩֻҪһСԪʹÿռ䴩󣬵ȥκεط
⡭ַһĨ𾪵ɫҲǾҵ뵽һԾ춯صĿԣǾԼͨռ䴩ȥδС
ˡɣַ˵һ޴ջڵĵ˵ѾûκεΣԼδ磬
ַݵ˽⵱УδѾȫĽ뵽ǼʱУĽҲѾǽ뵽ַ˵һѵսԼ
ַݵлǲЩη壬Ϊռ䴩ʧЧĻԼָᱻ͵ʲôطܾܿδҲزˡ
ĻַݻˣɲʧһΣõʧ٣ԼļԼŮѾǾôˣĻǶġ
ɵĴʵԼδĻǸʵַ˵ޱǿջţǸ羫ʵĳ̶ȣԻᳬ̫̫ࡣ
һַݾĳĬ̧֮ͷһĨᶨɫܿռ䴩ܲܳɹҪһԣϾû׷ʲô
˾޴ջַҲǾȥˣȻмŲٵΣգַȴҲǾܷҲ㹻ţȻ̵ܹռ䴩ҵǿռͨȶԣҲ㹻ȶĴڣΣյļʣ΢΢
һ⣬ȻѾǴ⣬ַҲٲãͨͨ͵δ飬Ҫӳ飬ϾҪͱ˵һ飬ȻȫԺĻǲòͬʱͨ飬Ҳҳһǳ׵ķʽ



504 ٴ
һַֻ泩ڤ˼룬ַϸоһռ䴫ݵķʽҵһǳ׵ķʽҲʲô⡣
ռ䴫͵ԭͷ·ǳ涴һ㣬һͨԴӳ涴һͷһͷ涴ھǳ̵ĵ½ڵĻҲǵ½ڵĵط̵δܹǵĵط˵½
̵ַܹµĵ½½ڵĵطĻȥĴδԼʵ֮С
ַҪصִĻҪԼڵĵطһ˿ڣԺʱͨδ̵ĵ½Լϵĵ½صԼ½ĵط
½ַֻһұҪϣⲢܶκε谭½ȡģֻҪһ㣬ַǰһʽĵ½ַҲѾ½ŵһ԰ȫĵط
ȫĵطҲ֮أϾ½𻵵Ļַݾͻᱻȫδ磬ʧȥ˻صʵͨԲ顣
ַ֮ͻȻǰһ뵽һ԰ȫĵطǾǷţֻҪſ̫֮УԶѲϵͳ֮󣬱Բᱻκ˷֣Ҳᱻκ֡
е˻˵ڷ뿪Ͳ·űʲôʯУѲϵͳʧЧʧ֮𣿶һ㣬ַҲرĵǣ˽˷ŵϵͳ֮󣬱ȫķΪδУŵϵͳûгֹκεİȫ⣬ǰȫĲٰȫˣԶѲʱҲʯ֮ĶͨԶֶ
˽⵽ַ֮ҲȫķܲܳɣǾ͵ÿʵ֤ˣҲףļʺСҲҪýȻԼŮǶᵣǡ
ַ֮˲УԼŮһͬͣͲųԵһʱ򣬾ǽϵĿӵ绰ͻȻѩ֮ȴһ۾ĺӳ˴ſڡ
ãܰһַмǳҪ顱һŶԺ˵Ľ̵֮Ҳȫʧȥ˵ǵ㽾֮ģЩΡΡ˵ʱ򣬶ǴһĨ𾴡
˵Ӱڵ绰ʱַݾѾ˳˵֮󣬱΢΢һЦѩѩ˵ǻڳͣȵȾͺá
õġѩɵĵ˵ͷַݵĻίĸһ飬ҲûٳʲôŭɫǹԹԵվȴš
ʮӺַŷе꣬ŮǴһк֮󣬲ߵ棬ӭȥ߰ɡ

ڷг۸߰ʱóɻѡͨγѾǱԴȫҲʧȥеȼζþöֻ
˵Դƶ֮ȾڳĽţرڵ۾ǰܹҲԽԽ٣ԽԽòǶοѡ
һ·ϣַݶĬĬûжԺһ仰ҲǶַԵЩη壬һԲĿųϺķȥ
ڽʮӺϺͣͣҲǽŸƵĵĿĵصˣҸ·ɡ
šĴӦһַ֮ŴӳúܣȨģѾãȴҲǵһν룬Ȼޱȵĺ档
ĴܵͬʱҲúڴϾַǳһŵרǰģԼλҲ򵥡
Ҫ֪ܹһרģǾԶǴַȴһˣһôɬɢһ˿Ϣȴ̲ס˸
Ҳûʲôͬĵط𡭡˵ĺ棬ַȻһҲںǴһϺ֮ж¶Լۡ
ַݿĿǹھ۾ģ⺣ߣҲǸо˷ǳֻ˵ЩԱѡط
ں˵Ĵ֮£һСԺǰҲţڵһŵ׳Ѿ
֪ˣȥɡڴһǲϵȴĻַҲ̲סһȫû뵽Լһܹλ
Ͼַݻǻˣǿһ³ģжҲǱ൱ľηҲ˵𾴣λΪش׵ˣеο
ںȥַ֮ƿ˷ţһĨʱı̲ס˲㴫ĵط˿һ׵ڴ˴һأȴǳǲŭʡ



505 
ˣһΪѾˣǺǡϷʵһַݣһŲ俪Цº͵Ļַжʱ
׳˵ȥˣҪԲûҪ⡱ַεͷͷһһǸ
˵ȷ£Ǻ˵̬Ҳ̫ãҲǲλ˵룬еһĨεɫַݾñǸǱġ
ôС𣿡𱸵һַ֮һָָǰλ΢ЦɣȻ趼ˣⶫƽ᲻úȣСпڸˡ
ٺ١ڨڨЦЦַݶʱһŵĶ棬ǰĲ豭ֻһƢĲǰĲ豭̲סЩ
űʺɫĲˮַ̲סһĨɫһ֮ѹЩ˷ܵĵû´Ļⶫɽǿĸժİɣ
һ̲סЦŵ˵ͷСӹȻУⶫڿɲˣҶȵġ
˵꣬һű㽫豭ĺһһڣûٷһԣַҲǾƷŲˮһԲ֪һԼΪʲôԴ˿װʲôҲ֪ȷѡ
˾ƷһСʱ֮ڽˮһ̧ͷ͵ַݵܹǰôò˵˵һǵһ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦǲ֪˵ʲô׳ֲϻΪʲôҪ£ԲŻ˵ĵֵ͡
ǫǺ£ȵǫαˣСӰÿ͸һҡҡͷһ̾ĿַݵΨһ͸ˣҲַֻˡ
·ַݵһжص֮У˶²ַݵһӴƶɾôõĵ鿴ַݾԼһЩ飬һ֮ĵķƶ
ٺ١ַ̲סڨڨһЦ׳Ҳǫˣôܻ͸ҲǸͨ˶ѣ׳ʲô£ѵΪ˺Ȳ𣿡
ɣҲûʲôҪģֻһ仰Ҫ˵һһĨ̾صַݵ
ʲô׳ļһμСصɫַҲ̲ס˵η̬Ҫ֪ǰλߣô˵Ҳĵ߰
һ֮һصĿַݵҪ˵ǣԺô䣬ǧסһ㣬ǻˣѾ㹻ˡ
ַжʱһĨ㵵ɫΪһŻԼĸһȴû뵽ֻ˵һ仰ѡ
һ仰ȴַݲ뵽˳˼֮УһŻб˼Ǽ򵥣ϸ˼һĻȴȫܹƷζһͬĶ

Ǳһַ֮Ʒζ仰е˼ҲĶһŵ˼ܶ࣬ҪһַǻˣǾǧҪԲĵ顣
Ҫַ˵Ǽǳ򵥵飬ҲԿһŶļʮֵľΪһſַѾȫȨ֮ϣҪԸĵĻĶûз֮
ַ˵ȻѾһУĵ׵ĻǶԻĳ˸飬ΪаĸĸҲԼŮˣǣĵط
һŵľ˵ȴǺãĶԲȻԲģϾﻹĵط
ĻصĺԺУַݱһУʼ׼ȥδһ׼ԪǱزٵģȻѾǻŽʮԪľ޿ⶫٶҲӶ಻ǣ
õǣЩҲѾռٵʯַȴǲ붯Щ׼ȥһΣҵʯԸӶһ
ƻַʵȥˣȴһֱûʱ䣬ʱ䣬Ҳԥڳʱ򣬱ԼŮԼҪȥһʱ
ŮҲѾϰַأԲûκεֻѣҪ浢̫ãΪǷǳǣַݡ
ʵ˵ַȻҲץʱ䣬ϾӣڼôңڣԴӦŮַ֮ݱѾʼ߻εжƻ
ȥǰҹַȻҲ֮ŮҲʹ˻ַĽ뵽֮УַһҲŮУ˸ףŷ޷жȥ׼ʼԼĵȡƻ



506 δ
ʯĲطǳ֮࣬ĵط޷ǾôַݵĵһĿ꣬ȻǷޣΪʯҹҲûôϸʺַݽԼļƻ
ʯֻװƷ̬˵ǰԲ̫أδ磬ʯȴǱȫĵݳƷǼ۸ҲԽԽߣϾȡܹӳʲôҪҪ
ַݵĿҲܼ򵥣ǾϵʯͿգȫΪԼеľǰ˭ֵܹջƾʯĻĳЩ£ľ޴á
ʯĿɷʽǳĹžɣЧҲǷǳĵ£δУѾһС͵ʯȫԶɣЧʱڵЧʿ˰ٱֹ
˵ǣַݵ½̵һҵз˺Щ̭ʯҼ۸ҲʮֵıˣΪʲô˵̭Ϊδ羭ǼĿ֮ʯѾɹ⣬ЩȻǱ̭ұó
ʯַȻ޴󣬱ϾȻʯһֱڳıţ俪ɵٶȲ죬»дѴѵԴȴȥɡ
ʯȻԽԽãſԷֿɣץʱ䣬ڵʱǷǳĿأ˷ûҪĵطС
ֻǼСʱѣַݾѾٵ˷һС֮УȻǳСҿҲޱȵƶ֪˲֪ĵصĶܹ綼
ǰ֮ǰַҲʯ֮˵Уһʯ̽Ͼֶ̽λǷǳ󣬸ͲܾҵʯĿء
µĿصȷַʱѾ˽Դַ֮̽ݱſشڵĵطȥʼ̽ʼɨ̽š
һᣬ㱻ַҵһԴĵط΢΢һЦ֮䵽˵ϣӸ˲ֿ֮óԼʯ
ʯʵ󣬿ֻʮңȴнһ׶೤ǰȻͷͷڵȥ磬õʯ̽Լ·һڣܹ׵Ľʯҵ浽󷽵Ŀڴ֮УʵȫԶĿɡ
ַ˽ʯһοԲȡʮʯʱҲַ̫̣ݿԷĵĽ£ǰһطɺ֮ٻȡ
ϸƬַ֮ݴʯĿأʱͷʼԵŵصµ˽ȥʼԼĿ
ֻһӲʧַݵǰǸҲųⶴڱ˸֣Ҳ뵽һڵ¿ʯ

һƬ̿һַ֮ٴηʼҵĿʼ̽⣬ÿ
һʱַ֮Žʮŵ˵£ԼҲ۵ĹǺһ뵽֮Լͽӵϰٽʯ֮ٿҲֵõġ
һʱ䣬ַҲ׼ϢƬˣʲôҲֻҪþ񣬵ȴһȥδ統С
һַֻˬϴһٳԹ緹ַ֮ݵжʱһĨ⣬૵ڿʼˣҵһó̡
ԥĻ˷ȻַݵУŶʱΣ󻺻ŴжȥͣϿյĹС
ڿԶѲϵͳַ֮΢΢һӸ˲ֿóԼȡһ̵ĵ½̶˼ʻǰ
δһܾʰɡ̲ס¶һĨ΢ЦַݺԥĿ˵½ѡ˿ռ䴩Ľ档
ڸһԪַ֮ǰʱһɫһֱͣתĺڶڶصַ̲ͨסһʣҲһĨηɫ
ַ˵ͨΣԼδ֪ԣ䶴δ磬ҵĶҩһ㣬ַݣҪһ̽ĳ嶯
ˡַ̲סʹһʣһĨᶨҧҧ֮󣬱ǰĺڶгȥڽ붴е˲䣬оԼǱʲôסһ㣬ȴһƬڡ
Ҳ˲ѣһâַݵǰٴһգ۵ʱѾһ޴ķ֮УԼԵͨȴɿţŮŮ٣
⣬δ𣿡ϸ۲һǳ˿ƼеĻַ֮һĨڵļȻɹˣɹδ硣



507 ֪Ů
ʣַܹͨͨδ磬һ漣ǴԽʱյһοռ䴩󣬽һʵ磬ĸܣַжȻ
δعʱһƷȴǰüַݵ뿪ͨں𣬺滹Ҫ
ŶӿеĻǱ׼ַͨҲѾ˽ĵͨδѾΪͨԣҲΪΨһԡ
ò˵һַݸоޱԺ飬ҲΪԼжķ㣬ڶδﶼǰɣ
Աַ֮ҲЩεͷ˼뿪˵ţַݱĴܵǣȥ
߳˴͵ַ֮ݲлԼ˽⵽ĵδʷЩ仯ҪμУӦ硣
ַݵ˽⵱Уڵ2055ѾǼսˣսɹ֮ȻֹţԼǼʵ̽
ʮһֱϵ̽ҲֻǸ߳ϵѣͬʱҲ֮̽Уסڴڼ䣬ҲѾκƺƵǼ
ô񣬵ĺģԭĹȨҲѾڵˣڶǿĹңԼһͬһӴֳȨƵ֣֯ͬ࣬֯ǽˡ
ʣȨģƿصȨԼַȴĴڣִĵ磬δκε춯ĻԻᱻ˲ɱҪ֪δĿƼɲִԱġ
Ȼڵַ˵̫ңԶҲֻһĿģǾ뷽跨ıǿԼӵһԴΪԼıȡ
ַݲоһֹĸܣΪڵʱδ̵꣬δ磬ȴǱΪ˵
˵δ̵꣬ศɵĴڣʧȥһַݱֻǸͨ˶ѣڵ
һַֻ֮лһƬң֪δ֮ԼҪʲô飬˰֮вһȻȻ벻ףǾȹ˵ɡ

Ŀĵǰţַ̲ס̧ͷǰδĵ۾ֻе̫ôгҲǴϿзš
Ҫ˵ͬĵطȻԭ·Ѿȫʧȡ֮͵ĻľУһֻǳƢζַݲЩ
һ·ǰţַҲڹ۲ܵȺǣǵ϶ǴһĨЦݣȻڵ磬̬ȣַݲ̾ԼĿǰҪﵽĳ̶ȣҪܳһʱ䡣
٣ھһСѧʱַȴǺȻдȻۣҲǳһʸУַݲǰȥ
סֻǿһַۣݱ㷢һĵطǾһȺСŬһ׶׶ַȻǷǳϤӼоƬеõ׳ʼ
ϸĹ۲һַ֮ݷȺСУȻв˶ѾޱȵĽӽҼڶߵƣַݲ𾪵Ŵ͡
Ҳȫܹ⣬δУѾΪ˳ɳһ֣ԲΪһ֣ȴǱҪѧϰȻĻڷ۵ʱǾͻᱻΪǲϸ
ַ˽δУû˿ӱܵ飬ΪʲôôΪǼ̽ʱҲһЩ޴һЩ˵塣
ͱڶʮǰʱһǼ֮̽У䴳һĵ̣䷢ޱȾҵײʱ˲أ˫Ųòֹͣս
Ҳ˸ѣǾУȻڰݵɫһ첻һǿ߱ɱߡ
ȫԱǰ㱻˳ʵţôĻԺ汻ǿ֣ǵͽǺ޵ֿ
һ㣬ַݻޱȵͬģϾδ翴ǿ󣬵ƼȫԽ书Ψһĳ·Ҿ㲻УԼʹҲǿ岻ǣ
ַݿĳʱȴǴһޱȾֱַݵ˭ΪʲôѶ֮ϣȻ鲻κϢ
ַ΢΢һ㶣תͷֻһƮƮ֪Ů䱳þɫһĶһַʲôĻͽ



508 ˣ
Ҷ⴦СѧһͨʦͨǣӵŰڵΪһжǿĴڣҲΪеԺ
սһ˿ΣҶԼϲһУ׼֤һԼ似û뵽ʱ򣬾ȻһٿɵһϣǰһȺСǡ
ҶжʱһɽŸУóԼϴŵѶ豸̽һǰӵݣӦԵķеޱȾ鷢ˣѶɨ֮¶ϢȻȫʺš
ôܡڿһʺ֮ҶжʱŵɫΪδУֻҪһеѶϢᱻ¼Ѷ֮УϢԼϢ
ǰȴʲôϢҲûͷ·һ㣬ҶвһĨ㵵ɫΪԼѶˣɨһ֮󣬱ָֻ
ѶϹʺţȻҶ˲䷴Ӧ˹ǰӾǸΣյ࣬Ż˸ղŵһĻҶĽ䱸ҲַҲЩЦá
ַҲȫܹ⣬Լڶδ磬ҲȫһڻһĴڣûκεѶϢڣŮӲ鲻ԼѶϢԲŻôĽ䱸
Ҳַ˸ѣԼҪĵһ£ǾǸԼһݵǼǣȻĻҪжǾǴ粽С
Ҳżַһת뵽˺ǰŮӵİ취һԻɫͷŮӵʲôѶϵǸ𣿡
ַݵһ䷴ʣʱҶͷˣһøӾַݵȻ֪Ѷѵˣֵģ
ˣֵ򣿡ַһĨ㵵ɫ˵Ļһˣֵ飬ȴ˵Ļ
ַҲ˽⵽淢飬ǵٹ򣬲Σˣڲ߽࣬ñֲɱʱ¿硣
ɬһЦַ֮ݶʱҡҡͷˣ࣬ʲôѶ鲻ҵѶϢǰһֱסɽ֮УҲûб¼ɡ
ߡҶжʱһĨŵý䱸ַһ֮ٷϻ벻ǣ¾һ飬Ǿ֪ˡ
˵ţҶͨѶ˾ĺ룬ַݸһϽǰȥͨرգס֣ÿɬɫ˵̣ҪôҰ
ַݿɲԾ죬ܹˣҲᱻߣָ͹֤һˣַݿɲȥԵסŮ˵

㡭ſҡַ˲̵ٶȸһҶһĨɫַݾǸǿߣҪɱĻǾԲҪڶ¡
ӦҲַһĨЦõɫȫû뵽ԼδĵһˣͽԼԴ
ңҴӦ㡭ַݸסҶﻹѡֻǵ˵ͷý䱸ɫַݣһŭ֮¾ͽԼ
ȴˣַݽɿ֮ſЦŽ͵Ĳôţ˵Ļ̸ôϻֱɱģˣ
ַݵĽ֮Ҷﲻ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˹ַ˵һûʧȥ֮ĵĻҲǲܵһ顣
Գ˼Ƭ֮Ҷﲻ̧ͷֱַݵ˫۵㾿ʲô֣ʲôݣΪʲôĶȺС
ַ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˹ΪʲôҶôĽˣԭԼΪΪԼȺСŻôĶԼ䱸
һתַݶʱ뵽һ⣬һ˵ĶŮӵҽַݣǸ¶Сʱ򱻶ɽУͱҰ޸Եˡ
ѽŮ˵ͬĶޱȵǿģַǸ¶ʱ򣬱ַݳͬ飬ǽ䱸ɫҲ˲ڻ˼֣Щżǽૣ
ַ̲סһЦð˵ҼҰǳԵʱҵʦ֣Ҿɽ֮Уѧ书
ڼǰʦѾˣ磬ҵҵĸǸһ֤£һ·زأȴûжķ֣·Ⱥиĸ۰ʦ̵Сӣипޱȣû뵽࿴˼ۣͱץסˡַ˵ǶޱȣԼǶ˾ֵĽ˳
ءΪһʦǱҪ޴ͬģַݵޱȱҵ֮ҶʱַݵɫУûκεĽ䱸ȡ֮ģͬ顣



509 Ǯʹĥ
ǰ޳˵Ҷַ̲סӣҡҡͷһĿɬʵ㲻ΪҸе˵ģôҲûҵǣҲˣһǻصɽֶȹɡ
ôԣַ˵ô仰֮Ҷʱ̧ͷһ߿ɫȻ㶼ôˣôܹ׵ķѵͲǣΪʲôҪ㣬ΪʲôҪ𣿡
ҡҶѯţַжʱһĨϵɫҡҡͷҵΣҲֻٴһ粻ҵԼġ
ֶزصҲǹˣ㿴ڣȻҵˣټȥָͱ˾ٱץ˼Уȫʧȥɡ
ңҲ߾𣿡ַݾȻԱͬĵҶʱҲǼˣͷһεַݣ·ղԼͨһ㡣
ŮһԼɫַͻȻӿһУ˵ŮƭȻһ㲻̫Ȼ
Ҳû취ǣԼܾܲץ߰ɣַֻĬŶԲһмĿŮӵлл⣬Ҳ뿪ˣԵĻټ
ȵȡַתһɲǣҶȴͻȻַݸסһĹеѵôЧ̫Ļҿ԰㰡
ңôңҲѾͨˣԼһҲͦõģɲ𣿡ַݵһЦŮӻ˻֣һתʧǰ
ַݵӰʧҶ̲סһ̾û뵽磬ôĵĸĸֲΪʲôҪ˸
Ҷ˵ִᣬ˸ǾĴڣɱ죬ַݲ׷Ҳǿɣ
աҶһľַ֮ݲһεĵطţ˲ͷϵ亹ղҶıĻĻǳΣա
ôһַ֮Ҳȫ˹ԼҪһˣݵĻҲǸоЩͷۣ֪λá
žƬַ̲֮סһԴ汿κʱǮʹĥеԪŪһݣ
뵽ַ֮в⣬ʱδ̵Ľ棬ѡ˽ķѡ˽ɲ򵥣ǳ̵רΪַڳ̵ʮϵĹġ
ĿҲܼ򵥣ǾǴ̼ЩǵѣͬΪ˴ﵽЧҲԼĹǾ㸻ǵһֻҪǮ㹻
ԥĵ㿪˽ַ̽ԵѯʵܹһҪ𣿡
ַֻѯʵһ˲䣬˽Ǳ߾ˡǵģԽѴɵ飬Ҫļ۸ԽߣҪʲôૣ
õ׿ַ֮жʱһĨϷʵɫظģиûлڣܲܰһݻڣҪǮֱ˵ͺá
ԵƬ̡õַݵ֮˽ôֺ󣬱ѡʱʧȻ鲢ģҪʾһ쵼
ַҲżǼĵȴţвҲЩܽ飬δлĻ粽С
ʮӺ˽ٴεһѶϢַ̲סһ̧ͷһ֮ȴдǵۣҪǿ۸ҪһԪǷܹܣ
ַ̲ס˿ڵ˵Ǯ¶£һڶѣȫܹɵóȻһ㣬Ҳǹôס
뵽ַ֮ݶʱ˵ͷֵһԪҴӦˣô»᲻ʲôΣգ
ԲᣬκĻ̵궼Ϊ񵽵ףҪǽ˵ƬһŹԼԼնһнǾͺá˽ޱȿ϶ַ˳ŵַڰ
Ƭ·ǳļ򵥣̵ԴУַһ֮󣬸˽˹ȥһԪͬʱת˹ȥա
ֻƬ̣˽õȷϣַݻظǶѾյϸظʱǰա
Ǿ鷳ˡ׵Ļظһַ֮Ž̵رգҲ¶һĨЦݣ૵ȻǮʹĥ
˵򵥣ַȴ֪ⷨޱȽȫδ磬Ҫ飬ҲҪһӴģȻ̵ӴҵҪһ㲢ѡ



510 й
ͷַ֮ҲиҪģǼ˽磬Լܹ뵽У翴Լ
ַݵһЦ֮󣬴Ľ˳ʼǰȥò˵δֳ˿ƼУޱȵԭʼ硣
ԭĸ¥öѾȫʧȡ֮Ƿڿеͷݣ˿У¶˳ֲԼĿռ䡣
һ㣬ַȻޱȵĸеοȡô֪꣬ΪĸرˣĸԴֻһζȡĻǵǿ϶ġ
ʵҲ֤һ㣬ԴԼϷ֮ǰӿиĻͻᷢǸϸʴԲĴ˿Ӷʧȥԭɫ
Щ䣬ҲԽԽ࣬õ˶˲أǲʶڱ֮ǿʼԼĻر˼ʮĽ裬õָڵΡ
ַݵ˽УʵѾûκεסլеֻѧУҽԺҪĹʩҵԵסլԼн֣Ǳ˿С
ַ̲סЩδĶлʲôԺԥڳ̵йһС͵ķʻ˴ڵ۾е۾ӵء
ģȻһ޴ĺƽ뽨һֻƽ˿Уַݵ˽⣬⽨ģҲİġ
ַݽӽ仹нʮʱ򣬸ױͻȻ˾棬棬ǰ˺ƽĽֹ룬ǰĻܵڻ
˻׵ľַ̲֮סһ˿̲ŻȻԼִĵܹһеļֶȥ
׾棬ģϾ˵ĸݵأַĻԻܵҵĹ˵ȺǾһ˿Σշ
鲻ԽĴ˸ַ֮ݶʱŸѡ˳룬һͨ˵ľۼظȥȥĵطҲ⵽ڻв
ǰһַ֮ݲ̾ȻƼĺģǿƼĻôܻ񹤵һط
ַݾ뵽ЩʮֵķӣȻƯ˿УӰ߶ţæµţһС
ʵַݺܺ棬пָ֢ˣֵطţ᲻ᱻŷ뷨ȫǶģҪ֪δĺһͳ˿УСͽһУôܻпָ֢֡
һַ֮ݶʱгеĸۿ֮ϣһ׳ֵʱ̣Ҳ֪˶˵ǰ

ַݵĹ۲֮£Щδִ࣬ҲûκεĲͬҪ˵ͬĵطǾûĳŮҲûӡ
Ϊδ磬һĿޱȵķⲢʲôģʲôģпޱϸĹ涨Բһο
ΪȫһݵĻ̫ˣҲΣأϾһݳһ˵ģһưѶȣ綼ˣݹˣѶ֮Ҳм¼
Ҳ֮£δǳʵڶԲڣǶȥݣΪݵĻԼ鷳δ磬ʵΪ
׵Щõ뷨ַ̲סĴܵһУķе߼ֱǧٹ֣ʲô͵ĶУڷǷǳĿŵģֻҪıĵĵطط졣
ˣַݵĸҲĴڣܵһȺǻȵɫ̲֮סһϽȥ˿ף뵽Ⱥ֮ѡ뿪
ЩĴܣַݺȻ֣ڵǴ̵꣬ǲѾȫʧеֵֻĳưˮɿֻŵĵط
һеףȻǳ̵꣬Ͼʵ۸ȲҲҪ䣬ڰʱޱȿص˵Ǽޱ˷ѵ顣
Щֳ⣬ĻЩССĹ˾İ칫ص㣬Ȼĸܺãÿ㲻Ҳ뵽õԼҪĶҲҪŬŻӵеġ
ʱһ°ʱ䣬ŵĹԱӸԵĹ˾˸ĸۿУԼסլȥҲһû뿪ǽ뵽˾ưУͷԼδɢľ



511 ң
ô˵δִûжĲ֮ͬͬҲǿƼΪǴĸıѣϻûжĸıģַûиоǳİ
һЦַ֮ڽй˰֮󣬶ٸʮģ뵽һưУһƿ׾ƣʼõôǮģֻҪó̵ⲿӿ΢΢һˢˡ
ò˵ַǿӣʣԼɢΣϢЩѹŮǳ˾ҵջԣ̲סǰһ
ֻʮӶѣкüĻ㲻Ůǰ̸ַúԶʾԼпյԸַ̲סϷһЦ
˵Ļ飬һŮ˾ˣϾطҲֻһҹԵѣڶ˭Ҳʶ˭ַ۹ĸߣЩŮȻǿۣԺίıܾǵ
ЩŮ׵ͬʱҲַݵĲʶ˲ٵİۣ޿κεĶ˶ţѰԼһжַһ
ϸŮŮǵĽ̸ַ̲סǻһЦκʱŮ֮鶼ǱزٵĴڰִͬǣδȻִҪһЩһʱ䣬ַݾͷֲֹʮŮ§ż뿪ҪȥʲôȻض˵
ַ׼뿪׼ҸطϢʱȴһϤС٣ҵֵطҲϰߵġ
ţ̲סһĨȣΪַݷŮӣȻԼԼ˵ŮʦҶ
绹С̲סӣַϷʵͬʱҲҶҲǳ˺棬ҲģÿԿҪ
Ҷѯ֮󣬴˵Сȴ̲סһ۵˵СﰡҲϴС˲ǣȻûĵطҴʶʶȻ㶼OUTˡ
С١ԼĽС˵ⷬʮǰеĴʻ֮ҶҲ̲סһ죬ΪԼOUTе˲˼ԶʱҧҧǾͼʶһ°ɣ˵ˣҲȾơ
ôԣưܲȾƣҸơưɣȵУղǣСٴΰһۣǣ˰̨֮ϣһƿơƣݸǽõĻǾͺһڰɡ
ðɡСټȻô˵ˣҶֻܻܾüһڣھƾĻӷ֮£ԭݣԵǸӵĶˣһԵӶǰһ

˵ʵڵģҶԼĶܲһʦְҵװ£һòǶ̲סַݵĹ۲֮УѾкü̲סջǰڨ˼
Ȼַݲ²һҶٴκһơƺһŰɫװСģĶʱһƿѾҶ΢΢һЦС㣬һ𣿡
ԣԲĲȾƵġİ˴ڨҶʱһϽ־ܾҲòȾƣơƣоЩ졣
ôżܾ𣬺Ʋ˵ģӰɡɫװӶʱɫһɫҲһĨ죬ư֮УǵһξƱŮ˾ܾ
ǣǺðɡʱҶƵһĻٴչ˳ʧԽӹıӣͺһڣ븹֮жʱһĨѣɫ
ȻҶûȹƣںں֮󣬱ѾļޣټȥĻǽþֻŻؼˡ
ӼһҪģʱһٴεһݸҶСþҲֻ38쳶㣬ٺһɣΪˡ
38쳶˵˱кƵ֮СٵŮжʱһ⣬֪һƿƾͼֵʮԪȻǰɫװӣһ߸˧
ĽĿԼԵҶСﰡǰһλ߸˧ɵץסᰡ˿ɲŶ
Ĳٺ˰ƮĨȻĺϼҶ̲סҡͷܾȻѾǲʤˣһʶѣԺԥѡ˾ܾ
ܾ̬ȴС̲סҡҡͷ˵ﰡʧʧֻҪ㽫ǰλ˧סԺͲڵĹˣ˧翴ҵĻҶ̲ס
ǾøˣҶһЦ̧ͷǰλ˧˧ԲˣĲܺˣ㿴ԵСҲܲŶô
ü˿ҶָС٣ɫװ˧̲סüȻС㲻ѿҲûݹǰҶ˵ǲ˲١
üװӵжʱһĨΣյɫôСǿ𣿻Ǿ䲻㣿ҪƸˣ



512 Ҳ
ӦþҪ˰ɡڿ¶˲ͷɫַ֮ݾѾµ˽顣
ȻַݵĹ֮УⷬͷĻҶжʱһĨεɫҲǸ˼
ʲô˼ȻңǾͺһټ̸ɡжʱһĨϷʵ
νŮ˲ûᣬɫװҪҶ߽λС٣һҲںְݽŮֻҪһǮǾͻװʲôҲ
ҶǷԼ鷳װҲһ㶼ںȻƹƽȨŵ£Ȩ׵ĽŮͨ˸Ū֮С
һ㣬װŲɣͬʱҲֶλŮӣûгֹκε⡣
⡭ǰһɫƵģҶжʱһĨη壬֪Լ˴˵еֶˡ
ôǲ𣿡ɫװӶʱɫһ䣬ԴвҶȴĻش
۲ǣҲһĨŭɫȻʶװӵģҲ֪󱳾ҲǸŭԡ
Ҷﲻ֪ʱȴһϤȴǷŭôֵطˣһȥҲ˵˲׼𣿡
ҶһתͷȻַ̲֮סǵɴ˫۵ô
ôͲһȥɣģʲôطַӲĶҶͬʱȴգգۣһ޵
Ҷ㶣ȻַԼҲǽƾͼƣͷ֪ˣҴ㲻Ҫô𡣡
ģȻһԵСЩͷԵλôûǣ
ַݣҵģҶ̲סԼͷΥĵС˵һԡ
ţҶﻰеһĨͣ٣ӸղųֵԼСٵľ֮װжʱһĨ
ַݾǰλû˵ѣװޱȵĿ϶ԼĲ²⣬̧ͷĶַݵСӣȰ£СӢ۾ûȳɣǰԼȥˡ
ŶַǶʱһĨϷʵɫǱ˲ҲǺΣ̧ͷװӵˣƾ㣬ֹҡ
ڻҵı£Ҹ㣬Ҫˣ㲻ԡװһĨ⣬Լеﱻһţָоɲ̫á
Ծԣ׼ôԣַҲЦˣûмŵӣаŮȻ˵쾭壬˸𴩻һҲη塣
ߡװֱַָݵԴ֪ܿˣĶҪŮˣûҵòġ
ǽ͵ʧˣŮұˣԣַݵһЦ治ӿһ졣

Ȼ㲻ˣҳȫ㡭Ķŭˣȫû뵽ǰӾȻ˲ˣԼǿƵвǰƣĸ飿
ŭ֮£ĶҲǺ޹˼ɵĻȭͷַݵŴȥ׼۵˸˵
۾ճУĶһȻ㲻ǿģҲŰڵΪɲǰתӿԵֵסԼһȭ֮
ַݿĶڵΪȻȴκεвֻǰڶѣԸޱȵɡ
ҶĹ۲УĶڵȭͷڣҼַݵţַȴɵһ㣬û˿ķ
žһȭͷײ춯ȴûнĹֻһѡ
ǲɴ˫ۣȴǾȵһĻԭӦһֵĶڣ˿ȭͷȴǱַݸУɫҲһƬͺ졣
뵽ղĶڷݻһĻٿڳԱһĻưڶʱĶԭͺݣȴǱøˡ
㲻аȫҡĽĶڵȭͷУַϷʵҡͷƵ
ַſңҲ㡭ݺݵҧַݣĶڷ·һǰĶҪһڽ̽һ㡣
ַ̲͡סЦһñӵĶڵ˵ܲɵһ㣿ΪʲôҪſ㣿Լѣ
ĶڵƻĿʼַһ㶼û֣жôĲ벻Ҫһ£
ëߣֻǲСĶѣַſңҲſ㡭ָܵϴʹ֮ĶĿַݣɲ



513 Ӳͷ
ӲͷϲĶӲַ̲סϷһЦ㻹ֶܼá
ǲġĶɫָѾҪѣͷҲ¶˴Ŵŵ亹ûпڽһ䡣
ò˵Ӳͷˣַݻʮģȴǳˣ˭Ҳܷ䣬ԼȻҪ֣Ҳ䲻ˡ
ꡭʱţַϵҲԽԽأĶڵָҲӭ˵һ졣
ַ֪ԼѾһָѾʣνʮָģҵʹĶ˲ʹģԱ߲ٹۿ˶鲻ԽĴ˸
ĶҲǸӣָѾʣҲֻǺһҧޱԹ޵ַݵɱҡ
ꡭַȻɵвΨһģǼӴϵȣٴѾһָֻ
˻ٴδưɣЩսǶǵһԼָĺúõģ·ָģһ㡣
ͻأģ˾ҵʹĶڵĳﵽ˼ޣҽһٴޱԹַݣڣɱ
꣡
ҽٴδַȴɫ䣬Ϸʵƣҵ뿴ȽӲָȽӲ
ҡ꣡ĶڼſھַַôܸĻᣬ˲䷢ǲҽ
ָˣ߸ָָĻнֺǣַһЦǸȻģò˶Ǵ˸η
㣬ħַ˲̵Ļ֮ĶڵǱÿ־ɫַݵ
Ǻǡַ̲ס΢΢һЦôòҸˣҲȥ
ҪˣҪˣŹҰɡ˼ָĶĻַӲӲֻǻҵҡҡͷЭ
ŹɣѾˡַݻû֣ҶжʱĶڲһͬУҡҡַݵֵ
Ҷһɫַ̲סһ̾Ůʵ̫ϵƭˣ˼Ҳ̫һ㣬ԼӦøһĿγ̡
ֱָǰĶڣַݿڵŲţڷſĻԼץǣ˵ڴ¡
ģģҪҡַݴ˻֮ĶڶʱһȻеȷôģֻУĸ˵Լʵ뷨
ӦòɣѾõӦеĽѵҪǾͱˡ˼Ƭ֮Ҷﲻ̧ͷҲһĨɫַ̲סٴһ̾

ȻôõģҲûʲô˵ģʵ֤һаɡ˵ţַݱ㽫ָ˿һᶨҶ߰ɡ
šҶ̲סǵ˵ͷ֪䣬ͷ·Ӧ˰㣬ַݵžưȥ
ǡСȫˣȫû뵽ԭһ˵飬ȴֵһز
ڰݽҶǲ֪ôһλ˧ֶӣϣǾϹ
ߣȻ㲻ҪǾҪöʼɵһȥҶСٶʱĶڵԣѯƣʱԼ֮ĥһĶڵע⡣
˿̵ĶȴһԹĿȥˣСô˼ŭһ֮󣬱ˤ뿪˾ưɡ
ԼķгϺĶͳԼֻдŸֵĵ绰룬ߵ֣ұ˴ˣָ
ʲôСھô£Ϊ˵ĶڵĿ֮󣬻ͲһͷʱһӾŭеѯʵ
ģһŮˣһ֣ҪҵŮѣҴ֣Ҷ˵ͷܲˣһҪΪ
ֱ޷죬żϾץ羿ûš
һµ֮ĶҲǻԼ׵׿ϣҲ¶һĨԹɫ¿ǻҵģҶҪӱĻ
ԴӳĶڻûгԹĴָ˼Ҫ֪۸ˣûб۸˵
һĶڶĻԺô۾ȥԽַݣڱС
ɲΪʲô˵ݣҪ֪۾Ķʶûַ



514 
һߣַҶ˿ƻøеĵ۾ճϣǼۿԵİƣַݲоЩãôʵ
ǰǸߴıӰҶжʱϹһĨɫһ㡭ΪʲôҪң
Ⱦ;ˣûʲôΪʲôַʼ磬һȻĵҲû˵ѣղžҶĶڲˬԱˡ
ŶҲ֪ʧǸˣҶ˵ͷøмַݵлл㣬ĻҽΣˡ
лⶼҸģ´ıֵطˣ̫ҡַݵһЦȻλҶưɴ壬ǰ£Ҳ˸ѣǳһǵһǰɡ
Ժҿ϶ˡһĨɫºҶҲǽԼĸĸķԺԽһˡ
ˡַͻȻ뵽ʲôԥĿһҶ󣬻ǾλСٵĽãҾ㻹ٽӴΪá
ΪʲôҶһĨɻԼСûʲôȻģˣҲĴ𣿡
ǺǡַЦˣһɸֵĶ̵˵ĿɲǸСٵ̫αҸͲ˼ĸܣѲҲա
ҵ£ҪܡַݾȻ˵ԼѣҶҲˣͶַѵͷתһߣһСŮ̬
ַҲֻҡҡͷŮӻδܱ˼˻ڰ˼ǮͽһãʲôնĿγ̡
һ˽УַҲûٶ˵ʲô־ǿ̵ֲˣȰĻ𵽷ЧԼǿǷҪһЩ
ãҶҲǸоղ̫ԾתͷַǸԲ֪ҲΪҺãСٲˣƽĺܺõġ
ðɣҲȰˣԼͺáַݻҡҡͷͬʱҲЩжֿɰŮӣڵĵҲˣʵڲƻ̬
ַһ²ߵģҶҲǲЩȻ󿪿ѯʵǸ£㸸ĸҵĿ԰Ŷ
ַɫһ治֪ôش뽫ʵ˵ǿŴģֻѡͷĬ
ҶҲƵĸַݵв֪ʲôΪַƽҲΪо
һͬнַȴͻȻͣҶʱײıϣɫһƬͨ׼ѯʣȴַɫصĿ˿Ͽյļڵˡ

ǣ˭ַͻȻ˵һ䲻ű߼ʵĻҶʱһ㶣Ҳ˳ַݵĿǰȥȴǱ־ԵľٵǷ
Զľ룬ҶȻվڷϣһ̰˵Ķڣ̲סһô
Ǻǡַ̲סһЦתͷԾȵҶôͲǴ϶ģܵʱӦĺˬ죬ԽĻƨŵ
⡭ַݴ׵Ļ˵Щ죬ҶҲ̲סһĨŭԶŵˣԼҪҰǵĻˡ
ַҲһҲţĿǾ÷ǵǰ˸Χ룬Ƿַ̬ͻȻܵһ㡣
Щ˰˵㻰ǷƤһ㣬ղ˵Ļˣҿ˿϶Ƿʰվڷ֤ҫĶڣַ̲סҡҡͷ
ַȫޱ߷ĻĶڵɫ˲ڳ˺̼ʱܵ裬ʱҧַݵٵˣͻ֪ҵ³
˵ţĶڶݺݵĵַһۺ󣬽ͷתһԣһλӳģľӳһңϽץסɣҿǶָһҪΪ
Ǻǡһίģַ̲סҡҡͷȻȸ״ĶǿҪҶ㣬𣿻УҿǼǵȳֵİɣ
ǾǣȶֵģҶ̲ס˵ͷһյĿĶڵȫû뵽˾Ȼô޳ܣüǺ޵
ٷϻô£ȸһؾֵ˵˫ִһʣӳҲʧȥģȻƫĶڵģϾĸףԼ˾
һ仰ӳҲǺɵ˷ץװãֻǰһǹͻȻһɫâַݸε



515 ץˣ
ţסַݵжʱһĨصɫȫû뵽δĿƼѾĳ̶ȣȻԽ⻯Լס˵һֳ뻯ãò̾Ƽǿ
ַݺȻ⼤ȻޱȵοԼԽԽԽļǸоһ˿ʹС
ַݳԱĶжʱ¶һĨϲɫֻĴЦ㲻ͦб°ѼѰ
ߡκַݱͣһתͷԵҶ߰ɣԵֻңԺǧסһ㣬˵ĻǧҪš
˵ַ꣬ݱ㲻һ˹ȥĿڵӮˣ߰ɣĶڣҲ̫⣬һ仰ɱҡ
㡭ַݾȻ˾ԼвһĶȫûиֱܵĿңǽԼĹǺָо
ߡĶ̲סһַݵͲɣܵģ˵һΪ˸ۡ
˵ţĶٴνͷת˴˿һ֪Ҷ촽СˣӲҵĵģԹԵң
˲ĻЩǶ̲סüͬʱҲһ̾˭Ķڵĸǵ˾Ҳֻһֻ۱һֻۣװʲôҲ֪ˡ
߰ɡü֮ӳʱԼкһžֵķȥҶԭء
žʻ֮һ˹ҧ촽¶Σ۶ֵǵɫ
֪ģַݱһڻץǸطôĽȴΪ˾ԼȴǽԼİΣŵһߣ֪ĶڻǰҲҪԼ
ִ£Ҷж̲סһĨεɫ·¶˾һ㣬Ӷͳһ绰дŸһ绰롣
ôøҴ绰ˣͲдһЩϲĻȻܹӵҶĵ绰еǳĸˡ
ءϤ󣬱ޱȵҶʱһУѾȫԽܼޣرַݱץߵһĻȫĽеһЩơ
ôǲ۸Ͻ߸磬Ҳʲôô󵨣۸ҶҵСһԼҵСȻӶʱˣʮּеѯʵ
硭ǿסԼеıˣҶùʵӿߵΪ˾ңݺþץˣһҪ

߷һУַȻһҲ֪ɲΪҶ԰ﵽԼʲôαץֻѡԾˣȻ϶ԲٵĿͷ
ԥѡ˳̵Ľ棬ַü鷢ˣΪ˿ĵ½ȴʾû磬ȻѾƵˣ½ȥ
ˡһַ̲֮סͷһпЦˣ֪Ҷ¸
ַʧȥ˳̵֮󣬾ǻڵΪƼδҲܳʲôģȴĽһβʹĽѵ
ˡַΨһ뷨ҲѾܸıʲôֻѡһУԼҲܵĥɱǲܵģΪ˽δҪɱˣ״ɾʹˣĶܹҵġ
֮֮ͨһַݶʱ侲һȻ˳ϣȴžԼ֣׼ôʰԼ
ַлһĵǣǾԼϢûеǼǣһĻԼܵһĶԴΨһģǳ̵Чܹˡ
ֻʮӲַݱ㱻Ǳĸֵľ֮Уϵľַ֣̲סһĨмҲͬʱףʲôطʲôʱȨƲ
÷ͣͣУֳּǹľ󣬽סвʵ㣬ŷ˳ӵܻܵ
Ŷַ˳ڴһ䣬ȻıѺһȥͽȥ󣬱һԣ·׼һ㡣
ַȻֵУȻǲ׼Լ鷳ԽſϣһȻԵá
ڼӺ󣬷ȴǱͻȻƿȴЩžδ죬һЦݵĶڣȻԼʹ˽̡



516 
ٺ١ǱסַݣĶ̲סϷһЦСĵĽŸϣַݵСӣ֪ҵĺ˰ɣղָҸôؾһૣ
ŶַݵȻһЦһĿĶڵͲ˽̱֤Լ𣿡
ַͷвĶȴͻȻЦֱַָݵʵ̫ˣôܻᱻҲ¸㣬ͷղѾˣڱޣ㶮𣿡
ַݵ˽Уδˣͷṩ¼ᴫֵܾ֣ļԱͬӣΪľǱ˽̡
жԲߣÿ¶μ޵ĻᣬĶ©ͷرһʱ䣬Ծַʩˡ
ַݲŭЦΪҲ̫ϲͷΪʲôĶںܿͻ֪ˣʱһԼΪʲôҪرͷ
̡һֻߵһԵ̾߰ڷŴĶڴһһ£ʱ촫¶һĨ̬ⶫ϶ûɣ㣬һĻʱͻԣͬʹС
ϷʵַһĶ϶ʱ¶һĨЦݵûпĻӦлΪ˰ɣȻһˣȻѣΪԽ߳ҲԽǿιȥҲԽѾȲˣͺúܰɣ
ЦַݻǰĶҲǽ򿪣ԾĵַҲЩڣɲ볢һֱĸо
㲻Ҫ˽̱ץסҪ̵ģװһֵģַݵźʵĳƣͬʱĶڵľģΪԼķ׼
ַ⸱ͬǿСϱ㾪ģĶϵĵ⾢ˣȨﵽԼĿĵĿϣ˵ĸеԡ
ЦſַݣĶϷʵҶѾ˵ˣͷѾˣôܻᱻץסͲҪˣúܰɡ
Ǿͺãܿɲң㰡Ķڻ䣬ͼַһ󣬶ʱߵֱһҲ˳Լϡ
̰ĸо˲䴫ĶڵȫͷϵͷǸҲǲĲ־ҵʹʵܣҰ컹ûع
ζô϶ܲɣŸտʼૣǼַааһЦ󽫵ҧ˿УĶ׼ڽ˵ʱ˲䴥ϡ
ҽʱ˷ĶҲһĨɫνĥ˲ɣHɣָоĸо

˻ŷڴǴ˷Ĳҽһֱ͵ӳ̲ס˸ͬʱҲ૵Ҳݰһ϶Ҳˡ
̲סҡҡͷӳתŴſȥ׼ȥԼĳʱȴͻȻ̲ס̧ͷһȴС͵սһǼսͣ˾ֵϿգ½ж̲ס¶һĨֵɫ
ôѵǶ˴ˣ˴ƣӳֻڵϽӳʱȴۼе𺳿֪
û뵽νӳɲȥǵģΧֵģĿŽӻĽ䣬ǰս֮ϣһϽǼսӣŴʿսʿҲеļǹڶǶ׼֡
ӽΧʿǸһͬȥȾˡֻϽӴһӣʱŲĲžֳӳҲ˲µˣȫû뵽ЩʿȻ־˵ġ
һʱڣ֪Ҳץַһ˶ѣ뵽˫ЩҲ˲ڵأ૵ˣͱһ
ʱһޱϤŮȴǲŷϽӵԣֱָӳҶ磬ץַݣϽץİ
Ҷ죿֮ӳжʱȫʧȥɣµûĻҶӣһŽӵĶӳҲȻҶҵֱϵ̳ˡ
žֱһȵԼϣӳһĴ󺰵ôʲô°Ⱳˣ˰
Ҷңӳ³֪ĶڵĸȻҲӸλȻҶȣʲôҲǣԼסôܱסԼ



517 ҶҵӪ
õҶ׿֮Ҷʱ˵ͷŲӣĲӳһѽץ𣬶ݺݵѯʵ˵ղץģ
ҶҲһӵĻҶУҶү۰ˣԼǲΥĻɽȻˣܵ˱˵۸
ү֪º󣬿νŭͬԼҲܵпЦͬʱҲǶǸʲôĶǺ޵˹ȻԼҵСǲ
ԽֵүӵϢ֮Ҷʱ޹˼ɵԼĵһǰӪǸַݣΪľԼøˣٵǣүӿģһᣬԼ͵ܷɡ
ңǸϽȥɣ٣Ķڴ˿ڶ̡ӳ˿ѾǱȫ˵ĻκεҴҵľͽľȫ˳
ַڱ̵ʱҶʱһҲһĨ⣬ҶһϽӳӵ˵ϣĶ󺰵Ÿһͬȥˡ
ʿǶʱӦһҶžֵڲȥ޴ĶȻǽֳֶһ֮󣬲ûιȥ֪ԼҲˣ׵ˡ
ֻƬ̣ҶŲǰֱһŽҵŸ˿ˣŭĴ󺰵Ͻס֣Ķ㱻ˡ
ַݣ㡭ڴű߿һɲǣҶ㼱Ҵҵĳ˷ţ׼ѯַݾôˣڵĳ֮󣬶ʱסˡ
ΪԭУַݱ˽̵ĻھѾƤָѾĥ˹ȥĶһɪĿűӡ
ǰһĻȴȫĳΪַڵϣһֻȴ̤ѾιȥĶڵıϣڱĿȫγһ෴ĳ
ű˲ƿַҲǴС˹ڿҶԼЩʿ֮Ҳסˣɴ˫۵Ǹʲô
û£ΪʲôᡭҶҲˣǰһĻȫеĴ֪þ˵ȥˡ
ǺǡҶ㵵ģַݶʱȻޱȵĸ̾û뵽Լĵһ˾ݱֻ˵Ʒֱõ˱ը
ȻҶݾ򵥣ܴž־ԼǸ۲۵ľھûΣˣվûɣ㿴һһ׼õʰңҷʰˡ
֮Ҷʱ˿Ҳ¶һĨޱȲõЦݵû¾ͺã⻵ҲõӦеĳͷʵ̫ˡ
ٺ١Ҷ˿佱ַҲЩ˼ЦЦɫŵԵҶϣҲ¶һǾǣ֡

˵ҶԼһУԼߵĴڣʹﵽ˻۷ľ磬ԼҲһǽ֮ǿΪɫ̲ס
ҶҲȻǷַݵΪȴ̲סüΪǿһˣһҲ֪֪׵չԼãһ뵽ľַݾԱġ
뵽һҶʱüԼԵĸڵĶڸץɣʣµЩԱҲҪŹҽǰɣ
֪ôģҶ콢һݵģҶ죬ȻλѾȫҶ۷´Ҳκεʡ
ĵ˵ͷ֮ҶʱɫŵԼõϵãȻѾûˣҲ˰ɣԺǧȥֵطˡ
ԼҸĻ֮ҶжʱһĨģַݣŵǣ˵Ҫİ㿴
ʲôҶ˵仰ҶӼᶨԼеĲ²⣬ַݽӽԼþǱģüͷҲĸˡ
ԹɫַݵǿҶԼĽ䱸֮ĺַݶʱ˹뷨ԵĶҶ￪ڵҶС㣬òˣؼҰɡ
ǣǡҶһľĺַҵĸĸַȴһҲںǲ֪Ǻˡ
һɫַ̲ס΢Цҡҡͷûʲôǵģллĺˣ´Եټٴθһ䣬һҪ೤ۡ
˵ַ꣬ݶ¶һЦ֮󣬱žķȥߵſڵʱźȻ뵽ԼڿɻǱסİ
ЩԱҲǶ£ַϵļ󣬶ʱóһֳֵĻһɨӱ㱻˽ȥҲַݻָɡ



518 ûѡ
ٴθܵɵζʱַݸ̾ѣҲһξ֣뻹ԼһȻʹģֻõġ
뵽ַҲ̲ס΢΢һЦԼӰҶ˻֣󲽵磬󻽳ԼСͷſзжȥ
硭ַݵıӰԶ룬ҶҲһĨӵɫ̲סͷѹĺÿú
ʲô⾿ô£ҶٴüԼüֱ̫ˣַôϤ˶Ҫ˵ǲܽܵһ顣
ģѧУҶһԣԼӴַ鶼ǽ˳ͬʱҲһĨεɫ
Ҷ￴ַݰԼô࣬㱻ץĥԼȴʲôҲûаﵽεĸоʮֵܣҲΪַݸе˵ǡ
ţҶ֮ҶжʱһĨɻȫû뵽ַݻһֱûҪԼõİæһֱھܾ
ѵˣ̲סԼĻҶ컹ԼЩˣһ̫ɺˣôһ֮ڱΣǾһЩı
⣬ҶѾҪȥ˽һַݣûʲôĿģǱģ;ַݴԼõԡ
ǱҪסԼҵãԴȻһԼɰɣ룬ҵԼĸĸҲһʹ飬ʱ򲻼ҪùиԼһ벻Ǹ𣿡
ǰɡҶҲ̲ס˵ͷַݵӰȴĿԺ´ĻɻҪܾ
ȻѾҶҲǴҶصԼңʣµ㽻Լĸ֣ҲǸеĶǳͽǿȻҲġ
ͬʱĶڵĸףԼӳֵľֳҲǸ룬¿ε¿ΣĴ³ǲҲ̶ãǰһЩ˶Ǳ˳
˵ⱲӶѾˣȻַݣǵĺ⣬ȴǶĶڸ࣬ûĻҲ䵽һ³
ʵϸ룬Լ̰ȨƵĻҲĸ³˵һжӦãֲñˡ

뿪˾ַ֣ڻû֤ùݶסˣֻǻĽ䵽˵ϣһ԰ĵ
쾭һУַɾ£̵ĸԼһ֣ԼûдӵһļлתԲŻֿƻƵ飬ûԼ׽ȥ
һַҲǻȻȻǵ򣬵ȴǸõͷȽβͼš
ҲֳսԵĶַݸеޱȵ˷ܣɲԸһȣҪŬˣҲ̤ڽ¡
ɫѾƣַҲóһ񣬾һյסʵԵ֣಻ϲճǵ˶ϲסܽӴĸܡ
ַݸո˯µʱȴͻȻԼһİϤϢǶ̲ס¶һĨϷʰЦݡ
ƿַһȻĿǰǵӰΪʲôң֪˵ʲô˵ģҰֻɺ϶ѣԺ󲻻ٽӽˡ
ҿĳһĨ˵ɫҶ컺ǰַݵãȶ˵лҪʲôĻһ㡣
ˣԼԼûʲôµĻ뿪ҪϢˣллַĴ˸Ƿ˵ôһ󣬱Լȥ
ȵȡڴʱҶȴͻȻַݽסһֹģַ̲סҡҡͷʲôܲһν
ţַѯţҶҲ·¶˾ģڳһĶҴһΣ
ַûг֮ǰ˵һУҶ춼ǿĴڣַݵĳ֣ȴһǿҵʤ֮ģǲ˱ǿ󣬶еĽ䡣
Ϊľַݴһ˾˭ǿȻľַݵһ㣬ȴܹʤҶ죬ҲҶӦеĽ
ûȤҶһڴɫַҲԥһ˲䣬ҡͷȥ׼ʱһȴͻȻûѡ񡣡



519 սҶ
˵δԱȥݴ½ҪԵǿʢгֵĸ֣Աݴ½Ҫ࣬ҲԿδǿ֮
ΪһеٮٮߣҶʵȻǲö˵ȭ֮һξ磬ַ˲һǿҵΣУòȥ
˵Ҳ򡱣ͻȻϮַҲˣ̲סüҶѵûʲôԹҶ˾ȴԵ̫ͱˡ
˵ҶѾȫ˷ղַǾĲȻǱĿУȫļʤ֮ģٴַ˦һȡ
ߡٴαַҲŭУҲԥʼԼķ޼ȭʹҶĽ״ȥ׼ס
ȴȫСҶ죬ҶһųʱַҲǸоԼָһ΢ʹǼӲĽ׸ûץס
һ˲䣬Ҷ˲һŤһҲǴž磬ַݵĲӴϮ汻еĻַݻء
ҵġַݳ׵ŭˣԭŵ޼ȭҲ˲צ״צʹʱСȲλץȥֻҪץסĻҶ϶˲
ΣաжʱһǿҵΣУҶɫһʱǿнɨַݵȸѹ£֮ɨȥֻ˶Ρ
ߡַ̲סһϵı仯ôܱȵùֱ۵ָҲ˲һ仯ޱȵĽǶȣСȴץȥ
ҶҲǺ˽Ƿᳬɣֱӽԭɨȸĳ׼ַݽһӲӲ˭ܺݵ
ϵȻȲýϣַݸҿ϶ԼӲӲĻܽҶСȶץĿסŽԼҲƴһѾʡ
˵ײ֮ǰ˾Ѿƽַ֣ҲǲòҶĹԼжζҵѵĳŷʽһ֡
ûַȻ˲飬˲һգʱһţĳצϿȥ
ҶҲһϽżһˣһתʵıַڸҲźɽ
ţɽһַȻ֪ڰ˼ȭоɱеɱУԲʽʱһŲƲŲ˿ɽǿһ˲䣬һȭĴȥ
顭һ˶̲ס˼üɵŶԷεĶƴַȴƾž磬ҶһС׬һ㡣
磬ַݣڸôˡ׼ֵʱһһ𣬶ʱԭԾԾԵ˸ͣ

Ҷֵһɲǣַݾ֪ⳡսҲˣҲ֣վ˵ϣעҶ졣
ôˡҶץ˸УҶҲ𾪵ŴͣиһĨȻɫսģɲý
磬ôҪ۸˼û㡱ҶҲǼˣ֪ԼҸǿģνǴ۾޵ַ֣ȻɲΪԴӮԼ硣
۸ҶŴͣҲ¶һĨЦã۸һ࣬㲻֪ղϳ˿Ͳ֪һ¸𣿡
ʲôҶȻ˵Լַϳ˿ҶʱŴͣһŵģһַݣ䲢û˺󣬶ʱҶ췭˸۵ã˭۸˼ҵġ
ҡҶҲˣεͷĽ۸д裬ֵ˵ǰɣ˵꣬ҶҲǶַգգۣһģַݸԼ֤ȻԼÿµҪ
ַ͡Ҳ̲סһЦһĨϷʵĽд谡ҶûͬҲҶͳˣǱ𡣡
磡֮Ҷʱ˶ţһŭĿҶôôૣѾˣ㻹Ҫ۸ŲҸүүȥ
Ӵүү֣Ҷ϶ʱ¶һĨֵɫȭ˵̣ǧôүү֪£ҲҲñǲƤͷŹҰɡ
ߡҶ̲סһֱַָݵ˼ҵǸұҪϿһ㣬ȻҾͻؼҸүүȥˡ
ңðɡҶһĿɬ˭£ԼҵүӣҪǱ֪ĻԼٲ˱ѵԾٿɬҲֻǴԼõתͷַݵͷֵܣǸʵڶԲ³çˡ



520 Ҷұ
ǺǡҶ챻ѵķģַҲ̲סһЦеıҲ˲ɢȵС¶ѣҶֻһµĻֻҪ˵ֲܾαǿૣǰɣ
Ҷ̲סһ£ַݵⷬ˵ʱַӦˣǿг
ǱԼҵÿţȻǷŭֻǵͷӦ͵ǣ˵ļǣ³çˡ
ŶͻҶҲ¶һĨõЦݣַݵסҹ»ģҪҼ˯ɣ
ʲôҶȻַݵ˯ʱҶʱ˯ʨӰ˲˹ȻŭУôԣ
硭ҶͻȻѵһҶжʱ˿˿ľӨΪʲôң𣿡
⡭Ҷһ˵ģҶҲһʵ̫شҲֻҧôܴ˯ૣ˷ֵĻԺô˰
ҶҲǴסˣҶ˵Ĳ׼ʲô˼ɫ˲һƬͨ죬˶ŵ磬ȥˣ˵ǴȥҶ˯Ǵȥ˯㣬ˡ
ҶĽ֮ҶҲɫһƬͨ죬һģҶǸöԲҴвˣԲ𡣡
ߡҶʱһ͸Ҷһ۵㲻Ҵҵȥ˯ҾƫҪȥᣬ˿Ϳʲô˵ġ
˵ţҶʱߵַݵԣֵ߰ɣҪˣԼȥˡ
ַҲסˣȫû뵽ҶȻľȫҶֱ֪˸ʮȵĴת䡣
ȻַҲȷȥתһȦҶǰˣֻһֱҡҡͷҶС㣬õģҾ˯ˣ㲻Ȱˡ
ôԣ˯ĻġҶʱˣеĹȴǺΣַ̲סһůŮӣҲ̫ټˡ
Լü룬ҶҲ̲סεӣߵַݵԵֵܣȻԵǾ͵ҶȥЪϢһɣҪҼõһƬĲǣ
ǾǡҶҲǵ˵ͷ΢΢ţȴַݵĵͷһʱദַݿνǳ˺棬Ͳжʱദ
Ȼô룬ܹǵĺ⣿ַ΢΢һЦҲֻͬ˵תʼʰԼ񣬶ҶҲǶ㡣

ֻǼӶѣѱַݷŵ˸˲ֿУԭĵ϶ôĸ˲ֿһҲûκصıҪ
Ҵ·ɡѾʰˣҶ쵭ĵ˵ͷ󻽳ԼķַҶҵķȥһ·ϣҶҲ˫۷ŹĿַݣԼеɻ
ʦ˭ȻôҸ綼򲻹㣬㸸ĸĲԺ󾿾Ҫô죿
һҶĿ˳ַ϶̲ס¶һĨЦЩǲòͣȻԼ˵ЩԿɶ¶ˡ
һ·ţַҲҶĴ£רҶҵĴլӣϸһַ֮ݲò̾ʲôסլֱһбݺðɣ
ַĿܼĵطͷкЩС͵սܣݣݵܣҲһž޴ڹܣԲõġ
ַݸ˵ڹܱϵǸҪֶս֮ϲ䱸ģҶȴԼļ壬Ӵ˿ԿҶҵǿ֮
ǿĸڹַܾݸе˸̾ٿڹܸЩСڹ̲֮סɴͣ˵ⱤȫĻԻսҪˡ
ַݾȵǣݾȻһ㵭ɫĹָУȻ⵭ɫĹַͬǰػһҪǿֵܹ࣬ޣҲࡣ
ˡַҲ̲סһʣıݣȫĸе˿ѾţԼҲһıݣǻһ
ʱҲֻѣҪ֪Ҷڽݵʱ򣬶ܵ谭ڹ¼ҹһܸտʼͱץˡ
ѹͷ𾪣ַݹܵĻҶĴ£뵽ݵڲ۵һУҲо𺳡



521 Ҷү
˵ҶұݣѾ֮ܳΪˣǿһС͵ĳʲôУһҪκεĴۣһȡһеĻҶ֧
ҲģϾڲס˿ɶҶҵˣȻϵӴ˿ڻҲַݲЩ̾ͲüˣȫС͹ˡ
Ϊ˾޴һֱϵҶԼҶеȨжôľ޴󣬼ֱһӦһҪ󶼿԰
ַݴСļУǹƾǺݶͣȥַʵҶȻȴһطȥһͨͨĽʦ
˵Ҷַ֮ݲٴζҶԼҶٴθ߿һ֣ǳӴļУȴŬԼĹףȻֹͬĿȴһġ
һͬڵϵʱ·Ƕ鲻ԽĶҶԼҶʾãûôĹأȴԿеԼ𾴡
һԵҶҲһֱǹ۲ַݵľٶ˸տʼЩΪھȻһƽǿ̬̲ס˵ͷַҲͬѣò˵Ǹˡ
˵Ķ֮еľԼһ磬Ҷе𺳣Ҫ֪һʼܵҶҵԴб
޸ҩһֱûϹĵرҲǾУʦҲǵ֣һжÿ˵Ҫʲôʲôȫñһǡ
ַɽ֣ԴƶʦǸ⣬ĶԱԼ˲٣ľȴԼҲԼ࣬ҶоȻһɴܸС
ܸҲֻһ˲ѣղַݶһҲһָ˵ͽͻƵڣҲø
һ·ǰţҶҲǷǳ˵ĶַݽҶǵһЩ־Խ˶ʮ꣬һһľǷǳϤԶַݽһѹҲûС
ַҲǷǳţҶҲǳ˺棬رһЩȽĵطʱ¶һĨ⣬رҶ˵ǸңȻܹ𵽷ǳõĶЧ
ʱ䲻ʺϵĻַȥʶһһ;ĶǷǳȤЧĻ⹺һȻѣǮԡ
һ·ǰҶҵլ֮ǰַеĲͬլȻɱԭ̬ģɵĳγһĶԱȡ
ҲܹҶҶԼȻǷǳ𾴵ģȻլᵽ֮У֪ҪķѶٵҲԿǵĳ⡣

ҶˣǽȥɡַլĴǰҶﲻ΢΢һЦ˵ܻؼҲһǳĵ顣
˽֮ǰǿĵƻûϨһжһ˵ʲôӵһŮһͬš
֣裬үүһˡһˣҶ϶ʱ¶һĨϲɫҴҵı˳ȥһһӵ
Ҳ¶һЦݵԭҼ˰û۸ɣԮļʱ
ַǸ˷һٵĻŮҿɾˡ̲סͷҶһµģ
裬үүʱҶҲǴַ߽˿У˸ϹʺãΡΡվһԣԼûԼ״ɾͲˡ
Ҷʺ֮ҲתͷһĿַݣͷҲһĿڵַ˰ɣȻΪˣֲÿԷĶĥȻӢ۳갡
үӹˣһСֶζѡַǫĵһЦͬʱҲǲЩ𾪣ΪǰλүӸĸܣֱɲ⡣
ַݵĲ²⣬λүӵľԳ˵ﵽ˵ڣַݴ½⣬ǿһ࣬ҲǲЩ
Ŷڿַݵɫ䶯֮үǶʱ¶һĨϷʵСӣ㲻òˣǵ۷ΪҪͻһ磬ҲѾǲˡ
үӹȻǿС̾硱ү˵ַеĲ²⣬Ҳ̲סһڵߣǿܹ֮ģԿһƾͽԼ
ûκεĳޣҲûжٵη壬ԵʮֵĵȻүҲ¶һĨ͵ɫûԼǰ˵Ȼˡ



522 
ܷһ䣬ʦ˭֮̾үҲʳԼеʣַ̳ܽܳͽܵˣǸ֣ԼҲܿʶ
Ͼδ磬ÿһͻƻһ¶涼ᱻ¼ַݵʦܿǵߣǾ͸ױ¼ˡ
ʦүᵽֵʱַҲ̲סһⶫɶ߳ģôܻʲôʦȻѾô࣬ǾͱҪȥԱȭҼʦԺźӣүʶ𣿡
ӣһţүӵжʱһĨɻɫ˰֮Ҳûĺֻҡҡͷ治֪Сʦɲص֪ڻǷڣܷȥ
үү䣬ҶõǵַһۣԹˣʦѾˣôܻܼ
⡭үҲ㶣һϧĵСӣԲ𰡣ʵڲ֪Щ㲻Ҫ֣Ը߰Ϣ
Ҳģʦ˼ߵĺܰꡱַݵһЦһҲûнɫȴ̲סЦŶԽΪʦҿɲ˵㣬ɵٻʮ갡
ǾͺãǾͺáõַݵ½֮үҲ̲סһΣյĿַݣ鲻ԽĴ˸ҲһĨ̫õֱ
ȻַݸоһүһΣյĿַЦСӣһ֣Ժ׼ʲô
⡭ַ֮Ѿүӵ뷨ʱҡҡͷϰҰװһҸû˵ĵطɡ
ַݵ֮үӵ϶ʱ¶һĨŭɫж־ķһ֣˵Ա޵Уһҵ¼
ү˷ŭĻַ֮ݾ֪Ҫ⣬ȫû뵽үӾȻһбˣҪӲԼȥ
ȻǿԣַôĿʱ䣬ֻҡͷЦүӣ˾һ֣һǴȥʲôҵĴ£ⲻ̭𣿡
ѧѧüоƬЩǽڣֻҪģһҶԸ㰲ŵĺúõġүһ岻ݴǵģȴԵôİԵַݲ֪νˡ
ʱҶȴվ˳үүͱǿ˼ˣϾ˸־𣬶ҲƵ̫ˣ˵˼Ҿͨૣ
Ҷһѵ⣬үҲ˹ȷԼ̫뵱ȻˣͷַݺƵСӣ˵ЩʱЧͨˣֱҾˡ
лүӵ½⣬һúÿǵġַݸϽ˵ͷүӻͻȻԣͬʱҲҶ˸м
˺ˣʱҲˣСȥЪϢ˰ɣҸ軹Ҫ̸鵽үҲ˵ȥˣֻǻ˻֣£ҲǲҲӣ˸ƺ󣬱ſͷķȥ

뿪˴֮Ҷ̲סɫŵַݵϣѯʵ֣ĲһҾĿԵЧԼһǺܺ𣿡
ǰǰүүҲΪŶһûô͹һૣİţԺ϶ǳгϢġҶҲ̲ס˵ͷһĨڴ
ַݿЦһת󣬶ʱ¶һĨܹõүӵĿأȷҵˣɢˣҲޱȵĿɣȥӪĻ϶ǳĲӦ
ǿϧˡַݲͬ⣬ҶҲһĨʧɫܹﵽַݣ϶ǳĿģַȴһֱܾ
˲ǰַҲǸоЩԾʱǺһЦ˭Ҳ˵ǣ˵ˣǾʲôˣǾ˲ǣ
Ǿͺãͨˣңһүү㰲ŵ׵ġҶСװĵͷܿԼҸַݲսĻһǳеġ
ҶҲ̲סǰһַôԵĻΪյһѵĶҶʱ̲סַݵļĳĵ֣һҪصĿǰҪ֪Ļᣬɲࡣ
һġ̲סӣַҲǿЦҶһˣǶԼҲͦãַݵǸоһ˿Ȼ·ܾǵĻԼͳΪˡ
ҲǿַָͨˣԸȥľӪתȦȻڵ۾ʱҲǸˣȴ֯ô档



523 ȥ
Ŀ뿪еҲǼҶĸҶڣһ˼үӣ㿼ǵôˣƼ˵ҪҶҾͦġ
ţƼСҲͦģǼС϶٣ڻƼƴϵĻҶҲкôҶĸҲǵ˵ͷͬ
û̸۵һǳҪ飬ǻƼҶҶ󣬶ĶȻҶԼƼҵļ̳˻
۴ʲôط˶ŵԣһһϣҲǰһҶĸĸޱȵͬ
ȴǲҪһ飬ȴǱҪүһ£ϾҶңүڵǲܺӡ
үһλϣ˵˹۵֮ȴ̲סӿ˵֣Ƕ鿴̫ˣֻеĺôûеĻ
ǣƼҵǸСӣ˽٣Ƽ˽٣Ǵ඼Ǵӱ˿İɣʵľ¶˾ģô˵ǲźã
⡭үһѵ⣬жʱһĨεɫүҲȷ˵ǶԻƼҵ˽⣬Ǵ඼Ǵӱ˿ģԼ˽Ķࡣ
үʲôҪٹ۲һ»Ƽ˵Ҷ˼Ƭ֮󣬽ƵүӣȴĻص
ҵܼ򵥣ǾûƼжԶԶҾǽ޸ղǸСӣ޸ǻƼҵǸү˲䱩ŭһɸֵĿҶ
Ҷһ𾪵ģүӼѵ֪Ƽʲô𲽵ǵֶжôİ֪лƼǸСӣֱǸЩ֪˶Ůˣ˶ûзŹǲţСǲǼйһŮˣ
⡭Ҷȫˣû뵽ƼСӾȻȻ˵Ĳ˵ǵŮ˵ȷó飬ҲΪеĳѪģҶȫܽܡ
үӿнĶҶҲޱȵΣΪүûκεƭ˽⵽Щ֮ҶҲ¶һĨŭɫȻЩܵ˲˵ĹƻԼԣûӦ
ڿҲǲЩ£ӦĻԼٷǶȻǻ˿࣬ҲҶҶ裬ҧҧҶڵףˣȥܾǡ
˵꣬Ҷʱվȥ֪˻ƼҵʵĿ֮ʣµֻǶģرǶһǶĵ˲С

һַжʱ¶һĨЦݣ˯סָ֮УȫȻض˵ûһ˿ĵǡ
֡ʱ򣬳̵ȴǴһѶϢַݴһȴ˽鷢ģдţѾãѶҲѾŵ˽˲ֿ⣬עա
ַ鲻ˣҲöزصģ֮£Ҳغ±ֵˡ
뵽ֲַ뵽ֿɰҶʱҲѾ˰ɣ֪ʲô
¿ȥһעʱɴ˫ۣҲ૵ѵѲ˵һ
û˽鷢һעעдţϢǸյ½ģûзۼ¼Ҳ޴ӰһɵĲ㣬½⡣
ȥַݲȻӣǧ㣬û뵽һ㣬Ҳȫܹ⣬̵Ȼƴ󣬵ַۣܽǷˡ
ַ֮֮Ҳʱ䣬۾ͷ۰ɣ͵ΪԼһ־ʣЩȽ۲ð
ַ֮Ҳǲٳɣϴ֮󣬱һҶķȥ˿̵Ҷڵ䣬ַ֮󣬶ʱ˷һЦֵܣ
ȿȡַ̲סǸɿ˰ֵˣҸղ꣬ʱ˵ɣ㲻żԺеʱ䲻ǣ
ʲô˼Ҷ㶣ͻȻ򣬲ϲ˼ǴӦˣĻ˫޳ɡ
Ըַ΢Цʼ磬ҶǸ˵ݣҲǸпһǸգԼŬˣԺɾҲ̫
̫ˣǸϽȥүүҴ·Ϣõַݵ׿֮Ҷʱϲַݵ־Ŵķȥ



524 ع
Ҷ֮£ַݶʱҶҵĴ֮ǰ˿үѾڴ˺Ųˮǰ̲֮ס΢΢һЦ簡ҹ˯ô
ʮְģллүӵĿַ΢΢һЦλʮصģϾǷԿҵȰ
Ǿͺã⼱Ҵҵĸʲô𣿡үһ˿Īɫַ˵˼͸һ㣬ڡ
ַݿڣҶѾȲĿڵүүģַѾͨˣ׼Ӫһⲻ㰲𣿡
үҲǳĴЦһַݵļŶ˾ҪеɾȻ˷ഺ껪𡣡
ٺ١ַЩεͷүӶĺ񰮻ǲأҲַʮֵĸмлĻһ
үүôôˣҴԶľĴЦˡʱſڴȴǴҶϤĻ¶ǽοɰģ
С׼ӪǶһ˲Űү΢ЦŶַݵͷڵַνԽԽⰡ
ʵ̫ˡһҶ϶ʱ¶һĨϲɫַܹǾӪԼҸ粢սǳһ£棬ܲˣ
СʲôҪ󣬶Ҿ쵽үӵ˵ͷַԼҪĻνǹػ
ĶүһϹַݻĿڵģүӿһᵢһʱ䣬ɽϸʦһ㣬ͬҵ󡣡
Ӧõģôܻ᲻ͬ⣬ȥɣҾͻ㰲źõģɣȸ㰲ŸųְλΣүοĿַһۣ˵Լİţַݸһ
ַȥӪҲֻΪѣôܻҪʲôְλְλԺҪѳɾˣַݶʱҡͷܾһĵүӺˣȻŽӪģȻʲôȨҪְλҲԼŬҾʹһʿˡ
úúã־ǾͰ˵ɡַ岻ݴǵĻүܲϲַݸղ̰ȨƣῼһǷҪڿַԼ¾ѣͲҪٶʲô
Ǿ˰ɣүҲ뿪ˣȡȥءַݵ˵ͷүһľϹ󣬱ѡ뿪ʣµ飬ѾҪٵǡ

߰ɣҴȥҶҲ̾ĿַһۣȨǰַݶܱѣҲʵֵͣҲǽַݵԼѡ
ҲҪȥýһпγ̡飬ҶôܷŹԶүӵ˸֮󣬱˵ԣһͬҶȥ
һ·ϣ˶࣬ҶҲǿڵֵܣһƬѶϢɣҵȥݸˣȻɲܽӪŶ
һַ϶ʱ¶һĨЦ֪ҶѶϢĻֺαػôǮҳ̵ૣ
ѾˣǿѶһɻɫַҡҡͷ͵
ףǣôõİһʱѶַһɨʱѶϢ˶Ǵһ
̵ˣһԪҸоҿˡַݿɬһЦȻһԪǺܶ࣬Ҳ㹻ַ۲ˡ
жʱһĨȻɫȻҲ̵֪һЩĻʱ˵ͷԭˣȻѾˣҲ鷳ˣ㻹Ԫ治ٰ
ٺ٣һһ㣬ǮʦҵģԻеʣࡱַݺٺһЦƵԼǸĪеʦ棬Ͼкܶ飬˵ġ
ȻѾˣҲûټȥַͬһͬ뿪ҶҵıݣҶȻѡصԼѧУЩɰСѧȥˣҶǻص˾ӪϾĹص㡣
ֱַӴ˳̵Ŀռ䴩񣬿һڵַͨҲ̲סһĭȻѾͨͨδܻܲصִǻǸδ֪
ʱַݶǿѹԼĵǣ浽ʱҲǲЩľԼδԼļŮһʱա
ٵҲûʲôãҪѡԵģԱ˫ֱַۣӽ֮ͨУϤĸоٴϮʮֵĲʡ
ڵĻУַֻԼվԭأԵķ羰ȴǲϺˣǰ˵âһϤĻٴγǰ
һˡڣҲûκεı仯ҲѾַ֤ݴִδѾûκε⡣



525 
ٴλصִַֻĴ֮Żعóֻ½ҳ鿴һ׼ȷʱ֮ų׵ķ
ȻѾȷһ㣬ַҲãֱӴ˸ףŷ޵ǸСҼٵĽȥʱ䣬ʯҲѾ˲ٶ׼ȥռһ顣
Լһ¿ĵطÿ䷢ռѶϢʱʯյѶϢ֮󣬱ַڵĵط
ֻǼӲַǰĵ㿪ʼ˶һͷȴӵʯǰͣ
˵飬ֱַӸʯвһӸȡ˳ż飬ַݻĽ˿Щ¶貹âʯ֮Ҳ̲ס¶һĨЦݡ
ʯĸͷСҹâҲʮֵԲ󣬱Ͼַڿɵʱ͸ʯ´ֻռﵽ˱ʯƷʵʯʲô궼ȫķ
ֵ˵ַ֮ݹžеЩҲи߰˽ĿٶȼֱˣһţҲﵽʮĳ̶ȣֻϧǣֻͨİɫ
ջҲַЦˣΪ߰˽ʯȥһһҹɾܳΪ̣ԱǮĿ졣
ǿƼðַݲ΢΢һЦӵδ̵ĵƣһļƣǼֱҪ̫򵥡
ʯװ÷Ž˸˲ֿ⣬ַٴʯɣԼҲڿնǰһص㣬ռмҲַݾϲ֡
겻٣һһشʮķ꣬ԿԳƵϡ䱦οʯԴݽߵδ硣
˾ĶַôܻۣڿȱٶˣĶȻúţʱ͸ԼŮǡ
ֻСʱѣַݾѾеʯռɣŸ˲ֿһʯַһóĻκ˵ķ
ǸտʼѣϵʯԴֻ࣬ҪʱɣǾܽȫӶһգʱʯΪ˽ƷκҪÿɫ˵
ŽΪʯŵһСУַҲ¶һĨõЦݣȵԼʱóҲɣ
ȻѾɣַҲٴڿնŵ۾ķȥȥӪҲһµʱ䣬òԼŮǴһǿļȻ˲ɡ

ɫ𽥻ƣַҲԼŮ˲УһѳֺͣгķΧַҲʮֵ㣬ڳԷʱжǳ˻Ц
ڷַ֮Ҳ΢ڶŮǸҪȥһǳҪ飬Ҫʧȥϵһ¡
ʲôַݴ˻һֳʱըˣŮѯַݾҪȥʲôҲ΢Ĵһ˿ԼԹ
ϾϴַݾѾʧµʱ䣬Ҫ뿪£Ůܲǵ˼㣿
ַݿЦ»ûֻͣǶŮǱ֤ǾͷİɣξȥʲôΣյ飬Ҳȫʧȥϵ
Ůŷһ㣬Ҳվ˳ַݵݣҪȥ£ǶӦ㣬Ҳ֧㣬һҪסһ㣬ȫҪ֪𣿡
֪ģΪǣһᱣԼַصĵ˵ͷϾѾôǣңرѾԼӵΣŮǶ·ȴѾû·ˡ
ַݾ㲻Ϊ˭ҲΪԼĺӿǰɣԼĺһû˸ףһıַѴ⣬Σյ龡ȥ㲻òʱҲעԼܳǿ
˵ҲûмȥıҪˣַ֪ݼҪԶ룬ŮҲǷ׷׷Լַ֣һ֮νһҹߡ
һ磬Թ緹֮ŮǶſڣַݻ˸ٴڿնҲ¶ɫ˾ˣԼҪֻӣǷԡ
УĿһԼŮַ֮ڿ̫գ뵽˷֮Уɣȴһµ̡
ʣδľӪַݵʮֵľ޴ЩʽԼûмʲôˣַʮֵ㽣Ӫȥˡ
ֱַ֮Ӵ˴ͨһȵһͷ˳ȥٳѾδ۾Ϥͨˡ



526 ͷ
ٴδ磬ַݲһвϸִ̾Ļ̫Ҫ׷δ磬Ҫʱ̫ˣҲȫܹ⣬δ缸ѾȾ׳٣ԿԵĺá
ҲΪδʮһ仯Ǿǿе𽥵Ļĺ൮߲εҲܹӣʵȫ޷ͻƵ֡
пһֱַӴѶѡҶ죬ֻ˲䣬Ҷ㽫һЦݵĵô鷳鶼𣿡
ţѾˣڸôַݵĵ˵ͷʲôѾʱԳֻҪҶ찲ϾͿȥ
Ҷȫû뵽ַݾȻ˵Ѹ٣˷һЦ֮󣬶ʱĶҲȥվԭصҾͺãϾ͹㡣
˵꣬ҶĹҶ˵绰ϷгַڵĵطֵַУֱڵϣȴҶǰӭӡ
һᣬһõСսַͣݵǰַ̲סǰһһοⶫھֵʱ򿴵ģȴû˽һ˻ᣬɲٴˡ
Ҷ첢ûսǴ˼ʻڵһַݻ˻ֵɣҴȥǾӪ
Сַݵ˵ͷ˴ſ˽ȥڿھַ֮ܵҲ̲סǰһ˵Щ̫оֵˡ
ַݸȤģСսڵװôľСսҲѷǱܱķŶҪĸһЩ
ҲַֻݵĲ²ѣʵΣǻһ̲סһʣַߵ˼ʻǰҶ쿴ַεɫ֮ҲϷһЦɣŲٿأҲûɶ˼ģҵһοⶫʱһģһ
Ǿ͹ˡַݺٺһЦֱߵСսļʻλϣַŵ˲ݸϣҶôߣ
Ҷǲ鴤һ£ַָָǰһҺĻеʾɫĵطǾӪ㳯򿪾ˡ
ȿȡַεĸɿСսֶ򵼺ɫǸȥҶЩΡΡվһԹۿš
ʲôͨߣԶʻûֶôԼУرַڿСսԼշתŲƣֳɾ͸мֱ
ҶѾȫǾˣ˵ַݿжãǽСս˷гڿһתȦһᴹֱ䣬ǸʧظԼѣϮûӵĽǸ˳

ھӪ˴ûжԶֻһСᣬַݱѾս˾ӪϿգ·һ׳۵սַٴǰһرǷ봦纽ĸսǽַ˫۸ס
ˡַһԾԾԵģҶ첻дһ⣬ǾԺַսȻ˿ܻûĿĵؾѾʧȥս⻹ộ
ַݻ֪ԼѾȡ˲ٿȨ˷ܵ˷ɴܵĻرûнӴĻףǽ׳ΣԼŵַĶѡ
ַҲ֪ЩԼʱҲֻܿѣȻҶҽģڵҲֻһʿѣǲܽӴЩġ
߰ɣȴȥǼǣסްһ¡ַݵļҶ䰲ŵȻЩǷӣȴҲòȥ
ţ߰ɡַݵ˵ͷҶŲӵĺڲȥһ·ʿ𾴵Ҷ죬Ϲʾ⡣
һҲԿҶ첢ûʲôҶҵʵѹȵˣǿԼʵʵһһߵزԲŻܵô˵𾴡
ҶҲʮֵĺƣкҲͷ⣬ѯһѵԼ¿νǹػ
ȻģҶԵַҲܵ˲עӣϾҶԴȥǼǵģһͨˣ˵ͻΪԼ˾
ȴȫˣַݸûʲôϽ֮ģֻ뽫һµľӪʱȹøʿǲȷѡ
Сʱַ֮ҲѾǼϣʽΪҶͳĵһһٵʿԺҲµʱ䡣
Ӫ֮еȼȻַҶʮֵ·Ҳ乴һͬߣԵǼַ֮ݱҶ𣬶ǰԼᡣ
ȻھӪ֮пûʲô䣬ַݱỹãֻ˶ѣƽʱҲʮֵ徲Ҷȴûжַἰе˿ɶǴͷʮֵѲ
ַݽʱˣд̵ʿʱվһϷʵĿַݵӴ±û˵᲻ӭ𣿡



527 
ĸʱκ±Ӫʱ򣬶ܵϱǵѹҲѹһִͳɣִͳȻбס
Щ±Ӫʱ򣬶ǳѣӹ̣ܽϱǹܽһ֮˶ʵ࣬Щ±ܲϱǵѹѡ飬ȻҲһ˲ʧ
ô˵ѾΪһֳ̬ϱǴͷԴ˸ǲ̫ƣַݽʱж¶һĨϷԼƵ񣬺ȻַҪܽһ
ͷĻַôܻ᲻ףȴѡװɵ𣿲ҾͦİΪʲôǲϲһ𣬲𣿡
ͷȻҲǷεģվǰһλĹͷӣֻһвƵַݵǸǲϲ֣ѡԼȥǽȥ
ǺǡַЦˣ˵ΪǿһͷΪȷѾͻƵ˻ͷҲǰ۷Ϊֻһͨ±ᱻǸ۸Ĳ񻰣ȴַݣɾͲ̫˵ˡ
һЦַ֮һ΢ЦĿ˵ǸҶѡסˣǲϲĻҲ⽫Ǹͳȥ
νͼذȻ˶Լ˵ĲƣַҲƣֻҪǸҶ֣Լһ֪ԼǵĴڡ
ӴǡַѵĻͷľӶʱվ˳ַݹ˹ָСӿͦ󣬲֪ϵĹǲǸһ󣬵³˿Ҫᡣ
Ǻǣϻ˵Ҫ־Ͷ֣ĥĥġַݲͷĻ˻֣ʱˣĴ˳ϣ·˶͸һ㡣
̲סˣûŵˣӪ֮УᶼǲĴڣ֪һ˶ʰˣڣ
Сˡ˴ҲͲסֱַݳȥΪ˱ʾԼԴСڳֵʱַһ䣬ܹӦ
ֻȴˣֵһɲǣַݾѾˣվֱ壬ҽֱһĲߣžӸ˹ȥ
顭ֻһ촫Ӧľֱӱַݸߵǽͷ³һѪһŵַݡ
˻ַѸݵĶԼӦٶȣټǿ֮󣬹ͷԼԵ׳̲סһҲͬʱףԼӲˡ
ΪϱҫȴǶǾ䣬ַܶʮֵļɵȴǲòϣֻΪػԼеĽ

СԼֵˣ˵Ҳ¶һĨ⣬ҲʲôԴСԶˣֱַݳ
ò˵Ȼ粻ȭȴʮֵĴӣʹõĶǾľȭȻɱ޴󣬵ַݾĲϣȴַݵӶֻǱķ
ҲģȻδʢŻ֮Ǳ˳̬һЩȭҲ⴫ֻȭҲ֮١
ٴʱ򣬺Ȼ޼ȭצҪ࣬ϾצõķΧֻǵԵȻǳã˵ʱ򣬾һˣһ˵ĽҲ㲻ò
ȻַݵĶ£޼ȭһЩַݾѹҲѹԾ޼ȭҲǿ಻ԡ
˲ʱҲһ»عһַݳ鷢ˣַݿеᵽҪ󣬳ž˵ʱٴηһһȭɵ˲ִĸֹϣ³һѪҲûս֮
ʣµˣҲֻǿ֮ĩѣ˲ʱץס׳һֱһȭ֮ϣĵ˵ĺüַҲǳʤ׷ٴһȭĲϣ˹ȥ
Ҹƴˡ֪ԼѾǱذɣ۾ַݳϷ֣֮УǷӳʮֵʵĲټַݵצֻ˲䣬ַݱסǣѹ˵ϡ
ַһЦűԼµӣַݿӪУҲǽʵ֮ϣԼһʤ˾ԲԼǰ
ʵҲȷˣڲԼѾʧ֮жʱ¶һĨɬ飬ҡҡͷӮˣ͸
ⲻͽˣڵõӵĳַ֮ҲǽſԼĴǰʼν˴ˣȻѾ䣬Ҳ̫֡



528 
Ϊһϸ쵼ߣȻԼʲô֮ÿξͲ͵ʱҶҲ֮УԼʿһͬá
ǰҶ춼ַڣȻǴ˷ˣַݵǰϷʵ˿ַϵͷȻǸʰ˷ˡ
㻹˼˵һͳ˸¼ҹˡַ̲ס˸ۣһԹʳУһ㶼һһӣ˸ձַݸʰһ٣ôһ
ٺ٣Ҳһһֱֲ̣ܽó֣æˣⲻǺ𣿡ҶҲһҲһȻĻش
ַԣֻͷͣԵĲ̧ͷҶʲôûУҶɲ˽⣬һʲôɱҵ
ַݵļҶһЦһŽӣӪٵģôôֻҪУµҲһΣΪ˸޳ұ޳ˣҲᱻ޳
ǻַ̲סǰһµľǹأȻһŽޱȵɣҲͷҪʲôǾԼⰲˡ
ȻһŽӿǿģµսҲģѧŵ㣬ǧĨڰ̲סַݵļҶĳĸ
ͷİɡַһЦƾڵ츳ԼʵܸһŽĨڣҲַܽݿޱȵȱپĳЩ滹Ƿȱ
һŽУÿһ棬䱸һ̹٣ֻҪĳȤǾͿԼǰȥѵַݵĽҲɼǿغܿӦһС
Թַ֮ҶֱʼԼˣַȻ磬ʼһѵҲĿǰȱĶ
ֻһѣַݱѾڶб֮ΪһıҵˣڽѵúĹ滮һ¡
ЩַˣҶѾѵƻƶ˳ַֻҪͺãҲΪʡ˲ٵʱ䡣
죬ַݶǰҶѵſʼѵϵʱַݶϲж壬ò˵һһöжĻ°빦
ԭʮųַݵͷҲȫʵȲ׽ַݣҲѡԣһֱల£Ҳַ˺һ׽

֪䣬µʱҲĶţַҲӭԼһһļڣҲһŽеĸɣսµʱһ¶ӵļڣֱԼĩ
ڰµʱУַݿνǽ޴󣬲ΪѾ˼ͻƵĸоջҪھ档
нӴַݵĽΪѸٵѧϰٶȸеȣǸҿ϶ַھøųְλţҲǴ´࣬ȫܹʤΣʿĻǲǴСá
һڵѵַһ˷ܵĴһ˳ǿĻеǸоޱȵ˷ܣҲǷǳϲֶ
˵⼸ʱУַѾ׸ȫĳ͸һŽв˵޵֣ЩϱҲǲ١
ַݸ˵ԼķӦΪֲ٣Ͼ׵ܶһģٿصԽǿǻȻҲǿ
ַݴ˻յʱһЦݵҶҲǰ΢ЦŶַݵоôǲرĴУʲôʱдһΣ
ȿȡҶдֵʱַȴɫһΪǰһĵҶսжսһΣȴǲҰܣǱ˲ɱ
ⳡսҲΪַݱĳ裬Ż˵ŬѵŻףһѾΪǼʽӵսװһҲΪ˸Ҫⷽ潫ҶܣӸһ
¼Ҫ֪ҶӴⶫѾʮʱˣַݲŽӴ˰µʱѣǲ಻һĴҪ׷ϵĻǻҪ̫̫ʱ䣬ʱڨڨһЦ˰ɣԺ˵ҵˣǺ
ٺ١Ҷ̲ס΢΢һЦЩǾַд裬ȴһֱڳԿ׶սȴΨһ̧ͷĶԲŻⶫȽϡ
ȥϵGʣֱַ˻ףҶ˰֮žӪȥԼķгշжȥµʱ䶼ûؼңĽ



529 
ʵӪ֮УҲȫɣϢʱҲͨ˵ʲôģϾҲҪݽ
ȽִԣǱȽԻˣԾھӪ֮УַÿҲصϣԼŮһ
ɽ˼ַ֮࣬һ뿪ӪֱͨռͨصԼķϡ
ʱǻƻ裬ַҲûżؼңǳ˻Щʯʯж
ÿʱ䣬ַҲһΣĸ˲ֿУʯѾѳһСɽܹϹۡ
տʼַݻʮֵ˷ܣʲôҲͲɶϡģַȡʱԵޱȵĵȻ
һСʱʱ佫ʯȡϣַݶʱڿն𣬲ȫŵ۾ķȥ
ַݵִ۾ʱɫѾȫ谵ĺԺг⣬ڵĵƶѾ谵
ڻ֮ǰַݲûжŮѹԼ׼һľϲ
ԺȻŮǶѾϴ˯£ַҲǺٺһЦ׼ȥ̽࣬һľϲ
ѡ˭ૣвϵżַ᷿Ҳ²ģջǱת˸Ȧָķ󣬲ž
Ľ䵽˵ϣֱַȥ˸ףŵ䷿ȥСƿ˷š
ȻѾǰˣַݹ£ҲûзκεĶ˯ġ
ַݲûпƣΪƾûظˣŵߵ˴ǰͷһǡ
ǻȵĴжʱ˯еѣʱҪŶַݷȴǱַһ죬һְָסţҡ
ַݵ֮ǽĽȶȻߺڰַȴܹܵںڰдžϲĿ⡣
ɿ˰ϵַ֣ݲܲܵıԵȥֻԺ˵һ
СַȻκε⣬ھӪдôãѾĲˡ
Ҳޱȵַݣ£ıʧȥʶʶģ
еĺڽһ𣬶ҲѾȻˣԻ˯һ

ţԺ֮䣬ձһѣҲ¶һĨãȻɫ
ûʱĹϵȴͻͽǳΪһõĽá
ַݲڵʱڣǸסһ𣬷ڵĴҲ˯ȫû⡣
ţʶЩ֮ȴͻȻ֣ԼԴͬèеһ
Щתͷһޱ𾪵һĻˣΪԼ߻һˣ¡
⾪˵һĻҪ˲ȻǸδµŮӣǶԼĶҲȫܹġ
ϽסԼͣս¹⿴˹ȥȴϷӣȻ˼ҹõַݣޱɬ顣
ֻ˲䣬˶ĴϺһ㣬һƬеɬǲˮ
ȻǰڹѧУʱҲѾֽƬƬֳĿñȽȫðɣ
ǸнеԼǽеèֻԼ˶Ҫˡ
ȴǲҴĽгΪ±ַݷԼӰֻܹ±뿪
ʱţȴǲûͣ£ԽԽңҲԽԽ󣬽еɬȫתΪãȻ
˶ܵӰģԵ˵ĻֻеޱȵĶģĸо
ַȴеɣ˸ɲһȼ֮£Ҳȫеɬַȥı
˻ͻȻһСָ˱ϣַ鲻ԽĴ˸תͷһȴԼ˸ˣ𾪵Ŀڵգô
մ˿ѱеĻ棬ûκν͵ģַݵĴ
ֱִ˿˿ĸоַݼҲ˲Ϊʲôˣൽһ顣
ν£ַҪȫɽܻҪʱ䡣
ɷ֮ȫˮɣһʹ֮ҲȫΪַݵŮˡ
һҹķַҲûȥŮǰȵŮĽ뵽硣



530 õʱ
һַֻˬȻִ۾Ŀʵڲզģ˷ϲ¾ˬȻԵøޱȡ
ַһҹڣµȻ˯ϰߵȴַһͬԺпʼ
һСʱ˼ͬʱͣҲһϷʵǰߣãȻյúþá
ٺ١ַݲһЦ§˻еôܻૣǿૣһ
ȥ̲סһڣ͸ַһ۵˱˻ԣҿ˵ҪȢʱŸ㣬û뵽Ȼǰˡ
ٺ١ַ΢΢һЦһڵ߰ɣȥˣóˡ
Ҫˡҡҡͷһַݵĵڵ˼ҹǺɲߣϢһɣʹͺá
ҲУȥкַݵ˵ͷͬ˵Զʱ˷䣬ĶԻ˯еյա
šЩãȻ˹ǰһ΢Цַݺղ΢΢һ㶣¶һĨ
ȻһУѾȫյȴޱȵĽߡ
޵ģȻַһһǺַݵգ˯ɣҰ͸
ˡͻȻַݴӿڴóһƿ޸ҩݸյ˰ɣ϶ܶġ
šĴӦһնʱͷ˱УȻʱ֪ôַݡ
ַȻҲ뷨վ߳˷䣬Ÿһ
ꡭŹرյһɲ֮ҲǴӱ˳ڿͷƿ޸ҩ̲֮ס¶һĨõЦݡ
ڽԼ׵ĽַݣһҲڣΪڵѾȫַˡ
Ůܶ·ȴѾǱ˼壬ɥʧַֻݲΨһ
ַܹݵԣⱲΨһʹֻҪַǰģľѾ㹻
š޸ҩƿǣһڽ䵹˸УȻ޸ҩζúȣУȴ˿˿ġ
˿˿⴫Լֻ泩˲٣·ҹһ˿ʹѾȥһЦٴν뵽С

ַݵĻع飬ȻŮһϲڳ͵ʱַоûпйַ֪Ȼһȫȥ
һЦݵĿַݵ˵СΪʲôýûૣʵңǲǽԵˣ
ȿȡַںС࣬εѯ֮鼤֮¸Ǻһ£ɫҲһͨ죬һŻ˵㣬ܲܵҳһʰ
ٺ٣ѾˣǴҶѾ֪ˡȻһЦһϷʵĿַݣҹһֱûг֣˿һ֣ͬȴӰֻ΢΢һ˹
ðɣ֪˻ʡַʼ磬ͷͣȴûѪȴһĨˣҲ˵ǲ
Ѫȫû뵽ַݾȻһոԵˣҪ֪һģлɣǲԼĲַݵϲ
һԵȴǽɫ۵ףļ򸽶룬ֻɺ϶ѣСҵģû뵽ҲڣԾ͡
ԭˡõĽͺѪɫʱ࣬ҲЩǲҲˣ
ɫ˲ĺ˵ģѪѾĵ׵Ľַݣ浽һĻֻǵȴһʱˡ
Ȼַݺò׻һΣŮȻҲȥϰˣԶʱһַëȻ飬Ǿȥ֡
ԵĻַϣԼûлȻˣôܻܾŮҪԾ֪۵ĹǺҲֻԴŮ˲н֡
ȻŮһ֣ͬǼֱ˶߲·ײ߸ҲʱзŮмַҲܵɱƵĿ⡣
ȻˣŮ֮УĿĻҪΣϾСѾ¡һĸ߶ȣдҲڸǲסҲʮֵ⣬μŵĶ³νĿ
ַݵĳ֣ȻðԿʼɣ˶ǽŵַݵϣа̾ʲôݣȻܹͬʱӵôŮˡ



531 ӭսҶ
һʱܿȥַҲֻδص˾Ӫ֮У˿˾Ӫ֮еרͨѶϢֱӾʹ͵˾ӪС
ͨ߳սǣַҲǶĴкַݵǿԼŬ֮Ҳ˲ٵʿҲǷǳѺãĽԼˡ
˶ַ֪ҶҲѣȴǲûнУôô˶Ǹе壬Ͼ˭Ȩǰܱ侲ġ
һ·ǰַݲûֱӻصᣬǲǰһѵȥѵڷʮС͵ķ䣬Щеѵߣȴַϲ
ûַÿ춼ǰңҪַ֪ÿ춼Сʱģһûǻ̹
ھӪеڶ࣬Щͨõģرǰ漸رĶ࣬ΪҵʵֻܳٶĻܱѹſ¡
ַݽȥһΣҲһκҲȥˣΪζܲˣʮ˶һں䤱ģ𣿶е˲кζкǽųζһ𣬾Ҫ
Щܹڷеˣַһٸʵ㹻øǼһҪ֪һŽУҲֻҶܹͬһѡ
ңıԽԽ󣬶ַڵľ磬ҲֻܳʮѣȥһĻǿֱܻӾͱѹſڵϣһָˡ
ȥϰԼЬӣֱַƿʮҵĴţҧ̤˽ȥֻ˲䣬ַݵʱһ£оʯѹԼıһ㡣
ûãҲֻܹһʱ޿̶ڸַܵļڶţѹԵַǰһһˬ
ȴһַ֮ݶʱ̧ͷҲһĨ⣬Ųǰȥÿһǻһ㣬ֻʮѣַݾѾǺ䤱ҲҪȥԭ
ߵҵĺַݾֱվ˴˴Ҳǿʼһ׹Ķ׶ھͨõĶ幦
ȻԵöôľɣʣȴʺѵģǰģԴַҲޱȵͬΪһ׶ֻ꣬Լʹּƣжʱӿ
ҧһƿǿЧ޸ҩַڵϻָ˽ʮӺŻع׶ȻԼڵĿȴǻȵ
ַݻޱȳƣֽļͿԿȷ˵ǰֵַĻһȭͱſˣȴ԰£˵һȴܵļʣá

ٴλָ棬ַѾ˵ȫıҵˣҪٺķʱ棬ַݾܵĽʱ䶼ŵңԼײٿϡ
顭һǰһܻ׸Ƭַݲһ˳սʱսҲνȵ𣬷淶IDҲ쳹׽硣
սǸöԼͷϵͷַһĨ⣬ⶫܹʵĻһǵķ
ڵһνӴʱַҲǺݺݵһѣС˵Ϸһ㣬ܹԼʶԼһʱнжսȻʵ绹һĲ𣬵ʵսĻǾ÷ˣôĻ׸ģ
ʱһϤӰַݵԣļôѣҽ̽ôٿأ
˭˭ַҧҧ֪ԼҶ컹ֻķݣ˾ҪڱŰвܳɳˮһ㣬ˡ
ǾɡҶҲ¶һĨʦУ޵аĴڣһֶܵĸо˶ǷַӽҲַֻݻʹ졣
ٴδͷʶӵɾзĻ׶սУҲѼ˺ѣַݿһ䣬Ҷ˽
ʲôףеҶַ֮вһĨصɫΪҶĻײٿؼ뻯ҪĻԼҪʱ䡣
ͱɡҶ켸ûκԥıѡ˱ףΪ׿ǼʽӵսףҲݿʮҲֻѵŻǳĴС
ȻҶѡ˱磬ַҲȻǲѡˣֱѡ˱磬ѡ˿ϷϾʹͬĻףܿ˵Ĳ



532 ʿ
ߵʱӪըһ㣬о˵УҶǻսеûһܣܿĶսǾǲݴһûᡣ
ɿսžķ淶˵ĶսޱȵľʣĻǾԻںþãԻѵʿڵõϢǷ׷׷ԼеѵϽܵѵңͷ׼ս
У׶սǹģҿĹսԲһᣬڵĹսѾǴﵽ˽ʮĵزһѸٵӡ
Ȼˣĵ½װ޵ģһȻûװãԼҲҪۿҲǽõϢֻǽսĽ˳ŵ˴ĻϹ˹ۿ
Ҫ֪ײٿط沢ľԽ߾ͻԽֻһضѣҪֶ֪սУ˵ļҲռһǳã˶Դ˲Ż˵飬ܿҶĲ˵ܸһ
ĿУ˵Ķսʽʼֻһν̵ֶѣȻû߰ĳɭ֣ѡһǶǶУ˽һ¡
ףֻ־ĹЧٶȼһѷޱȵѽ𵶣ڽսǳǿҲڵսף֪
Ȼ׵ǵȻӵе˻ռһƣַǰȻûйûУҪ֪ڲʱǿ˲ٵ似飬еǲ١
ʱڣַݶڿŵֹΪܹӦͱףҪ֪ĻףҲʹõѽ𵶣ΪײǷǳɱ޴ĵܽӳ
һַһصĿǰǼԼһıףҲһĨصɫҪ֪ҶڵҶޱȵӴص似Ҳ٣ַӮǼҲǲܵһ顣
δսӵĻǸͲôˣַݿǱŲɹʵ뷨ֱӰȷϰť׼Ҷһ䣬Ҳܡ
321սʼ˶ȷ˿ʼϵͳ𣬶Ҳӵ˲ٿȨť˶ʱŻףһ׷ͳ壬ŶԷȥ˭Ҳû˺
һҵĽײսȺǶ˲֪һʵĻ׶սʼ
ȻŰɱĳ濴Ҳޱȵˬ൱Ķսǻǲ˲٣˶ҶŰɱ˵ĳ൱սԵ˵

һҵײҲֻǸտʼַݾͳһСҲǳһСȵĺһԭΪַݵٶҪҶһţȻҲһЩ
͵ҧҧֱַһǿѡ˺ˣٿŻ׽ѽ𵶾ٸ߸ߵľԼ̩ɽѹ̬ǰҶȥ
˵Ļһ¾ֱGGˣҶȴޱѸٵѡһƣһҵͻѽҲǺַݵնȥ
𡭡Ҷ˵ķӦٶȣԼĲ֮ΧۿȺǶ˲䱬˳Ƿ·ѾַܹݲݵıױҶг롣
ʧ鷢ˣַҲ˲һ㣬жʱ¶һĨɫָʼɣٿŻһڿշһţ˲ߵҶ졣
һ˸ģҶҲһȫĵص㣬һĨȵٶôô죿ҾȻг˿̫Ҿˡ
ʿգĿ࿴ԴɣȻ˵㻹ҡַݵһЦûоԼжôҿ϶ҶᲢûģ
ۿҲǾȵŴͣȫû뵽ԼĿеսҶ죬Ȼ淶г˿ǵ뷨ҶӦǿв˰Ľ
СˡԼЩɬ촽ҶжʱһĨ˷ܵɫҲ˲һ䣬ΣյϢַеظˡ
ַ֪ҶȷѾ״̬֮µҶ죬᷸κεĴҲٲղռκεıˣóʮֵעȻܻܿᱻһ
ַҲǳصģҶƴˣ˺һ֮ضΪûκõģƴˣ˵һ˿Ļᡣ
һĨɫַݾȻŻҵҶȥѽ𵶺ǰʱ׼Ž
ĺáҶҲǰһ͵һ磬׵ȫַӭȥѽһַݵͷȥ



533 ʮնVS
Σաֻ˲䣬ַݱоһɾҵΣУҿ϶ԼڵĽ̬ĻȻҲҶһ˺Լȴ˲䱻
ҵһҵĻζѽҲһĹ켣Ҷѽ𵶸ӭȥҧסء
ֻһҵĽײַݾֱƴһ˺˽ʮףҲǲĻζ
ַݸսȶͬʱҶҲ˲дһ߾ٵʮն
䡭Ҷ캰һеֳ֮ըһ㣬ежһĨȵɫΪһУȻ֪һҶĳ似
֪ûܹҶĿʮն¼ֲܣҪ֪ʮնģһһ죬һһ죬û㿪Ҳûȥһ俳ʮǾ
ǰʱһĴҶսҲֵֻ˵ʮһѣ㱻ƬһսҲɾҶսš
Ȼз淶ļһֵҲʮۣǰȻҶһСڿʮն֮£ǿɲΪܹǱɡ
˵ע֮£ַٴξٵ͵ɵĵһһ֮󣬵ڶѾٴˣûκεķʱ䡣
ʮնǽϣһһҪ죬ַܹݸǻôܹ֮ΪնҶĽ֮£ַֻǱķҷҲʮֵļѡ
һַݶܹӦ磬ӵĵʼַݾѾǵֵޱȵѣֻҪһͿܱնɱ
ͷ϶ʱ¶˴Ŵŵ亹ַѾȫעˣǰû±ƵҶʹһУܹ佫ʮնʹò˵ѾǸĽˡ
ַȴǲһ㣬Ψʤյ׷ڱʱַҲƾ֮ܽҶնֹͣ
ʣʮնĻַݾǱɣ취ֹնһǰͷֹȻޱȵѿ
Ҳֱӵİ취ǾǷطյʱ򷴻òѡַݵٶȸ͸ϣܵûӳѾҶԴ
㿴Ƽ򵥣ȴģַڵҲ޷ͬһ򵥵İ취ǾǶҶ˲ʧȥĿ꣬ĵʽҲ˲ͣ뵽˥ڡ
ţһ뵽ַжʱһ⣬Ϊ뵽һԣǾǽԼĲʹõϣܹʹóĻҶǱذɡ

һַݷ·Ѿܵѽ𵶷ĵУ뵽ԼıУҶһ޷жϡ
һַݸûʱֵˣֻѡܣʵ̫ˣ׵˲㱻¶ðŻĵߡ
𡭡ַˣЩսȺٴһֱַָݵ淶Ҫˣֱ۶һ֧䶨ˣ϶ֵ
˵ҿһֵˣҪ֪սѾ˵ھŵˣһܹ壬ơ
ǻ䣬˾ֵɫУѾжһ첲ַһĲˣȻ˲Ҷ󣬲߸ߵľеѽ𵶡
˻ʱһƬ˲ŴͣҲ¶ޱ𺳵ɫȫû뵽زˣ淶ȻҶնս˲䷢˷
ҶҲˣȫû뵽ַܹԼĵƴһʱ˿մȫӵ˿մʮնҲ˲ֹǹһǰҲ˲ʧ
˵ƱƵʱҶİܾ־ѾעҶôܷһ̣Ằ䣬ֻսҶ죬ûͶҶ죬оԵĽ
족һ𴫳ַ˲ҶȥҶҲһǿأǿн׸Ťת˹ַӭȥ
һӲƴҶ׼𵶵ʱȴѾַѾȫټΪӦʱ򣬾ͷԼٴδһ󾢷硣
ٴһֻʵķأҶ͵ҧҧԼѾȫַݵٶˣһ֮ٴתһλԼַӵ쾡¡



534 Ч
ǳ˵һɲǣǶܷӳԽԼʵʵҲ֤һ㣬ڸղҶһʱַݾǾһ㣬ϵ˻֮ϣһ
Ҷͷ˲ַȻҲҪ񣬽Ҷսı֮ϸȫԸʱóԼĿΪܹĹ졣
׵ʮֵȻɱǷǳĳ㣬׵ȴԹּͲ²һʲôطҲ֪˻ĸλԷޱȵļѡ
ͱ˵ڣַһ֮£ʱһŲҶ󣬲ֻҪеĻҶԻ˲䱬ը
ҶսͷҲǴģĳ£͵һƣԼѨһҲԼۡ
ꡭֻ˲䣬Ƿѽ𵶱㽫۸̶ȿɼһߣҶҲַһΪһ۴
˵۶ڻ˵ûжĽȴһǳҪãǾƽ⣬ʧȥۣǻײȻһ
˵ԭҶѾǳˣټֱ۱жһֻǾ͸ǼĸڶԿַݵʱ򣬿϶ӵļѡ
ôܡҶ챻һֻ첲ʱ򣬹սȺ˲žҲһĨŵɫǾԸţԼĿеս񣬻Ǹ淶С
ʵͷǰ淶һ֮ҶѾʼѹŴˣȫʧȥ˷˵ѾǳΪ˶֡
˵Ҷ˵ĻǾͷ·Լеȫ˶ţҶܹΪʤַݸɱ
ҶҶ죬㵽ɽˮĵزҲûκη뷨һĨɫ֮󣬳ַյʱȫ˷ص˼˦Ѹ͵һַݵ俳
˻ħһַ̲סǵһҲȫû뵽ľ֮£Ҷ컹ܷӳ˵ʵԼһľϲ
ַܹʹõеʱҶİܾ־ѾעȻ㲻һַȻ͵һǾʲô
ֻ˲ѣַݾѾǴ⣬ŻһԾеѽҲ˲ӳҶԴ˹ȥֻҪһУҶǱɡ
ʱֹǵĹ۲֮УҶѽ𵶺ɨ˲俳ַݵһȣжַݵѽҲǵͷһ֮£Ǳ־ԵͷҲ˵ǲұ˲俳룬еҶȻҲӲ룬һ⣬˳ȥ
˿̽ǶУַŻ׵վڵϣѽ𵶷ǰǰıףһϹɫ󽫵߾٣һ𡭡

һߵĻȻ־һߵĵȻҶİ˶зҲ¶һĨ˵ɫʣַҲƾǳɫĸʵ˸ȫ
󲿷ֵ˶վַһ߾֣ףһߵĵַӦõõģǲΪƫ˭ܾ
һλҶ죬ַҲ¶ܵɫⳡսַջ࣬رǽ뵽棬ʵԺ÷ʲôսҲԶౣֶΡ
ҶѾ˳սַҲû˼ıҪֱѡ˳һѣдʶص˱ͷжԿȥ
ֻ˿̵Ҷ죬ɫԵЩ԰ףȻûдԼʧлعд跽棬ַܸݣóĻ׷棬ҲŶҶ˵һ޴Ĵ
ҶҲֱ׾ͻˣڷַݿԼжʱܵĻ̫磬һսģ´ξӮˡ
ҵšַݵһЦܿҶҲ£Ҷһ겻ĻȥõĶǲǿ
ô˵ⳡսҲǽ˵ľս˶Ǵ۽磬޲ԼΪеһһ۷ս
ַǾĲҲǿһȺӣ˶ǵ½սУʼģַݵĲܣһս֮û
ȴǲҲ̶ãǸûв似ģҲֻѧ˸Ĳ񣬱Էв˵ı㿳ƬӵŲǣǱоһ㶫ʵҲõǿַҲڻʷŨһʡ



535 ˳ͻ
һ𾴵ĿŴӻ߳ˣһŽж֪ҶȻǵĽҶ죬Ƿ淶䲢ַ߳ݡ
ⳡսȫչһ۷ĶԾǾʵһĻĻ·ǰһ㣬˲ζҪһ̽
·ʱҲ鲻ԽΪóһ·ӭԼĿеһ㣬žӪ֮УһжǿϣȻѾǸȫ
һ·ǰ߳˴֮ȺһҲһĨϲɫ߶ǵһŽӣһõĲٺõˡ
Ҫ֪ǼսУײǾԵݻ׵ǿǿ˼ܹһʮΪ˽зɨǵĽҲǽ
ͬսĻǶ񣬾ûκεܹסѼ⵶ԼҲܹȵĸļʵĴӡ
뵽˵жһĨϲɫλǿߣֵǸ棬ϾսʹɥԼ漸ӣܹĽҵǣ
һԲ߳˴ſڣҵķȥȥһ̤Уӿȵʱ˶ѹЩ
Ȼַݵľһ㣬Ҳ˲٣ԲһѾӦʼ׶ĶĺˮҲ˲͸
ҶҲҧ˹ַһͬ׶ǰʱ򣬿Ҷ컹иһЩַݾһɽһѹͷϣòƴ׷ϡ
СҶûͬˣοֱַԼСģڻһ;Ҳǰ֮ҶҲǽԼٰˡ
ʼʹһҶѾоԼ˼ޣȴûͣ£Ҫ֪Ҳѧһ㣬ˮ۲ˣֻгԽ֮ܵõĽ
ֱ۾ͬӰԶҶȴƴ趯ţÿζԼҪˣֳһɼ޵
䡭ڣһ׶֮ҶֻһԭѾһľؿҲ赲Ŭ˲忪Ҳ˲ͻƵ˻ڡ
һȵӿҶ̲ס쳤ЩıҲ˲գַѾͬ磬ʮ֮һսܡ
ɾûʱһң̲סɴ˫ۣŵַݵ㣬Ҳͻˣм
ٺ١ַ̲סڨڨһЦңҶѣžͻˣʲôþȵģ㲻Ҳͻ𣿡
ҡҶ˲ҲǿɬĴ󺰵찡ΪʲôҪôңͲҸͬһսһξͺá

飬ַݾֱԼȥܹͻƻмǻúĸлһҶ죬ôԼѹ뻹ĵϸʮµġ
СصУַݾȵĿǰԼһԼҲ¶ޱȾɫ·Ǵ򲻶һ㡣
ַסʱУ˵һ˸ʰһٺҲûκεĳͻҲûйĽİһ㡣
ôһεʱ䣬ַҲǽ˵ͷֽʯһϱˣμεսۣǻŻˣұԽǿӪ֮УҲǿļ֮һ
ӽڣڲξ֮ǰʯͬѧǴСĺѣӪ֮󣬱ǰͶʯˣ˹ϵҲʮֵܡ
׳ӽΪʮֵĺһսоʯһ͸ʯڵߣһǡ
˵˸ʡ͵ĵƣҲԳƵһŽеľӢȴһǳõϰߣǾǲ̫ӹ̣ܽҶ춼ͷʹѡ
ҶŻὫַݰŵǵԣַܸһ̵ĽѵܹշǣһЩԺսʱ򣬲Чá
ַȴûʲôϽ֮ģշ˵ҲǼûУԸôôҶҲǷǳΣ޿κΡ
ϾַʱѾ˵Լ̰ȨƣֻھӪжȹԼĲξʱ뿪ҶôȰҲֻ΢Цҡͷѡ
һԥɫַҲùǣֱ·õķȥղѵҳôĺһɶģϴˮ裬ࡣ
˾ҪˣʲôһҲںϾھԵʵǰһлжֽϻѣʱš



536 С
ַԶ룬ȴһ̲סڵϴ㾿ôģΪʲôҪѡͶϣһϴοǽҸѪ˰֮仹гˡ
ûһֱԥǲҪַǵϴ¿Щʵȴʯھһ˼֮󣬲һѵľ
ַҶսνӪǼҵսĿͬʱҲΪǾտĲַе˾̾Լء
ʣ˶ޱȵǿǿ󼰵ĵزκһóǼеļܹڵ˵ӪĴڡ
˵Ķսַˣ˿»ô룬ַȴ漣ƵӮһӮô죬ǿһĻĻһֱȾʯڵУþòƽ
ʯǸϱҲ֪սĲпᣬֻҪԲע⣬ǾͻᶪԼСѡһλǿĻʦǵ漸ǻ
ΪԼԺ룬ʯڲŻľַҲõѡϾҶȻǿ󣬵ʱǴںĸսϽָӣԲμս
ַݲһݾʿעɱǰս֮УܼԼһĻǵͶϾѾЧϾٶĹͣҲȡǣ
ǵһ֮ʯڵжʱһĨᶨɫȻͶַݣԺַݵһЩǾͲòҲԵЩ£ԼСǰһж
һᶨĿžӣʯһĨᶨ֪ǣûУϴǲѡ룬ôҹǵ鷳ûУ
ǡһĨȻǺͬʯڵ飬ΪַݶһУһֱеڻ
ûʲôǵġʯ̲סҡҡͷ㻹ûо͵սսĲпԣǳսｫҾ˻Ѿˡ
˵ţʯ̲ס˿ԼԵ¶һЦݣȻǷǳмģ֮Թһӵġ
ҡڻҪЩʲôȴǸ֪ʲôΪҲ֪ʯ˵һҲûҲǳе
뵽֮ڵҲһĨȻˣϴ˵ôҾôɣֻҪܱסСǱʲôá
Ŷõڵ׿֮ʯǶʱ¶һĨ΢ЦԵôͬ⻹ǲͬ⣿
ǺǡﺩһЦԴϴôҾôʵҲûʲôõģôǿҲܶչһ㡣
Ǿô˵ˡʯڵ˵ͷҲǴ⣬ַֻݻͻὫԼľ˵

СʱַһˬĴԡ߳һҲǷ׷׵վһصǰ
Ŷ˵ɫԼַݲϷһЦôǻҶҲٽѵһһΡ
ˡһַ׼֣ʯڶʱæİֵǲܵģиӦ
ûȤˣ˯ˣַݿûʲôøУԴ˸Ƿ㽫£׼Ž磬˶ʱɫһ䡣
ҧأʯһ׵ĵ˵ǲôֻˣԸΪκ飬ֻϣԺսʱǶһ㡣
סַжʱһĨȣͶû˳ǸоһĨ
ûɣǵ˼ǣҪǵϴڿЦ𣿡ģͶ䣬ַһȵĿѯʵ
ַһȵףʯڵҲ¶һĨѿɫû뵽ԼֿͶϣȻַݵЦ
ǷƽʱʯͷŭĻȭͷַȥ߰˵һ䣬վ͸ҹʲô飿
ɼʶַݵǿ֮ҲֻͷⲻڿЦ˵ĶģֻҪչǵ㣬ǿ԰κ¡
ǺǡַЦˣûµ뷨ȻͶϣַҲ˳ȻѡҶһѣģհײղǣ
뵽ַǵ˵ͷȻôĳĳ⣬ҾǿӦˣҲģ
ַͻȻһ䣬һвƵĿ˵˵ǰ棬ȻѡͶϣҵĻǾͱͬ⣬ȻĻɱҲ
ǡõַݵͬ⣬ҲǴһҲһĨᶨɫֻҪַǣһж˵ǣ



537 
˳СܣַãϾ˸ԼȵСܣĳЩԼ飬Ҳ˰æ˲ǣԼҲʡ²ٵʱ䡣
ȻǣַҲôжҲΪ˲ٵѵĿܹ꣬ǿҲܸһЩ
ȻжַԹڶ࣬ȴҲǲòϾѾӦַݣҪָӣЩѵȻǿ಻ԣҲǲò
ַݵľĽ̵֮£Ҳǻ˳Ľرǻڰ۷ԼѾоԼǼʵĻӡڻĽ
֮ȻַҲûκεԹеʱҪַݰţǶԼǰȥѵǷģò˶ͷԡ
Ҫ֪һŽУ˿ĴڣÿĻѵ⣬ѵȴǳҩһ㣬Ŭѵ
˶ַͶ£Ȼ֪ӪУҲֻҶԴ˽һԼͷ󻼱ҶҲǸ˵Ĳˣַ뿪˾ӪǰһƵ꣬ڵĺ˾
ˬ족һڽеľƸȸɣҶһ˷ܵĿַݵû뵽һﱻշ֮ʵô࣬ĻһΪԼۻˡ
ǺǡַݵһЦһھƵⲻǺҽ书ܹͻƣĻҵƴˡ
ˣЩ˵ˣȸһҶЦһٱַַݲݾܾȻҲһɶһԵҶﶼǽеơƸһ룬ɫҲǱú˵ġ
ʱҶûĴַھӪеı֣֪Լڻ涼ܸǸˣΪԼҸеˡ
ԼҸ綼ûףҲøַ֪ݶһĨݵɫϾҶСĿоǲսʤĴڣΪԼĿе޵ս
ַȴһδεĴ֪Լ޵еĸ綼һδδܣܲеȣԼݣ
أأء׼ȥʱȴͻȻһ󾯱ҶҲǾһ񣬲˲վ¶صɫ
ôˣҶɫͻȻһ䣬ַҲһɲõԤУиоʲô¼ҪˣԼҲйء
̾һҶһɬĿַݵսҪʼˣʵĲϲսȴòѡ
˼ǣǵóˣַ΢΢һг˼ͬʱҲһĨǱصľ壬Ϊ֪ÿεսˣҲ֪᲻һ

硭ҶȻҲ׾󣬻һжʱһĨĵǣҶ죬Լַݡ
ÿγҶﶼоޱȵľ£ԼҲԼĸ磬ȴǶһˣǸ˽ַݡ
ҶСԴҶһ΢Цĵõģһᰲȫģÿζ𣿡
Ҷ˵ͷŵַݵɫЩɬĵͷ磬ҲöַһŶһγ¡
̲סÿɬַһۣҶҡҡͷˣһǱ绹Ҫôܻૣ
ҲǡҶǰһ̧ͷַݵһҪŻŶսǺܲпģǧ𶪵С
̲סӣַݺٺһЦ򲻹һ֪ͷİɣ˭ҲܽҵߣҲС
ǾͺáҶɵĵ˵ͷɨ˺󣬻һСȭͷ뿪ˣǰ£һΪǼ͵ģǻ
˵꣬Ҷת뿪˴˴Ϊ֪ԼܰﵽʲôҲѣܹ˳ˡ
ĿҶ뿪ҶͻȻ¶һЦݵַݰҼô
̲סһ͹ַɵЦͷܺðĵػôôãĸܹΪѣҲˡ
ҶɫһĿУԼҵþõŮӣܹˣҲһҪԼǿС
ǰַû֮ǰиûκεѡַݳ֣涼ѾѹĿеѡˣҶˣһԲŻ̽ԵѯַݵĿ
ĿǰַҲֻǽԼÿͨѶѣԼҪˣ»ضԶ



538 Ǳ
Ҷ뷨ַôܲףʷѾֹˣѾϰ˸ôԴ
ʵҶַȻͣȴûʲôŮ֮飬Լˣ䲻һʱգǲߵһģŻѡװɵ
Ҷ컹˵Щʲôַݶʱת˻ˣǷʲô°ǸϽؾӪɣȻһŽôĹǣ˲ɡ
ţַݵĻҶʱɫһһԴǵģǸϽȥ׼ˣ̬Ļ˵ǽ͵ó
˵ţҶʱǮϣ󲽾žƵȥַȻҲǸϣ乲ͬϷгžӪķȥ
ڷ;УҶҲǽѶ˿ͨԼүӵĵ绰ڵүүô£Ϊʲôˣ
Ѷ֮Уүӵ¶һĨѿɫ˱ˣεȥƽң˸ֹʲô취ʹá
ң⾿ô£ʮǰǲѾǩ˲ս֮ԼΪʲôǻᷴڣҶҲһĨֵɫү˵ǰ㣬εĳΣء
ַݵжʱһĨǵɫ˵ԼҲ˵ģʮǰ뵽˶˵򣬲ʹս
˫һֱǾù£˲أټսȥĻ嶼ʧصòʧΪ˱ս˫ԼǩͣսЭ飬ʮ֮䣬˫ȻɵӣȴҲûзս
ȷǩԼСҪףӲȱҰĲҰļң˱ҵĸԴѾˣǾĿеŮͻȻԣҰļҲٿȵŮҲǶ˵Ĺܽ䷢ʩ෢˽Ҫͳ磬ǲòӭսүһصĽսķ˳ɫһ󾪻š
˾޴һսۣˣָҲⳡս֮Уһַ̣жʱҪܵ뷨ˣûҪ뵽Σյս֮С
һ뷨ȴַԥүӶĿԼ飬ַʵڲӱԺδ磬ôҶ죬Ҷ
үүͲֹⳡսа취ĻԸԡԣҶԲ뵽ս֮Уа취ֹսֹĻԸԼ
΢΢һү϶ʱ¶һĨصɫҶ취ȷУȴޱȵΣգܻܿɥʧԸⳢ𣿡
Ϊ࣬㸶ΣһĨޱȼᶨɫҶ̧ͷһɵĿڵǾַĶ

Ϊࣿûһͨ˸еޱȻĴ壬ֻǸͨ˶ѣǲκιֻҪԼİľˡ
Ҷ첻ͬǸˣҲһŽӵĶӳȴ˵Ļ໹˭ܹվֹһս
˴壬ַĶͬʱԭԥ̬ҲǱ˼ᶨȻҶ춼ܹԼһΣ
ȻδҲǵδܹסַ岻ݴǣַ֮ͨݲЦȻҶ㶼ô˵ˣҾһΰɣֻҪܹס࣬СΣ
ֵܣ㡭һȵĿַݣҶԭ뷨УΣյһ飬ַݲͬĻǾǿģϾַѣա
Ȼַ˳Ȼϲַݵǿ֮Ŀеģļ룬εĳɹļǻӣҲûоܾ
ʲô˵ˣȥˣǻүӵļƻʲôɡҡҡͷַһصĿүӣεսԻǴħҪΣգȴǲòԼ̫ź
úúáַһģүҲãһοĿַݵͷӿصˣңֻҪҪʲôҾͿԸʲôҼŮҶ޸㡣
ȿȡַŴͣȫû뵽үӾȻ˵ĺˬȻܽҶﶼƸԼͲʱ˵ԸΡ
Ҷַô˼еֹ˼ɣȴѡ˺ľܾүӺˣΪףⶼӦģôҪʲôرֱ˵Ӧôɡ



539 ս
Ǻðɡַݲ⣬̬ҲǷǳĽүҲǲٵ飬ֱӿڵҪֹսֻԡ
ү˵޷ַѾЩ²⣬벻ǣÿү˵ӦԣҿǷ񹻸ߡ
Ƭ֮үһָһ취εսǸҰļģֱӵİ취ǾǽλҰļҸУһо͵õ˽
ַҲ̲ס˵ͷЩʵҲսλҰļҵв£ȴǲòѡսȻǵŮͽǲܽܵһ¡
ַ֪ɵļСģΪλҰļҾԻὫԼİȫ֮أ˶ˣĵү˵˵ڶ취
ڵڶ취΢΢ͣһºүӼһ취ֻ࣬ҪܹŮѣһҲӭж⣬֪¼ܣλҰļҾӪôõʱ䣬ŮѹҵӦԵİ취һϢûôѹ
ַݵжʱһĨأҲȷү˵һ˵Ŀѧ϶٣Ƕûа취䵽УǾ͸ûа취ˡ
ڵ취ҲΪĿǰпʵֵһ㣬ǾǽܽӪȳλҰļҵĿƣվֹⳡսһⶼӭж⡱үҲ˵ԼΪʵֵһ취
ַ̲סǰһŮǱûа취ˣҰļҲڰзʩҲֻλпӪȵĿ꣬Ҳֻǿܶѣ뵽һ㣬λҰļҲû뵽һ㡣
λܽԣԱҰļҰ˴֣ҪЩнܽȳǼǳѵ飬ȴûѡֻѡһ·
үүǾôһĨ⣬ȻҶѾѡ˳Ȼκεη壬ЩȲѯ˽İ취
Ҫ֪սܹһͣסĻǿܾͻһٸˣ˵Ǵһ඼һЩӢµսʿ
ү΢΢ĳһҡҡͷôһû뵽ȫİ취ɣȻؾӪǼͷһ£ȶԲ֮߳ɡ
õģүүһҪ㰡Ҷ̲ס˵ͷҶѶǰľӪѵ˿ȻҹӪҲ˶ڼıսš
Ϊ˾޴ôҶףսˣһսغİΣǱȫԸа

гĽ˵ϣҶҲǿ첽ߵ˾ӪĲٳ֮ϣ˿һŽӶѾڸָһţȴҶǰʩ
ַȻҲ߽˶֮Уһվֱ壬ЩһأѪϢʿǣ̲ס¶һĨԼԼܹΪеһԱ
˲ٳϵĽ̨ϣҶһɨˣһصĶŴҵشҲ֪˱ˣһ־õսҲչ
֪е˶ܻҲԼļźӣ˵սĲпܿͻչǵǰǡ
ҶͻȻһͣ٣ǲ˺ΪǵǵļˣǵԼѣ˺ˣ˭ܿŶ˴򵽵Ǹɱ𣿸ң
ܡ˲䣬еʿǱ˳ԭĿ־Լԥ˲ʧΪͬҶ˵һǵǵļѣĵ
˺Ļ˭ܱǣǵػǶ˺˵ĻѾԶˣսܡ
˵඼һɲǣʿǶšһҲ¶ͬҰް׺ϢΪ࣬ǱҪսһҪӮⳡս
սǲпģսҲѪģر漰֮սԲκ˵˲汻˹Ļ඼Ϊūκ˶ܲ˵һ顣
ַݾصִҲʧȥ̵꣬ϾδѾûˣﻹδ̵ꣿⳡսַҲǲò˽㲻Ϊ࣬ΪԼҲȫԸ
ͬһĻĸӪţʿҲ˲ﵽ˿ǰĵز˶ڵȺ߾ָֻҪһӣǶսΪսš



540 ر
ʱ̣Ҳûκε˯⣬վѵϵȴѵ´˶ˣȴûһ˵˵жޱȣΪǶ֪Ѿңǰҵ͹Ѿûʱٵȥˡ
СʱҶѶͻȻ𣬵ͷһȴԼүӴģԶʱڵַݳУ
ַȻûκεɻֱվҶһȥȻǽ̸۵ĶԻǻеĻܣڴ֮ͥ½
һ֮ҶŽѶЩȲѯʵүүô𣿡
ţѾˡүӵ˵ͷɫޱȵصĻҪΣգǿԵĻòȥ飬
үүѾûʱԥˣʮ𼱣㲻˵ҶжֻһǰηκεļѣĲ¡ҶҡҡͷһĽ
ãȻô֣ҲͲԥˡүӵ˵ͷſڽģǵ߱λܽĵطѾ֪ҲǷǳɭϣҲûа취
жǽΪӣһȻĶ飬ǵҪǽܽӪȳȫĵطڶӵǽЩΪǴᡣ
ǲǱ𣿡ҶһĨڵʹΪ֪Բ̫࣬˵ĴӪǵڶӵ˴
ǰү̲סǸпһ䣬һʽĿҶСҪףսûи֮ʵģҲԲûģȻǵȴܻǧǧʿǴӢۣô
үӵҶжʱһĨ̧ͷүӵ˵ͷˣʲôʱҪ׼Щʲô
˵ģַҲǿķǳȻЩʿǻʣǵӢ¼УӢµģַģǾĽܽȳǶһϣ
ߵȵǶѾ׼ˣڻ֣ǵһΪˣҪģѡˣһһŽӣһһ죬㲻õġүӵ˵ͷҶĹȫ
õģүүˡһŽӵԽҶҲǷеصԷĵȥԼʹ˿ȴЩգյǻʣˣѡ˭

ʵ벻׺Ҷʱ˦ַݵֵܣ˵ʣˣӦ˭ȥһŽУ˭Ƚʺϣ
𡭡ַݵһĨϷʣʵүӸտʼ˵Ҫ˵ʱоѾ˺ʵѡҶ쿪ѯ֮˳ˮ۵˵˳Сô
ǣҶжʱ¶һ⣬ַ˵Ȼ֪˭ĿǰҲȷʺⳡӪжġ
ǰֻǲ̶ѣѾͶַݣȻ˵ţ˶ʵҲǳĲ֮еĻ϶𵽷ǳá
ֻ΢΢ԥһ֮Ҷ˵ͷǾ˰ɣȥǹ½Ҳȥһ£Ǵſڼϡ
õģͷжַݵ˵ͷʱѵǰȥ˸еһԣɻУַɫصҸһҵĻᣬܻǳΣգɹ˵ĻǶΪӢۣ벻
Ȼ˶ַݵСܣǳΣգǲԸȥĻַҲһǿϾ˸־Ҳǿ˲
жΣգڿַص֮ʯڵо̲סһ˵˿ԽҵַǳΣ֮Ĭˣ֮󣬲ŽԼǵ˵˳
һΣյĳ̶ȣַȻһķˮҲκεƭǰȥ˴ӪǵĹؼȻиӵİæǵΣճ̶Ҳǿ֪
ˡַ˵һĸֺʯڵжʱһĨֵɫȫ󣬴¾εΣգʦַݶۡ
˾ɫУַ̲סҡҡͷֻһΣҲ¹壬ǲԸ⣬ҲǿǲμӵĻǵĹ;Իᾪľ޴󡣡
ҡʲôǣĸ߶֮󣬶һ˿ߵ⾳Ȼƽʱ̫ףʱȴһĨɫͬˣô



541 ѵ
Сս֮ϣһԲĳĬţ˿ǰһܻأ׼ȫȽҲϣһսŶǽ
һ·ϣַѾĿԼΣԸ˵˳̵ĸܵԼϵصжôҪ
ʣ˴˿̵зǳļޱȵľ֣ԲɣһޱȾĹͣھη棬϶ͬĴʧܵĻܾͻ磬ΪʷеһƬ
δʷϣдһʣ˵սٴαҶַݡΪ׵˶ǰӪܽʧܣȫ𡭡
֮⣬󲻳Լʧ֮廹дǣϴ֮ǰǾѾףֻɹʧܣǽܲʧܣҲܲԼΪ
СʱСսܻͣصϿգһصվҲһĨɫҶ쿪ڵ䲻ֻӮֻܻһˣҲǾ޴ĳɹսϣǾܸ֮ʣңˣ
ˡ˶֪Ҷ˵һû˻ȴ̫ˣصЩȫܹ浽һĻԼлεʹࡣ
ԴҾֻǵܹ˳ɣһҲҪܹĻص򣬲ȻĻһһӻεС
ʱ䲻ˣҶ˵仰˶£ŰڷһԵһ״ķɴȥ˿̣үѾȺˣ֮Ҳ̲סһп
ǰҶļ򣬸СС죬Һöڼ㣬һҪȫĻ֪ʲôΣյĻϽܣʧܣͷҲһ¸
үүȻҶʮֲͬү˽˵ȴҲǸеһů󣬵ү˵仰ʱг˶ôѹ
ȻȻүӸλҲһԾŶˣԼӱҪԼҲҪܲٵѹ
ҶǾܾģǿȴǵͷүүϾҪ뿪ˣҵĺϢһᰲȫġ
ȥɣҶļүӶʱߵһԣõǵ˻̤սκŶǵķȥ
һ˶ԣʵʲôͶѾҪˣҪԼļܹƽҶȻнҵģҲǲֹֻĬĬţܹɹ

ֻ˲䣬֮ΪսѾͻ˴㣬ԳʻαĿռУԶڼٹĶǴŷš
˿̣սļʻУһأŴǵǹ⣬ַݵвӿһθС
Ҫ֪ǰŴӦβҪȥַǳΣյ飬飬Աκʱ̶ҪԵΣգܿͳ׵ʧŮ硣
ַݲڣôԼһͬսôĳߣֻҪܹɹһжá
ʮֵĳƣַݲվ˵ǿܻҪʮʱ䣬ǻҵɣȥֿеĻףѡһõĴΣ
áҲеģַݵĻ֮󣬶ʱվһͬսĻ֮Уɴ˫ۿǰȫĻǡ
ȻβӪȻ֮أԻ׷ҲģеĻ׶˳˶ѡ
˿ǰһոµıףַݲⶫƸĥϺûðɣܾǴѽ׶Σξ൱չ𡣡
ǿ϶ġҶҲһ⣬˵ԼİþǻףܿôոµĻװԼǰжʱӿԾԾԵĸо
Ҳ֪ǲܵһ飬սսĺĸսΪ˸·ԼķսҪսĻŷǵñɡ
Ȼϲܲȴİ취ǾǵռнϰϾ˵սҲҪĥһܷӳЧ
֮£ȷԼõĻͣʣַݶĵУԱײǵĹޣȻ˽սҶҲѡһԶ̻ףַݷ
ʯھޱȵϵѡս֮ȴѡһĻףȻսǺǿǣƵʱȴܹӳ޴Чá
£ȴޱȵѸ٣ԳȴʺģΪҴ̽飬ΪṩɿѶϢҲǷǳľ޴
ǱȽƫԵĻףܹڹؼʱΪҵֵ˺ǾãȻûʲôãĳЩʱȴܹ˰ĵ



542 ʼ
ǽԼҪĻ׸ѡ˳ʼԼλãʼԵѵѵĵصȻսС
ʣž˵ս棬Ҳо˻սܹȷģָĳҲƴӦֳ
Ϊ֪Լ˶ѵһΣս֮󣬾ͿԶһִϣȻޱȵƴҲԼԵޱȵΡ
ѵĳɹҲϲ˵ģ˵Ĭ̶ȣʱ̣Ծ˵ٶţһվЩ˴һϵϱĬ϶Ȳǡ
֮ǰ֮ͨһεĵص㣬뵽˶ͳε򸽽ʼ˻ƽ
֮У˵Ķս棬ַҲ̲סһĭ֪ÿһ̶гǧȥΪʿ
ҲˣȻǲ򣬵Ů֮£ȴǲò򣬾Ҳޱȵľ޴󣬵ǲ˺ֻǺ۾ǰ
սĲпᣬ鶼ޱȵĳأѵ֮УҲǸӵķˣеҪǿҪֹⳡκս
ò˵սĹЧԵǿ֮нţһһεͨԶ˶˵ķߣ˳Ľ뵽丹ء
ڵʮһҹڵ˶˵ĸǰǿɫϢŨڣַݵҲһĨ޵ɫ
ʱַݾѾ˽˵ĳ࣬ʵǳ񻰵еľ飬ŰݣĶ䣬֮⣬ಢûжĲͬҲû񻰵־˵ǵķչ򣬻ǳſƼڷչŵġ
ָֽˮĳвͬޱȵ׽Ȼ򣬶ǱľסˣĲɷһηʱ򣬲ŻȲҪռ죬Ϊס
Ȼʧˣ˵ķޱȵļҲ˲أòǩͣսЭ飬ֱսٴα
Żͣ˶ǴϷ˶̲סһһĨصɫ֪Ŀ鼴٣ǳܣͿҹˡ
׼𣿡һҶһصĿˣѯǷ׼
Զ׼ȻнޱȣǼᶨĵ˵ͷ鶼Ѿ̶ȣҲû˺Ȩһһõδ
ãܲϵ׼Ҷصĵ˵ͷѶ˳ͨܲĵ绰˵Ѿ׼ˡ
ܲҲܿ˻ӦǵȴһõʱھôѾҪٶˣ벻ɣҪǵʵϣҪϾǵʵѹ

ϻװɡصѶҶʱѡĻǰٿŻյſȥޱصĵȴ
Ӻսļٹ⣬һͬս֣Ѹٵĳ˶Уʱ˶ǵķ
Ҷ΢΢һʱ´һͻ˴㣬ŴеĿĵطжȥ
ƻ¶ղŵЩԱΪ飬׼ǿйܽڵĵطװʧܵģĴ뿪
Ǽƻɹַ֮һһֱ˲Żվܽȳսѡ롣
ƻõģҿҲǳĸߣܲܳɹл̫ı˭Ҳ޷϶ֻǿˡ
ʣڸԱǳܽڵĵص֮ЩػܵǷ׷׳ʼǻƴǼҵս˿һľ֡
ȻԱǸͲֻǵֿƬ֮󣬱ɢѡ룬˵ͽҲǺܿ췴Ӧ˹ֳĶ飬׷
ȴƬ֮ҶжʱһĨɫ˵ƻʼҸһȥֻɹʧܡ
䡭Ҷ˼ƻʼַ֮ҲǺԥֱһǿأٿű罣ǰǴسȥ׼Ӫܽ
Ϯ˵ĻҲǺܿķӦ˹ֵĳԼĻףڿվ˳׼ս
ڻȫʢʱڵʱϰټܻ״УַݵҲֻаһ˵ǸԱ˴󲿷ֵĻףУֻŶʮĻ׶ѡ
ˣӴҲǵıǵΣȻһ㣬ҲֻԵĶѣֻҪһСģǾǻ³



543 ȥ
սһѾȫû·ν·ʤֻЩƴˣ¹Ĵ¾ǳɻǰܣǾ͵ÿⳡսˡ
ʣԼı׵˵ۿѾӳʮֵȿȻҶ죬ֻһ׼Զ̾ѻͽһܻ׸Ƭ
Niceַݲһֱһܻףд󺰵似ɣ졭
ڶ˾ֵУַݵĻ׾ͻȻʧһ㣬ǵĹҲȫգǷӦʱȴַѾǶĲ棬նһܻףѸٵڲȥ
ȻʵʵĽЩ׸ȫȥԮܽʱ˾Ѿ˶ԲߣǾƾַݾտĻײͻǰȥӪȹʣµˣǽȺʦȫסַݴᣬֻҪַݼƻһɹźźǾͽѸٵĳ롣
ʣַݵУ鶯ԼѸٵԸȫķ˳Խ߼Զ̻׵Ĺʱܲٿűף֮յĶ
ȽԶ̻סַ˵Σ֮ҶʱһһԶ̻׷ڻһڽƬ
ʱʯҲ˲վ˳ҧ˻䱸ϵͳӳֵ˵طĻ׶Уǵжܵ˴Ӱ졣
һ˲䣬һֱһԵڣеĴ̿ͰͻȻֱ֣ӽ˶ԷȺĺ󷽣е˫Զ̻׵ĺĴ˲ѡ˳ˣӰ׵Ըӵ쾡¡
ʱ򣬵طĽҲٴϮһֱػҶԵҲվ˳еܽЩȫ赲סˡ
˲ս˵Եľ˲չʾ˳һɶ˸ȫĴˣʱַݵıҲѾȫ˵ߣ뵽˹ܽĵǰ
ˡ˲ͣ˵ϣһƬַҲ˲£ŵȥһŽյĴŸ˿
Ϯű˲߿ЩĶҲ¶һĨֵɫһۺ󣬶ַݳ
ʱʱַȻīжʱһĨǹʼһͻһ߻ţŵڲнš
ò˵˻мˢӵģǵĽҲַ˲ٵţΣַǰĲûͣ£ɱ¾֮ԽĴһǹһ
ֻӲַݾѾͻƵ˵һ߿ǰ⴦ľţֻһۣȫˡ

һַݲûмŮ˾µݣַݽմð֮Żعŵܽ𣿡
ǣࣿһ˫ɫĴۿַݣ¶һĨԼ棬Ȼλܽǵһο࣬Ҳǳĺ£ں֮Уָоĺ档
ǵģ࣬Ŀ뽫ȳȥֹⳡսַݵ˵ͷҲ˲ʲôˣǽԼĿĸ˵˳
ΪʲôҪ㣿һĨĽ䱸Ͼ˷ͬ壬ܽҲĲ̳ģԶ࣬ǲ׵š
ҡַŴͣ治֪ôͣΣأԼսǶԡѪսѾûʱټȥˡ
ҧҧܽһȭܽԲˣѾûʱٽˣΣ֮Ǹ
˵ֱַ꣬ܽȥһҲ¶һĨֵɫ󺰵Ҫ
ˡַĳֱ֣ӻܽĲӣ˲˹ȥֱӿԼļϣƴȥ
㡭һ·ϣ㴫ַݵıУȻŨȴһҲˣԵޱȵ£̲סǶڡ
ԼǸִ˿˿ݣַвһĨɫֲôϲ˵Ůū
ûǵŮˣݶʮֵľֱ಻ͬĵطڵĸ߲֮Ув˶Ůˣ䵱Լū
ȻУڴҵĹϣһжŮūֵĻǶȻܹļ۸ܽƷ۵Ļһκ˵ķ񣬾ַҲ⣬Ϊʵ̫ˡ



544 һʿ
ȫ汼ܣܻһˣַݵķǳ󣬿һ뵽ԼսǻԡѪܶʱΣգַݾͲòóʮֵ
ʱַݵĶȴǴҶޱȾֵĴַݣǱ߸㶨ûУ˵֧ԮѾˣǿ춥סˡ
ʲôô죿ַݶʱоľط󲿶ӰΧĻǾһҲӣҧҧַݵѾ㶨ˣǿӣ⽢ϼϡ
ãСġҶ͵ҧҧԸΪַݶȡһʱ䣬ѾٶȥˣطĴ󲿶ӸסĻǾ
Եõַݵ׿ϺҶҲǷʱԻڿս˴һսˣǸϽΧסˡ
áҲ͵һҧԼĻ׿ʼ˰ʵˣַûɣҲӣڵõҶĳźź󣬶ʱӵı˭Ҫ졣
һߣַҲǱܽ˵ֱ˱ףſаȥʱַѾĿԼǰмڷ׷
䡭װֱӱַݿ󣬱ʱһ˲ſаȥЩǰ׷ĻҲǷ˽
˻ͬ״ĵҩǣַ̲סǵһ֪ԼҪȫЩڵȫܵģֻѡţԼĺĴС
ҼٰƴļţַָҲͬӰְ㿴ģƬ̣Ҳͻ˼ޣٿŻۻҵĶһֵڻ𸲸ǡ
Ӳӵûڷ籩ϣ˯еܽѣ仺ȴǷԼѾ˷籩ŵĻУԵַһĲŻס
ȥҲҪ뿪ַݣܽǽҲһĨ֣Ļַݵ
˵ڵܽǻΪʹǷģκ˶ڻʱַ̣ȴһҲû͵˼ŭڿʲôЦȥ
ģǲɱҵģǻҷʩȥܽһĨηɫΪַڵʵֲ̫ˡ
ͷϵҲǱɼѾܹ˿˿ѪȻҧס촽ѽ촽ȫҧơ
ҲҪи޶ȣڿǱץסİǸûҪŻȥֻҪһǾͿԽ̵ͷϣ˵ɱģսͽֹͣԸ⿴ĳ𣿡

ҡܽסˣȫסˣȫûַ˵ЩʣѾַݵĻΪڻԽԽңûֹͣ˼ûй˼ַݻϵģ
һĨ˵ɫһܽΪԼе˲ֵԭûʲôøУΪʱ򣬾˵жôĿɶжô
Ҳвƻ˵ǩͣսЭ飬ʵΪǣǵ֮󣬾ͻٴιǣȫץסū
αλҰļҿסʵԸʩģŻ˵ǰȥӪأҲĻ󣬵ȴԼսʿǿ顣
ɾһĻȴȫ߸ĹԭĿҰĲ࣬ȴǷԼԼȥֹⳡսԼǣȴҪԼⳡսԶҲͣ
һֱ֮ܽҲһ˿ΪʲôԼĸλʱһֱ赲ԼĸײҪȥࡣ
ûһеܽףҲֻĸףܹβĹƻСͳ࣬ĸԸĿʼ˷ʩ
һ̣ҲԼҸ׵ҰģǾҪͨⳡսȹĿеȨ壬һ룬Ҳϧ
ףȨоôҪ𣿡ܽٴһĨˣ˲תһĨᶨѾҪֹⳡսΪ˭ֻΪǧǧĶˣҪ
ͷַ֮ͨܽݵҲº˲٣ɫҲǾòôֲˣΪַ֪ڱԼҲڱǧǧĶˡ
һʿַרעģַܽݳһַ࣬˿УҲѾӢ۳ͬʡ



545 
ò˵˵Ļױ໹һĲ֮࣬ϣҪԵַܹ࣬һһεĶǵĽһľ롣
ַȴһҲûзɣΪڻںţҲǧٿףַݲõĻͱҪλֱӵ˶С
ڴ˿ַ̣ݵߵȴǴҶޱȾŵĻַݣѾȫϣΣϽش𡣡
ϿϵͳҴ˿̾к໹һӵ·̣Ǿͳ˶Ѿȫǽַ֮Ҳһǿʼ׼롣
յһҪСġҶҲһϲʱŵļʻǰȫʱţֻҪַһգͽѡ
顭̸ʱַȻһķģҲñױһڵУ˲һȱʧҲǶ
ܽһץסԼϵİȫַݵǲɣ׻𣿡
İɣڣҲˡ͵ҧҧܱ𣬵û˺Ҫλٶ滹ܵһӰ죬еĻ϶ᱻ׷ϸɱ
ȫɡⲻַһ⻰ȴû˵ŭһѾܱ׻᲻ֱӱֱӽϵж˿װ֮£һⲻϵİš
ڱõ£˾ҵ䣬ҲûЩѣڻ˵ڣڻУһһζš
籩ҲǷ󲻿ظǲظʼ˽壬Ҫ˶ã׶Ƭը
ַȴһԲֻһĲŻ׶һһεǹֵ꣬ʾǸɫĵȥ˾ܻܲҪˡ
νרע˧ģַרעɫܽȴԵôĸȻݲ˿Ǹרעɫټϴ˿̵ĳܽЩˡ
ַȻûע⵽飬ֻ룬ԼܽصϣԼ͹Բˡ
ҲҲвϵ߶ĸַ֣ݴ˿̵ֱԼ񾭶Ѿȫ˳״̬һ˿и˾ͻĲˡ
֮£ͻ˴㣬ǰеѾۿɼ˾ɹ룬Ѿֻʣһ

ڴ˿̵ϣҶ췢ַݵķ籩Ѹٽӽ֮󣬶ʱͨߵ˵Ͻ׼һǾ͸Ͻرջգû
ס˼ͬʱ˳ҲھҵţǶѾˣܲǾ͵ÿַǷܹɹˡ
ˣˡԶԶģַѾܹŵĻմţҲһĨɫûһ̣о˵Ŀɹ
ܽҲһĨϲɫΪ֪ԼɹѾֻʣһҪ֯ⳡսԼҲܹ
䡭ͻȻϵĶװҲѾҪＫޣװҲͻȻȼ棬ڻе˶Ǹоһ˿С
ΣգΣգװȼգʮըϿѰҰȫĵط룬Ѹ룬ѸװáУϵϵͳҲǶ˾档
ܽĶʱ¶֣ױըĻһᱻըƬΣʱַ̣ȴ侲ΪĹƣ׽ҲҪʮңʣӵʱԹ롣
İ취ַҲѾ뵽ˣǾͨװã˸УȻܴգȻըĻ˶
ʱ𣬾Ҳڲסľˣַȴתͷܽ±ңǧҪ֣֪𣿡
ַ˵ʱܽҲһĨɬĸоΪǶ˵ĴͳУӵһʱ򣬾ǴŽ˶ԷҪһһ
κʱ̣ܽѡܾѾǶַ˺øУ˲ʵĴӦҲǾԲܵġ
ڵеѡܾĻǿֻܾһ³Ҿַݿ϶֪ϰףֻɬĵ˵ͷ֪ˡ



546 ɹ
ʮšʱѾʮ֣ǰŵĻգѾۿɼмһ¾󣬲÷λַݺ˼ɵֱӽܽ§˻У˻һɫİť
򡭡˲򿪣һǾ޴ֱӽ˸˳ȥٵŵĻзȥ
䡭ʱ伸һֹ̾籩ҲѾԼļޣװ˲һ⣬˲ըһ޴ĺ
װñը󣬼ֻ˲䣬һͳַݵıϣǹɾ޴ַ˲һѪͷϴŵֶ̫ȾһƬͨ졣
еǣܵĻٴϮֻ˲ͽַݵıǾҵʹַݽ
ˣַݻǽĽܽ§˻Уɳ£ɽ˻֮УصɲǣַҲһǿתܽԼǰԼǱŵأڵذϻףһʺѪ
رղšߵдҶĴΪѾܹĻѸٵĽӽţֻ˲ܹŴɷѡ
ŶҶĺŻȻ򣬷İ˹رհť˲䣬Ҷţһǰжȥ
ڿЩڱ˦֮ҶжʱһĨϲɫ񺰵ǳɹˣóɹˣ
Ҷ죬ʯ׵ˣҲһϲıѾȫԤϣԼ˻ع󣬻ΪӢۡ
ϲ֮˷·һ㣬ֱ˵ϣڴڵĴŴ·ղŵǳսѾǵȫľһ㡣
һߣܽѣлع󣬿ַһ״жʱһĨŵɫҡҡַݵôˣû°ɣ
ַݻѵĻ϶Ҫٴιȥôصˣôôܻû£ȻײһɲǾѾ˹ȥ
ϴ󡭡ܽľʯҲ˲䷴Ӧ˹ֱӳǰַݷ𣬲һƿǿЧ޸ҩ
ʻеҶҲĻȻѣϽԶʻŴ˴ַݵĲ״֮Ҳ̲סһ
ôˣûΣհɣû˼ܽžµ춯صݣҶʱһеĿַݡ
ӦûˣղѾǿЧ޸ҩڼٵţ˯ˡеʯһ
ʱ˿̣ѾȫַͬݣղַǾĴǿɶĿУκһĻǶǱɣַǿĲݣӲ˻
ȻҲˣֻҪûȱ첲ȣҲûΣգѾˣҲܹʱĵ

ҶԼһһСĽַݱʯ˵ǸϿܽǰȥϢɣ˳ܲһߵ˵ܽѾ˳ȳ
յ˶ʱһ׼ľ񣬲ʮòĶܽ˸ƵҲˣҸһ䣬Ϣһ°ɡ
ҪҪһĨĵǣܽҲ˲ܾ˵룬ַ׷ȥ˿УѾַݸԼС
⡭ҲǾˣȫû뵽ܽȻҪַɫлôĵǡ
һ˲䣬жһĨɫֱܽǲ䣬ֻԶ۶й뷨ǿˣҳ
ĿǰλܽԼҵϴȴ˵ĽţܽСַ׷ȥʱʯڶʱһС²˵λܽ᲻ᱻϴӢ˸ˣ
ܰɣҾùôϴ󣬹Ϊ˸жɡڶʱһĻɾִˣΪʷУҲȷйమʷȴԱճ
ܽʲôݣôðĲַһῴܽôַݣֻܸжѣܲ顣
Ҿ˵Ĳﺩ¶һЦݣ˵Լе뷨Ͼʯ˵ʵ̫췽ҹ̷ˣܹţ
ϣǰɡ̲סǵ˵ͷֻôõĶѣ˵ںԼˣϣԼϴܽϾˮ



547 
˿ַ̣ϵ·ѾƳƬȻѾѪѾ̵ѪҺҲմȫҶ첻òСΪɾһЩҩ󣬲Žƽŵ˴ͷ
һкҶųһתͷԵܽҪȥϢɣҿžˡ
ãҵġˣҪܰġܽûκεԥ㽫ԼԸ˳ֻ˵ַеĵλʱЩͣ١
Ҷɫһ죬˿Ļע⵽ôࣿ˶ޱȵƣԼܽҪ֮ŵ˵ͷǺðɣȻȥϢһ£ʲôҪĻҡ
֪ˣȥɡܽ˵ͷ󲻹Ҷ죬ǽǵַݣرǿԵЩ԰׵ݺжʱ۸С
ô˵ַѾȫܽģҲ˵ִţҲǳѭ浸أܽǹҲǸŮˣŮˣͻԼϲˣַݺʵľʹС
Ŀַݣܽϲʱ¶ЦԼǣ֪䣬˯˹ȥҪ֪ọ́ѾоǺĹ⡣
ж˾޴ĳɹҶҲǻص˷УͨүӵѶǱߵүҲ˲𣬲һŵĿҶС죬ôˣжɹ𣿡
ţҲʯǼһܲû˵𣿡ҶһĨ㵣Ҫ֪ղǽ˵ģǾȻû˵
Ȼ˵뷨Ϊʵڲ࣬Խ齻ҶϾ͵ĻҶҲҪõĶ㡣
ûСүҡҡͷ˲¶һĨõЦգҶҲ˵ˣôɵģѾǰɣ
ǵģҶ쳤˿ҲһĨܵɫûʧҲûԼļʧǻŽܽȳˡ
úúã˵˵ôġүӿϲҶȻİ쵽ޱȼѵ飬ܲϲ
ʵĹַݣġ˵ţҶ㽫˵жƻ˵˳ַݾһиϸĽ˳үӶޱȵĶݡ
ӢۣӢۡү̲סһ̾ͬʱҲޱȵԺԺԼʶӢַۣѡ˳Ȼεɾʧ˰
ǵģһӢۡһ⣬˿̵ҶҲǱַ۷ˣǹƴԼݾһֱȾУþòƽϢ
һ˳Уðͷȴ˲һϥǵҾˣСӻҾͽ޸
үүҶ첻ɴ˫ۣȫû뵽ԼүүȻ˵һ뻰үӵ뷨ֺγ뷨
ַദôãˣǶǷĲֵҲַֻݴˣԼҶҵŮΪ÷

յҶ촫ĺϢүҲһҲɵĿʼ׼һжõȵܽǰ֮󣬼ƻܹʵʩģҲֻеȴѡ
һߣ֮ϣһŻӣһȻĿǰһ˯Ůӣ૵ȣҵļƻʧ˰Ů˳ȥһҪֹⳡսˡ
Ůɳ˯ûκļȴӵ֪ʵһֱĽ㣬ܹ߹ļ壬ĽһŮȨС
Ҷʼ㣬ҵŮˣüηҵʱҾѾᵽһ㣬ǾҪӵĻҳΪ
ʵҲս̫ǿˣǿƵҽϢҲžĲ߻һĻսٴαҪףֻһȨȷġ
һʧˣҲѾŬҲڣϣһܳΪһ࣬మ׬Ǯ㣬һʲôң
û˯ŮǵͳߣŮҲܽףҲŮˣҲ˵һˡ
ڱпǸ˵ˣܹõŮİĽΪĻ֮ȴֻ֪ŮǶôǿƣǿƵԺŻᾫĲ߻ôһϷȴʧˣһǰܵһͿ
һŮŴӿóһŰɫҩŮ£Լһɫҩ裬ԡ
ҲȻԼѾʧܣȻҲټȥˣѡٴƹ硣



548 ԭ
ڴ˴һУȻûκ֪ܽ飬Ҳ˲䴫ǰߣöȫͶٷˡ
ȻҲ˫ʱĽһƽ׶Σڻ᲻Ǿ͵ÿܽʲô
˵ܽ˿ѾΪ֮֮أҲȫΪǷսĵĿǰȨѾƿУϾܽС
ڴ˿ַ̣˳սٵսǰ߸ڳ޸ҩϢһַŻ˹
ءҪַȴֻоԼһָ̧ڻ˫ۺַĻȻ֣Լ־ȻһůĶס
ѾתͷȴǷ֣֣ܽſڴ˯ˣ˯ŵҲɢһĨ˵񾲵ģַ̲סһ㶡
ѵһֱңϲˣһ뵽ַݾͷһĻ¿ɾͲˡ
ʣܽľ춯أûһ˲еĶַȻҲһˡ
ַݾǣ˷ͬ壬ݲ켫ôߵһ𣿶ǻصģͻ谭һĻʱĲν
뵽ַݵжʱ¶һĨᶨɫǾϲԼĻҲǻܾǷǳί񣬱Ͼ˺һŮ˵ģǾ񼫵һ顣
ҲֻѣദŶãܽôܻϲԼַ΢΢һ鴤ҲǶԼ˰㡣
ʱ򣬷·ǸַܵݵĶܽЩã˹ڿַѾ˫ۺϲˣû˰ɣ
û¡ǳĿڽ˳ֶѣַݸеޱȵƣһԭַȻҲܹ֪
Ҫ֪ʱܽʱַݿһֱڳɵ״̬ԾǺķ˲٣޸ҩȻܹ޸ˣЩȴֻܿϢָܻ
̫ˣȥս˵ţܽʱվСżʻҵķȥĶĵ˵ַˣ
ϴˣȥһĨܵɫʯֱվַݵķ˹ȥҶȻҲǸϡ

ϴˣʱӿзɽʱ򣬿һֱַܵݵǰʯɵĿʼ˷ܵ
ֻ˵ʱַҲֻЦЦûп˵ʯڲһϵϴô˵˵ͷư˰ɣ
ųưˣǾ͸֧ˣûĻоصЩ⣿Ҷַ֪ݵƵģԷ˸۶ʯѵ
ԭˣԭˡʯڨڨһЦһݵĿַݵϴʵ̫ˣʱҵĻ϶ˣҷģӽԺеսһ׷ϵĴڡ
ַȻûпڣȴһĨЦ⣬ʯǻƵģоǳĿģܿҶǻţҲͳ׵ķ
ҶһͷĽƿȸҵһȥַҪϢǱϹ¡
ŶŶҶѵ֮£˵һԣùĵַݣϣܹù
ҶַݵԣļˣεӪȻǿʧˣİɣô嶼ὫĹ͸ĨȥǻصӢۡ
ҲǶ˵ӢۡҶ컰䣬ܽҲ˲վ˳Լе뷨˵˳ַݵݳһõЦݡ
ֳʱһƬžУҲ˲˹Ϊʲôܽô˵Ϊⳡս൥ģײ
ֻҪֹսַȻֹ໥ɱֹǽ࣬ҲǱ˳
ô˵ַһ׳٣ΪһͣʲôĽԲ
ַȴһҲںЩҪֻҪúϢһѣһֳַ˯˹ȥʵ̫ˡ
һַȴ˯ޱȵİȣΪһжѾнǸҲɿҲǻŻˡ



549 
սʱַֹͣݵҲǻǰڵĵطȥʱַǱ͸֧ľҲǻĻָ˹Ȼ۷ʱ̻һĲܷ࣬ӳʵҲܴﵽ񵱳ֱ۶̧
ʱУܽҲϸĵĿַݣǸеģ˶Ȳѣ˼ܽдģǾַԼľˣҪ˵
ַݺУȻܷܽеЩͬѰĶǲϲԼַݴ򲻶⣬Ҳôࡣ
ֻԼȴ֪ܽദʱУѾĽŮӸԺУĳЩʱеӡ
ڽˣǰ۹Ѿ¶ݣַݵڶο۹أǸеޱȵ𺳡
ַ˽⣬۹ڽʱ򣬾Ϳ򣬽ȫںһ֮лʮŴɣ۹صĽ춼û깤ڼš
˵۹ȫΪŵǷۣһе壬۹ؾһߣ֮УĴӪػ
Ȼ۹غķʱ䣬Ҳܵ˲˵ķԣӦԶ˵Ľ֮ƾ⴦۹طӳľ޴ãκ˶˵⴦۹Ƕġ
ڴʱϣȴһĬУΪַԼһҪ˵˷磬رҶַ֮䡣
ַݿܽ۹УɶǼǳΣյ飬Ͼǲĸ߲㣬߲Ҫܽץв˵ĻǸֹˡ
ַȻͬ⣬ܽŮˣʱУԼĹģַݿɶĿУԸܽգŽܽ͵˵Ӫ֮С
ҶǼᶨΪȻܽǴˣǾͱҪ۹Уи߲δȻ˽ԷܽĻǾǵ˾顣
һܽص˶˵ĶУٴηսĻǾû취ˣҲΪˣַݻô
ȻˣһжǱܽڽе̸ҲоΪǵӣҪ˵ԷȴòͳһҲȫîˡ
ʯҲһľᣬ棬ǾҶ˵ûܽ۹أⱾǵĻԼĹԼŬɶ׷ˡ
ӸԷַҲ˵ȫܽǵͽȻѾҪֹⳡսǾӦ÷ɣѡ
ǲóˣҸǻ۹ء˫ֲµʱܽȴͻȻһԴ˳һƽĿ˵

ৡַ㶺󣬶ʱվһŭĿܽУȻôãҲ֪˵ЩжôΣա
ַݡҶҲŭˣվܲ侲һ㣬ҲԸܽҲԸûУŻȥֱսץסвô죿
ôܣֲǲ֪ܽڶеĵλôܻôַһĿҶ죬֪Ҷ˵ûòԸܽա
㡭ҶˣַҲȫ˵ûҲļ֣˲Ż̶ֵȡ
ĵ׵ģҶǸޱֱľˣνɽҪΥ˽ԽܽߣǲҲͲҶˡ
ݡһĿַݣܽǰע˫۵㲻õģԸȥ۹صģҶ˵ҲûָڲҸװŵૣԸǽ۹أǸȫ
ǡַ죬ܽȴҡҡͷͷİɣ಻ᶯҵģ˺ңⲻֻս𣿡
ҡַסˣȫû뵽ܽ۹أղŵǷģȫԿΪԼԼܷ
ܽҲȷôģ뿪ַܵ˳ͷĻһһӣŻվѡ۹أȻǳçײܽҲиףǾ಻ɱԼֻҪ㣬Ѿ㹻ˡ
Ȼܻ˶൱ţҲܻܿᱻЮ֣ö˸൱ĴۣΪԼˣΣ
һᶨַ֮ܽҲ̾˿ҧܽİɣЩ߲ҪôĻҾƴҲǵóѵġ
һҶȻԵĶԲߣǻкܴĻȨġʱҶҲǲòվ˳ϾַѣܽҲǷǳϲҶģһ



550 ľ
ȻѾ⣬Ҳûκεķ磬ҲǼ۹ȥַܽˣҲһУ
Ĭַ̧֮ͷܽܽںڻüĲù˼ҵģֻҪԸ뿪Ϳȥסҡ
ַݣѾ˵ˣҪ۹أ֪ڵңҲڵ㣬֪𣿡ܽҡҡͷһĿַݣֻҪɵӣܹܽڶַݣǳ⡣
ַҲȷǿˣžµݺַݲĬˣ̧ͷһĿܽܽϲ𣿡
ҡܽˣȫû뵽ַݾȻôʣһôͻȻһ׼ûС
ˣܽҲǹɫͨĿַݵ㱧Ҵӱµһ̣ҾѾŮˣϲ㣬Ҳ㡣
ǡõܽ׿ڵĳַ֮Ҳǳ׵ľˣð󣬲̧ͷΪʲôǴӱһ̣
㲻֪𣿡ܽһĨ㵣ͷߵĽ͵Ƕˣӵǽ˶Է˼ȻʱǲòӵһǾˣҪŮˡ
֪ԣԵôԽܣĵϲ㣬¸ңļ͹ϣԼҵĹģҶУѾ벻бõˡ
Ķ԰ףַĶȻ˷ͬ壬Ⲣ谭ӣԵһкַҲȫ⣬Ǿһе谭ܽ¡
粻ܽǣͽܽصȥȻԵ÷ǳľףҲܻᱩ¶δ̵꣬Σĵ򣬻ʲôвĴ
뵽ַݶʱ̬̩ͨ󻺻֣һѽܽ§˻У㷢Ȼ֪ҵŲ࣬Ҳǲͬ壬ܻܵ˵ԼԣȴǲܻҶİ
ҴӦ㣬һΪУҲҪΪҵŮˣֻҪԸңһе谭ҶΪɨƽ㵽һ硣
ܽסˣַݵĻȻһ˿Σôĳ˰˶뵽Ļ֮УҲ۵޿ɾҩ
ĽͷַݵĻУеζܽݵ㣬Ϊ㣬ҲһУֻҪ㲻᲻Ҫҡ
ɵϣôܣЩұҪ㡭Ƭַ֮ݾЩ飬ܽԱ㽫ԼѾ˼Ů˳
ԭΪܽޱȵܻ뿪ԼַݶѾ׼ȫû뵽ܽȴ΢΢һЦһĲʲôǶϣŮ˶ȢˣֻҪбܹǡ
⡭ַ̲סεӣҲǸеޱȵңǶֹʧȥܽ

ŻĽ۹صͣƺϣַҲһԵܽģһһֱԵġ
šܽ΢Цŵ˵ͷ󷽵ǣַݵ֣һͬȥǷģҶԼʯ˶Ǹпѡ
ȷϵ죬ǾѾ֪һУ˶˽һе֮⣬Ҳи̾˵ȷһԡ
ĳʽҲǰӭӵԱǾˣŴ;þûعΪǿ֪ģ˺ܽ򣬳ԼˣܵĶ
⣬ǡҶүҲȫˣĿַܽѯҶ죬ȴĽ͡
ҶҲֻεʼүү㿴һжģѾȷ˹ϵȻҲǳԽܣʵˡ
ʱַȴǣܽүǰүӣֻһ䣬ܽĸ߲׼ô
⡭üҶүвһ͹Ϊ߲ĻУѾ˾ǾǽܽʱӶлúô֮ٽŻȥ
ɾĿǰôĻַݾԻһԣһޱȷľٶȻҲܹ׵ĽѹôĻǿɾ̫ˡ
үԥݣַݵѾһУ˵ҶѾһŭվ˳үʵүүôôѵǾûôĻĺ
ȻǽܽԻȡĺôǾͲ¶˻᲻һеٴηսȻǷǳҪˣŮǻૡ



551 Ů
С죬˵ЩҶף߲㣬һ˵㰡үһĨεɫȻҶޱȵǿ󣬵ҲܹԼǣ壬ǵһá
ˡַһĨ⣬תͷһԵܽܽıˣһ취ģ塣
ַݣ㡭ҶүжʱһĨķŭȫû뵽ַݾȻ˵治Ļ壬״
ǺǡַһϷʵĿҶүӵҲ֪ôģôģУĻΪһΪܡ
ַǷģҶүҲ̲סһ̾Ϣʵϲ㿪ʱһֱ˷̬С
ΣЩ߲ѾȫѬգͲǷٴηսƱҶүӵľҲ޿κΡ
̶ֵȣүҲòվֱַݵҲôһٴȡƽҪһ˵ǵɡ
ʱһֱĬܽȴվ˳һĵȻҿԴĸӦǣҪƽĻԺǶˣ෢սҲԼ޵壬ΪӣǶ˵ĳ⡣
ҪһʲôôĻǺܱǸĸǣһ̰ԾǰսٴοݣǲܻὫҷŻضǣʱҲһǷս
⡭ܽޱȼĻ֮ҶүӵҲ¶ޱصɫܽļҪôĻǻĿܻᷢ顣
뵽ҶүҲ¶һĨķŭһѾļ߲Ҳˣб¾һֹ淢սĻǵΣ
⡭Щ߲ҲȫסˣǸû뵽ܽȻ˵ļеһĨҸȫ顣
Щ߲пս֮󣬶ҲٽˣΪռƵģοܽҪЮ˴ĺô֮󣬶Ҳ⵽شǾ͸ҽˡ
ɾĿǰǻôԴ֮󣬶ӲҪĻҲ⵽޴ش˭ҲΣԥˣԥǲҪܽ뿪
ʱһѶҶүӵϣҶүӽֻ֮һģһֵĶҶԪ˧ˣŮѾѾǰߣҪǽܽ
ʲôһ£ֳʱһƬУ˵ж¶˾ֵɫرЩ߲ǣԵòΪ֪ԼļƻѾʧˡ

ʣ˾ĶˣҲηηˣֻҪǲܽĻֻҪŮһӣ˶ޱȷĽǾԸ⿴һ顣
֪ԼļƲѾˣԶʱվ˳ܽЦܽˣֻǿ˸ЦѣͽͻȥͣսЭһֱЧ
ǺǡҶүЦˣһϷʵĿЩ˵֪ˣûнܽ˰ɣҪĻǶΪǧˡ
ȿȡҶүעŵǶǷ׷εĵͷΪ֪Ҷү˵һҲûҲûлʱȻģˡ
ܽҲǴϲԼĸ˾Ѿӵ˾䣬ҲҲôıˣ˵õȨ
УܽǴĵǣΪϲ࣬Ƕ˾ĴڣοԼԭͿ̰ޱȵĸǾ͸ˡ
Ѿز뿪ַݵĻҲǾܵģҲֻһһˣ˾ַ˽ܵһʱС
ûȷ˹ϵַ֮ҲûκĽԼԴǰ˳ȻԵޱȵĻַݣܽȻѡš
ֳЩ̫ԾܽҲٴվ˳ɨ˵ǷİɣֻҪͬҵǶӽԺѣٷս
˳Ĭˣ˼ܽеĶʵģЩֹ۸ߵѾ˹ϵĻǾ޺ġ
ôָǾͻʲôǿ壬ôѵĻҲܰȱֿһҴԴ棬˫ҲҪԷһЩԴཻܹĻڿз棬Ҳž޴ĺô
뵽󣬴󲿷˶Ѿͬܽ⣬վѡֻ֧֣ٲֵɻѡ˷ԣȴǷκε˻ˡ



552 Բ
ܽЩĸ߲ٴξһرᣬεҲȫƱͨܽЩŵЭ֮С
ȻѾǴ⣬߲ҲǺܿж׼ϾŮ׼ǩЭ飬æǲɿ
һߣַҲǴܽһС͵սȴ˫棬ͬʱַݵҲޱȵĽţ»᲻̸ףŮǿҵҪܽع飬Ȼͷս
ֻǰѣ˫Ѿ̸ķʽĽӳǰǸСսսȥͬʱСս֮ϣҲ˲ٵ߲㡣
ǶһĿмַԼܽʣ˵ĽϿν壬ȻҲ֧һ𣬵˱ʾȫܽܡ
رЩսеļǣǶ˷ޱȶ񶾵䣬ַݻںֻһЦ֮ѣʱյˣҪעǵ
һߣʱŮҲһصĳһСսսѾõܽЩҲޱȵĸӡ
˵ȫԽܣرϿ£Ǿ˫޳ɵģϾǶ˱Ͳϲս
ܽ޸һϣŮĬˣȫû뵽ԼŮϲһ壬ҾĿǰ˻Ƿǳ
ǰĻȾ֣뾡κεİ취ҲҪɢˣЦ˵δŮ޸һ࣬Ų˶Ŷ
ȴƴ󣬶ͨĻ֮ĹϵҲܹȶҲֻкôûʲô
һĻǲ˵ŮģӰģҪԼ飬ң뵱ԼµдţΪԼǿƣеҸһкĬ˺ܾúܾãҲޱȵĺڡ
˷ǲľ飬ŮȻ߸ϣҵףҲֻǸŮ˶ѣŮ˾ͻԣޱȵԼǿƣԼ˶ŻԥţҪҪӦܽ
ֱ˫Ľ棬Ůû뵽ôֻҡҡͷʱٿɣϣԼļ֡
˿ŮеԥΪǰĻٰصѾˣˣκεԥֻǹϡ
˫ĽӸʮҵľͣС͵սǰУŵһƽ̨֮ϣ󻺻ĵһԲ

ĸסԼĸһ֮ܽжʱһĨ壬ȴǲòվ˸ƸĶ
ܽңǲʲôв㣬㲻ò޸ģŮһĿܽԵַݣʵ
ַݲûκγʵĵطֻһͨʿѣôܷ²Լ˸߰ŮģŻʳĻܽش
ǵģĸˣҺͷϲģҺһɣ𣿡ܽһϽ§סַݣһİ
ΪһˣôܾŮ˵ΪԼڷ絲ֱַ꣬վһƽĿŮŮˣ֪ҺܽһʮԽܣǵȷమģϣܹȫǡ
ŶŮһĨϷʵɫֱַݵңŮֻǸССʿѣʲô±
ַݳĬˣ˼Ƭ֮󣬲̧ͷһᶨĿŮȷʲôûУȴһģҲܱ֤ʲôȴܱ֤˭˺ܽǾͱʬ̤ȥ
ݡ˼ᶨĻܽǾˣȻⲻʲô黰ּᶨĻ˸жģԴ˿ܽУѾ¶˾ģ磬Ҳϧ
ŮҲǳĬˣͻȻЦַݵһĻǾǽܽ㣬Ҳǲԡ
ĸף˼ǣһˣܽ˿ϲɫȫû뵽Լޱ̵ĸףȻ˵Ŀʡ
ַҲһĨ㵣ʵѾ˳ս׼ˣȴȫû뵽ŮȻôӦ
ͻȻŮͻȻַݣڵҿɾ㣬ܽܵʲô۸ĻҾͽŶǵľӣˡ
ôܡַҡҡͷһȻĵŮͷİɣһὫܽչ˺õģܵһί
ǾͺáŮ̲סǵ˵ͷһȻĿЩĸ߲ǵҶӦˣҾǣܽʱǾȥȻԼһ˺١
᲻ᡱ߲ǶʱҡͷʾԼĳ⣬ھ᲻ôǾͲö֪ˣҪַݶܽӣҲǼǳѵ顣



553 Ůľ
ȻѾزҲѾޱȺгǩԼԼ֮ҲַѾǱ˹顣
һ̣֪˶ǶַĽ˼㣬ô˶˸Ȩ˴ĸһ˶
ַݶԴ˱ʾһҲνϾֲ׼ŮõʲôҲûʲôҰҪƿʲôҪֻܹȵԼŮһ𣬿ֵľС
ԼȻѾ£ܽҲַŮȥĵĸףҲһߣһҪúõıԼڸף㲻Ҫʵ̫ˡ
̾˿ŮܽյŮҲҪúõչԼ˲˳ĵ飬ǾʱңҰ㴦
ܽĵ˵ͷԼַݵػôܻܵ۸۸ڵĻҲκεԹ
㸸סŮĬһһ˵̧ͷܽѾɱˣҶԲŻߵһġ
ʲôʣȥ˾޴飬ܽ˵ǸޱȾ޴جģһɫޱȵĲ԰ףַݸ§˻С
ΪʲôΪʲôҪô˴Ŵŵ飬ܽȫû뵽ϴ븸״Ҵһ֮󣬾ȻΪ
㿴֪ˡŮĬȻӶóһֽݸ֮ܽУ۽Ҳ˿˿ǹ⡣
ûǸ˷ɱʱѾԣһǸŮģһǸܽµġ
Ůг޾ĿɬԼľܽϣȴдϵĻĻǵǸ
ַݺĿȥֻöдӬͷСַ֣ȴܹΪȡǵʱѾʹ˼оƬԼܹԣ⵽ʱܽﲻͨ
ҿŮԭ¸׶ã֪пܻܺңҲܸͲˣҪţҵУһֱŮ
ⳡսǸⱲľܱǸǣУʱѾٴ̸˰ɣĻΪҲеޱȵο
δʷУǿԽսĴ󣬶дҵͷϣѾˣҲ±ôȻҺܿϧûԼԸϧģûܿɼҵ
ԺҲһҵԼϲˣΪϣ㣬ҪĸһԼūһ㣬ۣԼˣĵף㣬ܹõҸĸס

Ŵŵ£ֽ֮ܽŶѾȫʪ͸˵ܽúܺϾƭԼʮ꣬һԼ㷸Ĵ嶼
ʮҲȷĵڹԼףôֻܻʣ˶Ļʣٻˡ
ܽڰһ˵ĸܽ㷢ַݰο㸸ϣܸˣɲ뿴ģҲĵġ
Ҳޡҧס촽̧ܽͷһĿŮĸ֪ĲûдҾҵȫŮұһĻѡ
Э֮УܽдţֱŮλʱ򣬱صǼ̳ŮݣǵԼ׵֮ķһ㡣
ŮҲûеıŭһ侲Ȼ㲻ԸŮݣǲҪҲգҾǶҲһĸıˣҲӦѧѧѡ٣ŮΣ
ܺðҾȫСΪ˵˳λ̳ˣܽȻҲоеЩرѡٷ棬о
ԶԼĸЩȻǾ˫޳ɣȻҽʧȥϮλܹöǸӵĿһЩ÷ǳֵá
Ǿˣһصк󣬾ͻῪʼʵʩһĿŮúõĴɣпվͻŮЩĵ
һģĸౣءһĨɫܽҲޱȵİˣһ뿴Լĸףֲ֪Ҫˡ
Сӣչ˺ҵŮ׼۸֪֮Ůʱתͷַв鲻ԽĴ˸
ַҲһĲȻǰһֱӴӸ˲ֿȡһӣݸŮŮ£һչ˺ܽģЩҵļ񡣡
ŶʲôӹַݵĺӣȻĴ˿Ǿ޴ʯ֮ҲһĨ𺳡



554 
Ůƹһ壬ԴḻҪʲôʲô˾޴һʯûмο⻹һŴﵽ˱ʯꡣ
Ҫ˵ôܣʵˣǵʯԸͲ࣬Ůǻ֮ǰЩʯѾһŮȫĹˡ
ôҲͼһЩѣôܼôģֹڶǣ壬޴ʯҲѾûˡ
ܵʯԴ٣ôʹ£ʯԴҲѾݽߣȻǼ̽УҲֹӵʯԴڣǲȡǷǳϡ٣ʯҲѾޱȵϡ١
ڿַóô޴һʯŮŻޱȵ𾪣ܽҲһ𾪣ŵĿַݵⶫǴİ
ٺ٣ʱ֪ˣҲ¸㣬ϣûбʯˡַݺٺһЦһɪĻش
ܽҲַôһ֮󣬶ʱҲǷӳ˹ַҲǴһʱУȻὫǸʯԴռУŻ˵Լʯġ
Ŷַ˵֮ŮҲһĨ⣬Լλ׼Ů˽ĲǺܶ࣬òصĵط
Ȼַݲ˵ҲִŵҪȥԵһЦ󣬱㽫ʯһ΢ЦĵˣˣСˣȻѾҲûضˡ
ŮߣʵҲôǣȶ֮︲֮ǾͿͨռͨʱˡַ΢΢һЦ˵Լе뷨
ŮжʱһĨ⣬ĿѧҲǷǳڴģرǿռͨΪǴ̫ıˡ
Ҳû˼ıҪŮ˶ʱڻǵı£Լսʱ·ţҪ飬ǷǳӴ
Ҫ֪࣬ĽûôǿϣǻҪ̫ʱ䣬ҲҪŬˡ
ַܽȻǳСս۹شȥ˿ѾϣЩ߲ȻҲܽ¶Ƶİȫˡ
ֻڻص۹ַ֮ݱүӣһᶨĵүӣҺܽ뿪ɣҾôʵڲ̫
ţүӳһŵַݵôôϾҪʼ˰ѵ㲻μ𣿡
롱ַݵһЦүӵڲξ֮ǰѾ˵ҲںʲôͣʲôٷƣֻǵһѣȻѾȻҪѡˡ

㡭үɫѿĿַݣȫû뵽ַݾȻ˵ļͬʱҲǸеޱȵΪʲô˶ַһ˾ĹͶôĵȻ
Ĭ֮ү̧ͷַݵľĻǹͿɾ㲻ͷˣҾĴڡ
Ȼַ֪ݵЦЦүӵʲôȻںҶҪĻͰǷҲ㵽ͷȥɡ
㡭ðɣȻô֣Ҳͬˣ˽ͻص򡱣ַ˼ЦģүҲֻܵ˵ͷ
˵Ѿ˵ˣַҪ͵ĻǾͻᱻ忬ģɹ֮ɶ嶼һַݼҪĻҲͲܵõˣǵȻɫүҲǲԡ
ȻѾ¶˾ģүҲǲԥֱӰһǼսͻ˵򣬶飬ҶȻ֪֪ʱ򣬾Ѿˡ
ĵ׵ģ˶㵽ԼͷϸеһĨ߳ܣȻҲȷŬַȴҪãĻԼʧˡ
ѾزҲǲòˣԵȫеʱȻһ£ȴǸеޱȵ̾Ϣ
رվǰҶ죬Ǹеһ飬ΪУλȴַֻݵģԼվԲ˳
ô˵ôҲѾ˳ľУǶΪĸӢۻʱַȴѾĵĴܽص˵ϣӵпַ֮ҲǵһЦ
һѵǶʱ⣬ĺ֣ܿȻѾˣҲǲսȻЩźȴǲڣϾôһεľʣѾ㹻˲



555 Ҷ
ȻַܽѾ壬ַҲǴܽҡڵڴϣ뿪صʱַݾѾڳ̵УܽһñӣסǼĶ䡣
տʼܽҲǸоǳĲӦҲַݵΪԼãֻѡ˽ܣ·
𣿡ַݿϷгܽ۾ʱܽҲһĨޱȺɫ
ȫû뵽Լ磬Լİһȫһ磬һĨ㵵뷨
硱ַ΢ЦȷʣûǶҲǱз飬ϲĻҾʹɡ
ܽ˷ܵɫַݽгͣͣƺУŵ۾һҵȥ
³֮ǰܽҲѾǻױˣ˶ÿﻯȴ˻ҲǱȻģʲô߰ĻױƷŵϣֻڸסԭԭζ
ܷǳĲϰߣܽǽһУ˸߲ҵַһͬйҵ֣رڿһЩɫĶʱܽж¶ϲɫ
ַȻģֱӴһӣֻҪܽϲĶ̲ܽסһǣ˶Ľʼɺޡ
ܽѾԼ˴ˣԼϵȴβ˵ģԷ磬ҲǴŮһ
Ľʼɺ޵ĺܶ࣬ȫסҲһǾһ˶нֵֹҶȻֻǿһӰȴȫϳǸ˾ַݣǸŮ˭ѾҪˡ
ŮԼϲһŮ˵ܣôܻ᲻еʹ࣬ȷһжʱ˵εεˮ
ûҶϲַݣȻ̸ǰϲҲ֪ӺʱʼܾǴκȾƵʱַݾȳʱɣͶһ˿øС
ڽһδνӴУҶҲĸַܵݵǿԼ֮ôܲĽĸо
нֹ֣һÿ·ַݿܹ֮ԼɾĿǰѾûбҪˡ
еҶﾡкǰˣҲֻĬĬףˣϣܹҸǸŮˣҲѾǲµ˭ֻǲԸܰˡ
ʱ˵ܽһߵһѾǴ壬˽⣬ǰȥӪļӢ֮һ
ڱôʱԼĸԼʯ˶ˣַȴûг֣Ѿеޱȵĵǣڳ棬ҲֻȻ뿪
λܽҶ֪ԼûκεĿһַݵıӰ֮ѡ뿪

ʱַݷ·ܵʲôһ㣬ֱתͷǰһȻҶ̲סһ
ôܽҲһ˿ɻ󣬲˳ַݵ˹ȥֻһŮǣЩȻ˵ģ
ֻ˲䣬Ů˵ֱѾܽŮһϲַݣ΢΢һЦôλòŶһ𣬺Ŷ㲻ȥοһ£
ֻѶѡַӣҲǿɬޱȣ˲ı⣬˭ʵ̫ˣ̫ŮϲˣŻ᲻Ծ
һַݻҶȥһ΢ЦɰҲ𣿡
ŶϽԼ۽ǵ飬ҶǿһЦţôôͻˣûҸһ𣿡
ûУȻˣǾһ߰ɡַ΢΢һЦҶ룬ҪҶʶԼ䣬ҵԼҸġ
ðҶ˵ͷַݵԣһͬܽȥһľ̾λܽ˰ɣ㳤ÿ
лл佱ҲܺÿŶܽ΢΢һЦֱסҶĸ첲һͬǰţһһС
˾һͬôྫĶǵ֮ҶҲޱȵĶݣҲаҲֻ˰ɣ
һ˿ɫҶѾʶˣԼַݼǲܵģȻˣʵҲͦõģַݸĸоǴ㣬ǳů
ҲִܾԼϲҶҲȫĿˣҲ¶˵Цݣַοѡ
˺ŮӣܿҸǾԼԸģԺ˭һѾôҪˡ



556 
ַ˵ܿҶ￴һУһжֵõģʧȥһ˹ĻᣬֻҪԼѾ㹻ҲǸҶһɡ
ԼҶĵĻҶԼ֮ĹϵҲһĹ죬ַݲһ顣
ĿǰҶѾӦһУܽҲǳΪ˺ѣһ߹֣ҲԼĲ֮ͬȫĽַݸһԡ
ַȴǺ⣬ܳΪù۵ĻҲǷǳԸ飬ֻǾĸ󣬲ǡ
Ȼ˹֮ûֺҲֿտգҶҲǶܽ㣬Ȼ˵Ǿ͵ҶɣһкööĻҪˡ
𡭡һĨԥɫܽɫŵַݵϣ˵ͷ͸ַһ΢ЦðҲණҪ˵Ŷ
Ǿ߰ɣƵүүҲˣҲʶһͬףһ°ɡҶ˵ĵ˵ͷܽ־ͣĵطȥԼһгҶҸȥ
ַҲֻӣһĿЦ˵ʵڵģ治Ҷ棬һĻҶ϶Լһ
ܽȻ˵£ҲֻˣϷг˵󣬲һ·ǽ뵽ҶڲС
ڽ뵽˷кҶҲǰһ㣬ѾûˣҲжױ˰ɣҿ㾿ʲôӡ
ðܽɵĵ˵ͷҪ֪˿ޱȵ׽ȻԶԻױƷֶҲǴĵ׾ܾģȻѾûˣ׼ж¡
Ҷİ£ܽϵķ۵׸жɾ֮ҶҲȫľˣĿܽ㣬ǰСѼһ㡣
ַҲǿˣѾΣÿһο̲ס̾ܽݼֱǹ񹤣Ĳɷ
ˣҲƯİҲǴһ˰ɣ׷϶ܶɣܽһЦ٩Ҷ
һĨߺɫҶͷȻܽ˵ĵȷûôܻϣҲһĨˣ૵ٺÿôǲϲ
ٺ١ܽһЦḧҶôૣļ޲ȥĻǽ㲻λŶˮ𡣡
ѽҶŭĿһܽԹ֪۸ң£ҲĿԿǿŶ

˾ĿЦĳЩȽϴ󷽵ЦַĳЩʱ̲סеһ˿ΣŮȴһĲ⣬ַݶǸе˾档
ʵܲǵ̸ַҲֱԺһˮƷҲܽԼջԼ֮
ʣȥӪܽ飬ַǵһ飬Ͼʵ̫ΣˣΣյʱܶС
ǵʱӪȵʱ㹻˵ĳԽ˼ޣȻ϶޷ӳȲܽԼСᶪ
һжģ˵Ľܽ˳Ȼ˵ˣСȴްǳɴ֢Ѿȫʧ
飬ַҲֻǸе˺¶ѣûоúڣϾûȥĻͲʶܽοһˡ
һУҲսҲһĹΪθԼĺ˼°ɡ
뵽θеĺӣַݾ̲ס΢΢һЦںѾˣҲĸ¾ҪԼҲΪס
Ҳ֪кŮַ΢΢һЦв²ţȻھ֪ȴǲôȴžϲ
ԼջҲ̫ˣʶҶңõǵİ˾ӪĶԼɳ˲٣ͻһС硣
ȻջȻʶܽΪԼŮˣַûȥǾܾĻһǺɣ
ַʲôȱҪҲͷͨѣܽȻкܶ鷳ȴһҲڣҲ£Ͼ·˻صԼ磬˭Ҳκβ
ַͷ۵ǣܽصʱӦҪôŮͣϾ̫ܽرˣһͲǸˣȫڸǲ˵ġ
ͷַ֮Ŵ⣬һᶨĵȻסˣǾ˵ɣڵ磬ҲѾ޹˼ˣǣǲС˵ȥˣԼҲη塣
һͨַҲǲãǹĴЦѹԼͷôõܣҲڿóԼŮǷˡ



557 Ҷүӵľ
ڵĻ𽥱ĻַҲԾ뿪һλȻĺŲˮһСʱһŭҶ˽
ôˣҹҲ죬ⲻڲ𣿡ҶʮַŭĶַݿڵַһУûиܵٷƵֿУθʮ㡣
εʼ磬ַ޹ʵڱǸʵ;˵ģҲ֪ģڹ飬ĲҪҲҪҲˡ
㡭Ҷɴ˫ۣ˵Щʲôֻ˲һ׵ģ૵뿪ˣôһͣôЩͣ
ͿԼˣҲ˵ս˾ͳɡַνʼ磬ԺΪҲٳھӪˣҶô˵ô˵ɡ
˵ĵɡҶ̲סƲƲ죬ַʮֲΪеޱȵͷʹ޿κΣ˭ַҵĹûİ취ַκβ顣
ٺ١ַݵһЦҶļͰɣԺȡүүλϣԺһ鷳Ҳǲ
ΣҶҵӿɲøΪģԺ鷳ʱѶҿ˭Ҷ㡱ҶޱȵϬ˵仰ʱҲޱȵš
Ǿͺˣˣ㻹𣿡ַݵһЦٴˣүӻеҪ
ڿȲૣȥˡҶƲƲ죬ַָүӵ֮ԼҲıӰ̲סһ̾Ϣ
Ҷ˵ַʱȻ̣ܶһЩҲ̾Ϊֹر츳棬е̾硣
Ҷ͵͵ʹүӣַһϵĻտĸλϣүӼûκԥľ͸ԼĻشһȻĵҸ˵ԲڵλûҪͣߡ
ɴ˿ɼүҲޱȵĳַݣȴ޴־ȥӪҲǻʱѣүӸǸпѣҪ֪Щû˵ͱַǸλãǿ󼸱ϡ
ҶүӶףַѵǸͰסģֻ˳⣬ͬʱҲģԺҶѣַҲ᲻ܡ
ٴο˿ַݣ˿Լõķ䣬Ҷ̲ס̾һʵϧĻԼַݲûߵһ
ȻûȷĵõԼõĻظ֮ܽѾ֪Լõ³Ͼһ׵ŮǰַݲܻԼá
ҶҲֻǰ̾һΪԼǿøе˰ˣΣƲܲµĶˣҲֻ˳Ȼ

δ磬رүӵʱַгɻΪ˽УҲûݴ½һûһѶϢֱǳϡ
ʵַҲףδУûܵӰ죬˵һаԭе·оţǱַݸִδǾܻ
ʵ֮ǰַݾͿǹ⣬δ᲻ǱԼĺͳˣټԼ棬Ǿʲôģֻ룬ַݾͲ˸
ûбӰδҲãٲеޱȵĹԼӦҲıַݸеľϲ
׵Щַݾֱ˿У˿̵үѾݺһˮĵƷţַ󣬶ʱ΢ЦֵСӣǺö
Ǿ͹ˡַݵһЦδĲҶɲִȾأ˵δĲҶִĺ˲֪٣ַݶЩȥˡ
үӵĶ棬ַݶ豭һڣ϶ʱ¶ɫȻүӶ˵öĲˮɲдЩǵڵĺò衣
öһַݶʱ豭ŵϣЦŶүӵ˵үӣöɲҪһ㣿
Ȼϲҵ¾͸װ㣬ҿӣӦòΪͷӵĲҶİɣүӵһЦҲһĨϷʵɫ
νϳɾôַֿ֮ⲻھƣַݲ˼˵˵˳ַ֪ݻ˵Щʲô
ȻүӸˣַȻҲʲôˣ˿ڲһĿүӵүӣ֪УûгֹͻƵ˵ڣ뵽˻ӤĴڣ
ַۡݴ˻֮үӶʱеĲˮһȵĿַݵô֪֮ǻӤ磿Ҫ֪ͷҶǼǰ֪ڵİ



558 Ӵѹ
ò˵ܶʮһؿƼӰ죬ʱȻѾ𣬵ݴ½һĲģȻ档
ݴ½ϣӤĸȻҲǳ٣Ҳֹͱ˵ҵλ棬ͻƵ˻Ӥ磬գòȥһ硣
ַȻޱȵĺ棬һ羿ǸĴڣ᲻ݴ½һ磬߸߲磬ЩޱȵַݵĴڡ
ַݵ˽Լ²⣬ͻƻӤ֮ȥǸ磬϶ӵѤԼʣҺܿ磬ΪӤɶܹУ˵ɶɵķˡ
үӵľȣַҲĹ˼ɣֻǽٴ԰ԼǸʦͷϵʦ˵ģҲֻ˵лӤ֣ǲ֪ģҲү㣬ֹûС
ʦǸˣЩ֪汲϶˲õĴڣӤҲһ䱾ˡүԥƬ֮󣬻ǾַݽԼ
ŶַһĨ⣬үӵүȻΪʲôûָ£ָͻƻӤૣ
ܵġһĨɬ飬үӶַݸ̾ʮ꣬Ҿ󣬶ҹͻƵ˻Ӥ磬һж˰ٵĲǹҵ䡣
ʲô˼ַɫ΢΢һΪү֪Ĳ٣ҶԼҲкܶİԲ׷ʵ
үӳƬ̺󣬲һпģַݵȻ֪ӤĴڣǾӦ֪ΪʲôҪӤɣ
Ȼַ֪ݵ˵ͷνĻӤǽڵĽ飬仺תһεģеҿνԴԴϵգԻӤܹԴԴϵУϧڵ
˵ûүӻĵ˵ͷҪ֪𵤻ӤʵǼǳķѾ飬ȻνǾ㣬Ժ׾ܹһ㣬ѾˣѾήѵĻҲܻоڵӤƿزôֱӱ屬ɷˣ֪𣿡
⡭ַݾˣˣΪʲôλҪԼؼдϵĵһ仰ʮϵߣǧҪԣҲˣǼλؿЩѾ˻Ӥǿ֮ȴȫ˷ˡ
ΪǶˣȻͻƻӤľܹ֮ƿסӤӤǻǵ壬ԶǸ廵ԲŻ˷ľٶ

ˡַݲһĭͬʱҲѹǰԼΪѾѸˣжʱԵЩиһвһš
Ϊʮʹﵽ۷ѡͻƵĻǺܻܿǰүһҪѡȹһҪóȻԣһ˿ĻɹĿܻ
ȻζԻӤ˽⣬ַݵ֮ĸӵļᶨˣ˾޴һǰŬĻһ
һĨᶨɫַҲѾǴ⣬һ;ҪߵҲֻǲȻĻĿ
˿ַſүӣүӣûҪһ˵ֳɹૣҪ֪ȻѾʮˣҲһûϣǣ
ҲôҪ֪еǣ̫ˣҪԵĻһȵСܹλú󣬲һүӵһĨɫȻһƶߣģǳԼǸߣһޱȴߡ
ߵĿ꣬Ȼһ̣ǣ̫ˣԱõȵǣҶѾһַݴĵ׵Ϊλ˸е˲ףֻϣܹ㿴͸һУѡ̣ϾԽ󣬻ɾԽС
׵Щַ֮Ҳǲпү̫ǣңֺγǣԼŮԼˣߡ
ͱ˵ԺʱУͻƵ˵ڣܹͻƵӤ뵽һʱǷԼŮԼĺǣǸδ֪š
ԴǸãµľǸȫյģֻܽܳȥ˵Ļһ뵽Ҳһ
һ뵽˽УַҲǷ·ͨʲôһ㣬ǰһȻܷŵǣǾȡһͬȥһ硣



559 ų
ʣǸޱȷ뷨Ҫ֪ʮͻƵڣǶδ磬Ҳһǳѵ飬ʱүҲֻǼһͻƻӤĴڶѡ
뷨Ƿ񣬶ַҲûκȴ뷨ΪԼԼŮǷ룬ԾǱȵ컹ѣҪ
Ҷַ˵Ҳǲһ飬ΪڿӵԴǮңҲҪҵڣʲôûǮࡣ
ַ֪ĵرͻƵӤߣսͲǿһҲںԼʱ򱣻ǲͺˣԼŮ˶ãк
뵽ַݵͷʱͨүѯԼעһЩ⣬ͱ˵ڣүӣȻλѾͻ˻Ӥǿ϶Ҳ㽲ɣ
ԽԽɣʦϾûгӤˡүһľᣬҪ˵ַһҲ֪ӤĻ˵һЩؼԵĶҪ˵֪Ļֻ֪ЩʣʲôҪԼ͡
˲伴ţүϸ˼һſڽ͵λӤֶ˵ණҲص˵˳Ǽ¡
һȻĿַݣү˿ڲˮҪ֪ΪʲôӤҪգʵⲢԸģǲòô
ΪʲôַжʱһĨϲɫıʼֻͻƵİ취ǺܶණûдŻү̡
˿үӵҲһĨɫӤֺǿ󣿷ݵأܹתǾͬһ㡣
ȷַ̲סǵ˵ͷѾؿмλ棬κεĶԿģܹܵǾˣҪǣλ߻ͻĻӤ֡
ҲûƵġүɫһҪ֪磬ͲǷǳĳ㣬޹˼ɵյĻﶼҪ֪ɾﵮģǼĻ綼ǻٵ
˵ţүӵҲһĨֵɫûпλӤĴڣ߹ĵطǾ㣬˽ӽԣǸǲܺоԼڼٱһ㣬ϴҲǸ˺üʮԶоԼڵڷһ㣬ȻѾǾĿˡ
ˡַݲһȫ󵽣ӤҪɱһߵĻͲʹֻҪַŵϣǿ˲ͻᱻɸʬ

ԡַݻڸпʱүȴһһصĽǴ磬ΥתҲ磬ǲǿҵųС
ΪټȥĻǿ綼һƬͻ˻Ӥ֮󣬾ͻĵ׵һĸоϿУһǣǣ֮ϣһ㱡ĤֻҪȫһȭͿԻ㱡Ĥ뵽һ硣
ȻǿԼĵֿǣʱţǣҲԽԽҼӤߵʱѾҪԼͣļˣʱ䣬ֻǰ겻ѡ˵꣬үвһĨڻӤֵĿ־УͬʱҲһŻӤȥǸ磬εľʡ
ⲢܹĴڣģ㽫ԼЩȡܹͻƵӤһִͬľʡ
ףַжʱһĨɵɫΪ֪ҵλ棬ݴ½Ǵ˲̵һʱȥһ磬Ҳûү˵ôһǿ
ϸһ˼ַ֮뵽ԣһүӼλӤ߱Ҫǿ࣬ԲŻӣų⡣
һܣݴ½ҪŨ࣬ԾͻƵ˻Ӥ磬еҲǿܹλգųҲСࡣ
ȽϣַݻǾԼȽڵڶֿԣΪ٣ݴ½Ҫ࣬ݴ½ܰһ㣬ֵܹʱҲܸһЩ
ַǸ磬ֻ̲סӣڵ۾סʱľΪͣ͵ģΪʵ̫ˣҲǣ۾ĸУ㹻ǲйˡ
뵽ַݲ⣬ǾǵһʱǱټҰǨ뿪۾ǸطȥһԣĵطΪټĻǲ˷ʱ⡣



560 ַݵ뷨
Ǹַ֮ǵûзɣǸӵĽ˵Ѿ˻ڵΪҾʮ껹жʮꡣ
ǺЩһһͻƣҪǳŬˣҲԼŮŬˣȻʱһġ
ַлһʣȴǲ׼ʳˣȻү֪֪ݴ½Ĵڣûϵ
ϵĻãûϵĻǱ֪Ƕݴ½˵һѣȻǸڶ࣬ЩǼսһֿûеġ
ַݾԼȥ֤һ£ȥһȦѾа취ͻݴ½ķصˣҲʱǰ
һȻ鹦ڳ̵ǿռͨУƾԴδԼʵοڵ磬ݴ½Ȼһ磬Ҳڵģȫܹܵźš
źַݻǸеޱͷʹģ̵ĿռܹͨٴͻƣܹȫҪܽͨĻԼʹŻӵĵӦ֡
ַҲֻ֪һѣΪڵĿռͨɶǽܹλ֮ϵģûĻôܹȷĶλڵλãͨ򿪣
˿ַ˦ЩүӸмүӣл˵ЩҸ֪ĶҲ֪ˡ
ǾͺãʲôĻԼңһ˵ġү̲ס˵ͷҲһĨ
ַȫпͻƵӤľ磬ΪڵŶʮ겻Ǿ綼ѾͻƵ˻ڵжΣҪ˶ãܹżˡ
ʵַݳ֮ǰͻƵӤȻԼҶ죬ȻѾʮˣʮǰֻҪŬһ㣬Ҳܵ۷ġ
лˣүӾͲһ̾ĻҲ˲϶٣Ϊѧ츳ֻ·ѡ
ûֻǷһˣܲܳɹһҲûУȻ֪ԼܻܿôãҲѾ㹻ˡ
ַһأΪ֪Լصִ֮󣬽һϵеĸı䣬״ˣȻһ

Ʋ⣬үӲһĿַݲѯʵСӣ֮׼ȥʲôѵţ
ȻᡱַݵһЦ֪ĻҲԴ̵ֵĻǲǰ׷ôõԴ
Ȼַʵ̫æˣܻôʱһУĹ滮УԼҪģ飬Ȼǽˡ
Ϊûбθεˣ̳дƴôãҲܹ֪ʲô׬Ǯʲô׬ǮرַеЩʯֻнܹá
ַҪܹͻƾĶԼŮǷãȻҪԪͬԪΪЩɶǽֹͨġ
ҪЩĻǿԪǲеģҪһϵ֪˭ֶȻҪܹЩԴĴǣЩܹͻƾĶɶϡƷƾŹϵҲ򵽡
ʱʯܹӳ޴ãϾЩĵرҲʯȡĻпܻ
Լ磬ûʲôϵΨһеģɾֻҶˣַȻܻҶңүԼҶҶңܰĶֻܹڲǣ
׼ʲôӦǾ̰ɣַһصģүҲ̲ס˸ۣΪַݲҪͷصĻҲֻǾˡ
ү¶ˣٺ١ַڨڨһЦȷ׼̣Ҳκ˶ǿһϵǾŮŮ
Ȼ⣬ǾһҵѾˣΪڶǵ໹ûͨԳ̵ͲͳΣ˭ɵϣĶŲ죬໥׬۵ĻǾޱȵı
˶̫ҳԣΪȻǩЭ飬᲻ãǻֻǸδַ֪ݾûˣϾڿǰˣˣᶯ
үҲȻܹ뵽һ㣬΢΢һЦҲãˮʲôĻȻҶ̸ܰģһ



561 Ǽʺ
үӵĻǷǳĳϿңҲַǷǳĸжȻˣַȻҲҶҳԿҪǰһϣһ׬ǮΪǿһŬĻʵҪ̫̫á
ҶҵİǾͲһˣǮҶԼȨ໥Ļܳư̽磬һĳ̶̵ܹ֮ȫչ
û֮ҰľѾַݵУȻչ̵Ȼڵ˵ǳ˵Ρ
Ҫ̵֪ÿɶǼǧڵ룬벻νֲǵĶ»ûһȱǮлùȨǼڵ顣
ַ˵Ҳǲܵһ飬ΪǮҲ˿ʯЩ׬ٶǮΣǻһԵʱʯҲܹǽһС
뵽ַݲ΢΢һЦүӵôүûȤϣһҵҶҲȨǮ
ŶҶүжʱһĨ⶯ɫȻҶҿޱȵӴ󣬶ʲôҲȱֻ֪Ҷô壬ÿĵǮƿɶǾġ
ҶиûжٵǮֲмȨ׬ЩǮǮƷ淴ǳΪҶϴѵһ顣
ַôһᣬүӶʱȤһ⶯׼ôԵĻҲҶһ֣
ȻǼʺߣҪ֪ڵĶǣǿİһûпѹĻƽأ̻ѵү㲻ģַ΢Цŵ
Ȼġүӵ˵ͷҲ¶һĨɬҪ֪ҪǼʺ߿ɲô򵥵һ飬ЩȻ԰㴦Ǯ棬Ҷҿò
ûУаַݵһЦȻֻʮԪֻҪͨεһӪȻܿ׬ȡʼʽ
ж٣Ҫ֪һС͵Ǽ佢ҪԪҪ׬ǮĻûиһڵĳʼʽ𣬿ɸ㲻үӲĻش
ַѾ׼ӴĿ֮Ҳ̲סЩ࣬Ҳֻѣ΢΢һЦͷİɣǮһóģʱֻҪ׼ˡ
Ǿˣһ𷢲ơҶүҧҧֻҪǼʺ߿ʼǴʵǮƾͻԴԴϵǵĿڴҶҲͲ׽ˡ
ģ˱һϸڣȻұַΪǼʼŵļţռ˰ٷ֮ʮĹɷݣҶֻаٷ֮ʮѡ
ٷ֮ʮүܳˣҪ֪ҼŵĽɶǽַǵĹϵԼǮ棬õôĹɷݣַǫøǵġ
үӲЩпַݻҶҵĸദһ£ҶѾǲʽҲܿͻ
үӶַݲԽԽ˳ۣͬʱҲϵĸ̾ܳΪԼҵŮǸжˣֱ绢
үҶҲһַܽ󣬸ͲٿԼŮҲֻѡ

үӳãڷ˵ĻܽԼҶҶҲ˿УĿڴЦŵˣҶ쿪ڵүүôôˣѵۼɶ·ˣ
Ȼү΢΢һЦҶһֱȱǮַϿǵߣϴҲýˣ˵㲻Ǻ£
Ҷ̲סǰһҶҵĵϵڼв滹˽ģ֪ҶҵϴѣܹԸεĻһ¡
ʱһ΢ЦܽҲӭ§סַݵĸ첲ǶˣҲһ£ܹҵͨĻǶҲøӵİ硣
Ǿͺáַ΢΢һЦԼܽеˣڿȫǶˡ
Цһ߽⣬ҶȻǲ֧֣ܽҲǷǳ֧֣˵һжǳֳһϵ
ҪģҲʽ⣬Լ˲ƸˣֱַӾͷȨҶңǰ˲žͺãԼ棬ֻҪһලþˣν˲ɣ˲ãַݶҶһ൱εġ
ҶȻҲƽЩʹľʹӦͬʱҲϸԼһҪˣʲôУַݸΣȻûַʮĳš
˴ϲӣҶүҲǴһӣֱó׼һֱķˣַԼܽǳԵľΪʵ̫óˣЩ磬򲻵ֻҶĴܹó
Թͣٴһ󣬱ѡ˻طϢȻڵַݻܽѡ˷ֿ˯ûʽߵһز
ַҲżһеˮɾͺãȻҪܽԵ



562 ๦
һַݱѡ˸ǣҶ֮ȻǲᣬҲַ֪кܶҪȥҲͲˣ뿪Ҷҡ
ܽڿνǾĿףȻַݵԣ΢Цװģȥʲôطǻ˵һʱ𣿡
żȴȥһСַҡҡͷȻѾܾûлؼˣҲǳԼŮǣмǳҪҪȥ֤ԵȻȥҲ
һ磿ܽһĨãȻɫַѯʵѵһʱ֮⣬һǸһڣ
ġַӣݴ½һЩϸڽܽû뵽֮ܽȴЩȵⲻ൱Ƕǵؾ𣿡
ؾַݶʱһ㶣ЩȵѯʵѵǶҲһݴ½һ㣬һγȵ磿
ǵġܽСͷɲ⴫ŶΪǸ磬ҲֻҲ֪顣
ɵϡַ̲ס˹ǿɰСǵͿૣôܻ˵ܣޱ׽εˡ
ܽ϶ʱ¶һĨЦݣΪַݸղ˵ЩɶеܣܹԼȻǽԼ׽εˡ
ԸκεĿǣܽҲǻĽԼ֪Ķ˳ĳЩرĶַݸǳԾŴ͡
˵ҲߵģǵʽȫһǵʽǴһʼͨڤ
տʼҲֻǿѣܹﵽһľ֮Ǿеľһ㣬ӵſԲݸֲħԪЩ
ȻʽȫֻͬҪǾڱǿǿַѾһƽϣķʽҪռһơ
ַȥޱȵĳԣݴ½Ҫԣ࣬ҲǱȻģΪ˶ıǱҪǿ̫ˡ
Σܽ˵ǿĴڣҲֻܹݿħԪɱ˵˶ѣûӵԴԴϵյĴڡ
Կǵһַݶʱ¶˾ģһĶܽܽӽ쿪ʼͷǶ˵ʽѧϰʽɡ
ܽҲǳһЩηǶ˵࿴ƲӦҲЩһİɣ
⡭ַݵҲһĨܽ幹಻һĻ治֪ôˡ

࿿ͻƵľ磬ܽȻκε⣬Ҫȴڻ׶ΣǾͲҪˣרעʹڵľ䴢浽С
ʣܹǿľ磬ǿľΪľԼΪԴȪĵûĻô
ٲԸ⣬ַҲǲòԣΪܽҪĹԺſգԼȥһ硣
һַһصĿܽҲұ֤ȴԳһ£ʵڲУ˵ɡ
õġ̲ܽס˵ͷһ˫ӨĴӿַݵҸôǲҹҾͿֱˣ
ַݶʱЩãȻˣڶ治֪ô̵ϸ˼Ƭַ֮ݱ⣬ǾǴĽ
ϾܽȻ֪һЩĻھණûһ˿ֱַ֪˷гܸȥͬʱΪܽһЩԵĶ
ľԼ￪ʼٵľԼַ֣ݶǲŲæķǳϸܽҲķǳ棬ҷǳĴֻҪַһȫ׹
һ£ȴһ£ַһֱǷǳĵǣܽǷܹĲͲ֪ôˡ
˻棬Ȼ͵ʵⷽ棬ַһĭܽҪʵѣֻҪڼϰ׶Ӧøͻˣ԰ɡ
šһĨڴɫַݿʼ˶֮ܽҲ˲ҿʮֵı׼ַݶޱȵľȡ
һ׶ַ꣬ݶʱ̧ͷûü˵һǳϤž㵵תͷһֻܽӳһȭžǴڷġ
ţν𣿺ܼ𣿡ϸһ̧֮ܽͷɻɫַݵ



563 ͻ
ַݾˣȫû뵽ֻܽѵһѣѾͻƵ˵֮ҿ䷢ӳҲԲĳڣ۷塣
ˡַݲһĭͬʱҲǻȻܽûиڣȻǶ˵취ಢһҲͬ;ȶ
ܽŵҲνǿԵõ˹ֻ֮һܱķʽȻҲܹͻƵ硣
ܹﵽĳ̶ȣȻÿǿܹﵽĳ̶ȣܹﵽ۷Ļûһ˿һƿֻǻһַʽֳѡ
һַҲһܽһĿǰԼ״ַݼǻʲôϽҰʽɣͻƵĳ̶ȡ
Ȼѧɡַݵ˵ͷܽͻư׶ܽ׶֮ܽҲǺ׵ľ˰۷ΪַҲ̲סࡣ
Ȼε̽ޱȵĳɹܽҲﵽ˰۷壬漣ͻƵ̽ҲַΪŵһ̽ˡ
ɹȻãܽҲĹʱͻƵӤ磬Լһͬȥһ磬Ҳͱ鷳Ҳ
һַ֮ݲڵܽһᴫһܲĹǾͿһˡ
ţ׵ġַصı飬ܽҲǲЩţַݵ񣬶ǴһĨη壬Լ׹ַʧ
ǺãھͿʼɡַݵ˵ͷķʽϸĽܽȷ֮ߵһԣȴܽ˹
ַݵע֮£ܽʱ˵ϣַĹʼȻҲޱȵĽţʱҲޱȵĳ
ַݵĹ۲У֮ܽܵʼ仯˲뵽ڣⲢѾɹˣΪܹ浽ĳɹ
ޱȽŵĿַ̲ܽסһ󾪾壬ܿܽڵѶϢֻǵȴȴĻش𣬳ɹԼʧܣͿˡ
Сʱַ֮ݵĸ֪УܽϢ˲һ䣬ϢַҲޱȵϤǻеϢȻܽҲѾܳɹ̤һҲ֤ˣоҲеġ
ַݲЦѹǵһ£ҲѾĽʣµֻҪڼϰˣûκε⡣
ܽһкҲޱȵľϲܹĹ˵Ҳһǳֵصһ飬Ҳνǿʱһν

˻ھϲеʱ򣬷гҲѾʻũܵϿգַݵɫҲ˲ѡֶƣʻԼϤǸط
ĿѧѾﵽ˶㣬ܻǱ൱ηģΪеĴųԼصĵط̫ˣͲܹ̽
ִַ֪Ҳɳӣ̸ũ֮ܵȴǣЩȫװľȫʧûһ˻ŻԴҲǽΪ˽
ַݼʻũϿյʱ򣬷г϶ʱһ󾯱棬ǰũΣգ齫߶ǧϣѡƵǧܽ롣
ڷгľַȻһҲ⣬ֱӹر˾֮󣬰Լϴδũг·߿ʼн
Ȼ·̾ıǨҲһı仯Ƿǳľ޴ַݲûʲôţһ뵽ǴӵŴųɽǰ
εطȻʹ÷гȹֱַӽг𣬲ܽȥ;ޱصľܵж
ũʵ̫ˣȻ·ַѾ߹ǷͻȻܳʲôΣյĶöַ֪ݲòСľ裬һвԾĵطͻܽѡ롣
ȴǶˣ·̷ǳİȫַݲûʲôΣգߵҲޱȵİȫ֮ǰ߳δų򣬲Ӫס
ũΣյĵطѡҹнǼǳΣյ飬ַո˵󣬵ҲǲðգҵһЩԼ֮󣬱ѡ׼͡
ޣҲޱȵļ򵥣ȴǳԵĽζԹ֮˱һ𣬿޾ǿգ²һŲǶǡ



564 
һҹʱܿȥַݵı֮£ҹҲûзκεΣգܽ˯ޱȵİȣ·ַԣûκεĹ˼һ㡣
һУܽҲѾǽ뵽˻ڣܹﵽһ̶ȣǾ͵ÿǱܹеĳ̶ˣַݵĲ²⣬ܴﵽľ磬ƻԼࡣ
ԳƵʷϵһ漣һеڣ˾ޱȵˣַݾӦõģҲǱȻġ
Ϊܽ˵ĹѾǴﵽһľ磬ĹֻˮɰˣַԼҲֻˡ
׼һЩͣ˳Թٴѡ··ַ̣ȴޱصĻ˸ףܽңǰܻΣա
ʲôΣգѵ㶼ܽ𣿡ܽһĨȣҪ֪ӽ뵽Ǿߵޱȵڣһַصı飬ȻԵޱȵľȡ
ҲȷСĵ㻹Ǻõġַݳĵ˵ͷΣҲиоޱȵĹ죬ͬʱҲıҲȷ
ûΣִʱֻе˻˵ֻѾΪʲôַݻ˵Ľţ
ϸ룬ǲûַܵݵӰģĻУɻúúúõģһĸӵǿһַû׼ĻǾԻǲ
ַҲȫȷϾ˵Ѿ뿪ȥһطҲϣһжÿˡ
ĵ׵ģַݺϣֻܹΪڵǺöܹٵõһţǶԼİɾʹˣܹʣ²ٵʱ䡣
ַҲǲЩη壬ϴֻǶǿһٶصıǨָѾѧʲôĶҲûһܹ
飬һлˣַ̹ȻĴܽǰţܹĻǾ׵ĻˣҲǿǰɣ
𽥽ӽݴ½ǸӴʱһͬŭķ񣬶ǰĴҲǴһ޴Ķ
ֻһַһĨη壬Ϊĸ֪Уøӵǿˣǿ˲ֹһܿ
ת֮£ַݶʱ⣬æĴܽһɽ֮ϣӸ˲ֿȡ˷ŲܽǸϽȥⶫʵ̫ˡ
ȻܽҲǱŵˣ޺ͬһ쳹ԺУźȻȸаȫˣʱ˽ȥҲһĨ塣

⵽ʲôַһͬ˷ţٿŷŻ֮ܽжʱһĨηɫֳ˺档
һҲ˵ͻƵ˵ľַһĨصɫΪ̽Уһ״ĶڼٵŴ˴ٶִ˲ֹһ
ϴַʹø׾ͽˣʹõǷţǳģޱϾޣҪԿ࣬ǻҪ˲١
˻һͻ˵ľ֮ܽٴһĨηԼ֣ŮͶеη壬οľ
ܽŲӣһηģַЩ۵õģǿǼսϣ˵һһɽҲһڽ򴩣ûʲôµġ
ַôһ˵ܽеηʱ˲٣ɴһ㣬Ǵ׳γĻ֮֮Ƿһ̶ļС
ַҲ̲סһΪϴȣͷ·õ˳ɱһ㣬ٴһȦַݹƣ뾶ʹﵽϣȸԶԶĳ˰ףϸ۲ƬĻͿԿоȻһ˿ɫ
ı仯Щطھͷ˿̾ȻһǣȻǺܳȴַݴĵ׵ĸеη壬뵽˻ĵĳЩ˵
Ϊԣ˫ΪȻѾٴεõͻƣӾɱ˴˵еû񻰴˵ֺ绽ı£ַݲǷǳ⸱ģ㹻о̾̾񻰴˵ҲΪʱ
ͬʱУַҲޱȵĹ죬ΪԣǻеͼڣȻһԣ߼սһʱ治֪ô졣
ַݾǷŹʱѾ˷ŵǰ˫ͨӵŷţ·Ҫһڸ̵ģ
˲̵ģַҲǻˣҧҧǸʲôȻңǾԲ˶ߣڵ¡



565 
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Σաַݴ׼ʱûһɾ޴ΣУϸ֮ȴµֻϣȻһĨɫĹâΣĨϹ֮ϡ
ǡַȫľˣĨɫĹâȻûȫĳΣȴܹǾǵ⣬Ҿǵ͵ѹֵ⡣
ˡ̲סһĭַͷһѵܹ绽ꣿܵĻΪʲôܹ⣿
ʵַȫˣܹ⣬ȻΪڵãʲôͻƵ֮Ҳܹڴڵͨĳʽͷų
ͱ˵ǰ츳ǵ磬ڵѹ֮󣬾ͨķʽͷųԶ̹Ŀģں绽꣬ĳ̶ȡ
һַ˵ҲνǲĴڣԵϣַݷϵСͼװöʱȥõĵ⣬ҲѸٵŷŻ
ꡭ˷ַֻ֮϶̵춯ȻǵȻеãƵʱ뵽ᱻ׵еʱԵ⼸˲ͱɢ˿û̫ɱ
ŵļҲ˲ȴûַͬϴһ㣬ֱڻƤ⣬ɴ˺ʹ಻
ַݵĹ۲֮£еĵطֻЩڶѣƬû䴩ȻѾʧȥ˶ԴǰޱȼЧɱ
ҲǱȻģϾѾΪȻǴȵӣǱִֵֻһǾʵ̫ˮˣʵ
ΣܵסһΣܵסʮΰٴεĹȻⲢûӦеɱˣǻģеȳ̶ȵļⲻУ͵ҲС
ֱַӵһ¼Ĵϸ̶ȣд͸ĳ̶ʱͣһ㻹ܵס㵲סһΣܵסʮΰٴβɣ
ַݵʱҲǸоΣҲ˹Լĵûκεãûһַʽ
顭ֱһβһ޴ʯٵһλһ飬ǿʯʱͬһŷŸȥɴ˿ɼǿ
ַҲǸܵΣʱŷţĿһִ͵װȥһʱľʯ

ûǸ׵Ļַݾֻѡһ취ˣǳķţȻܹȫԻѹƣѡ
ʹȫַܲĿըһƬ˶εĺڱȫĸը˽̿¶·ǽʵļ⡣
ʲôжǿѪҺȫʱҲֻһҲˣԼƬʱѾһʶǾԼټȥĻһ
Ⲣ򲻹ַݣַڷϣռƿյƣһϻž޴ѹƣܷɣȻַûκεİ취
ʶһҲսֱһתͷһٵܣַôܻŹʻŷһ߷׷һ߷ĿŻ
ȻֳĸоַʮֵˬȻڵҲ֣ʱºҲܹͻƵڵ۷壬ܹƾڵеľ޴γԼĽ𵤣Ϊһߡ
һ뵽ַݵо⶯׷ҲǸӵˣֻȴûз֣˿ڳһɽŷţ߼߶ȵľҲڷٵš
߾뻹ʣٶ׵ʱ򣬾ͻȻ̾һţͬһ㣬ѸŷųǰҪ֪ʿԶݵͣڿˣοǴԵ
áǼٷַһӽ˷ŵһֻ࣬Ҫβһ飬ͿԽŸ⡣
һַָ֮˲ͬ㴩ѸٵĿŷһȥûҪ۸ڿת򲻱ص㡣
ֻҲûȫͬβŵβܵصһǾ޴Ŷĵת˺üȦҲ˾ҵľ



566 ɱ
棬棬β𣬶ϵͳܵˣǷöԱ֤С
⡭һĨɬŶϵͳǼ£ȻеǮҪĻҪķѲٵľС
ڿûʱַݸ̾ԥѡ˿öϵͳʱŵ·ڣŸ̶˿УȻܹУûеˡ
ˡܽһֵģַвһĨУת˲תΪһĨᶨǾˡ
䡭ǰļⷢѸٵķ䣬ҲǲҽѸٵѰڵҪסʵ̫ˣʲôڵܽȫĵס
ʱһһĹȥҲĵĲˣĽܽһỊ̃һ뵽ղײеģǼᶨҪɱ̬
ʵַݲô鷳ֻҪŸ߱ͿĲģ»˺ͷڵƻǾ͵òʧˡ
ʹüȻЧȴǿԲٿ佫˺ڵֻʱѣַݵȵ
һСʱ˵ϣַҲǲûͣ£Ͽвٿŷţȫƻ֮ͣ˵ϡ
ǷӴַҲޱȵĸпⶫŵִĻǿ¾ֻðʰˣѣͲȹ޲
𣿡ǰѾûκζܽлһĨɫϾ֪ģǼǿǱڶҧˣȻⶫҲڳɡ
Ĳˡַ΢΢һЦղڽϵʱѾ÷ϵɨһ£ѾȫʧȥϢŸҴİƱ
ַݵĿ϶ܽʱһƨ˵ϣҲһĨµĸоϾѹʵ̫ˣ֪͸֮ŷ
ַҲ̲סһ̾Ϣǿʳ粻ǿƵʱ򣬿ǽⷽԲĶﶼԼʳַݱǿȻҲܽ䵱Լȡڵ
ܽһηģַļһɣǱȥʰһ¡
ţȥɣСĵ㡱һηĿһۣܽԭأַһ룬СһЩ
ַݵ˵ͷҲСͷȥһͷסǸǡ

ʱ˸ַһƬĻһʵ磬Ϊɱһֻڴ˵еǿģ˶е
δ磬ַݵɾͿɾûʲôþȵˣΪǼ̽Уֹ඼ǿǼսܻΣա
ô˵ǸȻԼƬž޴óȻõĶͷеڵԼǸǡ
ȻڵĵĲλҲܹͻƵһĲλԲҪģǸǣַݲ֪ʲôãЧҲܲʱҸ֪ʿʾˣѪ
ֱóһѴ󵶣סеУַݻĽǿڵȡ˳һ֮󣬷ڵִǿҪ˲٣ҲҪ٣ȻЧҲӵǿ
ַҲǽȡбȽһЦŽ׳ָҲޱȵĳأϻӵޱȸӵĻƣַЩĿ
ôһǣޱȵļӲ϶һڣȴһ̺۶ûԳƵǼӲ˼㡣
Ȼһʲôãַݻöֻ֪ǽս˸˲ֿУʬ壬ȴַݸеޱȵͷʹ
Ȼô޴ͣ˲ֿȷܹװ£ôַҲǲԣܲһֱŵ˲ֿ˷ѵɣ
ˡϸ˼һַݵжʱһ⣬ȻˣǾøҶе·Ҳûʬ塣
뵽ַݺԥĲҶүӵѶҶүҲ˲𣬲һЦĶַݵСӣʲôͷӰǡ
ֻ˲䣬үӱ㿴ַȻҲһĨֵɫΪȻɢϢ͸ѶЩڡ



567 
ַ΢ЦʼһѾԵľͷĶԼڵڵѾˣӴүҸδ
ȥүӵĺǳĸߣַ˵ľ֮Ҳ̲סһֿڡ
֪֮ڵͻƣǿĥҩۣ׳ĹЧѪҺöŵҩ֮󶼿߻Ѫӡ
˵ⶫ۵ĻǼʮڶ˻ṺΪʵ̫ˣܹ֪ЧãǴһϿģھǷΪ棬һֱȷϣַ֮ˡ
ַԸ⽫ԼүҲǼȻǼ̽ʱҲƵȻȻЩͲҩܹҩҲȫûڵɳĶҩЧ޴
ڿ֮үоѾְ취ľ֮ԼҴҵĶַݵŸϽÿռͨⶫҴҶ
ǡַ΢΢һ㶣ϷʵүӵȷǿװȻҪҪѡտĵطٴͣ
ȿȡүҲһΣ˲жߵҶլĺԺУַݵϻˣϽͰɣⶫԽʣЧԽǿҸҿ϶ѪҺľԲҪ
˻ַݲһĻǶ˵ž޴İҪ֪Ůǿɲһô̿ѵȻ඼ѾöͻƵ˰Ҳ˶ѡ
ܹõŵҩŮǱܹɵͻƵɾɶˣҲʲôųУϾҲܹףͻƵĻɾͲһͬһˡ
õүӵ׿ַ֮ݶʱûκεԥֱ򳬼̵˴͵Ŀռ䴫ͨ󻺻ͷѡ˴͡
ռͨ򿪣һɾ޴⼸ʮֵľǸ˽ȥβʧ֮ѶһͷүǾӰҲѾǻĳˡ
ʣ֮үӶʱϲĴ˳޴ĶҲǽҶҵĿⶼ˹ҶҶǴСеģʬ壬жôĹء
ַҲǵһЦ֮󣬱رѶүӻԼһĴ𸴣ڲżԹرѶ֮󣬱ܽͨڴȥ

Ȼַͨڵʱ򣬴˴ѱïܵȫǣһģȻǸûݴ½Щ꣬ûκεϵ
ַݲһЦԼҪһݴ½һܾʰɣԼǷҲɹǾͲö֪ˡ
ĽЩ޳¶ͨڵĴţտķʽ֮ϤİɫâʱӶڴַҲޱȵĸп
̼ǵϴѪߣһСʱ߳ģҲ಻лЩ̫ġ
ܽȻֵıַݻҪӵĲǰɵĶڣжʱһĨڵľ壬еΣУǴĵ׵Ķδ֪е˿־塣
ַҲֽסҪ£ͨǳȶģ㣬һܰȫеġ
šַݵİο֮£ܽҲǰ˲٣ǣַݵֱ㻺ŶȥԼַ֮ݵֲӵĽ
ַȻܹܽĽţһ·ϣǲסİοܹһ㣬Ȼ˿˴ˣͨǣŵ֣ȴǽһ
һСʱ·˵˵Ҳ̣˴Ӱ߳ٴο˴˵ʱֱܽһͷַݵĻУȻ·Ǹе¡
ַǰοȫƽ֮ŵ߰ɣиʵǣѵͲ𣿡
Ȼ桱ǿѹԼе£ܽ΢ЦŶַݵͷ󣬸ȥ߳Ƭ֮󣬳ǰģȻһƬε֡
ȫûоκ˹ɫ֣ܽҲǰһ˱ϲȻοȫȻ֣ϸܵĻҲǳ˵Цݡ
ַȴҵһڷĵطзһ鳬̵ĵ½´ԼҪʱͨ½ͿԺ׵ٴνݴ½
һкַŻ˸ףܽһ·ŷ羰һ·ݴ½ĺĴ񶼸ȥ



568 飿
ʵַ˵ĿֻһǾǷһ鳬̵ĵ½ʱԼʼʱҲԺסݴ½硣
˵ĿѾﵽˣַޱȵĺһ㣬ǾûܵԼӰݴ½ҾٴζԼٹûС
Զ׼ģַ񶼵ʱĴѾ𣬶ҵ񶼶ĽŸǿ;š
ʵַݻܺһ㣬ǾûбԼӰ磬ԼЩǣһַ֣ȴȫûȥ˽⣬Ϊ˽Խ࣬ͻޱȵĳء
ͱ˵δ˽⵽һû̵ܵӰַһԼޱȵĳأҲޱȵˣԼȢҶӨٻƽƽĹһŮŮҲѾȥڽѾٲȥˡ
ʱǲ֪Ǹ֪ĳЩãַֻ񶼹һȦ֮󣬱ܽܽǻǸʱȥɣҲûʲôġ
ô죿ܽһٴӿһĨڵĿ־壬ǶʱյĿ־壬жַŮǵĿ־壬Լᱻǵż
ַȻܹеļɵԸհοˣĺܺõģȻЩ̫һһǲģǶҵŮˡ
ͣܽҲ͵ЦһϷʵĿַݵ㻹ֻ岻ݴǵĽ
ٺ١ַڨڨһЦ˵ʵǶҵŮˣҲһҲܵ۸Ȼֻһˣĺܰǡ
ܽ΢Ц͸ַһǣһЦĵҶĻҲ˵ˣǸϽȥǸʱհɣҸǸطŶ
Ǿ߰ɡַݵ˵ͷֱӿ˿ռͨԼһʯ̵߳½ܽһͬ뵽С
Ϥĸоַܽ˶ʱͨһȵϣֻһ˲䣬ܽϾ¶ޱܵɫַݸһ
ôǲˮϽסַܽһĵǵȻѾµܽԼȾص϶ܲӦû뵽ȴôǿҡ
ܽû˵ҡҡͷڵϢ˺һ󣬲ſЦĿڵ磬˵һȾ̫ˣҸպʱֻԼ˲䶼Ϣˡ
ںõ˰ɣܽںַһȻһܣȸղһ԰׵ģѾ࣬ȻӦˡ
öˣϢһǾͿԳˡܽĵ˵ͷȻʮֵܣѾ𽥵ܹˣҪ˶þȫӦ

ַһԭܽһСʱܽȫӦһУվַݵǿԳˡ
ţ߰ɡַݵ˵ͷֱӻ˷гܽһͬŵ۾ķжȥֻһˣȻѡˣʱôķУǷгҪһЩ
ַݵȫǰ֮£гڰʱ֮󣬲˵۾ΧַгδģԸûеǼǣǣֻ˸ƫƧĵطͣ£˻ţܽȥ
ڻų֮ڼæµѩҲ˲˹ַѾؼˣ绰֪ͨŮǸϽؼҡ
ŮǽӵϢ֮ҲûκԥĽеĻһ㼱ҴҵżиУַݾǵһУһжַΪأϾ˭Ҳַ֪ǲֻؼҴһ뿪ˡ
ŻĺԺϿ֮ŮǵжʱһĨϲɫȻǲʱַߣֻҪôһ̣Ѿ㹻ǣ
ŻͣƽϣַҲһԵܽôڸоŵĻҿȥ
ˣѾ׼ˡ͸ܽѾܹŮǵݶ۵ף˶ʵŮ˶ΧַݵԣоȻûκεĶʼɣǾӦġ
ڶϣһǿˣӵٶŮ˶ΪȻַҲޱȵǿҲֻӵôŮˣȫݡ
ַҲǵ˵ͷǣ֣ܽŻȥܽݳŮǰֳ֮ʱһžС
ǵļžִַ˸Ů˻Ϊܽʵ̫ˣǶԼĶ䣬˲뵽еľ顣



569 ˵
⣬ǡŮǾˣȻԼ۾ɺʣǰ鶼ʵģǰͬŮӣҲʵĴڡ
˶Ǵĵַݣ·ڵȴĽַͣҲһŮصǸҵȥɣһὫҵܶ˵
⡱ַݴ˻ʱŮǵжһĨɫΪַദôлɹַݵıһһܡ
ҲַʲôʱͻὫܸô֪ȴû뵽ô죬ôͻȻ
ǿܽʱѾףַѾǲòˣΪĻ;ԲܽܽǶԽһС
ַݵŮǶһأʵ˵֪֪ʵνȻַݾҪȻѡܡ
һᣬ˱˴֮УҲһ˳ĬУŮڵȴַݵĿڣʱʱĿһԲԶܽ¶˾ɵɫ
Ƭַ̧֮ͷһҶӨٻСٻõģӦúǰֻǸޱͨѧѣҪɼûɼǲǺΪʲôһ֮䣬ͻȻ˸߿״Ԫ
ȷҶӨٻ˵ͷΪããַޱȵϤͲһ֮ͱַݲ˵Ҳûʣһֱãڡ
ٴνŵεϣַЦǷҲɹЩϡŹֵĶǴİɣ
ȻҾžǡεһЦȷɹַݵЩģҪַ֪ݿʲôҲûͽЩʱĶ˳˵棬ǲˡ
ַҲûֱӽͣǽŵϵ϶ҲޱȵĻɣЩǴģΪʲôͻƵôɣ
Ϊʲôૣ˵ͷң뵱ַݵΪǸһģ²ôһεĲ࣬ǻ˺档
һַһĨ廳ɫһеһУԴڸ߿ǰһµһι֣һֵӲ̡
Ůû˵ǾַݵǿUܹӵδĳ̵꣬κҪĶ֮Ǳ˲˹ַΪʲô˾޴ı仯

еɻ˲⿪Ůǲûκַݵ˼Ͼⶫʵ̫Լ˼ˣ˭õҲܻὲκǻַһĵĲţơ
Ȼַôõһʱ䣬ܹЩȫǾ֤һ㣬ȫԼ˵εˣŮ϶¶˵Цݡ
ˣҵĻǾ;ְɣǧҪȥȻǳ鷳ַһĨɬʵ˵Щ֮ǰѾŮϾôã˭ﶼ᲻ǰɣ
ַݽŵĵȴУŮȴûһ˳ͬһ˲䣬ŮǹЦһŹȿڵСôܹૣǳ̵ԼԸҲʶ㣬ȻЩֲۣͦõ𣿡
ǰǰ˵ÿһ˶̵ܵİûĻ˵ߵһˣôĶȻóҲҪһͷŶ˵ôͷૣҶӨٻһϷʵĶŮ
⻹򵥣һЦվ˳ֵַ̯Ȼǳ̵һǴˢһĿ֪Ů˵
ŮжʱһĨϲɫַݽ˳̵ĵط֮һĨȲҪԵĸо
ַҲ΢΢һЦֱȡ˺ü½һһݸŮǣһתһԪǣ̵ʹԼ
ŮȻҲǺԥı㿪ʼԼЩȫûеĺöǱԥѡ˹ֻһᣬѾĸסˣǷģַݿĲЩࡣ
һСʱ֮ŮǷͷͣעŵܽϣһĿַݵСλõ㲻ǽһ𣿡
Ȼַ΢΢һЦﳤ̵ܶĽܽ˳ܽȻǶ˹ʱŮжʱһĨȵɫҲ˶ѡ
ȻѾ֮ܽŮҲһĴյܽԣʼһĳһţַҲޱȵο



570 ܵ鷳
ŮѾǺгദַҲǳһܽѾѹԼͷҲѾ˷ǹɵĸоǰδеġ
õ˳̵ĵ½֮󣬶ŮҲǴޱȾ޴ı仯һʱУǶǾ£һѣЩʲôԼá
Ȼÿ˵Ĺ۵㶼һĶҲһͱ˵ѩþϲҾӷĶϲδЩȽĹ顣
ַȻҲֵУںͤкŲˮ⾲׵ʱ⣬δܶãͽӵһ绰óһȴġ
΢΢һЦַݽ˵һϢͨſһ֪ˡ
ٺ١ڨڨһЦ⻹ԿиҵŶȻ֪ôʱûʱͳ۾ۣ
Ȼʱ䣬ʲôطϾ͹ַ΢΢һЦλܺܳһʱ䶼ˣڵ۾Ҳ뽫ԼδһЩ鷳¸
ڴгҵ㡱Լλú󣬱Ҷ˵绰ַҲŮǴ˸к󣬱Ŵгķȥ
ͣͣеʱӰѾ˴˴һЦݵӭпˣʱҿɶûӰȥˣ
ܡַݵһЦδЩԼŮ˵λĴ˸磬Ҫŵġ
죬ҡͷЦһǻظаҲ⣬һʲôҶ֡
Ǿˣʲô£ַ΢΢һЦ⣬ɲԼֻǵΪɡ
֪㡱ڨڨһЦԴģʱδ֮󣬶Գܿ˲СӰ죬ⲻǽΪܳıߵ𣿡
ŶַһĨȣΪ֪ννɻûгʱ䣬ѾܹԿྭӪ˽ʮĳӰ죬Ҳеֵľȡ
ȻˣӲҲԷӳôľӪҲûЧģʵôţǱŵκεĵطܵ˵İæһ㣬ǳܾġ
ģַ֮ҲǵһЦܹܵĻҲһģϾڻһϵġ
ڴгУǹȥɡ˵ͷַŴгȥһ㿴һǹĳܡ

۾ȦУֻ˵佫òŻгǹĳЩĹ֮ҲȦͱ˵ǰĳܣȻ˵صĴ࣬ǹʮֽܳġ
ȻˣҪԱַݵĻĶòһϾǵõ˼оƬе֪ʶټԼʵԼȶԣǹΪ
ڽţַҲǲʾֱһɳĮ֮ӥ׼ǰЩƶӿʼԶ׼ǹǹкģȫʮ
֮󣬳һЦķеǹַݵ˵٣Ͳܸǹǹʮǹת
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦҲһĨŵǹת̸ϣǹվҵǰҲԲڵҡ
ðɣ˵ûͬĵ˵ͷΪڲȥɳĮ½ħַӶһս֪ģֱǽǹõ˳뻯
ҼǳսЩӶǣڿɶǽַݹϳǹ񣬲ҷԳǼʮҲַܻܹݡ
ϾͺáַϷʵĿһۣң뵱ԼĽ̹٣ַݷĽ̹٣ǶǴ´ġ
ϾδУַݾǶѵʱգŵĻǾһ飬ַȴӲļн̹Ƕķڷ
ˣҲˣǻҸط˵°ɡЦӣַݵĻȻЩˣҲǱȻģ˭ַһ棬ѹĴૣ
¡ַνʼ磬еļһһ֮󣬱˵м䣬һȥ;п˵ǣжһĨɫ
ϴδ껻ַݵģҲȫı۾סΪǵĴڣû֮һ
˵ϴһŶҶ֣û˵ַݲ뵽УҲп϶ٲַݵӰܰȻĽոߣҲǲұһ㣬˲ҶκεĻ˼



571 赶ɱ
ʣַѾǳΪԼ֮ĺȻûôӴļҲûôԺյĸݣˣַȴ󲻵ֶΣǵˣûһк³
ѾԼֳˣ˵ǣַͬһսߵģҶѣһеϡ
ߵһȻΪ˸ܼ鷳·;ܹһЩ鷳ҲȻΣڿνȽȽǣ˶Աȡ
Ȼڵĳ·磬ΪʱονǷ棬ľٴ룬Ҳڽ׷ϣȴʼһ
ɲҲľֻЩĻܻ˵ķգյһط
һˮ֮󣬳ܱһɬĶַݵ٣мҪæʵûʲô취ˡ
Ŷǳ¼Ҷܰ㶨ַһĨɫҪ֪Ȼ죬¼ҲǳصģҲô·
ܣ鷳ҽ͸ɡܿЦҡҡͷԼ鷳齲ַ
û鷳Σ׼ȷ˵Щ£ЩţǣҲǣóܸеޱȵΪѡ
ʱοϵһ˲ӣЭ֮£෽ǵӦ֣ûκε谭
ͬҲڸıߣβͬǣһȻЩǶǴӦҪһƶȥģȴûм
ܵܶ˶ΥԼĺȻҪЧãҪǼЧǸûȥиóҲ޿κΡ
ֻһǳֱɱӺЩʵʵģôһΥּ⣬Щǫ̈̄ԼˣȻʩͻޱȵҲͱڵһ
ҪЩ˸ȫɵǳ¼Ҳ˽ǣϾЩ˵󣬿ɶվҵģȫǣͱȥĻ¼ҶܵٵӰ졣
ǲǵĻǾһ㣬ϵĸʴųܣޱȵܣ𽥵ıʴ
ַȻܹܵΣҲǲϵ˼ŶԿİ취˼ȥַ֮ݵжʱһĨЦ⡣

ַ֮ܽݶʱ΢΢һЦ˵ٰҷӲ̫ˣȻЩ˷㣬Ϊβý赶ɱ˵ķʽǸΪʲôҪԼȥૣ
赶ɱˣƲ֮һ㶣˲ɬƲҲ˭ĵ˭ֿϽૣ
ǺǡַݵһЦһĿųܵͷôǿҲ˵ѣģ˭ŵģҲǣ
ܿɲַôһ֮жʱһĨ⣬ʳָָָ˼ǣ
ûַһĨЦ֪˰ɣϴһŶҶ֣ɲȫӣΪҵҰģѾ˲òֵĵز
ҲѾ𣬶ڵʧȥ¶вѾС˲˰ɣδػᶯ֡һصĻش
ַݲ̾һһĿųܵ˵٣ôôţǼૣҼɡ
΢΢һַ֮ͣżȣȻǱҾһҲǶ֣Ͼҿǹ޹˼ɵĳֵĻȻܵһΧҲǲõġ
ǡǡ෴ǣұһžһκ󣬷ǵûʵǱ䱾Ҫıȡλã˵һŵĻô룿лôĹ˼ʹй˼ɣʹŶҳֻ֣ǶҵһЩצʲôѹ
ͲԳ棬ģûƨǸɾģرЩԸͶҵļһǲɾֻҪǵһЩӼռͨٵķʽͶݳȥֻҪһŴкЩȻͻ⵽֣֮ǳ¼Լһţȫ֮һ㣬κ˵Ŀࡣ
һƲ˵ַ̲꣬סһڲˮһȻĿųܣѾ˵زܶ׵ĻĲʺλˡ
ʵ̫ˣˣллļƲߡַݴ˷֮󣬳жʱһĨɫΪôõһ£Ҫˡ



572 ʤߵ̬
ȻѾҲǳܸʲôɽ亣ζ˳ãһЦĿַݵ˵ٰʵĻڵĳɾͿ϶һߣΪ⣬ʵ̫ˣ
ַҲǴЦһϷʵĿųܵСˣָ鲻þҸٵʱɱѹҰ
ôѹȻҵλÿ϶ҿ鲻õʱ򣬻ȥɣôãڵλøҲʲôѶȰɡܻˮ
鲻ԽĴ˸ַýĻǻûʲôϷˣ֪ģַڲĹϵжôֻҪһǹ;ͻˮԴԴϵӿľӪôĳ棬Ҳ˲
һŭĿ˳ܣǱˣк۵ģãÿźȲ裬ļˡ
ιι˵㲻֪ÿжۣôᡭܲˣʱҲǲǻԳ
ַȴֻ΢΢һЦʵ泳֮һСЦѣһҲоǺ˼˻᲻ǾͲܹԤˡ
ֻһᣬ˱侲ַַȴεʼ˵˵˶Լ࣬У˰ɣ
ɲаٺ٣ôˣÿ㶼æĺܰɣһǶʱһĨϷʣԺв뵽ַǼ绨ŮǣвһĨʼɡ
˵۾û˲ĽַݵģΪǼŮ˶ǴرΪμŶ³ΣԼҶӨٻԼԼգһŮˣ
ɾôŮˣһѷַݳȥ·ǿİ㣬ȥԼûλã˶Ǹе飬ҲˣȻѾġ
ٺ٣ôҲǲԣֻҪͬ⡱ַݺоѿǷ˳һ䣬̲סӡ
Ȼĵļͥǳ¼һŲСĲ࣬Ҳ˵ʲôֻޱȵԹȻܻޱȵģ
ǻ˵Ů˵飬϶ʱ¶һĨɫһԹĶ˵˵㰡ⲻɷ𣿡
ٺ١˶ڨڨһЦַݻһתͻȻ뵽һˣˣ껱һŴ֮ھʲô³
껣ַ˵ֵʱɫ΢΢һܵڰǳ׵ˡ

һ֮󣬳ޱȸпĵЩ̫Ĵ󣬶Щ󶼱ϤһţڻзĻ𣿡
ʵַɫҲһҡҡͷʵٶĴ˵ûʲôãǧ򲻸ãӦõľǵҡ
ȷַ˴󻰣ȴ̲ס˵ͷ껷ôĴǰһֱûʲô£ΪҶ֪ҵӣûȥƽ϶ѡ
ַݲͬԲںҵӣһһͨԼŬ껸Ƶز˵һУҲǱ
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Ҳ˵һ⣬ûַݵĳֵĻ껻ңôãҲḲ𣬿˵ַݵĳ֣ŴĴͳελĶǶ
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ȷʤߵ̬׵ԺЩҵ˼Ҳһ΢ЦĿַݣô飬ΪĲһ
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573 
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ʵַݲûһʤߵ̬ȥ껵ģȥ껣ֻǵҪ̸̸ģȻԼĵˣԼЩ飬ҲֻǱƲѶѡ
ҲǸˣãԼ˸³ȴûܵκεӰ죬˵껾Ǹڻңһ˰ˡ
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ŻͣҵͣУҵĴſȥ̧ͷȥԭɫĸ֣մ˻ҳȻû˴ˡ
ԭſڵĻҲѾ뿪һĺˣȻǴűǴ޿ȸĴţԵô塣
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ռؼʮĶһլլԺУɽС԰һӦȫҲޱȵģ׷ģ˿ȴ˶ǲڡ
˴껣˿û˵Щ裬ޱȵѾˣ·ʲôоʲô
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Һߣһ֧ƳɵĴȻˣһĿˮеĸƯȴ̰ԵϹһԵôȻ
ʱһ˼һȭ˵Щʲôȴǿ껽ָŵǰ˸Ķú㶡
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ϴȥϵճ̧ͷһȻĶԺ˵ʲôڿ˵ˡ
٣λǷԸ˵Ѿʧƣ׼ٴγɽԺ˵Ļɹ
Ŷλ΢΢һʵѾµ˾˭ˣȴǲҿ϶ѡ
ܣԼַݡԥƬ̺󣬻ǾʵĽ˳ϾֻǸ֮˶ѡ



574 
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ûܹߵزһжɵģ˵˶ǰԼӦ÷ŭľܾŶԡ
ǻߣȴôҲ˵ڣ˵زɵģкγûԼ˲磿
Լ䵽زֺγûλ취Լ̳ϾǿһϵˣԼȥҲܷӳһȲǣ
ɽȴɷޣԼǱ⴦Ժ֮УһͷӰ㣬Ļӻʱ⣬Ǿʵȫ
ȻַˣҲΣҪĻα˻Ҫ࣬˭Ǵν޵ԨҲǷǳڻȫһöӣβܡ
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뵽֮껶ʱ˵ͷԺ˵ǽɣãܲ
õģԵȡҲһĨȻȫû뵽ˣ껾ȻԭԼЩǣĻ϶ͺЩ˹ˡ
λӺ󣬺˴ſڣĶ˸Ķǰ·
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˵ĶԻһԲֻǴ·ѣҲԿ֮ǳѺãҲûʲôõ뷨ͬˣһ㣬ֻùϵ
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һЦ⣬ҲһĨɫȫû뵽ھȻô˾ȻûѿڴһЦݡ
жһɴǾǰ껣ǰʶ

˶һۣӶԷпһĨ껱ʲôҲѾֻǸˣ˲ûκεľ£ֵľ͸󣬲߽˺ͤС
껺ǳĽˮϣƸЦɣȻʲô裬լԼֵĲҶζǺܲġ
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ķ˲豭һЦĿûжˣôˮãǡڲˮ˶
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ǵģұˡٴһڲˮһЦĿַݵ㽫ҵһжߵ죬ҾѾˡ
վתˣǰСȥĽǸɵһѾˣڵʲôҲûУѵõʱ⡣
ǺǡַЦˣߵԣһЦĵģǿܲΪˣҲᱻò𣿡
Ѿˣò˵һ̺塱껵һЦתַݵ֪𣬲˸ʲô³˵޺ġ
ȷɹͻΪ£õҪһУʧˣҲͶȫʧȥвҲһ֡ЩַȻܹףͬʱҲǸ̾λǶǽ



575 Ĺ
ʵΣַǴĵ׵ĸе˲ڲԭҲܼ򵥣˵һμ棬Լֱ俴˵ĸо־޴ѹȸУޱȵܡ
ڽǶʱУҲԼ껸һ뵽ٲԨԼȴûַκεֱͻνǼȴﵽԼĿģҲԼܹȫˣֶǽ˶ƽȥ˵ǣַݴĵ׵ĶеһĨη塣
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ַȴôһԼɱĻȻӰ쵽ԼĸĸŮǣҪһ㣬ַݾʧȥôһȤĶ֣ʵ̫Ȥˡ
һ˳ĬУ֮ſڣصĶ˵ȰǣСΣĻֶûóһǶֵĻһܲҡ
ǾɣʲôҾͽšַݵһЦ˵ζûκεвԿԣֻβ֣Լû¿
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ЩǴ껿˵ģŶȷǳ֮ߣϾ껿ദôã㲻֪ĵƣֻǱ߽Ͼ˵أܲɵ
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뵽ǲһĨɬһĽĿųʵʱĺĽǣվ˶飬˽ĳɾͣҡ
ʵںҲ٣ҿԸһλᡱһȻʱַȴһĿ˵һޱȾȵĻ

㡭Ŵͣŵַݵ˼ǣԸһᣬһĻ𣿡
ǵġַ΢Цŵ˵ͷҲˣβĳˣҶЩ඼Ǳˣǵ˵ĵ˾ѣȻ֮䷢ܶ಻ĹȥվԸεĻҿһţһλΣ
껳ĬˣҲˣȫû뵽ַݽǰĿģȻΪɽޱȻĸо
ʵԼŴͣһȫģַݣҪ֪˿Ǵ𰡣׵ɵԹޣǶ֮ޣ㹻˳Ϊһĳˡ
̧֮ͷһЦĿַݵôȷһһԸͲһ֮ٴһԸǣ
ǺǡַЦˣһϷʵĿ껵ô˵ĻҪװǲǶˣôҶ£һڵ㣿
бٴγɽҲбٴαȻ̫ĿԡַһĵȻڵ껣ѾԱǶˡ
ַݵĻͻȻЦҲһĨ˵ûҲ֪ѾʲôûˣĲİ
˵һתͷַݵ֪ڶ˵Ѿʲôˣܲһ飬ŹңҵĹָңԲҵ飿
һݣַҲ̲סһȻνǿӺңȴŬֲԼĴ־޴Ĳ죬ҲǸеޱȵĹ졣
Ȼ껶ô˵ˣַôܲͬ⣿ԵһЦַݵԸҵȻȥһţ㣬Ҳһᡣ



576 һʧ
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һʧַݵͷ֮жʱһĨԼҲӦγʲôѵʹࡣ
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껴˴ַɽоֻһĿģǾ谭εķչδ̨˭˭ӮҪΪ˿̵ַݣнٵģȫ
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ʵ̫ˣҲʧȥΪΪֻ̬ΪԼ棬ԲŻ˱һŸ£⸱ģ
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үϵĲϣѾǴ󳹴򣬶ԴҲô㯣ֻҪȥһŵĻҲδûϣ
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ʲôү৵һվһĿ껵ôܣѵһžôŹˣ

үǾˣȫû뵽껾ȻԼôһ𾪵ϢҵΣ첻鰡Ż뵽һΣ
ȫסȴһ֣ҡҡͷһţҵĳˣҲ䵽⸱صַݡ
⡭ү죬üͷȴ˲˼̧֮ͷѯΪʲôҪô
үӿַôȫûκεɣҿɶΪű⸱ģȴҪҽΣⲻǻ֮
ܼ򵥡껵һЦһĿүӵҪҵһͬԸααӣСˡ
ԭˡүӻȻҲһĨĻҲûʲôɣϾôҵĵĮ͸İ
ϳɾүҲһصĶ껸ַǿ԰ȫҪһЩĲ赲˵ĻǾ֧ң𣿡
סһĨɫҿǷƮҡٴվ˶飬ǿľͻһ겻ˣǶĲ
ǾͺãѾûлٶˣĿǰȻռƣߣһĪַݣԾ˭˭Ӯǲ֪ҾãʱվַߣԸңܱȽһЩүһص
ǱȻ껵˵ͷüүӵүӣҿԳǣǼеЩǣ֪Ƿ֧ң
ǿ϶֧㣬֧㡭үͣһ£һǲϵĻǾͱҲ飬Ҳķӣ𣿡
үҲƴˣܹҵģҲֻˣ˻ǲݰͲףĶжôĲпᡣ



577 ܳ
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һܷḻҲܾʡһЦ·ԺѾЩŤݣҲǳޱȡ
һˣעûôĻӣεʱҲǳԿжοǺ޵˲УܹܵĻһ̹
ҾЦЦһķƵϷʵʱַȴü˵ԼĹ۵㣬۵㣬Ҳüͷ
Ϊַ˵ûεĳǸʵ̫ˣҲһˣϾôѾ껸ȫĳ͸ˣҲκεá
εţҲ˵껳Ա񣬲У껻ûʸĶ֡
Ρһ䣬ҲһĨ䣬˵ʵڵģβͻֶ֮࣬Ҳмܡ
ûַİĻĻᱻȫ˷ͷŻޱȵˣΪһʧȥǵĻԼͻޱȵҡ
һ³ĬַҲ΢΢һЦˣ˶õģʵҿһԾͽĻǾʵ̫ȤˣʵֻҸĥʯѣ𣿡
סַŵĻҲȻˣϣεĻȤȻһֱǴ·磬ֺγһĥ
˵ȻζѹС࣬ͬģûεĻ޵ָͣͳһ¶ȫ
Խ£Ҳʱ̶ڸʩѹ̫ڰȻҲܹӵ֪˵ĵԺߵĸԶһ㡣
ַо仰û˵˽εĥʯֺγǽ˵Լĥʯܹ˶Ȩͻһ˳ģҲû˿赲ˡ
Ҳû˼ȥıҪַݿڵˣӦûؼҺúôԸΣҲȥһһˣǾֱɣǿΣ
õģǾˡ˼ͬʱ˵ͷַ˵ΪѹеĶʵ̫ˣҲûȥúˡ
ַȻνǱ֮󣬱ϷгϺķȥ׼ڶλ˵е

һÿγɶǰŵˣЩȨ㳯ҰĴԱҪҲǼ̫׵飬ַ˵ֻҪ룬һܹ
Ⲣģڵ̫̫ණˣμȻԼ¼ҡ
˵һӵˣҪıλΣ˵ַݣַһţֱȥҾˡ
ַҲȷôģ˷г֮󣬱ֱӲһŵĵ绰룬ֻӵ绰ȴһţ顣
֪һ绰˲࣬齫绰֮󣬱º͵ѯһ˭˵һڿᡣ
ַݱ˵ҪһŵʱȴǺԥľʹӦ˵ϾȥһţҲϧ
Ϊֹһ˵ֻҪַĻʲôʱ䣬ʲôص㣬Ҫһʱ֪ͨɼַеĵλжôҪ
ַҲԵЩȣȫûҪһžȻôԼ˵ȴ׼ȴû뵽Ͳõȴ
ķеϺϿգȫĽ򣬳ǰУַݽʱȴûܵһ˿ȻѾһС
ͣúһ۾ӱǰһЦݵĶַ룬׳Ѿڰ칫ҵˣʹȥ
鷳ˡַ΢Цŵ˵ͷ۾ӵĴ£һǼϤİ칫ǰȥܵľɫַԹˣҲʧȥϴεǵ顣
һ·޻ֻǼӶѣ˾Ѿ˰칫ǰ΢΢һЦҾˣ뿪ˡ
ַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷƿ˷ţʱһŨĲ㴫ıУ㴫ĵطһҲڴ˴һЦݵĿַݵˡ
ϤĲ㣬Ϥˣǻȴ˱仯ַݲ΢΢һЦʲô˼ѵ׳ιҼҿܳ



578 ö
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һڲˮŨζʱȾַݵǻһַ֮ݶʱֱһŵҲˣ㣬м
ΪҵɣַݵĻһжʱһĨȻһЦݵĿַݣ·ϡ
ôַЩȵҪѯʣһǷʤȯյģ֮Ҳ˲ˣԼȥ껣Щôૣ
һַҲǲ㯣ǵ˵ͷֱȻ㶼֪ˣҲֱ˵ˣ㽫ҷųҲܵĻָԭеλá
ΪʲôһŲûκξȵɫֻǵĿַݣʳԼеɻ
ǺǡַݵһЦһŵ׳ңʱ俴ôͣ㲻ЩΣУ
ȷУʲôϵһһĨϷʣʵѾַ˵ʲôˣȴװɵ
ַΣҲ̲ס˸۵֪ʣ˵ĵ˲ǽҵ˽ǸһԸңⲻͦõ𣿡
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ǺǡַݵһЦҲ˲һĨޱȵŵǲңҪôĻҲٴһΣʲô
һǰô˵Ļ϶֮ԱǣȻѾįˣҲǿǵĴڣϾôһǣ
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뵽һŲЦһַݵͷȻ㶼ô˵ˣһӦĻǲ̫ͨ˵ôҾôɡ
ⲻͽˣԤףǺ족ַ΢΢һЦԼ֣һš
족һȻҲһЦݵԼַ֣յһڴ˴εУҲǴﵽһµ뷨
ҪôѾҪַٲˣƤ⽫һǺĸ۸֮ѡ˸ǡ
ǿտҲĲһ϶ʱ¶һĨЦСͷѹëͲ֪һ𣿡

һЦݵĳϻŲ뿪Ϻֱַѡص˼У˿ɫѾ𽥻谵ϰŮǣҲǷ׷ͬȸְ㣬ص˼С
ʱŮҲǷ׷ҵԼӦ飬ͱ˵ѪھȻֹ˾еһݣҲʵѪȻ粻Ǻܸߣ۹ȴǺܸߣһЩȷţЩǶǸеķڷ
ܽȴһֱŬĶ֪ʶûѡţΪһĻػ಻Ҫ鷳ڼŬѧϰַݾͺˡ
ʱ伴٣ϵķ˶ԵñȽ嵭Ϊ˿̼пиԲζصʳѩ˵ʱ򣬶չǵθڡ
ַȽ˲ѩҲǵݸһЩǰСȻⲢͣĵģǷǳɿζġ
ʱһȵѪ˽ַݲ뵽һѪֵѪиһ¡
ŶʲôѪһĨɫַݵԣµĽëһգһգģַһĶ
ǿסҹϮѪַ̬ӣֱӴӸ˲ֿȡǸǣݸѪ²¿ʲô
Ƿǰַƾձôһ޽ǣѪһַݽ̵˵󣬸˲ֿҲѾǳΪ˴ҵĹʶѪһҲûоȣǽӹǣһĿ
ϸüطرص·֮ѪʱĴӵе⣬ѵǣôܡ
ôܣַ΢΢һЦϷʵĿڵɱˣ˿ȥһδģδûܵҵӰ죬ǣҴǰ׵ֻͷȡġ
ԭˡѪȻ򣬲һϲĿǸǵǺö˵пͻƺü



579 
Ѫ˻ַжʱһһĿѪô棿ⲻһѵ˵Ϊɣ
ȻˡѪ÷ĵ˵ͷô˵ɣһΪۼһڵУôΪ⣬µһĵرԼʶۼУȻǣԳƵϡҩʲô鵤ҩǿĶˡ
ô棿ַҲ̲סһ˿ǺһΪѵⶫôӲϡҩô԰ѵֱҧ
ȻˣҧĶ𣿡ԥ͸ַһۣѪڵⶫֻܽЧȫӳ
ַʵһҲ裬ΪʾܴʷԼпĵʷѾ֤ΣɶǼٵģк棬ⶼǹŴЩƭƻʵ۵ġ
ȴǴѪ˵˳Щɵ˵ѪⶫɵҩѵЧĻúܶﻹпڵҲ𣿡
ûǿڵַݻûз£Ϊ֣ڵûڵǸʱҲûм£ܲԼ׼ͻƵʱһ
ȻˣֻѪͷӦһ䣬˲ȴǵͷҲһĨȷֻҸûˡ
⡭ַݲȻŴͣ˲Цӵô죿ֱܲӷðɣǿɾ˷ˡ
ַʧģѪвһʹУȭͷȻڲᣬҿѧͲűﻹһССĵҩ
ѪһҧгݵģַҲӿһĨжЦȻԸѧȻ֧㣬Ҫʲôܸ˵ˡ
Ѫһϲĵ˵ͷʵݴ½ʱͷǳϲһЩ鼮ʱޣҲûôԴԹӻϾĵر߲ȷѡ
ƻһֱַͣԸǾٺòˣĵرȻҲַ࣬ȴǳǮȫġ
ǾôˣúҪЩʲôʱһһȫõַ֡Ҳ΢Цŵ˵ͷ
˵һϲֻͨҪѪȤȻҲ᲻ֻ֧֣Ҫܹ˾ͺãһŵҩҲҲʲô˵
ĳɹ˵ĻǶԼŮǣʶһǳϲ飬Ͼҩ棬϶ǿģǲģǾ͵õȵҩʱٿˡ

һҹʱܿȥڶһ磬ַݻڳʱѪһ˷ܵǰݸַһŵӵҪĶˣϽȥռɡ
ŶַݾȵĿһۻźȦѪȻ϶˯û˯ģΪӶŬš
˵Ѫĸ˵ȤַҪĻҲôŬ뵽ַҲһůһѽѪ§˻еɵѪ㲻ôżģˡ
ҡѪ죬˵ЩʲôȴôҲ˵ʲôҲ˵ˣֱ§סַݵļ򣬰ĵĸԼů
ӵãַҲǸоѪԽԽأҴһ˿ȵĺϸһܣŷѪȻԼ˯ˣ֪û˯
ɵϡĸһ㷢ֱַӽ𣬲ͽ˷УǺã߳˷䡣
һַݽѪĵһӡڵһеģȻִ֣ģҲҪһǾǵ¯
νṇ̀ѾǳƷƣ֮أƵĵص㣬Ȼڵ¯Уһõĵ¯ȻܹõʦӵĵӦ֣ҳɹʴ
Թǵ¯һ㣬ѪдҪעĵطͱ絤¯״ԼʣԼܵȵȣѪЩҪַȻǲκεԽЩļԺ
Ѫַ֮ҲһΣȻⵤ¯Ƽ򵥣ҪѪҪĵ¯ϸ򲻵Ͼִᣬ¯ֶǹĶͲ
ַҪ㵽һȫѪĵ¯Ǿֻһ;ǾǶƣùȫҪҲֻõġ



580 鷳
ñĻһޱȵĿգΪִѾûĶ־ԴﲻѪҪĻһĪչ
ַݵϣǾͼ򵥵Ķˣʲô˵ĶֱӴ򿪳̵꣬˽ˣȻշѻޱȵİ󣬵ַҲǸȱǮǣ
ԼҪ󷢸˳̵˽飬˽ҲǺܿ˴𸴣ǾǿԽ£۸棬ǻҪϵһ˵λʦ˵
ַȻܹ⣬Ҳûдߴ٣ֻǽԼҪ˵˳ǾҪõĲϣõĹգǮ⡣
˽ѯ֮Ҳַһ𸴣Ǿ¯۾ȻߴǧԪ˰ļ۸ַݶ̲סࡣ
ڵ֪ϸ֮ȻˣΪ¯ʹõĲϿΪصνֱָ̺Žǣ̫з꣬δĽӲ̶Լͻ̶ȶǾѵĴڣֽδҲٵĿһļ۸͸ߴʮԪ
¯Ҳᳬʮȡļ۸Ҳ̫ףַҲֱѡ˽˽ʱעš
˽ҲǴӦϾ˿;ϵۣȻַݵҪޱȵĹ죬ֻҪǮ׬ˣ
Ҫĵ¯⣬ȻǻˣڹŴʱֻʹľԱҪһУַȻˣҲѪô鷳
ַ֮ݾѰһ취ȡ޲鷳Լ¶Ȳ׼⣬ֶѽĴ˳̵꣬ʼѡʺϵĻ¯
գַѡһȽϸ߿Ƽͻ¯ʹõԴܹ¶ȣܹȷһȣ¯Ǵ´ˡ
ֻ¯ˣҪԪַ˵ֻǾţһëѣֱӾŵһԡ
һ鷳ַҲǳ˿һ鷳ǾҩģҾ˹ֵҩġ
ַϸһƣֻϵҩಢ٣ûԵöô˵ҪǴȻҩģܹ׾ҵģȥЩҩҾܹҵ
ֻǿʼѣַȫܹ뵽ԺѪҪҩĵʱ򣬾ټҲᣬҲռΪѾǮˣҩıͺ١
ַݶʱѪĵҩܹƳɹĻ齨һҩĹ˾רŰѪռҩģеǮǣ

¯Ʋһܽ飬ַһҲżѪҲûżǿʼϰԼǰѧЩɣصļ¼
ʱһһĹȥַҲѵõ徲ÿԼŮ죬һ¾Ҳǹޱȵڡ
죬ַһͽӵ껵һ룬ʰ֮󣬱ڵĵطȥ׼һ
֮ǰҾѾΣҲǻָλãȻ˺ǺڸʲôһڸʲôȴûһԸðŷʳ
껵ٴβûоʲôҲ·ȫûע⵽껵ĳְ㣬صĽԼ̡
ֱ죬ȴ껣ַݸԼһ棬ȻַѾ²ΣҪЩʲôȴôҲ²ֻǰӦԼٿʲô
СʱַԼ˾һŰУ˿ҲѾ˴˴Ѱһžƣ̸Ц
һĻַһҲ֣һͶȭĻ֤ûгɳǸǰһֻǸɵӶѡ
ĳμңǾǿԼɱˣҲҪѧ̸ЦҪöԷȷɾ裬Żһ
Ȼ껲ûȫһ㣬ΪȻһĵȻȴǴһĨεĺ⣬Ȼصĺ˭ôܻῴ
ƻᣬҲֻΪ߰ˣ˸û̸ʲôʵԵĶֻĥʱȴַݵĵѣϾǣַݡ
еĺԼ̵Ľ֮εҲǲһǸ껣ѾֳǸ껣ԵĴڡ
󣬵ԼһԼʩѹ֮һѹԵһΣθоһӴΣС
ַݽ뵽˷֮΢΢һЦַݵ٣Ҽڿɺã



581 
ϸ˵ڵƵַݵĴӣַݿǲܵһ飬ֻǵĻشĺܺã㲻õġ
Ǿͺãһչ˺õģһĨĳȾʵĺܿҲҪңҪ֪ŮǶûɿԵġ
ǺǡַЦˣһϷʵĿε֪Ŀľˣʵģܵίĵãܻܵôί𣿡
ҵʧְκ̹ȻĳһУҡҡͷҲһ磬Ʋһø磬ĺܹգôҰٴΣ
ַɫ΢΢һȷ˵ղֹһζַ˵ΰ࣬Ҳ븸ĸܣμ޸껣Ҳûб
Ҳ˵ڹʲҲ˵ƣҵ˶ˣԼѹӸˣñΪǸø磬ʵ͸¶Ķα
ַͻȻĬȴٴοڵʵ٣һֱѣΪ֪ʵȨƲûʲô֮ġ
ùӽ㣬ʵҪٵìܣֻܸһĻǾͳ׼ңû뵽ǣȴôϲã˲صľ棬пܵĻһϣΪѡ
ǺǺǡǿĻַݶʱЦȫû뵽˾Ȼô޳ܣ޳̶ܵȵģҲֻһˡ
ַҲͦεģΪÿһ˶һӣȡȡһУԼõеİ
һ˵ĻĻеϧҲеѴϾԼøˣһֱֳҲ̫ã˵Źˡ
ַȴ֪δӹ͸¶ĶαеֻȨƣʲôĶõĹ߶ѣĸĸʱ϶Ҳһ˿
ô˵ιǸۣԼ̸ֻһֿܣǾԼﵽĿģͲҪ̸顣
ַݷǳһ㣬ԴЦ֮һϷʵĿεҿԳΪѣҲֻһҪǾ˳̳𣿡
ԭȻҲ˲ˣɬĻַݵٿЦˣ㽻ѣԵĻ
ԲҾǸҪ첻Ļ̸˵ֱַ꣬ӽеľƱһһҧ껵߰ɣǳȥ䡣
áĵ˵ͷֱӸַݵ󣬱߳˰ᣬֻһ粻Ƕ

ž֮һѽеľƱ˸飬һĿַ뿪ıӰƲԳԷƣңһ֪ҵ³
ĵŭˣַľһ㣬޴ڣַݵĻͳɹˡ
ô˵ɵģ껣ԼܣһŶŵ˵ڶλϣɵˣַֻݡ
ʶַݵڣַݵض͸ԽӵѶϢԵ޹й¶ַǲֶΣԼ󵨰ᣬ͸Խ
ԵĻĺ͵͵ַݣͿȫĸˣרĵĶԸܣﵽԼĿġ
ַʵ̫ǿˣǿ󵽾ûлɱҺ˵ûнַݸըǿ£һŭĻ治֪Լö㵽ܶ׷ɱ
ֻʹùֶһУַܹ޹˼ɵĶԼ֣Ļܣ̸ף
ͱ˵ڣȻѾȣѹĳܶǻֻԼ֪ʱ޿̶ںַݻóʲôֶԸ
ַݣΪľַܹͣվһսϵĻֿɵãȴȫû뵽Լ׼ôĴʻ㣬ַֻһЩͶмһˡ
μҲ뵽һǰ취İ취ַĲһ;ĩ·ʱǿʲô鶼ĳ
ַݸʾһ㶼ûȻǫǫӣȴǸ۲۵ۣ͸ܲ˵һҸˣ˸ҡ



582 ¯
ǱαŻΣһͬ˻ţֻ껴˿˫ȭţҲһĨޱȵķŭȻղεĻĴʮء
ǲǾúܷŭһҪ˶ɵģַһĨпǸˣθŪҪ˿Ρ
ַݸҿ϶ǷǰǸ껵ĻڵһʱͻȥƴңҪ˵Լַ鷳ģֱ̫
ڵ껣ȻޱȵķŭҲޱȵķ߿ȴûһӣ侲ΪףԼȥûʲôãǻ˿࣬ԼԺķչ
ǡַѯ֮껺εĵ˵ͷһķߺ޵ĵ˵ͷлĻһ֪Ϊʲô졣
ңлġַݵȻļҲһĨϷʣʧܣݵǰʱһĻ϶ǳȤ
껺ĵ˵ͷͬʱҲǴ⣬εĶԿУӳԼٷְٵʵ֪ԼҲǵǸɵˡ
ͱ껣ַҲǻĻص˼УĹۿ̬ı仯ڵονǹ¼ҹһȻѣЩ˼ôֵܵΧ
ӳܿʼַݵİţʼѼЩԼµϣԼŵù£ŵķʽֱͶݵһŵǰ
ʣһſЩ֮ŭʼЩ˽һɨֻǼʱѣڵǸʡнʮԱһʱΣ
ٴ߿ʼƿԿʼʹֶοʼηѣͱ˵ڵĵطͷͣ磬߹ů㣬ȻЩС飬ѻˣҲܹθеͷ۲ѡ
ϾٵĿľΪůԼ㣬ǿ϶ҪԹصȻʱĹף˵Ҫİ
Ҳ֪϶ȴûκεİ취ٷŭҲֻǽһЩ˸ѣ֮ν˵룬ٻһָ˶ԽϷ
ǰĻο϶רǾҪʲôڳǱڣԼЩϵΣص㶼ǷȻĻƱػܵĺܲҡ
һʱ䣬æЩͷöôĵҲǰ̵ģ˫ʱƽ֣˭Ҳκβ˭Ҳ˽С

ڼҶĻֵʱַȴֵУԼŮǳ棬ɽˮǲú
֮󣬳̵ʾַݴһȴ˽鷢ϢԼǸ¯ѾƺˣǷھҪգ
ô죿ַݳһмȻ¯ǷӲֱըˣǵ̵üѣҲôˡ
ֱѡ˽գʱϤĴ֣ͨһȫѪģ¯ǰȵĽ˵ϡ
ƷãһɢĹ¯ַ̲סǰһ¯档
һײԶ೤ȻѣʵҲǷǳļӲҪ֪ղɵ¯ûκε⣬ֻͨƴ˿ͱһˡ
ٴν¯ֵַ˵ҲһĨȣΪǰ˸ߵ¯ٽϣνء
ַҲܹף¯ڱڿʹõĴųΪ⸱ģĻǲǻ֮
ܵ˵¯ַޱȵģûʲôãҪѪаֱַӽ¯𣬲Ѫڵķȥ
ʱѪνǶһԵЩԣѾûȥʲôָˣլڼһֱоһЩ飬Щ׼
ַȻҲǷǳ֧ʲôҪܿİЩϡŹֵģҲûκεĲͷϾܹɹĻǶ˶ž޴ĺô
ò˵¯ǳЩţַݽ¯õѪſڵʱ򣬾Ȼһĳ֪ⶫȫʹãܱʲô廹á
һ뵽ַҲ̲סЩȻʧЦΪòڹŴʱ򣬻ʹƵ¯Ķ壬Ļٶﲻû



583 ʼ
ѵ¯ߵѪǰַݻĽŵ˵ϣʱһƬҲһ춯ڵѪһ
˭ϽϵĻѪһ򿪷ţͿַһЦĿǰһɢڹ¯
ѽ¯ģ֮ѪжʱһĨ⣬һʦ˵һϺõĵ¯˵ޱȵҪܹҩƳɹļԼƷࡣ
ǰ¯ǴƷޱȵѪ⣬ȲĽ䶥Ǹ򿪣ϸļһڱеһ֮Ѫʱ̫ˣⵤ¯Ҽõģʵ̫ˡ
࣡˵ţѪʹĽַݸӵ˻Уһǣֻ֮;ˣԼ󵨵ľٶеޱȵĳɡ
ֻĳȴûַκεĳɣַݴɶˣôŮૣ˲ûһ§סѪϸСصȥ
ͻȻϮѪһ𽥵İַݴᣬһͬ˸ĳ֮С
ã֣˾Ƭַ֮΢ЦĿѪһѪ𣿡
˲εĻѪ𾪵סͣԾĿַݣһĨɬԼԵڴ
ʵַദôѪѾ׼ȻѾôŮˣ͵ģֻǲ֪ʲôʱŻԼѡ
ԭѪΪԼѾȫ׼浽ʱǸеһɬ֪ôӦ
š֮ѪͷַС˵ôһ֣ȻӬСַȴһ
һĨϲɫַٴνѪӵ뻳УĥӵѪİɣһúôġ
ȻţȻô㣿ѪգǳĽëҲַݸеϢ
˽ӵһַ֮˳㷢Ѫǵ˵ˣȰ£ŵʲôط
ͷŵǸ᷿аɣѾҡѪָָһԵһСݣʱǻһ˼ģϾҪһľһõĻ࣬ɹҲӡ
áַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷ󽫵¯𣬲ǴѪİ£Ǹ߿Ƽ¯ϡ

һаžַҲһĿ⴦ѪôҪһ¯ԣ
ðѪҲһĨԾԾԣһʲôоˣʱԳˣôܻ᲻ˣ
Ҹְɡַ΢Цŵ˵ͷȥԼףȴѪİţȻ鿴ƲʣԼŮ˴֣Ҳûʲôǣ
ѪҲЦЦʼַݰæ£ȻһҲһĻҲѸ಻ǣ
Ҫһ㣬Ȼǵ¯¶ȣ¶ȿƲõĻǵҩ˲ͻˣѪ֪һ㣬ԸտʼʱȻޱȵСġ
Ѫ׼ҪҩģַƿŻ򣬾¯Ϊ߿ƼƷֻͶԴú¯㿪ʼ¶ҲޱȵѸ١
ȵһĳ̶֮Ѫһ£ʱڵֹͣ£ȱ¶ȣҪʼŲҩˡ
õġַĵ˵ͷȻЩҩĲֵǮʧܵĻҲޱȵĴѪĲǣ۲ʾƵʱע¶ȡ
ѪҲһĨţȻѾģḶ́浽ʱлһ׶ûУϾȻǰ˵鼮ԹۿȴûоһģԸͲ֪ԼܷɹĲַʧ
Ѫþûгַ֣תͷеԥ֮Ҳ΢΢һЦݸһýţʧ˾ʧˣǼͳɣһβɣǾʮΣʮβɾͰٴΣеǮ˷Ѳɣ
ߺߣҾ㡱ַôһ˵ѪеηҲɢ˲٣СǣַݱĲ
ȻѾ¶˾ģѪҲǲԥһ󣬽һλҩĸ˵¯У䵽һĳ̶֮ٴμһζҩģɵĿʼơ



584 ʧ˳ɹ֮ĸ
ַȻҲޱȵϣѪ££Լ£Լ㽵£һжɵĽţȻûκεϣһ̣˵ȴһҲ°빦
ҩ֮Ҳŵһ׶νַѾܹŵǵĵҩ㣬ʮֵ£ԼľĿʼȡҩеľ
öѪƵʲôҩʵͲסַݿڶѪѯʵΪȫܹܵԼֻŵǵ㣬ΪͿʼ˾µĻӵѸٲǡ
ƵĵҩԪЧֻһǾǷ֮֮ڣܹߴһȡٶȣһָҩɡѪ΢΢˵ͷַݽ͵
⡭ַжʱһĨ𺳵ɫ˵ⵤҩν񵤰һٶȣһЧ
ַݸҴƱⶫܹƳĻǾһһţҪ򣬲һмУԼΪٶȵĵҩǾԲĵġ
뵽ַҲһĨⶫôãҾҵҲһʦɣΪʲôû˳ૣ
𡭡Ѫԥһ£ͷЩ˼ⱾʵںԵģ˭Ҳȷɹݴ½Ĳҩܹģôðôҳૣ
ðɡַ̲סӣҲһĨΪ뵽ԼǰѲҩȻϡƽǶôĹأһݵļ۸Ҳܴﵽʮҡ
۸ڳ˵ۣȻҩ٣ַܹõѾķ˲˼ˣڵ˻ҽԾݴ½ɾֻвҩԾˣԲҩļ۸Ȼִӵİ
ˡ̲סһĭַݼڵʸ⣬ֵҩƳɹǶ٣һƳٿţ
Ҳ̫Ǳ˵аٷ֮һĳɹʾˣһֻܳһŵҩѪЩ˼ΪҲܹԼʧһΣɾ˷Ǯ
ðɡַ̲סӣҲǲסĿЦٷ֮һļʣһϡƽԪҪһǧԭϱϡٵҩǻ֪ʲô
ַ˵Ǯ֮ҪĻӳ̵óƷǴľüֵ֧Ѫоȥˡ
뵽ַҲȻˣѪļĴ󵨵ưɣҪҩĲãֻҪҪ͸
Ѫ̲ס΢Цĵ˵ͷеһθоиǮϹãȻĻô֧Լ޾ૣ

ҩѾ˹˺ʵ¶ȣʣµľǵȴ䰾Ƶһĳ̶ȣٽһ͵ÿʦַԼˣʦܹݳѪ֣һݣˡ
ַҲǳ׵û¿Ҳͼһʱ󣬱ۿʼѪȴûͣ£óһʼǣʼ¼
ȻǰѾܽľ飬ʺԼģֻԼľ飬һϸʦǱҪԼɫνüԲñͷԼÿһεƾ¼ǽƵʱ򣬾ܽӷḻľ鲻ǣ
һУ˶ǸŸԵ飬ַݾ¯ڰСʱûʱıӶʱᵽһζ
һ˲䣬ַݾͱѣҲһɲõԤУϽ˹ػİťַ֮ݾеˣˡ
ͻȻĶҲǽڼ¼ѪһϽǰҿ¯ĸӣʱһǿҵĽζ̲ס
ɢ֮Ŵȥ¯ѾȫսҩﾫַһѿҲã㷢־ͺˡ
һĨɬѪҡҡͷôܹ㣬Ҳãûƿغûպ˵ĻⵤҩҲᱻսˡ
ѪЩʧ䣬ַһҡҡͷʧ˳ɹ֮ĸһεʧܲʲôҪȡѵ´ʱ̵㣬߻С㲻ˣ
ҾͲűСһ¯ҩһεʧܣûлѪģĶ־ӵȼ
ʧܵԭԼʱ䶼¼֮Ѫߵ¯ǰ¯еĵҩ֮󣬼Ȼڶεƣٴʧˡ



585 ɣЧ
εʧܣȻʧһЩҩģȴѪ˲ٵľ飬Ҫ˶ãȫƿصԪľϣɹļʿ϶ߡ
ҾַݹƣѪĳɹʣԲдֻаٷ֮һңΪεƣȻʧˣȴܹɹϣ
ҪģǾǻֻҪѿصĺãǾͲκεˣŴЩʦĳɹΪʲôôͣǶΪʹõĶľ𣬻Ͳڵľ¯һ㣬ļ¼
ԹŴЩʦǣƵҩǿĶѪȴԽɵʱ¼´ΰôǳɹļʾͻӡ
Ȼٷְٲ̫ܣΪȻԵأҩĵķԼҩЧҲЩ仯ʮ֮һַݾ÷ǳпܣҲѪȫܹ
ʧ˳ɹ֮ĸȻޱȵĿȴûһ˿Ĳͷ¼ʱ֮󣬱ʼơ
һδεʧܣһδεʧѪҲһĨƣƣϵģϵġ
ʧܵףԼʱȫעеޱȵƣַȻҲȫܹѾҪＫˡ
һ¯ʧܣַݲ̾˿˿ɫѪʱҲˣټɣҲͦ۵İɣ
ַôһѣѪŻȻһʱ䣬ִ˿Ѿ쵽ˣһʱ䡣
˿һ۵¯ѾޱȽӽɹҩ֮ѪһĨϵһ˰ɣʧˣ
ðɡѪԾԾԵģַҲֻӣˣ佫ҩĸɾ֮ٴ˻¯
¶𽥵䶼ůůģѪһļ㣬һҩõУʼ˳Ͷҩ֭ȫںϵһ֮Ÿ¯ĸӡ
УһҪɹסţѪҲûټ¼ʲôˣ۾һգգĿŵ¯ȴʱһһĹȥ
ʣȴѰһʱ⣬˾Ŀŵ¯עʱһһĹȥȴŽҿ¯һɲǡ
Ʈɢ˿УַҲǿʱ䣬ȷĶţ˹涨ʱֱַӽرյʱ䵽ˡ
áѪ˵ͷһ֮󣬲ҿ˵¯ĸӣ˽ȥֻһƢζӵ¯ǶѰɫҩﾫд
ȻεĻѿصĸոպãҩҲһžûбսҲûл򲻹ûгΣֻһۣѪűסַݵҳɹˣڳɹˡ

νྡȻƵҩĹ̺ܿ࣬˶Ѭ˴ҲģͷҲһգѵҩʱһжֵõġ
˾ӵƬַ֮ѪļˣټɣڻҪૣܱܲţ
ַôһѣѪŻȻϽߵ˵¯ǰǶҩﾫȡ˳ŵһųϣʹǱ鼮ַָʼ
һַۻҵַʹöԭһŵҩﾫ𽥱Ѫֳŷ㣬˸ӫİɫҩ
ˡֱַĿӨ׵ĵҩҲһĨǿĿǣʲôЧǷĸѪ˵һ档
ŵҩͣװѪ׼õС͵ҩƿתͷЦŶַݵһξŵҩ
һ֣ʵҪģպ˾ϣ´ɾͼ򵥶ˡַҲһĨοҩɣҲûа׷һⲻǣ
žֱӽҩƿ𣬲ŵַݵϣѪԿɣһСϣ𱻶ˡ
СС󣬱˾ûлˡַݹЦһԥĽҩƿšһöԼĿС
һҩеĿɬζַݵĿУҩڿڻʱ򣬲ûַôʣޱȵˬڣԹκǹĸ
ԵҩɲΪ˿ڸУΪҩЧȫ̷˵ҩַ֮ŲŴ˸ϣԼ
ֻһ˲䣬ַݾ͸о˲һⲻһĵطȻȡ棬ǿŵҩǽԼľһ㣬ܵޱŨĺģӿ
бȽһ¸ղԼٶȣַݲϲ˫۵ûٶȾһϣʵ̫˾ˡ



586 Ѱҵ
ҩƳɹַҲᵽ˵ҩߴĺôԸӵļᶨѪ뷨ֻҪϲС
ʱѾʱ䣬ҲûټƣҴҵϴһ󣬱Ųķȥ
˿̣ŮǶѾΧ˲ǰ죬ͷĳ֮жǴ˲
һϷʵĿ˵˵ȥˣôŪ⸱ģˣѵǷ޵񡣡
ٺ١ַҲֻڨڨһЦǿûȥһ磬ԲŻ⸱ģ
һַݴ˻ΪжʱһĨɫⶼʲôˣⶫû˵𣿡
ȻáѪһʱͷһĿŽΪƵĵҩɲֽƭƵĶʷݣѾһŶ
ģһĿַݣΪգգ۵ⵤҩʲôЧѵĸ˵еһܹշ
Ǹ̫ˡַҡҡͷһصĴӶͳһʣµԪݸΪʲôЧԲ֪ˣ
ŶһĨɻɫΪҩƿӹƿţֻһ£Щˬ̲סζͦģǲ֪Чզģ԰ɡ
˵꣬Ϊֱӽҩ˳ʱһɵҩеζܣŮǶ̲סǰһҲһĨҲˣҩֻһţֻһ£Ҳֻ۰Ͱ͵Ŀš
һ˸УΪ۾ĵȴŵҩЧɰ֮˫ۣһϷʵζͦģǹͦģʲôЧҲûа
ǺǡַЦˣҲֱӶԽΪѵ˵ʦȻⵤҩΪƵģ㲻һԣô͸ҶûЧૣ
ŶΪ㶣ҲɣֱӱۿʼԼĹֻһᣬýΪ¶һĨڵϲá
Ӻ󣬽Ϊ̧ͷһĨϲɫⵤҩʵ̫ˣȻһϵٶȣֱ񼣡
ַݴЦ֪ǵù˰ɣ⻹ֻǿʼѣԺǽĵҩƳǿ϶
ðɡΪһĨڴɫȫܹܵѪܽĵҩƳĻԼҲܹþ޴ĺô

ãû뵽ȻôȻõ˽Ϊ׿ڳ֮϶ʱ¶һĨ⣬Ů֮Уִŵģ˿̵ΪҲǽӽ˰۷塣
Ȼƾٶȿ϶ﲻĳ̶ȣ˭иˣ԰ҩˮˣΪҲǹھŮɲ㣬ҪͻƻѾþˡ
ڿѪ֮б㲻һеҩͻƻĻȻܹʡٵʱ䣬ҲַݸһЩ
ö˷ݣ֧֣˵ⵤҩһૡѪһĨ˼һֹ͸ַݵͷϡ
ǲӦõ𣿲ãܲƿͻƻĵҩеĻһ𣿡ڨڨһЦǺ˵ԼĿģŮǶЦ
ЦʱҲޱȵĺ棬ѪܹƳĵҩƳͻƾĵҩĻǾ̫ˣҲޱȵڴ
Ͼַڵľ磬ʵǸ̫߳ˣҪ׷Ļ϶ǲеģܹһЩݾǾٺòˡ
ŮڴУѪҲһĨεɫǸʵڶԲҵǱ沢ûֵҩԡ
ûµġȻкʧΪ˲ѪѹҲֻҡҡͷûеҩҲԼͻưѹ
šѪЩǿĵ˵ͷΪԼܹеһףҲûκεİ취ϵĵֻô࣬ûֵҩĵܲԼоưɣ
ʱ򣬽ΪȴһЦվ˳ǺαôʧûеǿԼҰʵҲǿ򰡣еǮǣ
סַжʱһ⣬૵ôû뵽㣿Ȼĵ඼ûõģĲǣ
ⷽҿ԰æؽ֮£ҶὫԼ˽صĶóģҵֶҲûܹϣܹΪĻҲ᲻ó΢Цŵ˵ͷ
գͽҲڲæǵ·ȽϹ㣬ռĵҲʵģ㵽ʱһЩҩˡΪҲǳıߵ



587 ٴι
ʵ̫ˡ˶֧Լı֮ѪжʱһԺУܰ˵ԺС
ʱĸܵԼѽڣҲڰӦûʲôܹҵġ
˿̣Ƶĵҩܹ˶ϲԺϾĿǰΪֹֻһ˻ѣҲǶһ޶ġ
ŻĴ򿪣ֳҲǷ׷ŮҲǽѪΧ룬ѯ˾ʲôĵҩѪҲһһ
ҲģȻΪʵĵҩϾʦĳԾΪ߾ͻƣʵĵҩܶ࣬аģֱΪģܳƾģ෱ࡣ
ȻŮ˵ΪĵҩֻǽѣںģȻЩĵҩŶգߵȵֵܹӵĵҩ
ԴˣַֻһЦŮǵòѾ˵ˣɶ»ôģȫҲܹ⣬Ůԡ
һСʱŮҲǳԹַͣһ֮󣬱ԻصԼķ䣬ַǵһЦһ裬ںͤ
ˮַѪڵСԺȥԼ˵ģмǳҪҪɲ˷
ѪУ˿ϴӣڴͷԼ㷢һĨԼɬ
˵ݴ½ôõʱ䣬еĹɶݴ½ģִôãҲѾܵŮӰ죬ͱ˵ſһ档
ʵǰԼԼǳǶҹ죬ŮӰ֮Ҳ˹Ҫõַݵĳ谮ɬʲôĶͨͨ׵
Ҳȷôˣ֪ԼĻǱַݣˣֻҪַϲģѾ㹻
֨ѽһűƿ˲Ѫ˼ҲޱȵĽǵӰԼ
ѪˡַݵһЦѪУһĨʮᣬҪеĽŸС
šѪɬĴӦһ䣬ʱͷָҲһ𣬾ĵȴַݵһ
ǰȥַһѽѪ°̧סһãȻʱֱӾȥҲѵĴ߻
֮Ѫַ̱ݵĻУһξƷģ⸱εģַ̣Դһֱַӽ¡

һҹַ˯ѪһĨᣬŮڶ࣬ÿһܻ롣
һͬ˲ʱŮжһ˿ϷʣȻҹһϢѾǲֶߣַȻһ̹ȻѪȴߵõͷ­
Թ緹Ů㽫Ѫĵһԣ˵ĻַȻҲûȤֻӣѡ뿪
һǳҪǾȥڲҿûйڵҩ鼮еҩ鼮Ļڲġ
ϾڲЩ飬඼ڸңҴж꣬Ҳܻܿй鼮Ҳַʧ顣
ԸŮַ֮ݶʱڲУĵһվȻȥˣϾ˿ǺѣôûһַݵҲС
ŻĽСǰͣУַݻǰȥһ۾ͿںСƵ̲ס΢Ц˵װôС
Σڻû¿ˣܹͻƵȻֻĥʱⲻǣҡҡͷһĵȻ
ַ΢Цǰȥ˵ôȻȻû£ǾɣָһΣ
Ǿɡ÷ĵ˵ͷƺĹһԺ󣬱վַݵǰɣûг
֪ˡַݳĴЦһֱǰȥһ޼ȭѴȥ
ţнףСӣָһȰֻ˲䣬ַܵͻƺϢҲһĨȣΪټôȥַݵΪϾҪ׷Լ˰
ô˵ţȴûκεͣ٣ʱַݷ˽ȭȭνַݵζǱһ
Ȼһײַݳ˿Ȼϴ˵ĶԴѾ˲٣ҪĻҪʱ䰡



588 С
СʱַľǱѪƴһȭᷭڵأҲֻϵĳܵվ˵װ㲻һְɣôôá
Сӣûֻ֣˵ֳɳ˲٣رǿ棬ϡЦӮĿɲɣȻջӮˣַǿȴеһ˿ͷۡ
ַ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˲˹ԼܼôãɲǽҵģʱʮЧ֡
Ҫ֪˻֮һ㶼ֻĶȻҲܴ壬ȣЧȻࡣ
Լַڵʿ˲٣ȻУֵڲܣԼǿȶߣǷǳõġ
뵽ַ֮Ҳ΢΢һЦڵȷʱһʣԿǿ˲١
ԭˡȻԭ֮ҲĳĶַѵмǣΪһеĸԶԣмǲɳԡ
׵ġַصĵ˵ˣɲҪΪȻܹʱʵȻǳ֮ơ
ԶʽֻʱȥܹõһȻǺãûУҲûʲôֻҪԼϾˡ
˵ҲûʲôȥıҪˣֲַçײ֮ˣֻҪһξ͹ˣԶʱ˸⣬һϷʵĶַݵ˵ַݰСӽֻҴһİɣʲô飬ֱ˵ɡ
˲俴˼ַҲֻһЦȻ㿴ˣҲͲҴˣһЩѣȥû鼮
һĨɵɫңҪ׼ⶫǷʱȻЩܵ˵Ǳ״ģҷȰ̫ࡣ
ˡЦҡҡͷַݽ͵ҵŮѾɹƳ˵һֵҩԪЧǳĲܹӻһٶȡ
ʲô𾪵ŴͣһŰɵĿַݵôܣⵤҩôĻΪʲôûƣ
ǺǡַݵһЦҪӴʽ˵˳ֻ˰Σȫ˹εӵԭˣģҲֻһ˸ô˷ˡ
ôܽ˷ѣǮ֮ܹʵĻǲﾡòǣַ΢΢һЦҲһĨȻ

޻˵ֻǿĵ˵ͷðɣȻ㶼ô˵ˣһ˵ʲôȻҩô棬ȥҰɣеĻߡ
ǾͶлˡַݺٺһЦתŲȥֻŸͻȻ뵽һ£תͷףȽϹ㣬԰Щ˭й鼮еĻҶԸ߼չǮ⡣
֪ˣСӣ׼һϷһЦַеҪռ鼮ǿ϶һʱѪ׼־õķչ
ٺ١ַڨڨһЦҲûнʲôֻǼǾͶлˣܹյõĵĻһĺôʱһ㵤ҩ
ˣľˣҩʲôС΢΢һЦʮ͵Ķַ˵˵ҩȻãûҲνܹͻƵĵҩŻޱȵļ
ǱַݶʱŲķȥ˿̴ѧҲǰַǰ󣬶ʱЦŴ˸к˵Сӿ²
ַڨڨһЦҲûκĽԼҵ߸˴ѧգϾҲǺˣҲûʲôġ
ԭˡַݵ֮󣬴ѧյжʱһĨ⣬ַݵֵ˵СӣȡǧˣСӿǵĵҩૣҶԣǧ
ȻģȵҩƳˣһһʱ˰ɣѧ̬ȸ˵Щ˼ˣַҲֻԡ
ٺ٣Ǿͺãʲô飬ʱ˵һˡõַݵ׿ϣѧҲǷַݴ˸к󣬱Լ鼮
ַҲһεĽ뵽˲Уʼѡ˹鼮ܲջǾ͵ÿˡ



589 ˺
һ鼮û˻ᷭȻܱ۵ĵطֱַŲ۵ȥ
ν鼮Ǿ޹ؽҪ֮ϧЩ鼮ǲӣԵַ鼮ʱЩ鼮Ѿǲ˻ҳȻѧնҲû˿
ַݲҡҡͷһõУ˴֮ſϵļ֣
ȻһеĵļһҵԳ˵ûκιעģҲûʲôƽϵģ飬ͲӣԲŻᱻŵ
ַУҲûɶ£㷭˴ĵһҳֻдǧǧ򣬶һʼǧ֮ϣʣµģȻһһоôλԼҵĹ¼ַݿĻЩζ
ò˵һﻹǸţණ˲²⣬ͱ˵һԼμ֣֮ණøǵģôá
ҵĶַ˽ļ࣬ԿŻԴ˸е壬˲֮ˣͨһЩ²ͻôϢǷŵִĻһ˲š
˵ڶҳֻϼ¼һ壬Ҷ൱ֻȴҲټȻѾʧʱĳС
ʣµ壬Ҳ඼¼ֻȻдļ嶼ѾȫʧˣϾȻãʱ䳤ӵţҲʧģͱ˵塣
ַ˽壬д嶼ţٲֵĲǱ𣬾Լ˴Уַޱοǣ޼ҾȻҲϣһ˵ʮϣʧļ޼ҲǰʮķΧˡ
ַҲʧȥ˼ȥ飬ΪЩ嶼̫ע⣬ҲʵڲעЩ
ⱾַҲǻع鵽;ǲй鼮ȻĳЩȤ鼮ҲῴϾ࿴飬ɲԼԿ
һСʱַǲһзҵһ鼮ֻ鼮֮жʱһĨʧΪⱾ鼮УȷУЩҩƳֻ֮βѣûʵĶ
ô滹һЩйľ飬ַҲǽʱѪûȥܷҵһЩõĶ
鼮ַܶ࣬ݿôãҲֻ֮һѣһҲûżǼȥɲڲռ˺üʮĲ飬һͳ鼮ûС

ʱ˳УַҲר־Ѱ鼮鼮Ͳ࣬Ѱô׵ģַݸɴһЩˮԼĶһ߷һ߰ѧЩ鼮
ѧȻּɣҲַôˣЩ鼮Ҳ鼮㱻ƻҲûʲôӷռλˡ
򲻸ˣַǿ˵ڶ鼮ֻеķֵȡĲַûãǻÿʵԵݡ
ϵĵһҳֻǿһַۣݾͲüͷȷǱ鼮ȴͲͳ鼮ǹʱֽƭ
νƭӣǾƵĵҩ˸ûкôֻͱ˵Ȿ¼ĵУĲϾȻЩؽͱǦȵȣⶫԵеĻ˾㲻ˡ
˺ԥģֱַӽⱾ˺ƬȻʲô˾ӣҲԲ鼮ȥʱЩĵˡ
һĻҲպñѧոУʱŭĳСӣڸô˺ˣҪñ֪ôҶԲ˶ߡ
ѧղû˵ѣ⴦Լйڵ˿һϱĻҲܵһĳͷɾ͵òʧˡ
ͷİɣҰ㵣Ų𣿡ַһĲںҪ֪ƾĹϵ㽫һѻˣҲ˵ʲô
˵ɣҿҪܵεġѧһľᣬһ۴ķ֮һɻ㲻Ҫҵôҵ˵飬㻹Ҫ˺ˣ
ġַҲûʲôֱӽݸ˵˴ѧ˵Ҫ֮ⱾǲǸ˺
˺ĺáʣѧǸǳˣַݵ֮ʱҲߵ˺ĺã鼮ôܷŵૣ㲻˺Ҷ̲ס˺ˡ
ⲻͽˣַݺٺһЦһϷʵĿ˴ѧգжһĨ˼Ҳ֪Լôַˡ



590 ټ
һĳģַݵļ򣬴ѧһĿЦ£һͦĵģ´飬ܲǰ˵£
ٺ١ַҲ֪ԼЩ³çˣЩ˼ͷҵȷçײˣ´η鼮ǰ㣬һ˺
žֱһĵַݵԴϣѧЩЦõһ˺ƨʱ㽻ңϱֱ֮ջپˣ²Ϊ
ðɡЩ˼ӣַҲһĨΣҲܹףѧʵڹԼֻΪֱȨ֮£ԲŻᾯԼġ
Ȼھַ֮󣬴ѧնʱת뿪˴Ҳǻָ˼žУַҲһһѰ鼮һ
еʱַҲᷭһЩֿȽֵ鼮вõĵطὫʱøѧд
ֻһѣַݾͽѰһ룬˿ʱ䣬Ѿǵ͵ʱ䣬ҲͷеĻ߳⡣
ֻǳԸͶѣַݿɲֱ˦־ͻؼҳԣֱҵ˴ѧգ˱һͬڲĲ֮УΪڲĳϣȻȨͱ˵ܹ뵽ʳеĳרС
ֻһַۣݾͿһУҲһĨɵɫǰȥĴ˵ļӴȻܹˣѾͻƵ˻
Ҷѡ˺ٺһЦһɪĿַݵ˵һҲŬ˰ͻƻ֮󣬲ߣҲŪְţʲôࡣ
ַЦˣһϷʵĿǰ˵ڿǳϢˣʱʲô£ɵΪҳͷ
İɣһġַ⸱ģȻһˬǰһֱַѹţ˿̾練ܲĵ׵ĸег죿
ǺǡʱһԴ̶ЦĶУתͷѧ͵ЦţжʱһĨɻϣǣ
ʵ̲סˣѧմЦ˳˵Ǳһˣһôܱڰͻƻˣһǻڣڵ٩ˡ
ʲôڣһĨԼɵɫһɵĿַݵ˵ֵܰͻƵ˻ڣôܣ
ûʲôܵġַݵһЦ˵ҲѣԭֻǻڶѣֻǰõõһŵڵԲͻƵнס
ԭˡһĨɬֻðģԭΪԼһǧ˲ͻƵѾǳַݣȴû뵽Լˣֻһѡ

˵Ҳ͵ȻˣɲΪ˱ȽʲôΪԼܹľʣòץַݣƿٲ˵ġ
˶ʱ˺þƺòˣʼ˵˵Ĵ඼ǹģʱţû⴦УλҲǰ͡
˵ĸ̸֮ʮֵĲмϾַ̫ˣΨһеĴѧգҲֻǸͻƻѡ
˵Ļǻ᲻֪䴫ǵĶУǲ𽥵ģǵҲǱԽԽأΪַݽĳЩȻޱȵȡ
ҲǱȻģַݵʱ̣ȴǲȺ飬ҲǼʶ㣬Щֻ֪쳵ϼһﶼҪĸһЩ
ͱ˵һЩţôҶЩݴ½ʱЩҲ̲סˣѯʵǸַݰ˵Ǹݴ½Ĵ𣿡
Ȼ㲻ҵĻȥףҷȰǱȥǸˣǸ粢ôãǸҲֻǸտʼѣسŵĶǻַ֡ҲûʲôģֱӶЩ˵˳һ档
ôһΪЩǺãһȻ˽ģϾЩһеǰȥݴ½ǶԻ˵ҲνǸ޴ʧ
ľ棬ҲЩ³ЩȵǴ˸߶ǿŵģЩϼһȥĻҲʲôˣ˵磬òʧ
һξ棬ҲǲٿַݣǲԼͬĴȴַݵļ⣬ĿеõһЩȽͻϢ
Ҫ֪ЩϼһʲôöԼصУַһ󷽵ĽܹõһЩԼҪϢĻǻǷǳġ



591 ȥң
˵ݴ½ľַ֮ݶʱתһ⣬ʼ˵˾Ķͱ˵ͻ˻֮ĵ
ַݽԼǿ֮˵֮мһĨ㽵ɫȻˣɶǴߣ֪ԼͻƵǸˣ޷Ĳǣ
ڵ˽⣬ĶûһַôַҲǽķǳϸĶĿǵ⣬ַҲǺĵĽ˳
ַ֮Ҳ΢΢һЦصĶ˵֪ʵļ֮ڵ֮󣬻һǿľڡ
ʲôֶǿˣһ粻ͳŵ𣿡һĨ𺳵ɫѾǸе˲Уһߣһֿ֮Ķ᲻
ȷݶΪַصĵ˵ͷһصҪ֪ͻƵǸ֮綼ѾݲĴ˰
ʲô˼綼ݲȥģͫһΪѾµһЩǿ֮һеޱȵ𺳡
ַݵһЦ𽥵ĽӤͻƷʽԼǿ֮˳ȻΪʲôᱻųԭҲ˵˳ر飬Ҳ˽ܡ
ʣַ˵Щֳ֮ʱһƬž˶ǳ˶ԻӤǿʵУþòƽ
ҲĵĲˣַݶʱվļˣҲԱ㣬ȥˣԺȰɣ´μ
˵ֱַ꣬ƨžˣŲķȥ׼ѰԼЩ鼮ǶѪ˺ڣһҪҵʵ鼮ģɲʧ
ַݵıӰԶ룬ͻȻסԼȭͷĬĬȻڴˣһ죬һٴ׷ġ
뵽Ҳǲ̧ͷһĿգ૵ϾҲҪͻƵӤ磬ǿվĸо
ȻУҲֻһ˷ĺԶЩǣҲֻ̾һΪԼûøе˿ϧ
ҪͻƵӤ磬ҪʮǰﵽڲУǱ˵ǵˣǻڶûдﵽôͻƵӤľૣҲֻ廳һˡ

ٴλص˲ַҲǼѰ鼮ֻй鼮ʵ̫ˣô鼮Уһٱжܲһ鼮
һ㣬ַֻܱʾ޿κΣϾżʵ̫ˣ˭һںǮһֱʧܵĻЩǧĴ嶼ܲôĸ
ν򲻸ˣô鼮УַҲҵһͳ鼮ˣΪȫм¼ĵҲͳ
Ȼдֻ԰Чĵַ˵ûжãŮ˵Щҩȴܼǵĳɳûɲȥ
ĽⱾķһԣַݼٴδҵһ鼮ֻȫһ㣬ⱾмصĶ˵ûãֻŸŮʹˡ
ô˵鼮ַݿ֮Ҳǻ飬ҲûаһˣʺĶ鼮ַҲռ˴ѧգд
һкַŴ飬ڵĵطȥַӰ֮΢΢һЦôջûУ
ջУǶûʲôáַݿɬһЦҩȷǸöҲҪҵԼõİûҵĻһҲֻǰϹ
ͱ˵ڣ鵹ˣǶԼûʲôðֻûؼҸŮʹˣԼֻӣĬĬߵһԶ԰ˡ
ǾͿϧˣ˽⵽÷Χ֮ҲֻЦЦ˸ӡһԥģ
ͱˣɶֱ˵𣿡ַΣֻѯʵ⸱ģ϶кöȴʲô˼ɡ
ԥһºʵʵĽ˳ղҴ绰˽һ£ﵹе飬ԼȥȡŶ
⡭ַסˣҲһĨڵΣףΪʲôڵˣȥĳ˵ʱ򣬻ԵʮֵΡ
ַҲȷЩϾôȻûϵÿԺ뵽ԼʧٺԼǷģб᲻Ծĸе˼



592 һò
ȥǲȥַһĨãȻȥĻȻԴĸеεȥĻòˣǱݶԼãûȥĻǾʵ̫ϧˡ
˼˰ַ֮Ǵ⣬̧ͷˣͱˣһȥģⵤҰöˡ
ûڵģУַݾȫԲµԭǿģַҪĻǾֻԼȥȡˡ
ⲢҹΪҪϾôޱȵ˼ҲŵԣߵһĻ˶Ըһ¡
ַȻҲһ㣬֪ԼǰȥĻǳΪԼΣ飬ɲԥԥܾǽܣҲҪ󵨵˵
ʵ֮ǰַݾѾҪ¸ֻһֱûҵʵĻѣԽλᣬ֮ĸ˵ҲǸѡ
ַݸҴҲһĨΣַûôŹȻĻ治֪ν͡
ĿַԶ룬ҲһҲһĨЦСӣѵõһýˣͲܸҵ𣿡
ûĵ׵ַݽҽһԨԴΪַ֪ݴʮֵĹ棬ֻҪκιϵ˻߼壬ʲôΣʱҲϡ
ȻڿлûгԼҵˣȴѾǳˣֻǲԸ˵ѣϾǽ˵ôľ
ǱַҲǻĻصԼļУ³ȻҲǵһʱѪ׼ݸ
ȻڵѪޱȵĳԣʱͻܽпʼַ˴ʱ¯ҲʢȼţַݽŶûз֡
ַжʱһĨϧɫѪôùȻһ󲿷ֶĸȤֺγûЩַݲŻ˵ĸеϧ
ߵѪԣַѪϢһˣôùһ۵ġ
ѽ˿̵Ѫļ¼ľ飬ĻȻַݵĻȴǽһڲַ֮㻺תҡҡͷҲ۵ģС
ðɡַεӣȴȰôǿȵǲеģԺûСʱ͵óϢСʱ𣿲ȻᱻϿġ
Ȼлǲ̫ԸѪȴҲ֪ⶼַݵһƬģԵ˵ͷЦǺðɣġ

ޱοĵ˵ͷַŽԼڱó˻εʲôϲ𣿡
ϵǼ֮ѪжʱһĨ⣬Щ鼮ޱȵĿ
һѽѪֱӷ˿˿Ҳ¶˾ϲɫȻϼصĶ˵Ƿǳõġ
һѪʱҳϣһһҩƿݸַݵҽƵĵҩнʮˡ
ôַࣿжʱһĨ⣬ΪĲ²òѾȫˣѪƵҩĳɹʣصֻаٷ֮һ
ҷҵĳɹͦߵģаٷ֮ʮĳɹʣҲܳŵҩԽôࡱѪһ˷ܵĵ
࣡СһڣַҲЩǾ̫ˣҼѪǸţʲôٷ֮һֻӹ˵ĳɹʡ
ɲô˵Ѫҡҡͷһ΢Цҹǻ⣬ǵľ¯ǳȶԳɹʲŻôߵġ
ʲôԭ򣬵ĳɹʾǱҪߣҸôૣַݻһЦ˫ѪϻţߵĵͷǸ󻵵
ٺ٣˲Ů˲𡱣ַݺ̹ȻĽ˴󻵵ƺһѽѪ§˻УʼһЩСɬĵͷ­
ָţַҲǿڵѪ׼ȥһʵң˵е飬׼ȥһȥ𣿡
šӦһַŴ֮£ѪҲѾپˣ϶Ǻˮ
˶ģַҲǻһЦֱӷ𣬽Ѫѹ£ʼԭʼĶ
֮˲ѪҲһߵĿַݣ󻵵иҩܶãҪҪһ£
ʲôҩַ΢΢һ㶣ҲǽŵѪϣȴĽ͡
ѪҲһɬֽǹҲܼ򵥣ҼÿôΡ
õõáַݸϽͣһԴǵĵǶҿ϶ҪģǿˣֶһӶòϡ



593 ʦõ
Ѫôһ˵ַҲޱȵΣһ֮ȴСⵤҩ㻹һ㣬òűҲðͱʦ˵ǲ
һĨϷʵɫַݿ˵ԼҪо벻ҪѪȴȫܹµϾû˭ϲԼǶһЩ
Ϊչ˵ӣѪҲ΢΢һЦˣҩһƵģʱȡˡ
ַЩ˷ܵĵ˵ͷٴζѪһڵҾͰʦлˣƤ϶Ὣ˵ģǧ⡣
֪ˣûµĻȥɣһૣձһ£һ¯ѪЩҪ֪Ƶҩɲˡ
ٺ٣ҾˡַЩһЦҲǲٴѪѧϰˣֱ뿪һطȥ
Ůڶϰ࣬Ҳǵμţһž棬ĺԺУ˿Ҳֻһ˰ˡ
ûڶ֪ʶܽѩȻҲڼң˿ɫѾ𽥻ƣǿ϶׼ˣַҲ׼ȥǡ
ܽķǰʱֻһʷζĿţȻûзַѾߵĽǰ
ûܽʱоʷϾûʲôܱʷ˽⵽һĻҲǿʮֵĽζرǻʷоıַݻҪ͸
ЩǸߵܽǰַݿڵܽʱˣһֱڼУ϶ǳİɣҪǳȥ䣿
ַݵĻܽŻȻ̧ͷҡҡͷôૣôʷԿҾͦõİڶǵʱһҲֻȥһΣϰ˴ڼ㲻ýġ
ַܽ䣬ܻʲô˵̬ȣַݲŸоΣֱӽ§˻еɵϣܾʵģ㲻ܳǰҾͰ˽ˡ
ûַݾôİԵȻܽܳЩ˵ǰȥ԰Լ羰ʱֱӸǮУеǮǣ
ܽҲǸַܵϧҲ¶һĨҸЦݵɵϣĲģȥ棬ҴЩαװͳɣûˣǻʲôģ
ðɡַӣҲһĨΣЩ뵱Ȼˣ԰ֻ˵Ļǵȷûʲôġ
ȻѾˣַȻҲܽʼ̸˵أʷв׵һЩ˳ʶ˻ǧЩʷ⡣

һҹ޻ڶһ磬ַݱڷ޴½ɵʯȡˣŶ壬׼͡
˿ռͨһжܷ࣬ͱ˵ȡʯһ棬ԭҪʻŸرܵȡ˿ռֻ֮ͨҪ͹ȥȡٷ¾ˣ˷ôıʱ䡣
ʱУַҲռ˴ʯ׼֮ЩʯﵽһƿδĿģҪ֪ԴδǱִʵ̫ˡ
ԹͣŮҲǸȥϰַ࣬Ѫһͬ˻ţڵɽȥ
һ·ϣַ϶ǻһĨĨɫЩɫҲǱѪĿУжʱ˹ȥң϶ֹõô򵥡
Ȼַݲ˵ҲͲˣʱҲ֪˲𣿱ϾҲҪһ˽˿ռģ̫ڱĻȻķУòʧ
ŵķٶȻǲö˵ֻСʱѣѾҵϿգĽ䵽ͣС
һ³һϤӰӭַЦ˵СӰǹͦģ˵ûը㡣
ٺ١ַڨڨһЦֻѣǴǲˣǱ˾µĻǿɾˡ
ˣô˵ͺˣҲСŮΪôáһĨпԼַ飬Ҳ͸Խ
ʱΪҲǽܹӵܣȴһҲϣ뾡취Ǹߣʱ򷽷͡
ҲʹΪʲôЩˣҪ֪ܵЩӵУòΪѵӣеַݶҪֵĳɫһЩ
ֻ˵һ仰ͳ׵Ķסͣ仰ǣַʱ֪ҪסҵĻҾͳǡ
ȻͲκεı֤ϾԶ˽ģʱԼŵַݵǸλϣѡԼܣοЩˡ



594 
ʵַޱȵļֺ֣γûôһ˿ΣַȻĳЩǲ̫⣬ͱ粻רһ棬ۺ۵ĻߵģҪЩῡһﲻֹ
Դĵ׵ģҲϣԼҵŮַһ𣬿ǴѾദһµʱ䣬ַҲһֱûбֳȤܿϲ
²ǿȻҲ޿κΣֻѡȴôַȴһֱûжйκεĹʣнޱȡ
ڵַ֪Ҫ֮󣬲߻ôһϷҪַݶԼŮǸĿĲϲĻҲùĲǣ
ַ֮ŽŵѪϣЩɻСӣλǣ
ַ΢΢һЦ͵ҵŮˣѪѾ˰ɣ
ѪԭҵĴС㡱Ȼ򣬲һȵĿѪԵЩ֪롣
ΪҵѵУҵĺǷּҵ˶ҪݵģȻǼʮȾϹҪġ
ѪȴַݵŮˣ˵ҲҵĹүλԼ֮ϣޱȵľᣬ֪Ⱳ־εĻˡ
ѪദôãַȻҲй˼ɵʲôԶʱҡҡͷЩȽʲôģܹܾ͹˰ɣҲ̫ЩǸľˡ
ǺðɡѪûһ˿ģҲһҪЩֵĻַݼԼŮʱԼŮҲޱȵΡ
ӴͻȻһԴ㿴ңȻ棬ϽҵȥɣˮѾˣǱߺȱΣ
ַ֮΢΢һЦӦ֮󣬱Ѫ֣Ŵķȥ
ν򳪸棬ȻѪѾԼַݵŮˣʲôҵٹʲôģҪҲգַݸеΣֻҪĵСŮ˾ͺˡ
һͬ˿УҲĸ˵˲ˮҺܿ͸ȡɣݴ½ңҿޱȵĺ氡
û˵Զݴ½ңޱȵĺ棬ͬʱҲЩɵɵǷ谭ҵҷչ
ûϰôҵҷչٱνĻ˵ԸⲻԸ⣬ҿ϶Ҳ᲻ͬ⣬ԵĻ治ϣʲôʲӵҳɽ

ַҲûʲôģԺǵȻľͽԼ˽⵽һиҵʵ֮еļɵҲǸˡ
Ĭ̧֮ͷһصĶѪѯʵС㣬ܷһ䣬ңĿ
ʲôѪһĨãȻƬ֮ŷӦһЦݵҡҡͷڿνǰٷϴˣȻʲô
ַҲ˲˹뷨΢΢һЦȫˣݴ½ңǿûʲôȤȻǿҪʲôҪôĻҲ԰ֹǡ
ԼĵǱ˸ҲЩ˼ӣܵõ˵Ŀ϶Ҳǳ˿ҼûϵټյԼһĻһ鷳Ƿս
Ըģܹõ˵׿ϣȻޱȵϲ΢ЦſڵҾͷˣðѯʣС㲻Ҫ⡣
ȻᣬڿɲʲôҴС㣬ֻǷݵŮ˰ˣҵҿɲʡѪ΢΢һЦٴ˵Լһ뷨ġ
Ȼе뷨һҵ뷨ַһŹϵҪӹܻҵĻҲᱻ׵ֹ
ȻַݵʵͲ赲ʲôҪĻǷģһӶ壬һС£ַ
Ҳû˼ȥıҪҲǳ׵ķַ΢΢һЦСӣֳ飬˵Ҹôлл㣿
ַжʱһҲǻҪ֪ⶫ˵ǷǳҪ
֪˵ĲɫͻȻһĳĿַݵʣҼһ
⡭ַжʱһĨΣѾǾڹˣɻǱҪԣĿ˵ʵڵģ治֪ôش
һ±˽֣ѪҲ˹ΪʲôַʱΪʲôϻôľˣԭԼһûлؼҰ
뵽Ѫϱ¶һĨȻЦݣ֪Լڲ˵һַֻԼľҪգ֧֣գҲ֧֡



595 һϮ
뷨ַвϵԼԼϲǲϲգǲգ
ʣ˵ʶʮֵϷԣ̨ϴѽѷ֣Լռıˣڴ֮ͥ¶ǶʱУһֱԹʮ㡣
ַҲŮʮֵĽദҲޱȵļѣǶαʱУ֣˵ĹϵҲǺܺá
ʱţҲ̵˽⵽ʵǽֻǱȽѣȫģŭԼ˶Уǻ¶
ںǶʱУȻһͶ죬ֺγַģҪ˵仰ƣ
ҲΪˣҪ뿪ʱҲһĨᣬֻǱѹȥûѣϲҲҪ󲿷ֵΡ
ںǴַħս֮УԼһĻľȻԭɵɵԼöԸ뿪˵жǾǼٵġ
ʣַݶЩϲֻһֱӱܶѣԸԼжĸ飬ųΪ
뵽ַ֮ݵҲһĨᶨɫˣֹΪԼԺ뿪֮󣬻̫źԼǶи顣
ȻѾ¶˾ģַҲǲԥֱ̧ͷ֪˼ҪҺһ𣬻ң
ûַҪ뷨ϣԼһĻһ뷨
ַݵķ֮ҲһĨɫֺγ㣬ŬôãҲֻһ㡣
ΪʲôַһԵЩŵĶѯʵΪ֪ʱʲô
ġҲûκεԼ˳رǾ仰˵˳һĿַݣҪı֡
һкַҲǳĬˣȻ˻Ͳ黰̸ʲô飬ȴַо̫Ĳ
ȻѾǳ׵׵İ˶ǲмһˣô뿪˵ĻǿⱲӣٿˡ
ⲢַŮ˵˼ǲ׵İһˣϵĻͻĽμԺУ
ַ֮ݵҲûκεĹ˼ɣŮӲգǾݣվһϹ֪ģ
ַѾ̬ҲһĨЦݣָڵĵطԼСԺУȥɡ

лֱַվѪһͬ߳˴һǸѪҪֵĻ͹Ұɡ
ΪʲôҪ㣿ѪһĨ֮УСٻ⣬ǺߣûһŮҪһεĻ뿪ˡ
⡭ַݲӣжʱӿһĨҶӨٻΣԼĵһŮˣһֱĬĬĽһУʱĹעòЩ̫ˡ
¶˾ģַݾԼλص۾֮һҪҶӨٻúõˣȻĻԼеģһﵽġ
ַЩѪҲ΢΢һЦĺ󱳵ŸϽȥðɣҸطоȥ˵ʱҾˡ
ַŻȻ˼ĵ˵ͷ֪ˣѪңҺܿͻġ
ż뿪Ҳûµģٺ١ЩζĿַһۺѪʱһʯ£ʼζĿ˵飬һԡ
ַӣҲѪղŻе˼ӿһĨж󣬶ʱڵǴСԺȥȻôõʱûȴļǵ
ϤĵطϤСԺַߵڵСԺǰʱͣ˽ŲԺвԼһʱ䡣
ȻʱǱȴǳĿ˲⣬һжԵƽʱһһŮԶŪһ£ҲǷǳС
һ¿ֵʱһַ֮Żƿ˷ţȥǴѼ£ַݿһϤӰһɫ·ҲһľӣԵޱȵƽ
һĻȴַݵоҵΪɫ·ǵӳ̵䴩ϵĶװǸľӣҲһηƢʱˤ޺õױС



596 ǣ
ȻӵĶϵЦݾͿԿַйأܲеޱȵĸж
˵ͲַٶŪԼԸ⴩·ȴַݶ˵һ䣬͸һ
һַѾʮľϣȥĽŲҲǾ仺תͷ
ַӰʱ˲סˣĿ૵һΣһôૣ϶ǼŮڷˡ
ַһĨεɫһһߵǰһûΣˣɵϡ
㡭סˣǰһĻѾãȫû뵽ڳ棬һʱûӦֻǴĿַݣȴһ
һһַҲ¶һĨЦݣĶֵ߰ɣӽ쿪ʼҵŮˣȻҲܸרİһܸġ
ءһѽ͸ģȻԸһжģĵȴǸоһ㣬ԵôĲʵ
ַݵһЦֱߵǰĽ§ԼУ૵ɵϣ˵Ķģ㲻ţĲ˿ִԣ
ܵǹеζԼޱİ¶ȣ϶ʱ¶һĨڵЦݣ˿ʶˣԼԵַʵģΡ
ȻһѾڴãĻܲͬ⣿ַݵĻУ૵ӦһԼͷļϣһ
һһԵôȻӵ֮ҲǻͻȻüͷһ𱸵ַݵΪʲôڲңǰЩʱ㶼ȥˣ
⡭ַ𾪵Ŵͣȫû뵽ɫȻô죬ղŻһģھһŭĿԼ
еһĨЦַ֮Ҳ˼ԺüܵŲϾߣڼҵѸ
ңŭˣֱһץסַݵĶھߣϾȥҸˣñӣ⹫˵ҵˡ
ðɣӮˡַڨڨЦЦôı뺷䶼УʱҲÿ˶죬Ȱ
ʵҲַϲҲˡ

ַ͡һԱģҲ͵ЦΪַʵ̫ɰˣҲϲˡ
ַһȻģҲǵһЦͷļǶ˵ǧȥ
Ȼҿ֪ġַݵһЦӲŮˣȻͦ׵ģ˽Ļʵǳᡣ
ַݵҲĵ׵ĸе˸ˣ΢΢һЦ֪𣿵һ̨ϴ򶷵ʱҿǺ޵Ҫʱ̫ɶˣ֪ռұˡ
ٺ٣ֲǹģֻǸ⣬ѡַڨڨһЦңǴεĴ򶷣ȷûҪռ˵˼ֻк汻ƼˣʹצǴβռ˵˼ôܻϣ
ߣΪҿǸһ̲ס͸ַһַۣݵǸļԺô
𴩣ַҲֻڨڨһЦȻ㵱ôңΪʲôϲૣʲôʱ򣿡
𡭡΢΢һ㶣͵ϲ㣬ȻദһɣȻǻҶ죬ܶʱҵģżҲڶҿģЩҶеġ
Ҫ˵ĻҪȥַħʱ㱧ǿź˵ԼİΣҪ˶ҲʶˣûĲС
Ȼַ֮Ҳһ˿ɪԼǼ飬˶ǳݲѣοഺڵŮૣ
ǸɪӣҪҲõˣҲŲϲˡ˾죬ҲһĨɬ
ⱲӶҲˡַݹһЦҲһĨϷʣҪҵһԼֵĸɫˣǾǲܵһ顣
Ҫ֪ʲô˶ұһź˵ߵģǴΪǴӲϣַݶǹھһΪԼŮˣǾԵġ



597 һϷ
͵ɪ㡱Ȼвַ̫ͬݵĵɪҲףַ˵ĲûдҪڵҵҪɫˣûС
һһڶ죬ֻǵϵ֮󣬾춼۵ģָоҲޱȵ泩
ַޱȵĸпҲԼǸȷѡĻԼûһѾˣҲûʲôúˡ
һСʱǣ߳СԺҵǼַߵһ϶¶ף
ϴַǷ׳٣Ѿ͸Щμַħս۵ǿдңܿһ𣬾ûκ˻ᷴԣĵףΪУԼҴСĻַֻһˡ
˵ףҲһĨҸɫܵõ˵ףȻеޱȵĸˣҲΪԼҵַ޸е˸ˡ
˿̵Ѫоĵ飬һͬʱ΢Цվλ˰ɣȻľ£ҿһ߶Ŷ
ѪųľૣȣǻӴһɬȻл֪ôĸŮദҲڵǻ᲻żԼ
ĵĶǶģַݵŮǶôǫãôܻżʲôŭԹ飬ŮǶޱȵż
ôܣַһ͸еޱȵˣôܻŮܿ뵽ŮУͱ˵ڣѾѪ뵽һ顣
ܹгദһ飬ַҲޱȵ⣬ҲˣԼҲǴҵ¶˵˳ȷԼҪ뿪
Ȼû飬ͬܿԼŮҸԸˣʲôૣ
˼Ҵ˰죬뿪˴˴ŵ۾ڵķȥַҲջ࣬ԼһԸ뻳У飬ҲǶޱȵá
ѪѾˣУŶԻֶõĵҩͱһֱԪֱܹڵνһɡ
ص˵۾ŮǷ֮ҲޱȻĽַȥԼա

ʱţַݵҲǻָÿҲѪҩ֮ҲԼŮ棬ַܽݶȥһαװġ
αװܽǷݣҲǱ֮·ŵϣжΪе˳ԣַܽݵĽHôñȾָ
Ǹޱƽһ죬ַԺŶѵõ⣬ʱһ绰ȴֻϣһȴǸޱİĺ롣
ַҲûľ͹ҶˣϾڵɧŵ绰̫ˣİĵ绰룬ǲܽӵģĲǣ
һҶϣ绰ٴ𣬼ǵ۾ĺ룬ֲΣַҲֻΪѵĽѯʵ˭
ٹȻǹ˶£ңΡ绰һϤַҲһĨȻЦԭ٣Ǵæ˰ҵ绰֪Ϊ£
ʵַѾЩ²⣬ҵԼֻһܣǾͣҲ˵£ΪʲôôΪʱ۾еԼһΧʵǲô⡣
ûεĶ;УѾ𽥵ռϷ磬ЩƣڱԭҪͷͣš
ǷƽʱεĻֻᵭһЦҸ֤Լˣȫϡ
ʱڣԼ嵽ԵڱԼûɽǸ̳Ѿˣټͷͣ裬Щԭ֧ˣĵ׵ĸеһĨɡ
βòַݣܿյĹϵַͣǷֻǻߵʱȴǲôֱӵ˵Ͼλûκһ
Ĭ˰֮Цⲻû𣿲֪ʱһ˾ǵģ
ǺǡַЦˣٽƻԼһĴ֮£ҲӲָɽֻܹԹԵǰ͡
ĵ׵ģַݲͣȻѾԼˣַݲȥǲǲ̫ԵӦȻ룬ĸҲʱ䣬Ϲ
Ҿ͹ĴݹˡҲһֵزȷ̫ڿˣԭַݵĳ֣֪Ӧԡ
ԽôһϷ룬ΪľͣͲܵĻʹ÷ǳֶΣԼĿġ



598 ٴ̸
νһٶ˥ߣԭһƲɵģӦһ仰ϳɹһһŶ
ڣһ۾赲Ѿһ˿ɬУͲܼȥαҪ谭ʧԼǰȻٶ˥ߵĳ档
ξһ£һۣʧܵķǹˣֻҪԼɹ㹻
޸ˣ˸ңʵдգΪ˳ɹκε飬ԼҲϧο˵ס
鵭ȻĺŲˮξĵȴַݵĵַݿ˵յ̸УΪѵĻȻǺãĻʹ÷ǳֶΣҪַݸܵʲôڡ
žķУεһ̾Ϣ̾ϢԼһǾǺ껵ĴڣŻ뵽
ˣ˭Ҳ㵽ԭѾΪǷ˵껾ȻĵڶվԼ˶̨ϷҪֵĻҲַֻܹһʵ̫ˡ
ÿ뵽оͻһĨɫԵĻͲΪ飬һƴǣӦùص֮Уܳ
һжˣΨһģַݷ֣ԼܹɵķӣĽ־Ͳκεĸı䣬ıֻǹ̶ѡ
СʱʱܿȥŴһ춯֮ϵҲ˲תһĨ΢Цվٴݹ٣ν԰
ٹˣֻǸͨ˶ѣͺáһĨϷʣ֪εʵĿôܻᱻ⸱ǫǫӵģԻ
Ժɳ£ֱַ̧ͷϷʵ٣ʱ䱦ҲĨˣν£ֱ˵
ǺǡεһЦݸַһƵҲѾµˣҽֻһĿģǾ͡
ͣôͷȻѾµεĿģ˵ʱַݻǴĵ׵һĨ棬۴ЦĿΣȴĽ͡
ܼ򵥡һޱ82쳣ҲһĨصֹͣңһͬԸ¼ңҵĿģңҿԱ֤ǻַ
ַͻȻЦһɵӵģε㵱ɵʲôҵѣΪʲôҪһԸ
㴦ңȻ㣿㾿ǻλû˯ѣ˻㶼˵治֪ôġ

ûεЩַݶȴôĸЦԼԸԼѣַܹ
˵𣿡ַһɫɫļûԶĵˣҲûԶĳˣҳҵȷù㣬ҲΪԼĴ˴𣿡
ʲôַۣһϷʵĿΣַݿԸεȷһֻۣǸտʼѣҪ˵ʵ̫硣
ҽٶȣԼʧȥװã㲻̫ȻܰȴԼ˵ףθǲԲġĵĻش
˵ûַޱͬĵ˵ͷȴ˲ȥҲģ޳һ㣿Ǽʱôģֻǽһ߶ѣھȻ̸飬Ͳ߳𣿡
֪ǵеޱȵķŭѪĹϵǲĨģҵˣֻ𣿡ַָűҲһ鴤Ҳǲ棬ֱӷ
һĨŭַҲ֪˵һҲûȻжޱȵķߺޣûǰǿһӶῪġ
һʱ֮䣬Ҳַ뵽ѵľУ˵ȷúԥһӦеĳͷҲǣգһʱ֪ξˡ
Ƭַ֮ͻȻЦˣһϷʵĿεΰΣ㵱ܹվߵĻѾ˻ۣ֮Ըңγǲܻġ
飬ҲˣǲܴӦģɻһٵһһǮǻҶյ֮ҲеȫʧΣ
ٴαַݾܾвεɫҲ˲ֱַݵ˫۵ҪôһҾͲˣǳ׷ǹʣȲĹϵΪʲôҪǣ
ܼ򵥡¶һĨЦݣַݻΪѣҵĳˣҰǰ㡣
һڽоֱַվϷʵĿεǾ仰ԸһУҿԴӦԸңһ̸



599 ܣ
ַݵӰԶ룬εҲһĨҲ૵ַݣȻ㲻ʣҲͱҲˡ
ĴóԼֻͨһİĺ룬λжʼֻɹʧܡ
˵꣬αҶ˵绰ЩɳϣߵһԸģȴֲòôΪѱѡ
ȻĻ᳹׵ַַΪԼĴ壬˵һַݣӣҲ֪ʲôڡ
ַȻ֪ԼѾ뵽һƬ֮УΪУһֱǸȽԵˣܻʲôľٶ
ȴû뵽˶ǽο۱˾ǾʲôҲһַ֪ʲôڡ
뿪˵۾ַݻĻص˼УʲôҲûһ㣬ԼŮȴҹĽ١
ʱ仺ʱ䣬ַȴ֣ԼļŮȴһûлͷһ·ܵʲôõ顣
ԥͳֻһΣǵ绰ȴûֻͨһϤʾԲĵ绰Ѿػ
һֻûૣŽҵַٴβһҶӨٻĵ绰룬õʾȴһĨһĹػ
绰ûַͨݵĺ˲ļҲһĨɫɫҲһ԰ס
еŮַɫͻȻжʱҲһĨõԤУѩװŵӵһڵˣôˣ
ַûлشֻǲϵĲԼŮ˵ĵ绰룬һ⣬ʾǴ˹ػͬʾַݲΡΡĲԼĸĵ绰룬õĽҲһ
˿ַ̣ݵѾһƬѪ죬ҲǲķɱԵŮǶ¶˾ֵɫΪǴûп״ַ̬ݡ
ʵ̲סˣΪվַݵļͽ侲һ㣬ʦСǲǱˣ
ʲôŮйɣûеõַݵĵͷΪ֮ҲҲͲסóԼֻʼһĲ
ôˣǣҸĸĵ绰ҲͨˣȻѾˡַڿڣȴǱޱȵɳƣ֪жôķŭ
ΣĻһ֪ʲô̡⣬ַѾӽ񣬺ʵģŮԼĸԵۣ˸ҶǵĻַݾͻ᳹׵ķҲһ˿һļɵ

˶εĳ֮ŮҲǷ׷׷ֻһǵĿַݵݣǸô죿˭ôһˡ
Ѿ˶֣ڰַǰֻһǾǱҪȸ˭ܵǣźѰңȻǱͷӬһ㡣
ʣĿȻǽżһ棬ȫ˺ƤΣֻ˿ַݶԸţξȻ˷ľٶҪ֪ܵУð
Ĭַ֮ɳƵĿڵʦȥǣͱȥˣڼұǣκĻһʱ֪ͨң֪𣿡
ȻĵĳȥɣһᱣġΪޱصĵ˵ͷȻܽΪҪЩĻǾԵԷѹ䵽ͷϡ
ΪӦַ֮Ҳ΢һŮñֿˣһֱҲиӦǧҪܣ֪ϻǵģԱ¡
ַصģŮĻκε飬صĵ˵ͷڿǷǳʱڣɲԣǱҪšһ𣬲ܶȹⳡѹء
ܽҲһĵĿַݵҲһҪСĺ𣿵˲һˣǻڼ㣬򲻹ĻǾȱ
һģġ¶һĨŵЦַ֮ݶʱŮ˻֣ſڵķȥ
ֻŸ̤ſڣſڵ˲һ뵽ޱȵĽУַݽֻһޱϤѪӰַͫ׶
ûε٣ֻ˿̻ѪĿ˿ӵ绰ԣ绰֮Ǻľһ㿪ڵܡ
˵֣˵ϣַҲǺɵĹҶ˵绰ٵܵ˴ſڣٷιһƿǿЧ޸ҩ
ֻƬ̣ٱָһץסַݵ·ȾܣǱһȺΧƴ赲ǻûеǣܱǴˣҶԲ㣬Բ
ٵļַȰοѾˣͺúϢɣһὫľȻġ



600 ߹
õַݵ½˹ȥȻôصѾǺľе
ַҲǸ̾һ͵˲УŮǴһ飬ԼǱ£ֱ˸ףžķȥ
ȻҵŮǽȳȷҪģͬģʣûµŮǰȫҲǷǳҪɲֹײβˡ
ڷе;УַݱֱӲĵ绰׼ҪΪֻλǿ߱ǣеġ
绰Ҳ˲ͨǳЦĻСӣôҹˣҴ绰ѵǸҼֶŮˣҵ͵ģ
Ƿƽʱַݿ϶٩䣬˿̬ΣҲֱףм£ҵŮԼĸˡ
ʲôͲһͷȵΪַݣ±ǸҰŮ˼˵ļһǳıӵ
ȻַݻԼŮ˼ЦԾ֮һصѯʵ֪˭𣿡
֪ҡַɫ΢΢һ͵Ҳ²⣬ܿǵ۾ҵΡ
ңֺüͷΪϡǵãϴַȥʱϢй¶òƾҵġ
ߡ뵽֮һҪôĴ£ǾðĲΪҪǸ
ĿǰֻǻɶѣҲȷҴ绰ֻһҪǾ㱣ĺԺûгµŮԼʦַɫ΢΢һҲһĨ⶯ȻڻôȻΪУԸһ顣
ַݻ䣬ҲǺɵĻصˣϾ͹ĵȥҰɣҵĻҪôʱ֪ͨһ¾ͳɡ
ǾͶлˡַһޱȵεģֻҪӦģһ
ļ룬ַݵҲûκεĺ֮ǣҪ֮һǾҳǸ֪ʲộԼŮ˸ȳ
ʣȻΣַҲ׼Ҫһ˵ϷŹԼŮǣһж˵ŲвԼĻַݲҡ
ֻǰСʱѣַݾѾ˾Ĵǰ˸طַ֮ݶʱȥ

ַһڵģ֮ЩǲǶʱܻΪÿ˵·Ϊֻǣһᷢʲô¡
ʵҲ֤ǵĲ²⣬ַһ̤˴ĸ˱һЦݵûüڣͼַθҹ
˵ֱַ꣬һӣ˴֮У۵ȴҲģȻʲôӡ
ַŵĻ֮жһĨȻǴû۾ʲô˸˿Σ
ҲǾˣȫû뵽ϻڰ̸Цַݣ˿̾ȻֱӷһһûԼ¡
ַﲻ𣬶Լﲻԭأһʱ֮䲻֪Ǻá
ãʱһϤӰȴǳ˴УһЦݵԭ٣﷢ôĻѵʲôдܵĵط𣿡
ǺǡַЦˣ˫ѪĿε˵زˣ㻹װ⣿Ųھͽе
ǹɻѪζ˲䲪ǹɷ·ʬɽǺƣʱЩΧ۵ȺǸоһ˵ϣЩӲģֱſ˵ϣһľ֡
ܵƣζǲһ԰׵˺侲˵Цˣʲô£ǿԵȥ̸αﾪŴૣ
Ǻǣҽ쵹뿴λˣʲôַݵһЦȻѾˣҲûҪԴŰȥ
ȴûǶ˰οе˽Ҫŵ˴ʵڲ˼ǼɣȥǵǸ
˶̲ס˵ͷеľȴûȫɢΪַݸղŷǹʵֲ̫ˣĸܵΣǡ
ת뿪֮Ҳûκγɵѡ뿪⴦Ƿ֮أǺεֿɲôÿģָǸһһ裬ԼС



601 
˹ˡһ뵽Уַݱ㳭һƿƣ͵ĹԼУЩȵʱ侲һЩ
Ľǵľոַ֮һĿŵΣ˷֮ſڵҵŮ˼ˣûκεɡ
ǺǡͻȻЦˣһϷʵĿַݵ˵̬Һܲ⣬ҵĻشǲţ
λ䣬оһ󾢷ϮԼĲҲǿһ˫ַ֣ӲŲӸ
һϢĸоԺȴûһ˿һľţǴЦɱҰɱŮҲһˡ
ȿȿȡ˵̫ڼҲǱס˲ӵ¹㣬ζʱȻɫԵЩ԰ףȴǳϷʡ
ΪʮİգַݲɱΪд˿ַݼŮԼ丸ĸַݵУֻһôܵеùǼ˵Ż˵޿֡
ꡭ
εȷַݵߣŮǻ֮ǰȷɱԼȴȫû뵽ַݵȷûɱֱӴһȡ
ʹдʹһڵϱԼȰţޱĿַݵˣͲɱŮ˼ˣ
㲻ᡱַһ侲ҡҡͷΪĿĻûдﵽȻԲںļˣȴޱȵںԼûеɽˮʱԲô
ַݵһνǳ׵׵ĻεߣΪȷַ˵һԸΪվڻĵȨ۷壬ûдﵽĿ֮ǰôܻ᲻ϧԼ
ȶϣȷҵģƣһȻĶַ˵ĻַҲðôմԼһȣַôҲΪ˸һ㣬ǾȻռϷ磬ǧŭȻʲôĳ
˵ڲû˭ǿƣ˭ƣеֻǾƣκһ˹ľٶǾͻḶ޴Ĵۡ
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һĨЦ⣬λĿڵĿǰҵǣƣ޷ǿһҵҪͷŮ˼ˣֻһҪǾһѣԶܳڹǰ
ǸֳһĨϷʣַݿڵҪôѣ̽Ҹôúܺ档
ⲻ˼⡱ξֱͷյַݵǰ󻺻ʲôɣҶҪϣ˵ı¿ΣܻţûпĻ֪
Ͳô֮Ժ㸴𣿱ϾҪɱ㣬еǰ취ַɫ΢΢һ¶ޱȵΣյɫ
㲻ҡһĨЦݣλЦΪץסЩŮǣûжʲô𣿾ͱ¶ʲôģ
㡭һĨѪ⣬ַٴסεĲӣһŲţɱ㣿ҡ
εַȫŭȫû뵽ξȻô޳ܣȻʹ¶ĵֶΣֱ磬УַݻһĨңϾԴŮȥδ磬δҽµ涾Ҳȫܹ⿪
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602 
⡭˻ַ֮ͷҲǲ˲һΪѾ뵽һǳԽܵ뷨Ǿҵʱ򣬾ѾʼιҲԡ
ĻԼûκεİ취ϾԶҩֶ֪ɷֵĻҪȫ⿪ʵ̫ˡ
¶ˡַݵɫ˲ҲǵһЦʵڷ˸֮ҾͿʼķһԶҩڿѾ˹衣
Ҳ֪ÿεʱվͻʹֻ̣зһְɫҩܹǰɣûԶҩĽҩµĻͻᱻʹ
һϷʵĿ˫ѪַһۣμֶûһԽҩģҪһְֱɫҩ裬ˣòҩҲĻޱȵʹࡣ
ַеɱԼ˼㣬˿εĲӣֻҪһͻ
ַȴǲôΪжˣҪĻͱθĽҩɱĻǽҩϾԼûҵⶾİ취ĻǾһ顣
Դʱ˿ַ̣ݲòѡЭεĲӣһƽĿڵӮˣȫû뵽Ȼ飬Լöܵǳ롣
ȿȡಱӣһЦݵĿַݣһʤ̬ģллĿ佱Ҫ£ǾӦȴһи֮ʡ
˵ţٴοַݵĶ࣬ϷʵĻһһʱԼΪ˵Ů˼ʲôĶҪһǿݣԹˣ˵ұ޳ܣҪ֪ʷһֱʤдģʧֻܵ㡣
Ǻǡַ¶һĨЦݣҲҪףЩԵĳɹߣͷȴûһ˸³Ⱥڵ۾ѩģⱨӦ
ܿϧҲûСһĲں˫ָ߾ٵ㿴ڵ㣬ǰҵУһ
Ѿˡַ㶵ĿΣУξһһ㣬ȫԣ˻ϵĻǾһޱΣյ顣
ҵȷǷˣֻҪҵĿģǷˣΣмĿַһۣһƲһףǺ죬ȴĺϢ
ǺǡַԶԣһЦ֮󣬱뿪˴˴ԸʮҲԸһΣΪʵֲ̫ˣȫԡ
ʱ˿ַ̣Ҳǳ׵һ仰ǾֲһʲôҲǹ֣ģġ

̤˾пַݱˣ϶ǴһĨη壬ղɢһֱǵУ˶Ǵĵ׵ĸе˿־塣
ַȻȥǣ߳˾һǿֳصıӰ
תǺַݶʱ˸ףŰзȥһ֮϶ʱ¶һĨص˼ɫ
ַ׸Ǿܵһ飬ҪҪεļıȫӰǰʱûҲֻһˡ
˱¿Σ̬ٳ飬ַѹûΪһһҹʱ䣬Ѿ㹻ҵԼŮǣҵⶾİ취ˡ
Ҫôˣַݻǲ֪ôǳģȻθҰԼŮ˼ˣǾһὫǸޱȱյĵطȥңһ¶Ҳë
ԴַֻԼҲܾŵκˣʵ̫ˣϾش󣬹ǿһˣҪҵŮԼ˵Ĳ֮أǴ롣
ַûκΰ취ǲܵһ飬Ȼִһֶζ첻飬ƾδĿƼ첻顣
ַ֪δûκΰ¼ԭڿѧѾһе׷ĶֻҪܹõ֮˵һ˿ϢƾһϢ׷٣֮˸֮Է
ҲΪЧֶȻֻۣܶǾŻ䱸ϾõĻǶԷȥ֪ҪĻǾ̫ˣͬʱҲַ˵˽
ڳ˵ⶫͲõַ˵ȴǷǳ׵ľܹõϾƾҶҵĹϵҪⶫֻһ仰ѡ



603 ׷
²˳٣ȻѾ⣬ֱַͨռͨ͵ҶҵĿռֻͨһ֣˸к󣬱Ҷڵķȥ
˿̣ҶȻûڼңүȴڼңַݳڿռͨʱѾõϢ΢ЦӭСӣôˣʱȥˣ
үӣûʱˣ²Ŀһ׷񡱣ַݿЦҡҡͷֱڵֶ룬ûʱ͡
ַһģү΢΢һ㶺Ҳûκεĵ飬ֱӵ˵ͷȻû⣬Ҽһϸá
˵꣬үֱתط˵ⶫɲģҲҪȵǼǲУַҶʲôϵǼʲôȻˡ
ӺүӱһֻаƴСʷ״Ķ˳ݸַݵˣ˻ǡ
һַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷڵǾͶлүˣϾ͸㻹ʱ͡
ţȥɣżү΢Цŵ˵ͷĿֱַͨռͨ뿪ҶңҲһĨɻɫ૵ѵܽʧˣȻһôôţ
Ȼ뷨Ҳֻѣܽʧ˵Ļַݿ϶ҶһͬѰˣôֻ׷뵽ҶүҲҡҡͷٹˡ
˿̵һߣĺԺеԵ൱ĳĬŮڵԼĽǣͬʱҲڵַݱˣ˵εİ¼һΣ
Ҫ֪ŮɶйģһڶıֶΣɱ˸ˣɼȺ˾֯ԤıֵģĿľʲôǻö֪
ǵİΣѾõʱı֤ΪѾٸ˴˴ֻսڴˣǷɻ޼¡
˼ž˭ֽŮܵʱѪĵ½ȴͻȻεΣַͣǷͬ⣿
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֪Ҳνǣ˺ܿҪݴ½ȥˣҶⶫҲûʲôֻǸգֻ֪䡣

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ַݳһºŽ͵ֻҪ֪ľˣĽʵ̫鷳ˣ´˵ɡ
Ŷַݲ˵ŮҲȫԼеɻ󣬱ϾڿǷǳʱڣַݿ϶ԼĹǡ
ֻ˵ЩҲŮ˲˹׾ΣһǺ޵ƢһǷŭ⻵ˣŭСһؼø׽
ȻҲֻ˵˵ѣɲֳ嶯¸ַ鷳ҪģֻǵԼСŮ˾ˡ
ˣǾͼڼɣȥһַҲǲٽʲôŮ֮󣬱εķҵһͷ
ͷֱӷ˵׷ĿУֻƬ̣׷ʾ׷ٵȥķǷ̳
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ֻȴû뵽ַݵĸټʵ̫ȽˣȽȫԽʱŮصᱻҵ
һСʱ󣬵׷ûֹͣУַҲѾǽ뵽һƬɽУˣȻ϶޽ʲôܻء
ַݻЩֻ̾ͨ˵Ļο϶ûκεİ취Ǿƶֻźˡ



604 ܻ
˴һɽ֮µܻУŮָĸһУҲѣûܵκεŰϾθǲûжĳޣҲŰǣַݻŭֱӻɱԼ
Ŀ־֮ŮҲ侲ΰοŴҵ֣裬ǲõģһὫǾͳģһҪ
εİοԷܰʱҡҡͷȻţֻǵ㣬ڶѾͦôĶˣҪһܿ࣬һ㡭ޡ
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ǵҲǺ°Լ˻ԼвַݣֲԸ飬ĻǴĵ׵ĻеΡ
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磬𣿡һ䣬յҲһĨڵ˸УһУʵ̫ʧˡ

׷֮ˣ·״ǷҪ׷٣ʱַҲڵ׷Ĵ£ٵ⴦ܻصϿգ׷ͣس仰ַݵҲ̲סһĨЦݡ
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һֱģʽַҲվϿգԸ´ɨ跽Բһ
յõַݵ׿֮󣬸׶ʱģʽ˲ڵĻʾַݶһֻ״ʾ˽ʮӰԼͿմ·
طӰǱȽϷɢֻһطȴǴӵŽʮˣûκεʣŮǶǱ˴˴ַҲһֻҪŮû£һжá
Ƭַ֮ݶʱ⣬Щ׼һȫϾҵˣɱҲκε
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ڴ֮ǰַݻһҪȥǾǸܻصļ豸ϾͻȻʲôıؿǾ鷳ˡ
ȻܸûУɱˣַݿɻսķŰ豸ʲôģֻҪһУͲ
뵽ַҲǲٳɣֱһƬյؽŷ˳֮ʻ˻صϿ˸豸
ֻ˲䣬ŵ˹ܱ㴫˳ɹʾϾԽ˰Ŀѧڵĵԣûһ˿Ѷȡ
ЩżصˣȻûһ˿һķ֣ΪѾǼ¼ڵеĶѭĲţ͸һ



605 ˳
һкַҲ¶һĨЦݣֱӴ˸ף״ɨĵһӰȥҲΪҹĵһꡣ
ҹڷߣɽҲޱȵļžžĻУһ˿춯ǾͻᴫԶַݱССģΪһֵĻǼƻɾʧˣԼŮҲ뵽Σ֮С
֮ǰַȹעģȻǴ˵ʵʵﵽ˻Ļ͵õȴˣϾֶΣĸӦʵ̫ǿˣ͵Ϯ֣ѶȲһĸߡ
ȻĻǾǷëٵĿҲһұŵҪĵطҲŮڵĵط
ַǰߣҲֻ۷ѣ˵Ҳ˵УַݿԼһ־Ϳɱ
ٿŸ׻Ľӽ˴ˣӽʮҺַŻ̧ȫ׼˴˵ı֮Ű˷İť
ౡֻһŵķһȾҩĸʱ˳ȥ˲ߵֱۣҲ˲֣佩˵
һַ֣Ҳûκεԥֱӳǰȥ۶ĲӣһʱɥУȴûַһ˿һĲ
˸еһεĵطַٴڿնһĿڵķȥʹֶͬΣЩ˸˲
ʵԸЩ߰ߣǿַݱΪ¶һ˿ΪСģʹ˸ףЩ֪ԼǱ˭ɱġ
ЩǲǺǿַҲǿв˰㣬һ˲һģҲûһܹӳĶ֡
ֻӲΧĽʮѾַݳ׵İγַҲûκεĳɣֱܻصڴȥ
ǷյģҪĻҪַ֤Ȼȥ֤ûκεİ취ղŷžѾеϵͳԿŵĻֻҪַеŷһѶžˡ
Ѷŷɹ֮󣬻صĴҲ˲俪ַݾǸһ㣬˲һ϶뵽У۲ܵĻ
ò˵ѪһʵطǳӲĴɽȴǱһǮڿɽˮาǣٲȻһܵľ»ذ㡣
ȷҲˣַĿܼ֮Уͷ˺ЩִȽսԼ̹ˣðź⾲ڿյ֮С
Ҫ׼췴𣿡̲סЩĿ࣬ν࣬װһʦѾ㹻Ļ϶ɫˮΪûе͸ȴ⣬ʧְ
ǷƽʱַݿƬˣΣҲֻǽԼŮǾȳ֮˵ˡ

ڸ׵αװ£ַݼʼɨĵһվǼңϾֻн˼ˣȫķſֽš
ڵĵص㣬ַͨϵĻ濴ˣԭνص֮أʩҲޱȵʵҪͻĻַиףҲûʮϡ
ϵͳַ֮ݾƽأһ㣬ɵľ˼ҵǰѡ˴򿪼ҵĴš
ڴֻһ϶ʱַݾͷմĸ룬ظ˲Ʒ˵ĵ£УֻŮڵĵطˣĶѾա
ȻҪʮ˵УԼŮ˾ȳǼǳѵ飬ѣַҲҪ취쵽ΪǿǱԼҪҪĶ
˼˰ֻУַݶʱǰһΪ뵽һԼõĶһԴˣôⶫˡ
˵ţֱַӴԼĸ˲ֿóһСƿӣֱӹһʪСƿеҺУ϶ʱ¶һĨЦݡ
ûСƿװȻδ̵İҩʪҲֻһãǾǽҩӷˮĽ˶ιȥ
ƻõģܲܳɹδ֪Ǿߵľ粻ͬҩĵֿҲԽǿǷӦʱ򣬿ܻᷢһϵеΣա
ЩΣգַܹȫֹҲͲôˣʱſʪŮڵطȥ
ңңأַݾѾԼŮԼǣȻ϶Ǵһ˿ľԼǣַ̲סЩۡ
Ҳַ¶˾ûǾδ˾Բٷˣ½󣬾ĩա



606 
ϸ۲һЩǵľ磬ַҲȫΪаߵľ綼ڰҾǺܴҩЧӵʱ䣬ᳬʮ롣
ַҪעģֻߣǹǽҪɱԼŮԼˣҪֹǣַݺ׾
²˳٣ַҲûʲôԥģֱӷе˰Уһεĵط˿ʪʪҲ˲俪ʼҩˮĻӷ˿С
Ȼ⴦»ռعҲװ˿װã£ֻٶҲǳڼʪʮңҩЧѾ˳
˵ǣַݵĸĸԼûΪնѾǳ˯ţȻͻȻ˯ŵĻǻᾪŵЩַݵŬǰ
ЩΪԼŮҲ˲ܵһĨʣƤǿʼĴҪ˯ȥ
ͨһߵµʱҲ˲˹еϮ
ֻ׵ʵ̫ˣ⣬˶ǻֻӲûеȥѣܹսģֻ˶ѡ
Ҳηһ󣬶ʱȥҪٳסδ֪ĵ˽в䲻
ַͷˣж֮󣬶ʱӺڰг˫ȭͬʱǵؿڴȫȥ
顭һײ߶ʱ˺˺üͬʱѪҲǷһֵĿַݡ
ֻһȫףַݾǿеĴڣΪղǴεĶȭѾǵָǷ˲ظֻҪײһεĻָȫѣɷˡ
ʱǲͲôܣַתڵŵȭͷϣվǻ˳ȥ
ҽ˲ַݿǻнףսóԽ̫̫࣬ڻţûһսֻ֮һȭѪ˵ϣ׸
ַҲûκεĿֱӽ˸ɱ˵ܻضѾǱַݸȫգһû¡
߶ûףַݾôͻعأģΪǿصıʩһʧİ

еػַ֮ų˿ɳһƬļԼŮҲһĨЦݣֻҪû£һжò
ҩİ취Ҳܼ򵥣ֻҪҩŵǵıǰžˣַҲûκԥó˽ҩš
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⴦صķʩǿǼģȻǶַݺģҲû뵽ֻǼСʱѣַݾѾҵǣǸȡ
ⶼģǲûΡַεʼ磬һεĿŮҲãҵĻҲñץܿˡ
΢Цҡҡͷⲻ㣬ҪֻǸǵˣû´ĻӦþ˰ɣ
⡭ַЩȵŴͣ˲Ͳµΰ¼ףַݶЩûع
ľȣҲٴһЦûʲôþȵģΪ⣬벻˭ôˣôʵ
ðɡַ̲סӣθľʵ̫ˣȴЩǵĿһۣѾǵԼͷ­һεģ
ַ̲סһ̾ߵյԣοգ㲻ھˣҲ㣬µֲ㣬ʲôھεģ
ǡ촽ҪȴǱδϣãûµģڲѾǴҿɶ֪һģôܻ㡣
ǰǰŮҲǿеʧ䣬׷׿Ȱοĺһ㣬ַݵĸĸҲǲ⡣
˵ʧ䣬ַݵҲʮֲζΪοǶ˸飬ַݸ޴˵ڡ
Ŭ˺üκַҧҧŮȱ𳳣˵һº𣿡
˲÷ĵ˵ͷַصı飬ҲһĨõԤУϾǻûַصı顣



607 үӵľ
һַ̧ͷŮӵǲڱץڼ䣬ι¹ʲô
ǵġ˶ǵ˵ͷҲ˲˹ַѯʵѵǿźĶǶҩô
֮Уֻһѡ˷񶨣ΪļǵãԼʱ򣬲ûбι¹ʲôֵĶ
ΪηŹеһ˿ůʱַȴУøӵһۣʲôҲû˵
Ϊھͽǲпʵ˵Ļտ϶ܲĴֻѰһʵʱ˵ɣϾ仹ҪЩ
ŮޱȷŭУַҲֻǵͷ͵ûεȷΪǷ˶ҩõģδҽѧôȽŽⶾûʲôġ
һַô˵ŮҲ˲һһŵģҲֻǵȶ⿪֮󣬲ȫ¡
֪һŮҲǲٶһˣʱߴַҪ뿪ַҲǵ˵ͷŮ뿪˻ء
ֻ뿪ʱַҲڻ˺üƬֱͨӷ͸ֻ˲䣬ĵ绰룬ַݵֻ
ĽֻһصĶѯʵַݣʵңƬĵģ⾿ôһ¡
ЩƬģصģҿ԰귢㣬ҿԺܸĸ㣬ЩҲģװͣǵҲµˣ졭ûκģַݱ㽫Լ˽⵽һж˵˳
ַݵ֮󣬻Ͳһͷʱ˳УԽԽصĺȻشϢһʱ֮Ҳǲ
ѾزҲûѡԿ˰֮Ż֪ˣһн
˵꣬㼱ææĹҶ˵绰ֱүڵķȥ˿̵үӣȻû˯£һصĵҲ֪ˣʵ̫ҷˣҰܡ
΢΢һ㶣ЩԾĵñˣʲôʱ飬ô֪
ΪµģүҲǳһиһ˿ãȻҪ֪ر飬ȻҹԼġ
ǣΪһ¡ҡҡͷԼֻϵƬݸүӣһ
Ƭ֮үԭŭѾǱһĨѪ죬ҧƬģЩֲʲôط

ȻκεԼַ˽⵽һжǽ˳ʵ̫شˣκεľ
֮үĻȻվĬĬԼ¹񣬲ȡһ걾ŵľװϡ
ĬˣΪ֪ÿүӴ·ʱǾʹǶˣôҲȫܹ뵽
ʵʱڣѾ˾еʾˣҲκε©Ȼ֪˸ȴ׷鲻ʲô
ڽ죬ַݲΪǽҿţԭֵһжڴĿǰҪӲӲĻǾԻķ죬үӼȻôˣҲ
Ϊҵʵ̫ˣǵҲʵǸоΣѡ뻪ĵĻƾЩװɵƻκεĿֲӡ
֪ӲӲܻҶ뵽޴ΣУүӻȻҪôΪΪٺ»ǾͱҪΪĵһ
ĿүӻȻΣȴոޱȵľװȻ𾴣һ㣬ıֱ
һſ֮үϵҲ˲һ䣬һѪ˲䲪תһµĿϽ´ߵľ½䱸ǲһ֧ӣ۾ҵ˸ס
һ壬һޱȱ׼ľתͣķȥ˷гžӪķȥ
үҲǱֱ߳λϹܼҲһµǰүͣȥԿһڵĵصȥ
Ȼҹһ֮ҹҲĶһΣܹȻȹһжãʧܵĻĶ뵽õĶ֮С



608 ⶾ
һߣַҲǴŮ뿪˻أͨռֱͨӴ͵˵۾ĺԺУŮǶǰȻع֮󣬼еǿʯһ롣
Ƕ˶ŵҲ˲䱻Ŀַݵⶾô⣬ú취
롱ַӦһ󣬶ʱԭ˼Ŀǰֻһ취ǾǽŮǴȥδδҽѧظȫ
ǸûѶ޷סԺҪĻҲܹãַݿɲԸɵţһŮǶǳʲôĻǺڶˡ
˼ȥַ֮Ҳǰһ뵽һǳ򵥵İ취ǾֱӹҽеԼ鲢ء
Ҫ֪δҽԺû˹ȫǻеֻҪҽԺԼѶɨһ£ɨһ£ܽвʵĵطƵķ
ȻˣҪĻҪģַҲֻҶүˣƾҶҵһ̨ҽƻеټ򵥲ˡ
뵽ַҲǲԥʱ˵ǵһᣬȥһδ磬һ̨ҽеⶾܽ⿪ˡ
ַݣȻޱȵΣĿֱӽ˿ռͨ뵽δ֮С
εĿռ䴫ͣҲûʲô䶯ˣϾ˼֪ⶫĴڣȻܺδ羿Ǹʲôȴμַݵľ棬ǧԽ룬Ȼ鷳
ٴҶңүӴ˿Ѿǳ˯ţڵַ֪ǰ֮ҲЦ˵СӰôҹ㻹˯ૣ
ȿȡҲһĨΣַҲ֪ԼĲʱ䣬ûѡ񰡣ֻǱȭʵڱǸиѳһ飬ԲŻҹġ
ŶʲôҪҰæ𣿡һĨɣүӿַΪɲҪ鷳ɲˡ
ȷҪİæλ˶ΣҴ˶ǹ죬һκεĶʹ̣һ̨ҽ豸ҴȥܲܽȻѲãַȴòϾԹȥʵԵЩ̫ˣԼЩŮȻҲ˵
С£ҼҺԺһֱ̨ȥˡȻɻ󣬵ַ˽ģүҲǲʣֱӾַͬݵ
ллַݵл֮󣬶ʱүӵĴ֮£źԺеҽеڴȥֱӽŵ˸˲ֿбѡ˻ؼҡ

ַݵĶν죬ȥδ絽ҽеع飬ֻ˶ʮӲѣǰʱ˶һĽŵô𣿡
š÷ĵ˵ͷֱַӴӸ˲ֿнȡ˳ֻеִҽԺеCTȻִCTȽ˼ʮֹ
CTҲֻͨ˴Ź񿴵˵Ѫܲλѣȴǿļκβλϸܱûκε⡣
δ磬ҪĻǾֻһܣϸȫϻʧȥҪǲܵһ顣
ַݽó˵жһĨɣַѯʵⶫҪôʹãѵɽȥ𣿡
ǵģﶼȥ˭ַݺĵ˵ͷܾǰ˽ˣԲŸı֤
ɡַݻ䣬컪һվ˳ΨһһˣҲŮǶδ֪ĶŴĵ׵Ŀ־壬վȷġ
ַҲȻһ㣬Ե˵ͷָԼҸ棬ϵһɫİťҲ˲俪ʼʼ컪ɨ衣
ֻһӲѾֹͣɨ裬컪Ҳǵõʾվͷûʲô⣿
ڵȴૡַ̲ס˸ۣŸɨϣ϶һķӦʱ䣬컪ûʲô
һӺɨĽҲǳˣʾҲѪɫʾеһЩСëǱŵһԣصһȴǱŵ롣
ַЩŵĿȥʾϽУ컪ȷжˣ˵ǣҲѾ˶ҩĳɷ֣Ƶİ취
ַڳ˶ǳ˿ΪֻҪ֪˸ôǾͷǳļˣϱעĽҩַҲڳ̵в鵽ʱԹ



609 ʹļ
ȻѾǲ˶صĳɷ֣Ƶķ˵˳˶һַҲûκεĳɣֱӹ˽ҩԼĸ׷á
Ӻ컪ٴɻеϣһʾ϶ʱʾˣѾȫ
˵ƵķѾΪСַݻ˰ļ飬ϾҲθµĶ̫һˣǾͻɷǳصЧ
Ȼ鷳ҲޱַݵһƬģԶǰļϾеɲܹɨǵĶأһЩСëҲܹɨġ
ֻҪַסһŮǣǶûκεСëΪ޸ҩַݿûϹҲߣҪʲôģǷǳѵġ
⣬ŮеĶһģһεʱж̲ס¶һĨǵɫΪɲһˣеĺӡ
еĺӣҲǴΪǵģȻγԵʲôСҲգ˶¶ػͨε͸СӵڣĻ鷳ʹˡ
뵽ַݵжʱһĨ裬ԼĺʲôξʮΣƽеķŭ
õĵģδƼôȽǼұ϶ûµģղһоһૡַһǵģβο
ȥɡַݺǿĵ˵ͷΣŵ˼ϣĿأ˶̲סٴν
ӺʾƵٴδѪɫʾжϢ˵˳ڸе̥Ҳ΢жȴûжĲã½ҩˡ
˶һַɫȴǳиμŨҵһծŮٺúȥκúõһ㡣
ϣ˵Ҳ¶һĨЦ⣬ʼȻǾһΣգҲ˸ѣǾǵİȫ̫ˣҪٴμӽ
˵αΰܣҲоգҲ㹻ŮǽˣԵĻһθһĴۡ
ʱûмȴǺߵ˻Կ˿ݣôҲһΣΪÿʱҹͻۣǵ˷ʪûƵİ취
ַסˣҲٴһʵڲԸ⽫θԶҩ˵ջִܲ
ַͻȻЩ㣬ϻ۵Ҳ·Ԥϵʲôɵַݵݣңǲʲôң
ҡַ죬Υĵ˵ûУҲ˶õģֻҧҧգҪ׼

ৡַ˻ֳʱһƬžУҶѾܵˣַݽҪ˵Ļ϶ǳ˽š
ͬʱҲǽŵյϣΪܹµ¿϶йأϾαܣΨһһûб¶ġ
˽ģֻԭһķ֣ŹԼãֿʵ̫СˣŹĻǾûҪһץ˲ǣ
ȻˣеڶԭҲԸԵǸԭǾѾжˣͲҪٴ˷һҩֵĻǡ
й𣿡յʮֵУַҧģҲһЩؼ֮ҲٴһһĨҲ˲ʧ
ǵġַ̲ס̾һȻĿڵԭҲģҲûʲôˣΪһϻеһжˡ
ãҾͿϾʲôղȻһЦֱҽƻеϣťĵȴŻеɨ衣
֮һĨޱŨҵѪֶһڲϵ˸ţŮ̲ססͣΪĻϣһͷմ˿̵״̬
Զҩҩҽ裬黻Ѫ衭Ļϸư취ŮǶʱ¶֣Ҳȫ˹Ϊʲôʱַݲ뽫˵
ȻԶҩθµģ֪֮ǿ϶Ƕ뿴Ϊʵ̫пˡ
˵˽УǾкðģ籣ҲӦõģ磬ȴȫ˴ĿжڸһĨ֪
ԼﵽԼĿģһ͵͵¶ȫԼƣҪֱǲ̵˼㡣
տĻʾһ֮۽Ҳ˴Ŵŵ飬ΪеһĨڴȫˣԼңʵ̫ˡ



610 ȥ
νĪմ˿飬ʱ˿̵ھصıԼ¶֮ѾǶҳ޾ķߺޡ
˶ȫܹ˽⣬ֱȫѵĸоʵ̫ˣΪεһվ˳հοãǿһ㣬ûʲôȥģȻҲҪ㣬㻹ǰ㻹зݰ
ǰãǴҶܰģֻҪǿǾܴ߳㯡վ˳ýõȰο
֪ˡ۽ǵ飬ջתͷԴҵһЦңѾûκεȻҪһѪ裬ҾͻɣÿԽŵİѪҺӴˣҲˡ
˳Ĭˣմ˿ֳ̱һУѾףǽҸȫĺ͸ˣѪҺ趼Ҫȫҷϵ
һ̾Ϣַǰ§˻еգȻѾ¶˾ģҲ֧㣬ſģԶҵŮˣһһػġ
š¶һĨõЦգ΢ЦŶַݵ֪ģⱲңĲңǣˣҰǡ
㰮㡱߳㯣ŮҲ¶һĨЦգȻεİ̺ۣܰҲĻˡ
ֲѪҺ£ŰɣúСһĻַҲһհοŵ
ţżģȰæ˵ɡչɵĵ˵ͷҲ֪ʱȻǰȫˣַݻҪȥͱ˵ȥҸ
ַദôҲ˽⵽ַݾǸ覴ñرγôһܾԸ˰ٺúͻȥҪ˵
ǷǰĻлЩ٣ϾԼԼļ壬ôַݸȥĻʵΥġ
ʱ˿̣бȺȫһӿҲסʲôȻҲͬʲôΪڿʼѾûκεĹˡ
ַ΢΢˵ͷ˵ʱҲˣЩϢɣæͻ
˵ţַֽŵϵףͰмһˣһһԷȾơ
˵˵ȥɡ̵ĺһַݵδĺþƣҲһĨԵã˵ĲҪҪоƺȾˡ
׵ַҲǶԴ˵ǣ㴩˸ףҵķȥ˿̵νǻŭŭҲӽҶճɻҡ

ֻʮӶѣַݱѾլϿգɷޱȵң¶һĨޱЦݡ
ʣڵòƱޱȣڲѾΪһŶֻҪһͻΪһɢɳ㣬ַޱȵ
Ͼ壬Լļⶼǹߵļ壬һΣʱ򣬾ԻǸΪսͲϵһ𣬹ͬС
죬ַݾͻΪΣһУѾǳ׵ļŭʹ÷ǳֶΣַݶҪҶ޴Ĵۡ
Ȼ֪ͨףһȫǸǳ򵥶Чķַô˵ѾͽԼҪÿʱÿ̶ڶηԼ־С
ҪķҶܵķŭԲٿŸ׻Ľ䵽˵ϣȥһףַݲţǺҹеսһ㣬ҵĴſȥ
ֹҹУҲǿַݵӰʱվ赲ַݣַֻݸûǣһһħĲǰ
ǰɱ˲䲪˲ëȻǸоԼԵĲһ࣬Ǵӵħһ㣬ϾԱΣճ̶ȾԸߵ
ˡ̲ס˲һʣǰĲҲ˲ͣʼ˻ĺˣ˿Ѿûκεİַܹݸ¡
һʵͲסˣֱó˶Խ󺰵ǴţΣӽϽǰ֧Ԯһ䱸
һںʱһҲ˲佫ǹ˳ַвϽͣ£ٲͣҾͿǹˡ
ǺǡַݲûκεĻش𣬶һЦɱǹϣ˲ʬɽǺһĻĻޱȾֵĳ档
ʵͲסеĿ־壬ǹҲͲסеİһӵʱŶַݡ



611 Ű
顭һҵǹ˲䴩͸ҹգε˸ѣҲһ亹
Ϊʲô亹Ϊǻ̫࣬жоԼ̳һӵķ˲䴩͸ǵüġ
һǹ죬Ҳ˲˷ŭĴ˷ţԼѯžǸʲô
˴֮Щ϶¶ޱȷŭɫǺεȵķ⣬۾һŶǣھȻһ˵ǹƥ鷳ⲻԼǣ
ǷŭģǴ˾ȻǴҡڵĴӴſڴ˵ĲоЩǿ˿϶ǵʧķ衣
Ψһˣȴޱȵ侲ûκεķŭԼţ¶һĨЦݣԼķ૵ַݣѵô̲ס𣿡
ûΣֲ߻һеΣַɲ߳ŭҪԼˣǳѡ
ԴˣαʾϷʣַһУʵ̫ˣһ󣬻Ŵſȥ׼һַݡ
ַǷὫŮ飬һٸţΪѾޱȵСˣһеĺۼԼҲжصϵַݻὫŮҵȳ
һʮıգǾǸŮ¶ַݷˣȻһɱԼԼҺ֣ҲֻǺֶѡ
˴ſڣεһֱǴŵЦݣ߽ſڵʱǴԭǶڴϵСͻȻһ죬ٵ沿
֮һ˫Ŷʱſڣķ˵ϣǺ˵ŽʮλҵĻǰ쳹ҹա
θҹվҵĴſڣַݶڲһ󺰣г޾ķŭѰģڵ˭жݣǶνˣ˼ɡ
ǻѪһɷַվ˴ſں˵жʱһĨ壬׷˺˼һηĿûһ˸ҽӻ
ʱַǰԶǸСȴͻȻһ춯һѪԼݶ˵˳ĴŰǰԶַݺޱԹĴ󺰵ַݣˣˣŮһˣҪɱǡ
⡭ַһĨȻϸıƬ֮Ÿȷǰ֮Σ϶ʱ¶һĨϷʵЦݵ˵ٰͺˣô˰һְֹݵģ

ۡͱŰײˣٱַôһοжʱһѪԹַݵٺ٣ʲôɱңŮ˼ˣһҲˡ
ַĿһԹΣϷʵĿڵôԹһΪĸԹૣȷҵŮԼˣûоȻ𣿡
ַݴ˻ζʱĴЦһЦݵĿַݵΰɣҵǣǸɣָһġ
̧̧٣⻰ɲܶԱ˵ҵŮԼ˶ͻˣҿ԰绰ΣַһɬĵͷװģָٰҸָһ㣬Ѫְ֮
ޡ³һڴѪӵĭһķŭװŪģ㲻һ˵Ǿͱ߳ҡ
Ҫʲô˵ַݵɫ˲в㻹Ҹ˵ǻ֮ʹñֶΰҵļŮˣҪҪ˵
һЦַһɱĿΣ촽Ҹһͨ뺣һ˵ĻҲҪһڵϡ
ңɱҵĻŮļˣѣκιϵˣǶҲһĨɫ˿̵ѾȫķˣжַݵĺѾﵽ˶㣬ǲҪˣҲҪúõĽѵһ١
ԡַݵһЦɱһζѣûκεѹ˵ʱԼԶ߸߷ɣȷͷٻǣɲһŻᷢͨһֱ׷ɱԼҪ֪ǰͲҸˡ
㡭ҧҧٷŵʲôݻʲôģߣȴǱַǳɱ˻ΪоĵַûκεĿЦ˵һĻַĿܻὫ˲ɱ



612 
ô컹ûȺԸɷġ˿̣֮˵УžϾǶȺַ֮һ֮УûѾ˶ʮ
ͬʱҲޱȵľ˵ַݷǳˣ̶ֳȣǻǵһμ¾ǻսҲ˰ɣ
ԭУǸЦϾһǿ󣬱ʮΧţҲᱻ׵ƷǰַѾȫĳһޣٶ࣬¶˵ûκεá
ԴˣֻǴ˸žǿȻַҪֵĻû취ֵֻǹԹԵıַݾ
ͻȻĬˣַҲ֪ʱ䣬óʹ࣬ԼĿַ֣ôܾô׵ķŹ
һЦַݶʱЩǿֵȥβɫһ
𣬼Ȼ㲻һ˵ȻˣӲ̸֮ӵķ˴ĸô⣿ַתͷϷʵ
㡭ŭˣ۰ֱַݵʲôͳҵļˡ
ӴַݾȵĿΣļˣЦˣǲã㻹¶Ⱥ˼ļֻܶǶܶǰɣ
ַݣޱȷŭĿַݣԳ˵Ļһڽַ븹ˣĵȷ̫һֱŵġ
ʱַȴô˵˵˳εĸ飿ܹԤϣһ˵֮ҵˣһļɵ
߳ŭˣȻΪʲô˵ѵ˵ַݹͣһ£󾪿ֵĿ˵Ҳ˶
˵ôܻ¶ֻѣңӦܵĳͷξֻȴôһ˿㡣
һ˿㣬ȴַݿһҲһ˿Ц⣬˵ûоûУҲҸҶһѣҿеǰ취Ƿ˶
㡭ֱַָݵ沿ϾͷߣȴôҲ˵Ϊֻ֪ҵĺﶼѾ˶
ôҶ±ǶжˣȻ㲻ַϷһЦתͷЩѾžɵ˵ԸԲҪ֪һ򣬾һ

ҵ˶Ĭˣ֮εĸŵһվ˳ַָݵıԻڣҼζôܻô
ôˣ԰Ծ֪û¶ˡַݵһЦһĨ죬Ұٷְٿ϶εĸף϶Ǳ˶ģҿ϶š
Ȼַôһ̼˶ʱһŭԾԣûеĻ͸ҹңµǸ
ǺǣһûʸôʵΪã̸ʲôԸˡַݿɲɵôܻӦļϾһû¶ĻԼʳԣ
ַεĸȻԸˣվַƵô˵ôôˣ
˱ȣַҲûκεĻţΪղѾһĨţͬʱҲַȫȷϣҲѾ˶
ԵһЦַݴǰȻôԼûжǾ԰ɣˣ͹ŸҵǸȥˣͬΣ
УǾɡθһŵĵ˵ͷԼĶӿνǹػͲԼ¶
ðַݵһЦӶͳһС͵ҽеݸθ׵ûж֪ˡ
ʹθһţȻûзεѾ˵£֪˿ԼѾֹʲôַֻݵʲô鲻ˡ
ʵȴǳԤϣ丸״ʱٵľ쳹˵ĶУεĸ׶Լ۾Լ䡣
ʵͰǰʱɲŵôܣģ϶ʲô˴϶ʾжҲš
Ȼ㲻ţǾԲˣҲµûЩҵҪﶼѾжֻЩ޹ؽҪĲûб¶ǿԡַʼ磬һŲŵģ
εĸҲ治ԸţֱӽݸԵһµҴԣ⣬ζôܻ¶
ȻκεķԣԽϣڴ˿̣ȴͻȻԼ丸˲¶һĨϷʵɫ



613 
Ҿ˵ɣⶫ϶ǲ׼ȷģҵǸ޹Ҫȴˡθ׼϶ʱ¶һĨϷʵ
ַҲû뵽ȻˣսһĻȴ¶һϷʣ˵ܲܿһΪʲôİɡ
θ΢΢һ㶣ҲǽŵǱϣֻǿһۣϾͲ¶һĨޱѿɫΪǱдԼ£˰̲
ɫ˲θҲ˲˺˺üѯʵʵңǲĵⲡ
ҼôֻܻᷴһЦĵ˵ͷǵļһְ˵ġ
θŭˣֱָԼҲһĨļɵزԼû֣СȾ˵ĻǾͲˡ
ҲţζҲԣҾͲζ¶һĨʵѾԼ¶Ӹ˵ǾԸŵġ
ŶŶõġĸ׳һ£ҲǽԼϣʱһ̧ͷֱ˵ˣҹ˶Ҹ˶
ڵõε׿ڳ֮˶ʱһƬУ丸ĸҲһĲ԰ףֱ૵ζΪʲôҪô
⻹𣿡һȻվֱ˵˳߲ұҪԼУ˭ҷңǾֻУ
ֳٴһУ˶ޱȷŭĿΣ֪Ǹ۱ɫû뵽˵ɥĲ񣬽˶Ǹ˶
˿ʼ׷ָΣҩȴһĲΪϷʵĿЩ˵˵ǣûпԼǾȻָңŲ̾Ͷ
ĻȻֳ˲䰲˿ΣжһĨҪ˵񣬵ȴһĨļɵҪ֪˭Ҳ׼ԼǷжһжĻɾȫθƿа
ʱεĸȴһվ˳εζҩгɣҿԭðʧ󰡡
һĨ񣬾һۣǿɲټƿˣԭ޻̸֮ڽҩУֻõҩٽ١
ɵǷ񶨵ģڿƿȨôܻὫҩȥһĨףͿˣһжǵƿУΪʲôҪҩ
ϷһЦЩ鲻һ˵Ǿϻ˳߲ҩУͿǱֵôˣֵĺȻнҩã֪

ʱַȴͻȻЦһϷʵĿεٺֶΰҶƿУƨҷһ
ʲô˼ʣǾ乧άĻǴ˿˵һһȻԵõģַݿ˵ȴеһĨļɵ
ûʲô˼ֻһ٣˲ûи飬˵ŹǣǻԭૣַݵһЦ
һϯȴǻ˲˵ͬǶһƵĶֺõ׼ҩõֺ㽫θߣΣôܻҡ
ôܻϵһϷʵĿַݵ˵٣Ҳʵ̫ˣҪЩвóҩôܣǻ䡣
ɳԼУַݲҡҡͷԣԿǰΪãҩóɣȻһĪ
˲ЦһϷʵĿַݵ˵٣ʲôҺĪҩҲ¸㣬ĽҩҶֻ֪ƵҩóȫĽⶾҩЦ
㲻ţҾšַݵһЦΣǴӿڴóһƿҩ˻εȻβϽҩóнҩ˭ǰԣ
ãûһ˸ҶһȽϴ󵨣ƽʱŹڵվ˳ӹַеĽҩЦʲôҵģͷɡ
˵ţӾͽеĽҩ˲Ƚ˸УղѾǼˣԼȷѾжŵ˵ĵ˾뷨ŵһվ˽ҩ
Ӻٴνϣ˿ȴʾϵĶѾˣε˲һĨš



614 ĩ
ͻȻȴǴЦһϷʵĿַݵ˵٣ô˵ģԼµĶûҩһƿˮͽˣƭҲҪ𣿡
ǺǡַݵһЦÿɵӵһ۵˵ٰԼµĶѵ֪ж˸첲ϻһڵҲţԿԼĸ첲
ֳʱ˸Ͳÿ֪Լϵȷиڵ㣬ǰû⣬ַôһǲŷӦ˹ԭжס
˽ҩӣȴٴνԼĸ첲ȴǸڵȷѾʧˣҲһĨϲɫҩõģҸ첲ϵĺڵʧˡ
˽ҩӣ˻ǷǳεģΪҶүĶӣַܻһͬǣ˵ҩЧǾЧ
µѾҪַ˵ʲôˣҩȫȡ˳ַҵˣõҩ˶Ƕֵַĸлַ϶¶һĨЦݡ
ȻЩ˽ҩˣԻᷴһͬԸΣǲԼҲҴȥˣΣ˭ҲԼԲǣ
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬˲ԼĶѾ⿪֮󣬶ʱìͷֱָΣҪңҴһ졣
εҲһĨɫ֪ԼѾȥʧȥҵ֧֣ͨı£ԼǸԸҲѾңңˡ
һпɶַɵģȫ˵ָһĿַݵһΣӮˣϵĶԶ⿪
ǺǡַݵһЦһϷʵĿε˵٣Ȼⶾܽ⿪ϵĶȻҲܽ⿪ΣԻѪ裬ʽǰҡ
㡭סˣȫû뵽ַݻ˵ļѪ鶼ʲô²ģ
뵽жʱһĨľЩſ˵ϵʵ٣ĺܺ棬㱳ΪʲôôĶ·ûʲôģ㣬òԩ
ȷԩַ΢΢һЦԼǿҲͷԣδ̵һ֮ϣַֻһͨ˵ĻһᱻεһŪ
ӮˣʧȥһУ׼ôԸңҡҡͷ֪Լˣƻʧܣ룬˹¼ҹһҲٹ⡣
ôȴҪ׵ʧˡַ׼ڵʱ򣬴ſȴ߳˼Ӱվǰһصҵ˵

һţʲô˼֮һֱûпڵүҲŹչȺվ˳ҲһĨõԤС
Ϊǰļˣʵ̫ǿˣһȻö˵үӣԼλУЩ˴յһ𣬾ܺκ˵һ
ɽȴǴյһѣԼңүӵжǳ˹ȵףҲоһĨޱȵľ
ûʵεԸ񣬶һɵģЩõĶҲ˸ŪģΪľܹ׵ľġ
һҰļңǣֻٹȫһ˸ڸˣ˶ҲޱȵļɵȻԼ˺պյսȴǲܴ
ŻὫ˳ҪԼƿģû뵽һȴǰܵôңһַݸ׵Ĵ˵
ʧͬʱүҲޱȵľţΪԼ׼Щй¶ȥղŶѾַɱģûĽַµĻͶˡ
ǰһĻҲ֤Ĳ²⣬Լ׼Щй¶ˣЩ˾ۼһҹԼǾɵģԼġ
죬ô˵㡱һʹļ׵ĿүӣһһĨӵɫһͬ£Ϊ˶ãҪǰҵλҲ˵㣬ȴûڻҪô
ү֪ԼҶˣԤϹһ죬µҲûһ˿ĻңǴЦˣһ˵ЩûãҪôôɣܿܣҲûʲô˵ġ
үҲһĸпҷôĴҲǲǵģˣҲֻǶȺžɫ·µľֵǴ߰ɡ
ӦһǶʱһӵϣҵ˶Ǹסͽһҷɻϣһܻطȥ



615 һ֤
ˣǳ׵ˣַȥ飬ҲǲܱųģַôܻôܹңҲһ׮Ըɡ
ҵһߣַݵҲһĨӵɫαʱȫʧȥɵģҲֻ΢΢̾˿
Сӣο˴󹦰ô㣿ȫߣһҲȻǰַݵļ
ַݲǰһΪһŲ˵˶Ҳȥģһֱи뷨뷨˵ǳҪҲ˵һĲֵͿԼŮôˡ
ҲֻŮôַҲǱҪģǾǸ׼һʢĻ񣬲Ҫһֽ֣£Ȼǽ֤ˡ
ֻƽĽַ֤ݴŮȥˣ¹ôŮˣҲֻǶһˣڨڨһЦǸ׳ҵȷмҪ㡣
Ŷֱ˵𣿡һ΢΢һЦַݿνܵģûʲô첻飬⻹һΰԼҲǷǳַݾԼʲô¡
ЩŤĿһۺַŲ˼Ǹ֪ػǷģһҲ֪ôŮˣ˭ҲŲ°ܲæܶ
ַݴ˻֮һԼһЩ֪ĴҲ˲ЦΪ¶ʵ̫ˣַֻȴôĽߣǸеޱȵĺЦ
ȴһûЦȻүˣַݴ˻֮߷ߵĿַݵСӣĲֻȢҼҹŮ𣿻ȫȢ̰Ĳ󡣡
ȿȡүѵ⣬ַҲ̲סɿ˵үӰҲ֪ģһˣǶҵŮˣôܲһ֣
㡭ַֹ⣬үҲֻܱʾ޿κΣֻҡҡͷˣֻҪҼþˡ
һַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷÿһŮ˶һǶǲܵģŻƤһҪһȨ
һȻҲ᲻ӣЩͷУҲû檵ģԶԴҲǿķǳϾˣŮ˵ǿޱȵľ޴ַǷӵôŮˣҲġ
ЦЦһŶʱСӣʲôʱ׼ˣ͸ҵִ绰׼һеģʱȥˡ
ǾͶл׳ˡַɵɵһЦҪʱҲͨһ㣬ܹͬʱӭȢôȻеޱȵ˷ܡ
СӣʲôҲ˵ˣһҪȺͷӰûյҿɻ᲻˵İһŰ뿪Ц˵һ
ַȻܻ᲻ӣڨڨһЦȻλүμҵĻǿ԰Ҹ˻ˡ
˶ٴδЦõַݵ룬Ҳض飬˼ҲǷɢԻصԼҡ

ѾĻַҲǳ׵ķҲõεƣҲǳ˿ĻصԼҡ
æµһ죬ŮҲ˯£ַҲûȥǣԼ˯һУνǾĶǣҲĲˡ
һҹ޻ַҲǱӽѣ˻԰пʼһĳŮҲѯַľ
ȫʧһжٰнеģûдκεѶϢʲôҲûҲġ
ַҲĵĸǽһرգϸ˰οãϾҲ֮ˣҸҲޱȵĸ̾ɡ
䣬ַҲǽ˶ۼһ𣬲׼һ飬ŮȻַݾ˵ʲôôأȴûһѯǵȴַݸһϲ
ԵЩأַݻһŮһ̾վ֪ҲܸרİҲǵĵط
Ҫ֪ÿһ˶᲻õĴڣҾˣҲҪһȫ٣ȥһ֣һǼȥ
ַ֮ŮжһĨϲɫסԼͣΪ˵ʵ̫ͻȻˡ
Ⲣ谭ޱȾϲԼҸ飬ʵַݸǣܻܿҲУϾʵ̫Υˡ
ʵȴǳԽǵַݾȻҪһͬȥ֤֤֮ʲôѾö˵ˣȻǻޱȿĻ



616 ֤
Ҫһ鷢Ůôܻȥϰ࣬ŮǷ׷ϵһ񣬲ص˷УԼ·˳˵ױ
ŮǶޱȵΪǵһʵ̫ˣرҶӨٻѾ϶ַݣԼ޸ҲԸ
ַȻҲޱԼҲʵûʲôģѾ˧ˣֻǻ·һݾˡ
ȴ˰СʱŮҲδӷ˳ǸĶֽߵģַǲЩɴ˫ۣи̾ӵǣԼⱲӻʲôܹģ
ģȻܽˣϾǼĶʵ̫鷳ˣҪһʱҲҵһð취ǾһȽɵͷԼǼĶ
ʱܽҲַݵİ£˳Ļ˻ĵĹ԰֤ʱҲκε⣬ֻҪעˡ
һСʱǵ˻ţַҲľ͸һŵִ˸绰ҲǺܿ˻Ӧַȥˡ
ַݳŴŮֵʱȴѾܽˣȻѾַָֻŮܹ롣
Ž䵽ͣʱҲ΢ЦӭڿӳŮ֮˶˹ʹˣ˫վԭء
ŮȻģټǶױԼ·ϣ˵ɱǿǾ޴󣬾һֶˡ
ҲǸʡ͵ĵƣֻƬ̺ԼʧһЦĶַݵܱǸʵ̫ƯˣҶˣǺø
ллĿ佱һж׼˰ɣνֲЦˣַȻκεĹֿ̫ˣҲһ˲ǣ
ֲסĵͷѾ׼ˣַɣܽеģЩԱҲһԷĵĵǼǡ
ǾͶлˡַ΢Цŵ˵ͷŮԼԼĸĸȥ
ַŮıӰҲһĨпԼЦ⣬ʲôҲȱֻ뿴ԼĺܹҸҸԼŮĴžͺá
ڣԸͿҪˣȻޱȵοǰҲͦŮǻַݲ̫⣬ĿǰȷǶˡ

֤Ĺ̷ǳļ򵥣˴յһһ۵Ƭ֮󣬵ȴƬ̣йԱݸˣҲһѾ˷ɵı֤
εĽ֤ȴȫ˹ԱȻѾѵõϢһλǳֻҪˡ
ַһˣҪ˶࣬ŮǽһʱҲĿ࣬ΪܹͨõеһŮѾϱոˣַȴһӭȢôǼֱ˶
پȣǲʵҲûʳһֻ֣ǿַһֱԭأŮۻԣ۵һƬÿ
ȻһַԵģȻҶӨٻˣλû˿ߵģǴԻǸҶӨٻǵһʶģԵһգҲǱġ
ꡭһƬ£Ѹٵıϴ˳ԱҲѸټ¼ǴʥĺɫСҶӨٻС
Ȿϼصһ֮ҶӨٻжʱ˵εε⣬һѾȴʵ̫ãһжֵõģ
ŮҲһĨĽɫȻõĺ챾˵Ҳӵž޴Ϊ˵ܽ⡣
ҲûżϾⶫҲõˣ԰ַʶʱ˳գһŮҲõԼĺ챾ַջһ
ŮһϲģַҲ¶һĨЦգƻλҲںˣֻҪŮǸˣˣ
лˡ챾˶УַҲǶȫһȭлȻֻǰһ£ûʲôʵԵ顣
лʵҪлĻҷˡҲ΢΢һЦַԼҪμӻԸ
Ȼַݵλ񣬾ǴƼԼܹ뵽еĻһòٵĺôŻƤҪһ
ַȻҲģ˵ͷȻʱһϸ
ֵ˵ͷַһͬ뿪֣ĿַݴŮԼ뿪ϲ¶һĨЦݡ



617 ˭
ȻѾ֤ǻҲҪﱸˣѡȻҲǽַݸĸϣҲֵС
ճ˵ѡ飬Ů˫ĸģַݵŮʵ̫ˣַֻݵĸĸҲֻԼˣʱҲǶһºһĩ
ַȻνȻĸѾѡˣȻҲֻܷӣҲû¿ͱ˵飬Ϊ
ʵַʶ˻治٣˶ۼһǺ»Ὣʲô˸
˰֮ŽȷַҲǿʼֻͣŸңӵĵ绰٣Ͻһ˾
Լӵ룬ַȻǲҲӣʱеĻ˾Уһ룬㱻ҵӭǰ˵ٰѵľôˣ
һ磬ܾͱϣ˾ɻʱȴһϢǾˣ׵ˡ
óŵĸоҪ֪ζĻޱȣһҹȥξͱץߣ޵Ԩ֮УԼҲǳ׵ʧȥ˶֡
ͬŵĻ껣Ҫ֪Уô䣬Ƕһ㣬ʱ׼ҪȴǱߴ磬ֱ
һãȻˣַжʱһĨЦ⣬ôҿ̨ǻˣҪٰųǴ̨
NONOһַ˻˶ʱҡԴǿɲԸˣܿ䱻Ԩǿǳ˿ɲ뾫ٽˡ
õַݵ׿ϣҲǳ׵ţˣҲһĨޱ˷ܵЦ⣬ģѾûܹвϵĴˡ
ԤϵǣԺĻģǼ˵ģַһŦ֮£һ𣬵ǿУƿģǺεȵңڡ
ֻĵģҲһĨпȻζǶʱ䣬ԼЩ㲣˿군ڸ֮࣬ҲǸܵһĨĸоͷ·ԼʧȥһҪĶôĸӡ
껵ȴǱӵĸӣζ껶ԣ̫̫ĶǰԼԼ֪Լѣ֪ȴûκεĶԼȫǱ˾˳
ȴǳ˸ԼһУԼ֪˸ͽԨޱȵı仯ȴ껾þõ˳ĬС
ַȻܹܵյأҲ΢΢һЦӶͳ˼ݸ˵ˣôˣ°ɡ

סַôһ˵ҲǽŵַݵǾ֮ϣϲ֮Ƕʱ˹Ҫˣ˭
ȿȡ̲סɿһַЩ˼ϲдǿ֪ˡ
ðɡεʼ磬󷭿ϸĿһϣȻдַݵĴһϣȴдŽʮ֣˶ЩĿɿڴ
̧֮ͷñޱȵַݵǴĵ׵ı㡣
ȿȡַݸɿƤҿΪĽʼɺޣϾֻȢһţȴȢǡ
Сһӵģȴַͬݵ˵ǵȷĽַһܹӭȢ⼸λܹɷеˣЩޱȵˣҲޱȵĽ
ϾַݵŮУûһʡ͵ĵƣҸɣվͲ˵ˣ۾һˣһУĸûлõ
εȵҲڶĿеŮһӶǿĴڣȴҪһ޸ַݣҪ˵ĽʼɺޣǾǼٵġ
ٶʼҲûõģʣעֻˣǻ̾˵ַݰչ˺֪𣿲ȻҺɲŹ㡣
Ҳչ˺ãȻҿɲŹ㡱ҲһпĿַݣҧȰ
ʵôҲѾȫˣѡַҲûɵģΪַʵ̫ǿˣǿҪ̣ҸҲȫԼ
Դ˿껵вʣҲֻףַݣֳ񵱳ַ׵һĻΪѾǺˡ
˵Ҹ棬ַȻ΢΢һЦİɣҵŮȻϧҪģڻǰˡ



618 õľ
Ǳˣַٴ̤·̣ϵʱ򣬽ͳôõʱ䣬Ҳ۵ĹǺ
Իصкַݱ㻺˯׼˾ķȴһº쵽
һַҲǽʯȡʼһĳֻڳַ֮ݲһ農˺ͤУ˼
ʣεĵ̨ҲҲûκܹ鷳Ĵڣ˵ģַһ˾ͿԺ绽꣬ʲô飬һŶ˵ʲô
˵ĳǷǳõһ飬ɶַ˵ĵȴһĨ飬üڵĻѾûκε壬ҲӵļᶨˣҪŮһͬǰݴ½֮ġ
ȵȡͻȻַݵԺһӰҲһĨЦ⣬ΪͻȻ뵽Լһûнңţˣûİá
ʣô˶ڵַ˵Ƿ־ͿĴڣϾε֧֣ڵİѾǹ¼ҹһˣμ˵ҳ¼ˡ
˵ַӦö䲻мһˣַݻǾԼӦȥ̽һλѣϾǶΣҲΪԼ˲ٵ鷳
˵Թ緹ֱַ֮ӳŻţŰϼŵİ칫¥ȥͣǰͣ
ɷޱȣͷܶİϼŴãַҲһĨЦ⣬૵ʱûͦ𡣡
ʵҲȷˣȻ׼ҳѾȫѣתͶ˷زҲðøеǳ⣬ȻһǮᱻҳߣԱҪࡣ
ʱҲǻֻŸջûãĿɽѾ̨겻ѡ
һĨЦ⣬ַҲǻŴǰ̨ȥڵллǰã׶³
ԤԼ𣿡Ȼַʳڣ΢ЦҲޱȵˣͷСҲԼְ𣬶ʳԼʡ
ûСַʼ磬õĵ绰֪ôܻԤԼֻ¶һ˵΢Цǰ׶³ĺѣԸҵĻǾʹ绰˵ַá
ַ۾עţͷСжʱһĨߣֻԥƬ֮ǻԸðű˾ѵΣգַһʣΪʲôΪַݵֵԼ˵ʡ

ϼŶ¥һ֧̣ЩĿŴǷæĵ۾ǣ̿յԼ˶ûз
֮һȵĸоŽѣҲǽ̵ٸЩԼλϣзһ̾
ʵε̨뵽һ죬ַ̫أҲֵܵԶ˳ᢵζҲֻһ³
һ㣬ޱȵȴ˽̫ˣеѡĻ϶ַΪУȻǺϲΣϼűλ벻ķ۵ġ
ϿûкҩޱȣҲֻһ·ߵڣҵĵ̨Ҳ֤·ˣܿ϶ϼſҪ˶þͻΪȥԼĴһУҲ֮һ档
ַݣǴĵ׵ĸе˸ӣң뵱ֻǸͨѧѣԼΪһָ
ʵҲȷˣУ໨ǮɱֵĻַˣҲнϼŵľ
ȴǴʧҿַһߵڣΪԼһڣ˵ҲȫûַһָԼ
˵ڰϼѾõˣַݵУֻҪһ仰Լûκεĵֿ͹ԹԵĽϼŽС
뵽ǲһĨɬڰϼţʵע̫̫࣬ɼҲ÷
žաٴεȼһ֧̣̲סһڣŸоǾ΢΢ƽһЩҲһĨȻ
ȻʵѾ޷ģǾֻѡܣַҪԼԼֿϷŹԼĻȻٺò
ʱһͨ绰ȴǴǰϣҲ˲绰е֮Ҳ̾һɡ
žһѽ绰ŵϣһĨУҲһĨɬôȲҸһ£ң



619 ˣ
˵ַݵĵѾȫ˰õϣͬʱҲȫܹ⣬ַĿĺܼ򵥣ǾԼġ
ˮڣȻѾҲ˲䰲ȴַݵ¥ʣôѾˡ
ҲֻǿɬһЦ˴˴ȴַݵĵҲ˵ǵȴԼȴŰϼŵĸ
¥µַݣڵõ˰õ֮ͬҲ̲ס΢΢һû뵽þȻô׵ľͽԼ˽
ʵˣַҲֻǶͷ¶һ˵΢Цллˣ´лġ
ͷһߣַֹܿǵĻǾˣһҲǲԵ
ǱεĿͷַҲǲרǰõϢҲ¶һĨʽЦݣַݸ˵С
ݻ˶¥֮ϣ˿±ҲǵȺ˴˴ַһƵֹ׶ڵȺ򡣡
ŶһĨϷʣַݾֱƿ˰칫ҵĴţʱһɾҵζıУ䲻ü
ˡ֮УһЦĿַݣǷģַݶ̲סЩȣ·Գˣһ㡣
ǵģˡĵ˵ͷַҲǻߵ˰õǰµ˵٣ʲôʱôˣ
ƽʱֻķңԶ˼֧ҡҡͷޱַݵȻǰӣķҵĸԴ
ַݲ÷ʼĿ治ʱ򣬲ܷһ£Ϊʲô˵ķң
ǺǡõһЦⲻ֪𣿿ɽˣֳ˹¼ҹһٱӴûа취ֵ
׼ôַһȤģŰãΣö̸Цһ
ҡҡͷֱַݵ˫۵⻰㲻ӦңӦҪô
ôַЦˣȻѾԼڵĴѯԼֻҪ֪Լĵ뷨ˡ
ȻǷŹңŹϼţҲףǲܵģ˵ɣҪôԸңһȻҡҡͷʮֵĸ̾
ǰ˻һˣǰ׸ַܹݣȴû˿ĵֿ֮ģֻǰϵһ㣬׸
ѵ̶ȣַҲûκεĳˣԵһЦܼ򵥣ҿԸ·ƹܰϼţμҪϼŵľƿȨ

ӮˡЩ̱ϰϣþ˲ʮһ㣬һĨȻ
ַҲǸԼһ·ֻҪ˾ԵƿȨѣûнеһжߣҲǲеˡ
Űһȫʧȥ˶־ģַҲ̲סҡҡͷ֪ˣαص㵱ɱɱҵĻҿ治㣬ϾΣҶΡ
û𣿡ÿЦҡҡͷַݵԸҲˣǾ˭ãͻٱķ˭ãҲٱ
ԼҲĴϣڵַݶԼνǺ޵˹ֿͷٵͷϣֻܷܴʡ
ƱǿҲֻǽַݵ飬ҲˣκεĻУϾַʵ̫ǿˣǿֻ;ޱȵĿ¡
ˣϾιһˣǵ˵ɡַЩȤİ˰֣ʱͳֻδ˹ȥ
ַͨ˵һ֮ҲǳĬһ󣬱ͷӦ鷳飬Ҳһ˶ˡ
СʱεӰʱ˰ϼŵĶ¥ΪԼҺӵĽַҲֹò׼̣ҽǴ˿
ͦŶӽ뵽˰칫Һ󣬰õжʱһĨɬҡҡͷΣӮˣһˡ
ллĳޡ΢΢һЦɵַݵԵݵȷǺˣȻĻҿ϶ڲͲ𣿡
ˣл˵ˣǹɷתЭ飬ֻҪǩ£ϼžͱμƿˡһļݸΣһĿɬ
ǺǡһĨϷƵЦݣλΣң뵱ҪõԼƿ̲ϼš
ȴǷһ㣬ԼϼŸƿصУһеĵߣԼԵˡ
۵ĿһԵַݣѾǵõԼҪһУҲûκεԸôκεʡ



620 ʧ֪Ǹ
ȻøЭκεֽţΪǰŮˣֶԼ۽綼ΪɫŮˣ˶ǹΪ̽ܡ
ļһ飬ûκ֮ǩЭ飬΢ЦŶ԰õףǺ졣
족νʧ֪ǸȻʧȥ˰ϼŵľƿأܹμϵһָҵ񻹻ǰ࣬׬ҲǸࡣ
û˻μŵ׬ǮμܹزĻǾԻһ޴ĺ䶯ܷеͿܷץסˡ
ðþϲǣǩЭһɲǣαһޱλòӴĿҪһǳشǾ޽һ֮ǳ
ûδӰ죬ζ֮ǵгҲޱȵĿãִҲѾȫ޽ˣֻһֱûҵһʵʱѡ
֮޽£ַҲѾĶˣϾִĻʵ̫ˣҪĻһҪ޴ĸС
̲˰ϼţȻ㹻ԼһֱѾõĿǾ޽һ֮ǣ⴦֮ǣҲƱػĺ䶯
֮Ǵ£ȻһĪչ˵֮жʱһĨ⣬ӴһĿе֪
Ȼ֪ΪλὫӴĿԼҲǺԥĵ˵ͷһãͷİɡ
ڴʱεȴһĨϷʣ԰õĿ̫󣬹ǿϼſ̫ˣһϼһͬҲලá
һöʱһ㶣ҲһĨɬȫܹε˼ɼУԽԼ潵ͣһ𵽼ලá
ˣɿ϶ԥѡܾɴο˵ֻǿЦŵ˵ͷΪûа취ѡ
˵һزʣµҲ͵μóˣַҲǶ԰õѡ뿪
˵ӰԶ룬Ҳǲò̾˽һǾ赺ϣԼ뽫θƿصУڿȴôĺЦ
ŮˣҲַֻݴ˲ܹˣԼԺܷҵһ赺ϵŮһǾֻǿˡ
뵽ҲֻҡҡͷԼʧƾ޴󣬵ϸ룬ԼǻһĻҲʧ֪Ǹˡ

ϣַһ𣬶ϲûκοĵı飬૵ݣǰõɹɱɱ㣬ô׵ķŹ𣿡
ȻΣַݵһЦɱܼ򵥣ðϼƲҲܼ򵥣ȴǵòһֵĺôۣΪǴ򹤣ͦõ𣿡
ַ͡ݵķҲ͵Цĵ˵ԴԴϻôû̽ʵ̫˷ˡ
ٺ١ַڨڨһЦⲻ𣿽μŴĽң
⻹ĹͣһЦĿַݣ㽫ЩĶóôܻڵɾͣ
ҲԼŬŵĲǣַҲǸпȻṩЩεĸҲܳμŲǣ
ǰɡ¶һĨ˵ЦݣڵμţλޱȵԺģԴǸ̫ѪһжֵõĲ
ĸһԼС¶һĨĸԵĹԵݣ˾ǱѾҪȥˣʣµʱ䣬һԹԵڼҰ̥ȴҼұ
ŶַЩȵĿһۣҪ֪ܾǰжеְ񣬰ڼϢˣȴһֱԸ⣬ΪĲ¡
ȴҪһУǾֻһԭַѯʵˣܹȫеĻˣ
ǵģĳЩһҪɫβ÷ĵ˵ͷûκε˵ЦӣǺĶַš
ǾͺáַҲЩпң뵱ԼʱһҪƵĴΡ
⼸µʱȥѾܹǷصĻҽμŸĽһ츳϶Ҳ˲ٵŬ̶ȡ
ԴˣַȻϲѣϾθпĺӣҪϢãźãЩʱ۵ģַݿν۵Ľ
ʱַȴͻȻǰһ뵽һµʦĸǲǿ쵽Ԥˣ
ǰҲʮ˰ɡ̲ס˵ͷͬʱҲޱȵڴڴһСĽΪĸǶСӳ˺øС



621 Сʦ
г˶ǽҲ뵽ƽ֮УҲǳ׷μŵһУصа̥Сĵ
⼸죬ĺԺնЩأΪַݵʦĸҲǼ񼴽ԤڣʱСܻή
ŲǼˣַݵʦΪ⼸ʱɶǴ粽ĸ˼ԣһκε춯Ļͻһʱ佫ͽеģʱԵЩˡ
ЩַȻǿУҲûκγЦ˼Ϊ֪Ԥڿ쵽ʱҲ⸱ģҲֵüʶһˡ
ˡһʱ䣬˶ʱΧһϵķȻޱȵķḻѩȻҲǲö˵ǷŵǼƵ꣬ҲǴġ
رʳ֮ϣŮרңϾûµʱǾϲоЩʱᵽѧΣѧǲú
˶ߣַݸҿ϶ԼʮµˣһȦԼĸϾͿֳʮ첻Ѿ⡣
ַݵĸȻԴԹҲûκεİ취ΪŮʳʵ̫óˣַҲȰοǲþţ֣ԼҲа취
Է֮ϣûκ˽ʲôͳʲôҲǷ֣ᷢҲղԵ÷ǳ֡
ʣи֮أַݸĸϵĸμвˣΪҲǽź׵ģˣеĺӡ
ÿ˸Ǽв˵ʱλиҲЦŽܣϾⶼǴҵһƬ⣬ǿɲ빼б˵ʱҲľܾϾǶӿǷǳܵġ
ڷŸճԵһʱַݵʦĸɫȴͻȻһ䣬ҲһĨʹıΪҸо꣬ǲҪˣ
ʲôΪ৵һ±վһľʧǻʲôǸϽȥҽԺ
ѣҲǷ׷׷꣬ĿʼΪʱ䣬ǿģԲûκεĻš
Ϊһѽ𣬲ŻȥַҲ丸ĸڳϵȺţ˳ţϳɺ֮󣬱˲˻ţƽȵҽԺķȥŮȻҲǳ˸Եķг󣬺ƺƵ۾õҽԺȥ
һ·ϣַݵĸҲڰŽޱȵĽΪԼ񣬲ǴԼһЩ飬ϾĺԺУҲֻǲǹ˲ǣ
һߣҲϵҽԺǱߣǽҸ׼ã⵽ʱȥûλãֻѡȴ

һжôĽֻʮӹȥַݾѾʻŻҽԺϿյĽͨͣΪŵƳϡ
ò˵гķлǷǳõģϾޱȵĿҽԺǽȻ˷гͿԴıⲡ;Ȳ
ַһʱ򣬲ŻרõͨƽУԼȺϾΪ˱ϸ룬һǲ˽ģΪҲǱ档
Ҫʱ̣ΪβеޱȵľţˣԼǣԼֻʼֻصһĲ˹ȥ
Ϊʶ˲ָܹ࣬ҲڲĴѧԼѣ˷棬Ҳֻһܵܽ󼪣ֻǼӶѣѾû绰ɴˡ
Ҫ֪ӿɲһ¾еģʸĻֻҪһСʱͿԳˣƸƱػԴԼС˺Լѡ˳ʱͲ̫ȷˣĻܱƸ죬Ļһ춼пܡ
ԽΪǵǰȥȹϵһ㣬Եôļ꣬Ҳȫܹ⣬Ծĵȴ
ʱ𽥵ĺƣѧҲǴһȺڲĺѵһ˹ԽΪϲοһһͬȴǶǴĵ׵ΪλϻƸеˣӣʵ̫ˡ
Сʱ֮һޱȼӰҽԺУץס˽Ϊ˫ֵ磬ǽкˡ
ûǽΪ׵ܵܽ󼪣ûһֱԸҵĺҪмɱȽΪٲ˶١
ȻҹעǸ֮ҹָѾʮ㣬ûһ˯⣬ҶǾĵȴţȴŻʿֵһɲǡ
ڣ賿һʱһʿڳǰԽΪһϢϲǸӡ
ʱ˿̣ΪѾȫĴˣӣһ־ϲֻԼԶȫĿհˡ



622 ȡ
ַݵСʦܱʿһɲǣַۼԼʦԼʦжʱӿֳޱȿȵߣҲǾһ˳
ַ˵ܺӵĳûôļΪᣬҪӵĻһˣʮĽΪ˵ôӣǾޱȼ޵һ¡
رҾֵܣֲһȫΪ˽ֵܵӣԼˣܵһ˺
ַһȥֻСһ˿˫۶ȴǺָһ໴ģҸ涼ǳͨӤҪ׳һЩ
ͬʿ˵˶˸䣬ܲ˽ӤǾǸ漣ַ漣ĵߣ޸ҩĻҪǾǧѵһ¡
ȫСһһѾΪеĽ㣬ΪַĺԺеĵһСһһַݵСʦܣŮҲǰϧĲˡ
رǼΪĸΣڿСһʱȵĶ컯ˣСһҲǷǳϲΪϣ·ܹܵĸ׵ů
СַˣΪȻޱȵķģתͷһĿżˣôɰı
һжֵõģ𣿡һλаȵŵСһҲһĨҸɫôΪҵѵĽʱ䣬һֱеڻ
ǹƽģΪԼⱲӶ¶ϵʱ콫Ϊ͵ߣ˳ôɰС˵Ķ͡
ۡʱԭһƽ˾СһȴͻȻѾĴôο޼£һĪչʱһ·ĻʿȴЦСһ϶Ƕˡ
˻ȻŽСһﻹص˼ĻУеĵһĸ飬ֻƬСһ㰲˯˹ȥ
Сһ˯ţַҲǴǰȥԽΪʦСһ𣿲ܽСһɣ
ţˡΪ΢Цŵ˵ͷͽнɣ͸ǵӣӦѧж
ðɡַֻ֣ǱʾӣҲףһȡʵ̫ڼѣ뵽֣½ΪҲѾá
뵽ַвҸĸȡֻ㲻ȡʲô֣Լᡣ

СһĵǸĺԺĻЦȻҲýΪ߶оǺַݲֹһμ䶥Ÿè͡
ʱĻŮҲΪ˷ֵһСһҲǲԼЩʦϱҲǷǳϲ
Ȼͳʦ֣ȴԵòôѺãַÿαҪ˶þͻãֻӣһΡ
ʱһĹȥò˵İЧʻͦߵģֻһڲμžѾٿ˷ᣬϰϼһ֮ͬǵĽ췽
ʣһ˿ƻԼĳУõýԼҵ׷ȻҲɣɵȻǰȫ档
Ҫ֪һеǵж󣿷ȻǿҪһ൱ֵĳУҲǼǳѵ飬һʲôΣյĻǹе˶ȫĲƲҲ˲ʧǾ޴ʧκܹܵġ
ýԼǵʣμҲóʵеݣǵԼһ⿪ҲýԼ޻˵
Ȼ֮ѾҰȫҲõϵͳĵϿɣг淴ӳȴƽЩǷչ̫ˣǸࡣ
˽Ŀǰ;ַԼζҲԼĳŵǾǲһУиʱţ֮ǾԻΪı־Խʱ򲻳ȥ
Ȼɣλϰ嶼˵ִţҲûκεη壬ݵĿʼ֮ǵĽ
֮ҪȻǷϣϿμģɱ۷ǳĵͣеǴ˼㣬н跽棬Ȼǽ˾ߵľ£ȴǱѹĺܵͣеĴͷ֣ȴȫ鵽μš
Դˣҹ˾ҲǷǳΣȴǲòĿ׬һǮҲΪܹԤϣ֮޽ɵʱԼҹ˾һ



623 ׼
֮ǵ޽ɵĽţַŮҲǽһǳҪ飬ǾĻɴա
ȻϿ˶еɣǸͲĻɴյģʲôƬġ
ַȻҲʲô˾ˣôΪԼûκεĹϵԼĻɴյľˡ
ʣĻɴҪĶԼޱȵľ޴ŮǶãϾֻһˣһ֮󣬱Իһ˼ġ
ַȴǲаһҪȫŮûκεϢʱ䣬ԾǻߣҲ۵ĹǺ޲ó̡
ҲֻѣĻɴտǼǳ飬Ϊ˸Ժ˻ڵһֶΣҲǸʾһַʽ
Ծ۵ַݶſˣǵðʦҪһţڲǸľżһ㡣
ַݸҷģһӶûʱЦô࣬ЦǶΣеĿҲֻн˲ܹɡ
ɴַ꣬ݻصк󣬱ʲôҲûܵͷ˯ʮСʱŻָ˹ƣҲһɨ⡣
Ȼô඼ֵõģɴձʱ򣬿ŮǲõЦݣַҲǸеޱȵοЩ࣬ʲôˡ
ò˵ʦˮƷߣҲַݸһʮļ۸ĳĻɴÿŶǾޱȣ˿˶ĵ׵ӿһĸо
ַȴϲһƬƬνǴգվŮ֮УŮţǳ䣬ץͷǳ·ַݱޱȵʹ࣬ȴǴҸУڸҲһʵС
ŮҲǸõԼַݵµƬһζεɫͦŸĵģǳܰУԺСӳ󿴵ЩƬҲǻ¶ޱȲõЦݰɣΪ븸ĸһͬĵġ
ʱַȴǿԼĸһĨĽɫһʱǰȥ裬ϲĻҲȥһװ
ַôһᣬҲ˲ͣ컪һѵϴСˣЩⲻЦ𣿡
ǰǰǾ˰ɣҲͱˡԷܰҲһĲ˼Ͼôˣ˵ĶǻǸо˲̫Ӧ
˵УַݻǿһĨ΢ЦôͲˣȥĵʱ򣬻һʮĽૣ˼ĵĿɺÿˡ
˵ַ꣬ݲŮǴһ񣬶ŮҲᣬ׷Ȱ˵Ҳ¶˾ģȥһ׻ɴգֲԼЩź

ʱһһţҲַŮҲæµΪʱҪ׼ʵ̫ˡ
εĻǳ⣬ȻͨһĴģַݾˣĺԺоУڳʦԼԱֻҪǮʲô첻
ĺԺ󣬵ҲǽӴԴԴϸǣַһҧֱӽԼĺԺͨסˣνǮ԰ɣ
ڻǰһϣַȴǽӵδҶүӵѶһϢǾľѾˣҩЧŻҪã١
ַȻǴϲ˵ĲµȻԼǣ׼ľʷַЩûΪǣ㲻ǶΪߣٻǿԵġ
ԽӵϢַݶʱͨռͨδҶңүӣ׼ԼǷݸߡ
үȻҲûκεģַݽʮƿͬ㾧Өַ̲סһĭ볢便ʲôζ
ַҲ֪ƾڵΪŶ˵ûһ˿Чģֻ˷ѶѣҲʡ·Ž˸˲ֿС
ַݴүߵҽеԼ׷ַҲͳ׼үӣȻүȴǸûգⶫҪپҪ٣ַܹﵽĻȻԸһ顣
ַȻҲ˻лãʲôʱҲŽȡˡ
ԼַҲǻص˼УȴһԼĴ֮գһҹȴȫʧˡ



624 ӭ·
ʱ˿ַ̣ݵипǧԼһһǴѧɳܹȫѹĴڣֻ겻ʱ䡣
ʢٵģȻǳ̵ˣûĻԼĻһһ㣬ҶӨٻϣɵŮƽƽĹһ
ȻҲͦãַȴȫ᲻ԼЩŮǣǶôˣôԼʧȥǣַݻ治֪Լʲôģ
ͷһϵĵ½ַݵһĨЦݣȻʱţ̵ö˵Ѿ΢΢ˣȴǻһֱһһĴԼĺ
ԺһһԼЩŮˣַٴһĨҸЦݣܹߵһ𣬲ԼⱲҸ
ַʧߣַݵŮ˼ʧߣҪһ̣û˻᲻ʧߣܹ˯µĻֻ˵жԼһͲں
ŮҲʧˣҲڲϻԼַʶĵεΣҲǲ¶һĨЦݡ
ʣÿһ˶ַݵ֪ǲһģദĹҲǲһģͬ;ǣжҸģΪܹõԼɾʲôģ
ҶӨٻַһǾˮɣ˴С÷ڱ˴˵Ҳޱȵ˽⣬һǸûκεʡ
Σտʼǿܱһ˿õϾʱĴʮֵĲദ̫֮ҲİԼСȴԽԽˡ
ϲַݣտʼֻΪǱַݽ޼ңͬ·ǰһжѾΪ˶֡
Ϊַݾǻϲԩң뿪ˣҲ᲻뿪ȻʱķֿȴǽĽһôҲֿˡ
ѪĻһദʱܳҲַݣǴαַݾʱ򣬾ע뿪
ַҲǶ춷˸飬ΪַһΰľٶİеԼΰˣҲˡ
ȻΪ˵ַܽһͬһĶǵľ̵ʶ˵Լİ
ÿŮ˰ַݵɶͬʣֳַһУǳ޾Ҳ֪ԼⱲģ˭Ҳߡ

һҹ޻˴˯ʱĺԺѾıϣ˶Ǿһ֪콫ޱȾʵһ졣
ַҲĺԺͣУҪȻȥӭˣͨĻţԼںʮ̫š
ʣӾǹھĵĴڣûκܹۼôĳҲַֻμŵĻƶˣܹ齨
Ȼַݼʻ̫ţǼʻһվַݵϼңҲǶǴСҶӨٻ
Ȼ׼·ҪҶӨٻİǿɶʡ͵ĵƣǿǹȦһߵŮǣַݴĺ֮£ҲֻǹԹԵÿ˴š
ַھҲޱȵĸпַ⼸ʱб仯ʵ̫ˣǶ󣬲ܿԼС󶼿ŵСһɻ飬Ҳޱȵĸ˵ģȻ˵ĻַݸǺĺ
ҶӨٻַݵĳΪ׵ҶеҲ¶Ҹ⣬ȻԼŮ˲ܵõרİӽ˳ͿԿҶӨٻַеҪԣǻеΣҲ֮Ĳǣ
ӺҶӨٻַݶʱͽ޼ҵɽȥ޼ҵѾڴ˵ȺˣڲѵѾٻص˼УϾԼ׽ޣбҪ
ӺƺƵͣ޼ҵɽǰʱ޼ҶǺ䶯ˣվַǰסΪ޼ҵϰУҪӭȢ޼ҵĻǾͱҪȥС
ַҲǷǳΣҲûκεľ£ʵģܵûһĶ֣ԴӴſڿʼַһ·ݺᲢӵǰ޼˶ЩĿࡣ
Ҫַ֪Լ޼ҵļӵ֮¶ôĳڱһ赲ȫסǱ˲ͻƣ˲䱻ڵأûһ֮С
ӵǰַȴһ鷳ΪһͷǰЦŶַݵҪȢͱȹһء
ûλǵΪַõϲţǿҲַݸеʮֵԵֿ
ַѾǻнףϲŵľ綼Ҫ࣬˶ûúϲűҡҡͷɽв˳СһӮˣǵƴҼӶ
ַȻǲ÷ĵͷӦ޼˵ע֮£ӸһһĴ˻źãһȥ



625 »
ʣ޼ȻɽңҿɲֻһѪǱϾݴ½ڻڷ״ֻ̬ܽҵԼҡ
Ȼδ˸оǳźԼĸĸҲܹ⣬ʱҲӦȥַͣݸνˡ
ǧңǹȻǷǳĶ࣬ҵӭȢʽȻ޼һôļֱӣҲַݸԾ˿ͷ
ΪǵķʽǱҪŵҵɽɽֻһˣȻǼޱȣַɾܰ쵽
ԼѪһļϣ;лҪܵ˵ĵѣַɽŵʱҲǱڵĹǺ϶ǱĲЩᡣ
ô˵ôļѣַҲǽŮ˳˳ĸɽףУŻŵ۾ķȥ
һվȻҽҲַ׼һͣȻѣȴҲַݸԾ˿ͷǾ
ҪȻޱȵļ򵥣ַݵǿɲǸǵģǴ죬ŻǺһȦܵҵʱҲǱĹǺ
ܱڵĹǺַҲҧϾӭȢɲô򵥵ģ˼ҵߣһôܣ
һжֵõģһȦǺӣϵණȫϴҲҸĸһ·˻ţŵ۾ȥ
ȽҶԣΪҵҵҵֶȻҪ࣬Ҳǿ裬ϵɽȵֶζѣȴַԼĸ׷ǰµĿһ
ַҲȫ飬ȫܹеĿԼҸһ죬ȴûĸ׵飬ԾңѾ֪ġ
ڽŮǸӻأַҲǳ˳صԼĺԺУѩԼܽ˳İοһ
ϾŮɶм˵飬ܽԼѩãһΪĸ̫УһǸĸһ˶ûڣԵôĿ
Լַݵİο£Ҳֹסˮ΢ЦĸַݵԣһӶֳҸеĽʽ
Ȼ࣬ȻַۣݵȴǳЦݣôΣڽõĽ֣һθӭ˼С
ҲԵףǣַݽŮһӭ˼У൥ҲӿһҪ뷨ֻʲôʱҵʵˣǾ͵ÿˡ

ȻϲУַݱ׵ĸˣҲǱȫĽֹʹƾƣڱһӵϵĹ֮£ǱĻ겻塣
ߵĻָǼǿģֻһСʱַݱ˹ֻ֮ɫѾ谵ϯҲѾ֮УֻҶӨٻһЦĿԼ
жʱһĨЦ⣬ַһѽҶӨٻ§˻У૵СٻˣôҲίҶԲ㡣
ɵϡĵ˵ַݵıӣҶӨٻҡҡͷڲͦõ𣿽ҵģҹͲ׼ʲô𣿡
ҶӨٻƣַݱеĺҲ˲伱ʵ뽫ҶӨٻ͵ˣ˵Լַһ̵ֱڡ
ڵ˳ɻһ죬ַôܻԼԻߵҶӨٻԣ§˻У׵ȥ
šһҶӨٻҲ˲ַȵУҵĻӦ˵ĽϣԵôȻ
С÷Ŵ֮Ĳ벻ƶԼУٶĴ˵Ķǽһ𣬳˰ݡ
һжˮɣַҲǻĽҶӨٻƽŵǴɫޱϲĴϣȥ״ŷ˵·
һӨ׵Ľб˳ַݲЩֱҶӨٻƯģҲõģУȴô޿
һʹǽĽһҲ־һнԶһǣ롣
ַһᣬҶӨٻһҲԼŮˣҲûʲôΣַݲ²֮󣬻Լܵѹ
һԼôŮˣҶӨٻҲ΢ЦŽܣû˵ʲôԵĻȻУԼУܹһС
Ůˣַô۵Ըӣ綼Ľ§ڻС



626 
Ҹֵֿģ֮һжָ֮УַҲʼΪԼ׼ͣǵһ죬ҪŮǸܵʲôҸ
ʵҲ֤ˣƷķ֮Ҳ¶ҸЦݣ۰ĸоԵĸеһҸС
ѵõʱ䣬ַҲǴŮǻ磬ǲúȻۣһֱǳЦݣַʱ䣬һֱǿֵġ
ȼ֮ҲٴλָƽŮҲǷ׷ǰȥϰַ࣬뵽˶Ծ׷֮УֻͻƵٶʵĿԡ
һеȻ۾ĻҲĿԣûʲôڣҪͻƣǾǱȵ컹Ҫѣַֻܽϣǿڵ֮ϡ
ʱѪ֮УƵĵҩɲֹԪְڼҲܷõĵҩټַݴŮǵľҲǼ졣
еӴڵԼԼѪҲͻƵ˻ڣܽǴﵽ˻ڵ۷壬뻯Ҳֻһ֮ңˡ
ŮǵĽϲ˵ģַݸеޱȵοϾŮܹ׷ĻһͬͻƵӤĿҲӡ
ڣһݵʱУѪַݣһᶨĵϹ׼ڵˣæ𣿡
Ȼַݺԥĵ˵ͷҲһĨɫһʵǵȵ̫ˡ
Ҫ֪ڵȻҪЩƷҪ򵥺ܶ࣬ҲǾһʧܼʵģʱѪûҪڵʧܣٻڵ
Ҫ֪ڵִԼδ綼ֻôһţʧܵĻʧɾ̫ˣѪȷԼʵ֮󣬲ҵַ׼ơ
ַȻҲʧܵ׼ܹɣԼ˳ͻƵ֣ѹһͷΪǿߡ
һ죬ַڴãѪ֮ԥѡͬ⣬У׼ǰһ׼
绰ԼѶԼκεͨ豸ַݶȫرգƵĹлᱻȻڵʧҲͻƵҲޱȵ۲ǣ
ѪҲǷһƿ޸ҩԼľ񶼵״̬֮ŶַݵϹ׼ϾҪʼˡ
׼ˡ÷ĵ˵ͷַݵҲһĨأƵҩ飬ǵһˣĲ˷˻򵽣ڵֻһţעֻܳɹʧܡ

ҪȻƿغû򣬶޵ȻǽַݵУѪԵøӵļޣҪעҩĳ̶ȣҪʱ䣬һڵᱻƻ
ʣһηǳѵƹ̣˶ޱȵأҲһеȴ¯¶һĳ̶ȡ
ڵĲҲ׼ȫЩϿǻַݽԪνԸӣҩҲڵ֮һΪ磬Ƕһݵġ
ڣ¯ڵ¶ȴﵽ˽ǧ֮Ѫһ˲ץԵһҩͶ뵽Уעڻ˵εεľʡ
ȫ֮ѪҲٴץһԵҩķУ˲֥ڵȵҩģǲҪǮ㣬ԴԴϵͶ뵽С
ǳ˸ҷһ¯ҩĵĻǾԻַӪʣж߶ǲҷãᱻǿҩЧɷˣֻл߸ҳԡ
ѵʹþȻǻԲںڵе˲ͻƵַȻһС磬ȴأΪ㹻ǿȫܹǾ޴ˢ
ҩڱ˾ʣѵҪһʱ̣ǾǽڵŽȥɹԼʧܣͿһˡ
һѪжʱһĨأŵǿӨ׵ڵ֮ϣĽ
ʣֻǽڵõУѪ͸ܵһɾ޴ӿģǴĵ׵ĸе̹
ͨ˵õǲһֱҲܹ٣ԿԳƵ汦һͨһõĻҲܹٲȫ
ߵУⶫЧ͸ǿˣܹٽһΪͻƵٶӣܰƳɵҩû߶һɳ죬ɹͻƵ
ҪһѪȻޱȵأȫȷܹͶ֮ŽڵͶ뵽˵¯֮Уȴ



627 Ƴɹ
ֻһʼ¯бһŨ˶̲סһΪʵ̫ˣѪǸ̤뻯ڵΪȹ˲١
֪ŵҩƳҩЧεǿַݲͻƻҪͱҪĶ࣬οе̺Ǵľˡ
ȻҲֻǸտʼѣҪȫɹǵÿѪʱѡǷ׼ȷҲÿİš
ĿãַݾѾף˿¯УǿڵѾʼ˻ڻڲ̺ӴҲǻıϵЩҩľ֮С
е˻˵ڻʱڵе˷ַҲǶԴ˸еɻ󣬵ѪȴǶһϸĽ͡
ǾڵڵڵһĲģֱӷõĻЩܱͬͻ˲ɢɢĲ֣ﵽ˰ٷ֮ʮϡ
ƳɵҩȻҲй¶й¶Ĳȴ΢΢ٷ֮ʮᱻҩĸͬʺյʣҩЧֱӷöһҡ
ֱַӷڵĻ˷ôֱܻڻԲ￨סһΪ벽ƳɵҩĻܽӴֱͻƵ
ȻðһΣգȴΪַʡʱ䣬ζĲȫбҪģֻҪɵӣǶַһѡ
ɼڵĿжƮɢһɰͨһڵĻڵ缲¶ϲ٣ַҲǳˣΪʲô񻰹Уӳ̫Ͼĵҩ֮󣬾ܳɾͽղԼ۽𾦣ΪҩЧʵ̫ˣƵľֳܻЧƵģҩЧɼһߡ
Եޱȵأַһעž¯ϵ¶ȣһʲôҪ¶ȣַݾܵһʱ֡
ѪҲһֱפ¯ǰʱ̸¯ڵı仯һʲôĻҲܵһʱԼӦԡ
ŵУʱ仺߹һȦѪҲ˲һַԹػˡ
õġַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷ˲䰴˹ػťʣµʱУֻҪ۲ˣһнѪ
еѹѹѪϣɹԼʧܣڽҿ¯һɲǣһʹùߣĽҿ¯
ӱҿһ˲䣬һӿһ¯ӿ˶˲侫һΪ֪⴫˵еƳɹˣҩЧΣÿַ֮Լˡ

¯µϡͣڵеѾЩҩľںһ𣬶ЩѱҲǱк͵˳ޱȣǳʺա
ƳֻһųƷԸͲ˵ҪʹַĻҩЧ϶ή
ַģԸһøⵤҩûӲҪĻ˶ͻƵòʧ
Ѫַ֮£¯е˲㱻仯һԲ־Өĵҩװһ׼õҩƿ֮С
΢ЦߵַݵǰѪƣȴ¶һĨõЦݵƳɹˡ
࣡һڣַЦˣѪ⴫˵еƳɹˣҲûбʦˡ
ǺǡѪ̲סһЦƳɹɶĹͣԼ߿ɶṩģ˶ġ
ٺ١ַݲڨڨһЦѪ§˻УˣܹȢ㣬Ҵˣðɣ
̲ס͸ַһۣѪߴߵһԿʼʰŲоַ֣ݵˣҩҲƳɹˣ׼ʲôʱã
ˡ̲סһĭַݺھͽ£˲ҡҡͷϰɣҸ㹻ĵط°빦
ţҪҸĵطȻҩЧĴۿŶѪ̲ס˵ͷȻڵڲⲿĻǳɹͻƵļҲǻӡ
ǿ϶ǲеģ۾ʵ̫ˣָͻƲ˵Ǿ̫ϧˣַҲٺķʱ䡣
Խս˸˲ֿУַ΢ЦŶѪ˵ټʱУ͵ȥ׼һˣܹܲɹһн



628 ׼ͻ
ʱǹĺܿ죬ɫҲ𽥵Ļ谵һͬԹַ֮ݱŮԼ˸ǣ׼ȥһԣĵط׼ͻơ
طַҲãصڲ֮У׼ȷ˵ڲǴСԣﲻŨһһѵıڣðײǰɣ
ڱڲСŨĵطҲв٣ַȴǲԸȥΪȻͻƼҪЩҲΣա
Ҫ֪ͻƵǼǳѵ飬һĻǾǰˣʧܣ߻ħֱӱУһͻƵʱ򣬶Լŵù˱Լԣ±˰㣬ǰ
ʣַŵùļ֮һһвֻ࣬һħľѾ㹻ⱲҲַݵĶ顣
ػͻƣַݸеޱȵİģͬʱҲԽԼͻƾһʱȥݴ½Ҳ˾鲻ǣ
ŻķڲСԣҲ˲ܵ˶ַݾȻҹ֮ҲһĨϷʵ˵Сӣҹ㲻Ůˣͷ
ٺ١٩ַҲֻڨڨһЦ㵱ȻҪˣһǳҪ顣
ˣʲô²ֱ˵ȻַӵԸʮֵĲֱ
ͻƵûȤַϷһЦȻǴѯʵȴǰٷְٿ϶ܻܾ
Ҫ֪ͻƵѾΪһħǲԼͻƣǿַͻƣҲһǳ²ǣ
ʲôͻƵĻȻӣƬ֮ȴǹһЦֱַݵ˵Сӻû˯ѰɣȲ˵ܹܲͻƵڵΪɻԲôͻƣ
Ϊʲôܣҿȥδģδֻûһڵڵ㹻ͻƵˣһҪҩơַ΢΢һЦҲһĨϷʵ
ٴγһϸ֮ҲһĨ⣬ֱĿַݵ˵Ķģûкң
һ°ɡַݲû˵ʲôһѴӶȡǸװƿֱǰԶ
˲סЩ͵Ĵ˵ҩƿҩƿ򿪵һɲǣǹɾҵӿ˲ףַġ

ʣԿԳƵС˵еĴ󻹵һžͿĹΪ֣ߵġ
ˡ̲סһĭĺһڽ£ͻƵΪڵʵǿ̫̫ˡ
Ҳҿ϶ַݴ򲻹ԼȥҲκβԼôǷ񶨵ģͻƵȷޱȵĿݴ½ŻҪ˶þͻῪˣȫûҪΪʧȥһѡ
ֻ̰һţҲ΢ЦŽݸַݵСӻǸԵǳܹõĺöʵɷҵȡ
ٺ١ַ΢΢һЦ˵ͬʵڵȲĻͻ֮ҲͻƵ
ŶôͻƣʱȤȻѾôãѾϰ˵ȴܹһͻƵĻǷǳġ
⻹𣿡̲ס˸ַָָۣϵڵȻδڵݴ½ȻҲǴڵģһзʱܹ룬Ҿݴ½ȥδҲ㹻ͻˡ
ž˷ܵһԴ԰ôû뵽δݴ½ҲǳİδҲе֣ȥͻˣ
˺ˡһȲģַҲһĨЦýǵͻ˵˵ɣҿţ͵Ǹ·Ѱɡ
Ȼ÷ĵ˵ͷַݲȥδҲѡػַݣϾ˸ǣһѧͻƵľ飬ûôܻ
ͻƵʱҪܱκֱڲСΪ˽Щ϶̤벽
ԼҲǴ粽ַݵܣֹκһ޳ĽӽͻƵɲ磬һʧܵĻǿɾǰˣ˵°ˣӰԼԺһ;
ȷûκε֮Ŷַݵ˵ͷַҲǽһ£ʱһǿҵӿ˲˫ۡ



629 ʧ
˻ǹɾ޴ӿʱַ̲סǵһΪûһܵȻ˵ӿ
ǹɻڱŷ˲뵽ַݵĲ㾭֮УַݵֿҪƵĸо
˲ı仯ҲǽַݸһҲκεȫԸĿʼתתԼĵ֮С
ֻһ˲䣬ַݾѾоͻƵ˻Բ˿ٵĽʱ䣬ҲȫһҲܹףǾƶɵģӵֻٷ֮ʮ
ƻԲֻǸտʼѣַݿǵܹԼ͵ڣܲܳɣǾ͵ÿַܷܹסˡ
ֻһΣַ˵ʲôҲܷȫתŹЩһβ¶ȫսԼĵ֮дΪͻƵ׼
ʣͻҪҪ̫ˣڵַݻ̫࣬ʱţͻҪҲǻᴢ㣬ͻơ
ʱʱ˼žУַݷĵǹӴһۺ죬ϾͻƵԸ
һ㣬һ㣬˵ҲûκεģֻҪַܹͻƣͻԼδݴ½ͻƣԼҲĳΪ֡
ˣˡóƺ͹һڣҲһĨЦң뵱ַҲֻǸͻưѣԼһֻ־ͿԽ
ʱ䲻ַľѾȫ׷ԼϾͻᳬԼԼһ˿ɣҲȫܹףַݵʵ̫ˣٶ׷ԼһжԵôȻ
ʱһһĹȥַݵҲͻȻ¶һĨʹɫǲϸһ۲˲ףַڵѾﵽ˼ޣϾҪͻˣȻȥĻὫﶼű
ַȻҲܸܵһ㣬ȴûκεļУΪȻﶼѾˣûеĳܼޣװһ¡
ţڵҺ콫űʱһҧѡתڵʼеת
ʵͻƵһ㣬ڵﵽ˼ޣͻ̬Һַ̬ҪľǽҺ̬תΪһŹ̬Ľ𵤣ڡ
̻ǳַҲһĵȻҺ̬ת䰾ĸӵľ

Сʱַݵĸ֪УеҺ̬Уôһ˿˽ɫ̬ģһɫĹ̬ʣ𵤵ĳΡ
ʤǰַݵҲ¶һĨϲɫһĨɫĹ̬ģҲԽԽ󣬲εռַݵĵ֮С
ȻС̺࣬ޱȵʵҵҲӵӿȣ˲䷢ӳҲҺ̬ʱǿ󼸱ֹ
ȻѾһͷַҲûκεĳɣĽڵ̻˽𵤣ԭСĽҲǱԽԽԲ
ȫﵽԲ״̬ʱַҲǻΪһ֣ӵŲø׾ͿԶʱڿзеҲ־ţַǳΪɰ
һУҲУгĽʼɺ޵ͬʱҲǲΪַݸе˸ˣϾַݵֱԼС̫࣬ԺĳɾҲԼ̫̫ˡ
̾ʱȴַݵһĨŵɫҲ˲䷢䲻׵Ϊղַȵ˲ʧˡ
ַݵͻƻûеõɣݴ½ĻַؼǾͿɽͻƣ˳뵽ڡ
ȴ磬Ȼ˴ص۾ĺѾǸɲַ֧ݼͻƣܼյ㹻ĻͻƿɾʧˣԭҪ۳ɹĽҲΪ
û˿̵ַڵĽѾԵЩҡҡ׹ˣԲεĹ֮ϣһϸ΢ѷ죬ܹ㹻Ļַ˲ܽϣͻơ
ڵյֽ𵤲ѶѣͲһͻƣַв󺰵ѵ𣿡
׼ʱһɾȴ˲ע뵽ľ֮У䲻һ𣬸ûκεĹ˼ɣʼ̰ͻơ
ڣ֧£ַݳ׵סǿҡҡ׹Ľ𵤣ʼ𵤵ǵѷȫ𵤶ֳԲ״̬



630 һж
䡭𵤱ɵ˲䣬ַֻôһ飬·綼˲䰲ԺҲ˲ĸ
ַ֮Ż˫ۣ˲ӳģȴһ԰׵ݣ׵ľйһȦһ㣬ַݲһ㶵ףǡ
̲סһۣĵΪСӣΪղǹôİû뵽Сݣ㽫ﶼա
⡭ַ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˲ղԼѾΪҪʧˣͻȻһעԼڣԴ
İæĻַݴ˿ʧˣͻƵҲǰָʲôˣεǷһ顣
һַжʱһĨмɫȭлˣĻһʧˡ
С£ܲܿʧܰɣ΢΢һЦҲһĨЦ⣬ղſǱַݽڵɡ
һжֵõģûַѾǳɹͻ˵ڲһĵ׵ĸоһĨ塣
ˡһģַݶʱһԴӶóһװŵҩСƿӵݸⵤҩɣܹѸٰ˻ָ
ŶһĨȵɫӹҩ֮ҲҡҡⶫùûУ
ûãԲ֪𣿡ַ΢΢һЦⵤҩѪƳĻЧҲǷǳĲ֮Ļָܹܾܳãֻڽʱ̡
Ǿ԰ɡַһгģҲǲԥӵҩƿеһ˿УҲһĨڴɫ
𹦷һ˲䣬ؼһа㣬Ѹٵڳ뵽˾УԭɺԵĵﶼǳ
ַ˵ҩĳʱ䲢ֻǳʮӲҩЧѾʧ״ĳ̶ȣԭͣ͵ܹһСʱ˵ܹڵͻƵ
ҩЧʱȥҲ˲˫ۣҲһĨδȻⵤҩЧо˳ԣҲܹףⶫܵǹԡ
öǹζ֮һԼڵȻѾָ˱״̬̲סһ̾
ⵤҩЧʵ̫ǿˣͬĳ˷һŻһ˾ԱɣΪµҩһȫù˼ģúĵĶܻ

ٺ١ַ֮̾ݵҲǲһĨԺϾⵤҩԼŮƳģҲֻܹˡ
ַһɪģҲ̲סҡҡͷû뵽ҩֶͱ㵷˳£ֵҩܷ
ôܡַݺԥҡҡͷϾҼŮѪһܹƣǹһõĵҩôˣô
ʵ̫ϧˡһĨʧⵤҩܹĻǶڲİʵ̫ˣʱЩߵĴҲǻӡ
ܹĻǾǻٴĴ󹺣ҲֵõģֻѪһܹƣǴĲ㣬Ҳǲ˼Ҫˡ
ֻ˲䣬ȴǰһˣһ˵ȷƲͲͽŶ˼ҲٰɣܹһĻ
Ŷ˲һĨ⶯ɫַݻûһ㣬ҩܹĻǶƶĵչǾԻ𵽷ǳҪá
ϸַȴǲ뵽еĹؼ֮ʵӣо¯ĻҲȷܹһȴûǾԭϵ⡣
֪ȻҩѾǳˣٽĵĻһҩĵĺԼڻʱܻǮ򲻵ϵ³ַݾԸһ顣
һЩҪҩıȽձĵҩַݵǾÿԹҲ츣ĵˣȻԵЩ˽˽ĻҲûƶ֮ˡ
Կ˰ַ֮ȴҡҡͷеĹؼ֮˳ףҲ˵ԼļƻԼҲ;¯ԼѪһЩƾ
ðɡַݵĽ֮Ҳǵ˵ͷһĨɬǾֻˣ߼ĵҩҾͲˣЩߵĵҩ£ҲΪıˡ



631 ٴα
زҲû˼ȥıҪ飬ȻַͻƵ֮󣬾Ƕôǿ
һĨ˷ֱܵĿַݵСӣȻѾͻ˵βٸһԣҲ֪뻯кβͬ
ǲҪ˰ɡַһЦҲһĨϷʣͻƵԺܸܵ뻯رԼǴŰ
ȻҪַݱȱȣҡҡͷû£ǵҲ̫ܲɣϹϼлǿԵġ
ַΣֻǵ˵ͷǺðɣǼþգ˵˶Էȳְɡ
ˡ˷ܵζʮ㣬ҲûκεԥֱַݳһȭַݵؿڴڵҲ˲ӿ
ַϷһЦڣԼȴǻȻҪԼʱ̧һӿӵӿ֮ϡ
žһ뵽˼ž֮УŵĿԼȫһȭַݸ赲嶼ûжһ¡
ңַͻǰԼһȭӲӣֻֻܲʺ˵ģٱ任һȭԷûκεĶ߼Ĳʵ̫ˡ
һĨЦҲǲٽĽջ֮ҡͷ뵤治֪ôҶԵҲǸӵĺˡ
ܼ򵥣ĻҾͿԴȥδݴ½νʼ磬ַһЦĿԸ
ǻʲôһĨܵɫֱߵַݵԣ²˳٣Ͼͳ
ðɡû뵽ôżȻھҪͻƣַҲܲԸǰɣԴ˿ռ䴫ͨͨδݴ½Ǹ½ֵַ߰ɡ
áһĨɵɫĶڣǺãڼҪеʱвһĨ־塣
ͻƵջ֮£Ҳη壬ַݵ̤뵽Уһʧصĸо˲סˣҲһƬڡ
ֻ˲ѣǰ⴫ʱҲ˲δݴ½Уһȵӿ˶̲ס˸

ݴ½𣿹ȻȵŨ̫ˡϸһ̲֮סǰһһֱѹŵľ磬Ҳ˲ͻƵļ
ڿɲͻƵʱһδ֪һʲôĻǾͳˣȴַݵİš
ǰһַݵҲһĨпȻĿƼ඼ֵıҲ˲õĺǾϡ͡
ļ٣һռɵģַ价ҲһͿԸ㶨ֻǾԼŬָĻ
ĿǰƹδЩĿƼԻѾ˾޴ĹףرԴһĿϣü඼棬Ҳ˺ü̶ȡ
˦ЩַתͷһڴˣͻƵĻھͿˣû˻ģҲܵס
ʣеŨģݴ½ĵشҪŨĶ࣬ͻƲѵѡ񣬲ַݸղǰ㣬Ϊ㹦һ
õַݵı֤Ҳûһ˿һĵǣ˵ϣ˵ͷǾ鷳ˣҿʼˡ
˵꣬˫ۣʼŹŬؼΪԼͻ׼
ڻ۷壬Ѿʮ꣬ԶôͻƵѾģˣټ˸ղַݵָ·ͻԵ·
ַͻСʱȴֻһСʱʱ䣬Ѿ˹ؼʱַ̣ҲǾ۾Ķܵһжһκε춯Ļͻ
˼ҲǰȻԹбסڸûܹͻƣѵѡ
ХŽ뵽ĵ֮У˵ַݵͻЩǿĻͻƾԵôˮɣһԵôȻ
һȻ鹦ôĸޱȵأҲ鹦ڴ˴ۺֻһСʱѾͻƣɹ˵
ûͣ£һԼڵͻƵ˵ڵ۷壬ȵٴѹַһͷַ϶һĨЦ



632 ¶еһ
òѹһͷԼľ˵ڣⳬʱֻһСʱѣٴαַܲݸеԽܣ
ַһҲ֪ǱȻģͻƵ̶ȣһж鹦ЩĻۣԼȻҲͻƵ˵Ƚǲ಻С
ַгģܹδϾᣬһҲúܶ࣬㹻ĵҩԷãԼԴԴϵԴ
ͻ֮Ҳǻ˫ۣڲӿһɾ޴Уſ˫૵ڴﵽˣԭôǿ󡣡
ϲˣʮԸڵõ㡱ַҲЦŶȭϲڵȫܹ⡣
ǺǡͷһЦһϷʵĿַݣ˹ָôǶǵˣҪҪһΣ㻹ܵסҲ
ȿȡַֻëըڵǸԼһ֣ԼٸһĻǾŰŲˡ
Ժԥҡҡͷַڨڨ˰ɣ´л˵׼ȥ䲻ݴ½ͦȤġ
СӡôַܿڹĲ⣬ЦˣȻǵͬʱһսˡ
δݴ½һȦܺҡҡͷҲûʲôйģ˶ãǾ͵ȥִݴ½ˣעֻһİĵط
аɣҲôġַҲ̲ס˵ͷȻݴ½ִݴ½һ£ȴûԼʶңԼСˣԵôİ
ַ磬ͻЩ̫ӦΪ˴ͻƣŲ뵽طˣЩѵûš
Ȼѡ˻ع飬ַҲǲټˣֱӴ˿ռͨһͬصǴСߡ
νɼףѣݴ½عһ˲䣬̲סһ̾ʵ̫ϡˣ˭Ҽˣ
ǰ̲ס˵ͷַޱȵͬϤˣҲϲϲˣڲôãҲҪ佨ĸӵá
Ȼַ֪˵ʲô˼οĵ˵ͷ߶𣬼ȻȻ͵Ϊһ㹱ףżʮϰҲк˼ǵһС
ϣɡַݵһЦûʲôֻϣԼԺǻص򣬱㷢ĻѾǻָһĳ̶ȡ
ǾͻҪĻַҲԼŮ˼һͬ뿪򣬵ݴ½ȥסԵַݵѡ
ȻĻﲻҪַŬŬõøӵãȲݴ½δ࣬Ѿ㹻

ͬһͻƵν⼸ͷһˣǵĸҲԳƵǹھ磬˵УѾ볬졣
ȷҲˣڵʣǸ˲࣬ʹú˵ȴģɱȻĻκǶǲκεв
˸еԺʱҲһֶܵĸоԼûʲô׷ݴ½ȥˣΪǱõĻҲΪܹҵһЩõĶ֡
ȻѾæַ꣬ҲûмıҪˣԶ˸ַݱǱصԼļС
һҹ޻ַһʼʱŮҲǷ׷ײַݵı仯ҲһĨɫ
˵һεľ룬ⲢֹǶڵǿߵĺ棬رΪյǺĶַݵ㲻˵ܹʱķԣ
ôһ˵˵ĺĶǱһĿַݣȴĶ
ַҲôܹҵĵ˵ͷðɣԣܲܳɣҲûԹ
û£¶иһ𡱣ΪһοĿַݣԼͽܹĳɾͣҲʦԸһˡ
ַݵ˵ͷվԭأʼڵһķʽתţԼĽ֮ϣֳɵӿ
˾Уַݾ˵棬գȫ˵ҪɵļԸ֮һģڿС
飬ҲַһĨ˷ܵɫڱϾǵڣֻһӲʱ䣬ַݾ͸оԼڵҪ֧ˣԻĽָ



633 ľ
ʵ֤ǿԼڿУǼǳ飬Ҫ޹˼ɵķڿУǱҪͻƵӤ֮󣬲ŻԴԴϵ֧š
ԼͻƻӤҪʱ䣬ַݸͲԤŶʮѾǵڣŽһʱͻƻӤֻʱѡ
ҵĸĶһķ籩Ȼʵԭûж֪ⲢǶ׷ײ²˳ҵĸ𣬿϶ѹйء
ȻƾôӪ֣ԼĹͣһҪ֣ҲֻǸɰͰ͵Ŀţһ׳
ҵĸҲûкôģЩԭ̵ĸҵĹԱǣҲΣҲҶԳκε赲±Щԭֳ֧ܵ˶Ҫڿ졣
Ϊ֪һԼûаĻ³ԻޱȵңҲǺǵģûεıӣ¿ֻһ仰ѡ
ʱܿνȵ𣬽Լ¹ĵطҲǴĽܵԼǵĴӭԼ֧֡
ǱߣҲǻķˮԴĶѾǱεУҲûкôģμ˵һ˰ѳһУһƹ಻ǣ
ȳǱߣ߾ҪԵõ͵࣬ȻҲĹףȴûʲôý촵ַ꣬ݶ̲ס˵ͷ
ƾҵĵӣԼԼŬھҲǻķˮҲַҪĵĵطԼĴӿʮֵĿס
죬ַݽ˽еһ𣬵һ㿴˳ܣ΢Ц٣ʱĲɣҿǿϵӰ
ٺ١ڨڨһЦȴҲǷǳĽ⻹Ĺͣ㽫Ҹ򵹣ôܻڵķ⣿
ⶼС¶ѣַЦŵ˵ͷȴͻȻһת㲻̫ľ𣿡
ľ֣ش֮仰ڳ˵νĲˣϤһ£ܲһ¡
ַôһᣬҲ˲ͬһ㣬ҲһĨļɵҲַΪʲôô˵ˡ
ʱΪεĵ̨һʱޣǱѹ̫ˣȻĳ֮У޷԰Ρ
νľ֣ش֮ټȥĻ˼ɵͱ˵ǸսҸ򵹵һţȻԼ˵ѣҲ˲ɵˡ
ϾڵһлǷǳУܼȥĻδľǶԳֲܳѹȡ

뵽жʱһĨͷҲ˵ε亹еǵҲ˲ʧһգַҲǳ˸м
лٵѣ˵пᣬʱȷЩˡһ󣬳ܶʱַһȭл
׾ͺáַ΢Цŵ˵ͷܷǳĴֻҪһܹ뵽ȻҲǹ鹦ַԹߡ
νԹ壬ǽܵݻҲʤߵ֮Уþò԰Ρ
Ҳ뾭һ֣ͱ˵껣ǶôİԼԴ󣿿ȴôĳȣһȻǹ鹦һУֻоĵ͹֮˲ܹǴ󳹴
ȻҲЩ˻ᱻ͹򵹣Ӵһ겻Ȼܻᱻʲô򵹣ַܹӦһУҲǾ̫̫࣬Լһס
Ʒһַٴ̧ͷһȦˣ껵껣Ȼǳˣô£ңôġ
ֻѣǵˡ΢΢һЦֱַݵڱյʱҾѾһ㣬Ժˣ˵ʲôʲô
ǺǡһĨЦ⣬ַҲ˹ڵĴ󳹴ˣԼʵҲһ˽⣬Լô۸ҲţԼΪС
ַݸͲôڽԼѵˣҲ϶Դ껽ãμŵķչԼı򻷾ž޴ĺôϾЩǹٷƹȽЧ
ٴνŵϣַֻǵһЦʲôҲû˵ԼĴ˸Ƿǳĵģô¶ǳأԼ뿪ҲܹȫԼ
ҲǸоַݵĲԾɫһַݣôе㲻ԾǲʲôҪ˵ֱ˵ɡ
ðɡȻƣַȻҲκεӵҽߴңԺҲܰﵽˡ



634 
ʲô˼ַôһ˵˶̲סͷһַݵҲǴһ˿ɲвϴĦַݻе˼
ô£ҲǲܲµַʵͼԸɴʲôҲˣֱֻĶַݣȴĻش
Ҫ뿪ˡַݵһЦ˵Լʵ˼ܵһҪ˶ݴ½žͻῪҲԼŮ˺ȥǸ硣
Ȼַһ˵仰˵УرжʱһĨֵɫЩŭ˵Сӣ㾿ǵʲôǰ֢ɣǰ֢Ҳа취ưеǮǣ
ǰǰҪưʶרҵģֻҪ㻹һܹҲһǵĿַݣǾ֢Ļǻ鷳ˡ
˵ַᣬҲ˲ԼĿ󣬶һǵ˵ȥˣô׳ĸһôܻ˵ȥһ磬һ粻ͬ硣
ʲô˼˵мͬʱһĨɵɫҲȷӦòȷ˼ǣ˵򣬻һ磿
ˡַݵ˵ͷµҲûʲôˣݴ½ĴڸĽ˵ԼҪżŮȥ
ˣȫ˹оɵͬʱҲǶǸޱȵĺԼڴУرǺǸô࣬ôǿ
ĸ㣬Ǹߵ磬ûбȾҲǧţ֪𣿡ַݻһˣ´˷
ˣԲԸ⽫¸ǽȥҲνˣϾ¶ͨ˵ֻ췽ҹ̷ˣ˵ȥҲš
˶Ǻĵ˵ͷӦַݵݴ½˵Ƿǳľ޴󣬵ҲǲôԽܡ
΢΢һЦַҲǶ˵ǷģҲȫʧȥϵżҲǻǵģҪҵݴ½ȥסĻҲʮֻӭǲϰߡ
ַ˵ԼעҲǷʲôΣҲľ˲䵹£Ÿ»ǿԵģַһһҲͽˡ
ȥݴ½ҲǿɲַϼҴڵȥǸ磬Ҳȥһ°ˣҲֻҡͷѡ˾ַܾݵĺ⡣
Ҳû˼ȥıҪַҲǶ˸Ժ˻ᷢչһ̶ֳȣͿԼ컯ˡ

ʱǹĺܿ죬ת۾һ¹ȥҲѾԼԤڣַҲµ˵Լʦǽŵɫ
ԤڵһڣַݿνǴ粽εԣעһΣյ񣬾λһ˿һΣա
ǷֹеģȻϲѣŮҲǷǳĽҲ˰ˣδ˿Ҫʱ䣬ǿɲκε뷨
ַʮֵĽţҲޱȵڴԼĵһӣŮĵ׵ģַϣǸŮӣϾǶ˵ŮǸ׵СްҲޱȵŮԼЩϲ
ȻˣǸӣַҲޱȵϲϾڽӴģкӣַǸǳͳˣڽӴ£ҲǱҪġ
˵ŮôҪϾڻᣬеǻᣬкŮеģֻʱ˳ˡ
ַݵľ֮£ʱҲνݹûôһʱ䣬о˵ҸҲ˽ַרʱ⡣
ַݵĸĸǸںԸӣϾԼҶϱһԼҵ֣뱧Ůܲں
ʱˣַԼζĵѧϰôСλ˻ãϾǿνǹˣַΣǻͷһΣϼһǷǳõġ
ҼҲûѧϰİʱΪҲǽԼľڴڸˣ״СĲס
ɵѧϰУһĵ磬ַɹǶѵõůҲɫͻȻһ䣬ЩĶַݵݣҶӺۣǲҪˣ
ʲôַ৵һ¾վմһҸϽ׼Ҫˡ
ַݵһ󺰣ĺԺ˲ŮԼλ˶ǷӵʼǰҽԺ׼
ֻǼӶѣַݾѾε˻ţŵ۾Ǵõ˽ҽԺȥ׼Сĵ



635 ɵ֮
ͬһ㣬ԼõҽڰǰѾַԤҽԺʱǾ͵һʱ׼ˣԴ
ҲûĴ֣ͣµһΣǻǵһμҪ֪λͣǽҽԺȫһ飬Ϊ˱ԼŮİȫ
ܹ˳ĻһյСһʽ𣬵κεĻǿɾˣᱻˣóλ͵ı
һжԵôأγ˴ʱҽԺԴһʱ佫ȥ
ַȻȫ̸棬һʹģҲ¶ڵĻԼţǷָףԼĸ첲ʹĦš
㣬ýţһһֱԵġʱ˿̣ҪȻİһ·ϣַݶڸμʹΪȽŶʲôõķӦ
ԴԴϵİУǽŵɫҲչ࣬һᶨĿַݵݣһŬģȴǵСѾȵ̫ˡ
ַݿԴ¶һõЦݵҵȻһΪȡ֡
һҲ΢΢һЦɿַݵ֣ڻͬ£뵽˲֮Уַ޾
ֻ꣡һ˲䣬ǲſڵɫƾͱ˺ɫĵƹ⣬ַݵҲ˲
ַƽʱε侲εǣʱҲȫˣֻеǣΣһ
ŮҲһĽţ㣬Ǵĵ׵ޱϲܹƽĴСĻԸ
μ飬ȻַݲûиκһˣϢҲǲֶߣһЩǣҲǷ׷ǰ䰲οͬԡ
ʣַݵĺһͻΪеĽ㣬ҲһǸٻϾַʶУûһʡ͵ĵơ
ԵޱȵԼƣûܹȵڵϣҲǲϵǴңȴŵƹ任ɫһ˲䡣
ֻӿɲôѸٵһ飬ֱɫ𽥱ûƣҲûһ˿һĶַԵޱȵĽǡ
ֹһʹҽԼʿˣõĽҲһҪģһĸƽĳ
ܵõ˿϶Ĵ𸴣ַҲûȫķϾĿŮԼӣǼǰȫĳȻͲȫƽ

ɫѾȫ谵Ҳûһ뿪ҶǵȴǸСĵʱһȴǽַݵ˹ȥ
˳ȥֻԼȴǶһŭڵģòӶһȦ
ôˣһ˿ɣַҲǴǰȥ׼һˡ
һȥҲͱѣֱǰץסĸ첲ãһӵĸɵǲӦҿĴӣײǣ
С䣬껱岻ݴǵվ˳ָ㵱ɵʲôôǹʲôģ㻹ܴ
˵Ĳ֮껱ԿԿ䣬ҵɵҿԸκҪģǾ԰첻ɣ
ǺǡԿĻ󣬳ܶʱмһЦκҪ㶼ܸЦˣ˵ģ˸ɵôûи裿УҾֻŮˣһȥ
⡭ַҲĻȻŴͣҲһĨЦãԭⳳĻȣΪ˵Լӵĸɵ
ַݸжͬʱл治֪ô񣬺ʣ˵ԼҺӵĸɵҲǴ´ˣĿνǲ£ַݲȥĻƱسҲӵĻҡ
ͱ˵ڣ˵˻֮󣬶ʱͱһ㣬ʱϵһ𣬲һͬñӵиŮҪŮ˵ĻǻǷַӵ飿
СٴβмĿһۣһԵõĵŮ˵ȷǼ򵥣Ǹϸ𣿲ǰɣǾͽɵλøó
˶ʱŭˣ׷׿ʼԳһ䣬Ҳףһ㶼û˵ǻ治ҸŮ˾ͽˣҪ֪У˵ĻӡֻήͲٵġ
ɵλõʱ򣬳ƾŮ飬νεռϷ磬˵Ĺ֮ͬ£Ҳǲ׵Ļ
ֲµʱҵĵȴͻȻ̵ƣҲһ˿ַݵ˲



636 Ů
ˣˡһƣҽǴ߳컪ԼԷܰ϶ʱ¶һĨϲɫΪǶѾ֣֤СһѾ硣
һĻַҲһǰֱסλҽֵôŮĸƽ𣿡
¶һĨЦݣҽҲһȭϲϲλСĸŮƽǻҪϢһ£²ܳ
˵꣬ҽҲ¶һĨɬҪ֪ЩǿɶϲкӵģǸкӵĻǺ϶Ǻһ⣬ǸŮĻЩɫܶ᲻ÿҲһˡ
ĵȫǶģַݶŮĹɲôشԸ˵һֵúúãˣҵһС˼ȥ˰ɡ
Ǿ͹ϲˡһЦݵĴַнӹһ֧Ʊֻǿһۺ󣬱˲ŽԼ¶УϵЦǸʤˣȻַݸĽǳ⡣
ַݵ˵ͷ㲻ҽһŶڴŷڵһУ˿ѾˣиСһĿţȻĺӡ
Сʱַݵĺڻʿ£һͬӲб˳һƣϳĸ⻷Σַݶʱ۵ӭȥΣˣ˸С
ϲͺáַûһ˿һεҲ˲ַݻŮԼԺӿɾѹˡ
ȫˣһκַҲһϲĿԼӤŮˣСĽ䱧ϸĹ۲š
ҲǷ׷״ǰһۿСһҲǴĵ׵ĶַݵСһƯԺ󣬲֪ԵС
ǱģҲҸ˭ġַһԺζνǾѵģһŮˣôѿ
ʣСһ˵ϲԼޣСһҲǷǳĶ£ȻûκεĿ֣ôҸеͬʱҲǶСŨŨϲġ
رŮж˾ӨǣҲãԼбҪΪַСˣڷ˱֮Ƕĵַݡ
ַȻҲܸܵǵĿ⣬Ҳǵ˼˵һԵͺãоУûҲǿ󣬲ȻҪԼҲ᲻ǣ

СһתһȦҲԼүү̵УַݶҲޱȵķģʱεΣСһﶼѾˣǸøʲôૣ
֣һֳ֣ʱҲǷ׷㷢ȡζ֡
Ҳȫãˣʵ̫ˣͲѡѡһҲ˷ԣСʱҲû
գַԼѹˣԼŮ˵ָȡһͿԿֵĽϡ
ֻϾŮַݵʵڲʺϣԱ㽫ָĳ֣ȻֲַȴޱȵˣϾϣʲô
Ҳǳ׵ĶҲǷ׷ѡ˻ؼңϾôһֱҲûʲôãøֻ¼˾ˡ
ڴҶ뿪֮ԼһҲٴΧһԹĿַݵ٣˭ɵ˵ɣȻǻֶ֪ȥ
һ˵Ļַݶʱɵۣȫû뵽ȥǽ˦ԼͷϣҲЩЦá
µҲֻˣȴҲޱȵķѣϾ˶Լĺѣƫκһ˵ĻǶǲõ
ַڤ˼ʱ򣬵֪ȴЦһַЦ⻹ʲôÿǵģȻǶ뵱ɵǾǵ¡
˼ǡεַ֮Ҳ̲סǰһȻѡǾͲѡˣɴ˶£ɵˣԺƴʱԼŮҲеЩǣ
΢Цŵ˵ͷȻǶ뷨ǲһˣۼŮ϶ɵ಻ǣ
ֵЩɵˣȫû뵽Լ˰죬һ֣пЦõͬʱҲ˹εľȷõѡ
ȥ˸飬һͬɵԺҲǣַݵĹϵҲܹһ۴￴Ǹѡǣ
˶ǵͷַͬҲĳĿԼ˵ûҲϴСˣҾøҼŮ裬бҪǣ
ȿȡַôһᣬҲǸɿһҲַͬݵ˵ҲĸһŮˡ



637 ַݵԥ
СһĵȻĺԺдַݱСһڵĹǺҲһֱЦݣԼҵŮҲޱȵĹɣȽΪǸҪˡ
һĻַָеǸƻҲճ̣ҲһԸˣܲųġ
ʱַҲʯϵЩ󣬽ʯԴԴϵĴŵԼĸ˲ֿ֮С
ַݸҿ϶ƾЩʯܳΪеˣΪĸ˲ֿУʯѾǶѳһСɽһյĻ貵Ĺâܹ˲佫κ˵۾λ
Щʯַݿɲó෴ǣμŵԴԴϵֶͨչͨЩʯ۸һЩҲν
ǺöٶַݶܴҶַôΪʲôֻҪַģǾͻǮ̫УҲûɶòǣ
ĵĵֻǰʱ䲻εѾָ۷״̬Ļ˭ҲţѾһӵĸס
ڵθǳĸԵĹԣԵøӵ޶ˣַݶ̲סĵ׵ĸе̾ҲΪԼܹӵеԺ
һ磬Թַ֮ݱ㿴ΣЩֹģںҲʱԼҵŮڻСҪĸʱ򣬲Ӧþôȥ¡
ַޱȿյǣ黹þʣҲŲܾûô˸еģֻһãԿеҪԡ
ַݵС˼ôܲοһַݶЩĲɵģֻݣǲʲô£㻹ʲôૣ
⡭ַҲ΢΢һ㶣˲ȴҡҡͷʵҲûʲôиǳӴĿҪȥȥҲֻʵģôȥ
ΪƲһ죿εжʱһĨ򣬲һַݵԴɵϣʲô˼˵ģ֪ǵСûչˣôܣ趼ૣҲͻ𣿶пռͨĴڣҲʱǣ
ַϸһ룬ô£ȴԥƬ̣ѯʵ㾿ʲô˼һж㣬ԸȥĻǾȥɣԸȥ˭Ҳǿ㡣
ȻԸȥһĨ⣬վû´ĻȥĵطӦδɣ˳սԵ飬ҿڴૡ
ðɡַҲֻǵ˵ͷȻԸȥǽ飬ҾͽˣһУǧҪǿ

˵ȥδ翪ʼһµọ́ԸֻǵʱűһжԵòôĳ졣
ʱСѾҲǻָôܻ᲻Ķһȫİδ磬ǳսԼ˵ʵ̫ˡ
Ѿûκܹ赲μŵĶԸĻʹþƲκһҹ˾һңȥҲûʲô˼
δ磬һжôͷҸִҲΪĶ֣谭ĳɳΣοŵΪܵġ
뵽ҲǲԥһЦĶַݵݣ׼ҪôĿ궨𣿡
š̲סǵ˵ͷַݻ̵ıңлˣҿ϶Ը⽫չԼĲҵ𣿡
ŶһĨصɫڳ̵꣬λǷǳ˽ģҵޱȵӴ󣬴ٶҲǹھδ硣
ҹȨɢҪЩɶյЩʵڵ죬ҲûпܵģαǻһԴð
ǲѾмƻˣ΢΢Ƭ֮αһЦĿַݵַݵ˽⣬ҪʲôĻǰͻ׼ġ
ƻ϶СַݵһЦͳһžӨʯŵεǰˣİǵõЩȨҲʲôˡ
ʯһĨȵɫνŵйۿⶫܻЩȨѵδ磬ʯž޴ãֻǻǮĻǿ϶ỻİɡ
ǵġַݵ˵ͷʯȡܹӳ˵˳εԣͲҪٶˡ



638 δ
ַݵԴǹԺܶ鶼ķǳ͸ⷽ棬ȴ˦üʮ֣ⲢַݲУεʮֵĳ㡣
ͱ˵ڣַ˵ʯȡӳ֮Ҳ˲ǰһ뵽еĹؼ֮
ʣЩճ̵ȨĹɶǣǮ׬ĿǰЩǮѾĺüӵģԶ˵ǮѾֻǸֶѣҪԼܻĸõĻǶ˵õѡ
ʯ;߱һܣδ磬ʯԴѿݽߣеʯǾǶһݣһʯȡڷǰʱ򣬶Щߵġ
£Ǿ벻ԹԾͷѣչ̵꣬׵ƿǲǳ˵ΣֻҪܹպûᣬһж⡣
뵽֮ҲһĨȻԵãҲ뵽˹ؼ֮ǾԼʲôҲûУҪõЩȨӵ˵ϢѣοǼˡ
ԴˣҲǶַԼ⣬ַҲĵĽԼҶҵĹϵԼһ׼Ǽ˵˳
˽⵽һҲûκεĹ˼ɣЦݣ͵Űɣǳ̵Ӳҵġ
ʮֵַ΢΢һЦʮ㣬ֻһ̵ѣκܿܽƿԼС
̵걻ַƿֵĻǷӳþޱȵľ޴󣬶Ҳ˽ԸıԼĶȫƿС
ڽ飬Ҳ˺һ飬ڽչƻȫöַҲǽԼЩɼʯȫתΡ
ĶŮ˵ǳ˼ǿرʯ鱦ζĵֿǳСڻʱַѾ͸һž޴ĺꡣ
һСɽʯڷԼǰεļǱģЩԼղأȻǲܵģЩĳ룬Ҳֻʱܶѡ
ַ˵ʯѾǿľתΣûһ˿ѹѡ˽Щŵһ£Աʱֻ
չƻ˵б˳֮ҪȥˣַݣֻҪǵȴųɹС

飬Ҳûκε˵ŮԼõ˵һϿɣڳ̵꣬ҿɶǷǳϲܹΪԼĲҵĻʵ̫ˡ
Ȼ֪Ҫȥδ֮˵ҲĽģڴҵһҪ£ַֻ˳̵꣬˸߶İݷ֮󣬵ȴŴҵݱ¼룬һͬǰȥδ硣
ԼǸԵԪַݵļǱģ̵շʵ̫ˣҲӼᶨ̵չԼеԸô׬ǮĶõԼУǲǱ
̵İЧʲν죬ֻһʱѣ˵ѶϢѾãַҲǽѶŸŮҲΪδĺϷˡ
ŮǶѶǷǳģĹܿʼ˽⣬Խ˽ԽǶδ˺棬Ƽչһ̶ȣ˸߿ƼĶ
ʱʱεһվ˳ַЦҵһͬ⣬һ磬Ǽǰδ磬ΪУܷԡ
ðɡַݿЦӣǰһֱԸȥδ磬ǶǻʲôΣգĿǰȫˣƾڵΪǱΧȻŮȫˣҲǲһܼѵ顣
ַݵͷŮҲǻδͺˣܹȥĻȻޱȵ⣬ַݵĸĸԼΪҲǲ⡣
ԴˣַֻǱԼΣҲûκεİ취ֻŴҵҪ󣬿ʼ׼Լ˵·ߡ
δĶҲʵ٣ַݰҲǳļ򵥣һ㰲źе·ߣźסԼĶ
ŮҲ˷ܵ׼һҹҪЯĶ׼ȫȴ콵δ磬ʼԼһεó̡
ֻ뿪֮ǰҲǵðźԼĹ˾Լҵ񣬱Ͼοһͬʧ磬׵ĻȻᱻɣǾͲ̫ˡ
ڣһ׼ַŮҲǰȻ˯£ȴһһͬͨռͨǰδ磬ΪһܵС



639 Ůδ
˼ĵһ飬Ůôܻڱ˯ԴҶʼʰڳԹ緹󣬵ȴ˴֮С
׼׼Ǿ̳һ̾ĿŴޱȵŮǣַݴĶߺȵ
׼ˡŮǶһЦ׼ĶѾ׼ˣʲô©ĻҲ̵ͨ깺򰡣ʮֵķ㡣
õŮ׿ַ֮ҲûκεԥֱǰһξĿռͨŮֵ߰ɣСһ㡣
ŮǶǵ˵ͷȻǶδǺ棬ڿǸĶʱҲһĨηɫϾδ֪Ŀ־壬ÿŮ˵ԡ
ʱΪ˵ĽΪԼ컪Ҳַ֮վ˳̤뵽˿ռ֮ͨУȻҲʮֵη壬ȴǲή
Ƕʧ˿ռͨУŮҲǳεĴ֮£һӵǣֱ۽֮ͨУ͵δ֮С
˵ʲôʤż϶ûȤģַѡĵһվȻδĿƼǣǶǿ˽⵽⼸Ƽķչʷ
˳ڴ˴ʱжһĨ̾ɫθǿԼǰİƣһµ֮档
ǰǰŮҲǵ˵ͷְƴֿɼĳʵ̫λˣǷ·оԼվƶһ㣬ĸоȻޱȵ˷ܡ
ܵοҲ٣ŮǵжһĨɫ˵֮ʵ̫ˣе˴һɶ֮Уֱֵĸоˡ
죬Ůò֮ǵҲһĨմرܽǶĶ䣬Ǹе𾪡
˵ĽҲкܶԸ䣬ɺټɿܽĲʵŮӣежһḬ̃
ߡЩƵַ֮ݲߵһڵҲ˲䲪ǹǿö˶Ǹоһϡ
Ȼδ缸ϰ䣬Ҳվ˵ĶģδҲȨǾǿɵĶԲԼ˶ֻ֣ҪС
Щ˸ַܵڵϢ֮˲һĨɵǵͷ뿪ַݻǵ鷳

һж徲ŮҲԼĲԣǱֵʵЩ̫ˣ±˲֪ǲһ㡣
Ҳַµһ㣬֪ԼԹȥĻǿ϶鷳鷳ǳܲˡ
ͱ˵̵ҵַݵ˵Ĵֱͨȥͳεǿ϶ûκεĵֿк˵Ҳûá
ַ˽⣬δһսҲȫ˻ֱӽ˵˳ź˵ȴûбըΪĳλѧͷһָֻҪ£˵ڵʾͻޱȵȶͲܱը
һδֵĻҪͬھУҲΪִˣ飬ַʱͶ˾ˡ
տʼŮǻûô⣬ڷ֮Ҳ˲ַݵĴֻǲιۣٶԣҪ˵Ҳʵκζֲֻᡣ
ò˵⴦Ƽе涫ʵ̫ˣķչʷַŮҲǳ׵˽⵽δķչԼǸĽƻҲһЩ˽⡣
ƼǾͻһʱ䣬ַҲǴŮס˿Ƽɫһùݣδʳǲú
еʱǹĺܿ죬ҲʱУ˽⵽δһУŮԼַ˵ֻǵˡ
˵˽δͬʱҲ˼Լδҵƻϸļ¼εнʽʼԼĽƻ
һڵọ́˵˵Ҳ̣Ҳʮ־ˣֵʱǹĺܿ죬һڹȥ֮ҲǷ׷׻صʵ硣
ãȴǲԼģоǳĲӦԻصԼк󣬴ҲŸеޱȵİ˯Ҳ˲١
ַҲǴԼŮһͬ˯£ֻ˯֮ǰȴЦŶַݵʹȥҶҵƶ˰ɣҾҵļƻҲǿʵʩˡ
ԸһɾģַҲ΢΢һЦһĨδ㽡



640 Ůǵ
һ磬ַݱһͬʰһж׵֮˱һͬͨռͨδҶС
Ҷҵıôΰֻǿ̵׵ҶδҲԼĽеޱȵġ
λҶլȥ֮ҲǶַݵͷ¾ַݵȫøҶ飬Ҷҵ˶ǷǳԶַݣǻʮָмġ
ΪʱҶھеſԽԽ㣬νһپ٣ҶڻȨԽԽЩϵҲ̧ͷǣ
ҶլԵôĹӣֳζַݴһͬլеĴʱҶүһˮȻѾǽӵַǰϢ
ַߵǰ׼ڵʱүȴֹȱ˵ҲµûĻĿģ϶ΪǼʺ°ɣ
ү㣬ҵȷΪġַһĨȻүУһֱû뵽˼Ȼ˵ݣʵǳϡ
һԵΣڵһۿүӵʱоһĨЦ⣬λүӵϣǸеһϺʣҪֵñˣɲһ򵥵顣
ƨ㡭̲סַһۣүһıӵСûѵ㻹ϼһȲ죿
ȿȡһ仰˵ַβѣүᣬԼ⼸үӶ¶Ҷõͼææ뿪Ĳ²⣬Ҳġ
ַһεģүҲǹһЦŵϵˣͲ׽ŪˣԵλҽһ£
ַ΢΢һ㶣ҲûκεҵΣϵ飬ȫȨͺá
ӣ۵ʱүҲ΢΢һ㶣ΪַݿȢ˶Ǹò绨ܽܿһӶֻһˣɾĿǰԼȫˣַһԼ˽Ļٰ̫
ǵģүҲþ棬ʶ֮ܽǰеģܽҲ֪ġַȻ֪үʲô΢ЦŽ͵
ˡүӸϽ˰ַ֣ݵСӴأҲʲôи˳ӣԼƽͺã
ү΢΢һͣһĿַݵȻ㶼ŮˣҼŮͲܿǿǶһֱ

ַٴξȫû뵽үӾȻεͽ˳Ҳûκε׼λشǺã
ͣͻȻһЦӹַݵĻ⣬үӵҶүӣСĻҲŲһλóŶ
ֵүӳԾˣȫû뵽ξȻôĿҲǶθ߿һۣǰ̸Ц֤һЩ
ַݾþûпڣһεģүҲ˹ûٱַʲôǽһתˣǼʺ˷ĶѾԼһ׼׼ˣֻҪʽһλ佢һ򵽣̾ܿʼ͡
ҵĶȻȫȨʱӹ˻ʽ⣬Һܹܿ佢⣬үӶΪˡ
ȻֻҪʽλҿ̴ȥ򡱣үһȻĵ˵ͷǼʺ˵󼫴Ҷҿǵá
Щַݿɲֻ̫࣬Ʒ迴飬οҵţԼҲޱȵķġ
үҲΪˮ¶ŮӸе̾ر棬ĳЩʱαֳЩʱ򶼸еѹ
ŮӾ򵥡үеĵһй٣ҵʲģʣ֤Ǿþ̳Щν·
үӶ̾ҲǶүӸеԵͣ˶νϧȻг˻ҩζϸ鿴ĻȴܹʮֵĬرôӦеʱܹõͳһ
ַҲǳ׵ķ˵ĺ֮£Щǿ϶ޱȵңһλ̽ŮǿټһλɾϺ꣬ܽǸƵġ
һСʱүǹһЦֵǾףǺˣһһἫ֧֡
족Ҳ΢΢һЦôǿѣǾ벻ƶѡ



641 ֮
˫ַҲ˸ǣҶүӵĻ£뿪Ҷҡ
ֻųûãξͳһַݵݰү治Ǹʡ͵ĵƣ򽻴СģȻ˶Ǯ
ðɡַЩεӣүнĳɾͣǾĶʵǷḻַ̫̫࣬ȴţүӵĴǣжĥɱ¿
ĻҶǿԼҲа취ǵݣ֪Լɲӣġ
ѾϣҪȻǳＯ㹻ʽ𣬶ʽ𲻿νӴһԪ
ǳʯＯĻǿֻǼӾ͸㶨ˣϾ̵ʯɲܾжҪ١
θͲôȻʹõѺѺֻһ£һòһٸĻЩʯɾıˣǶԼļƻһ޴ĴָʯȥջЩɶˡ
֮λǽĿŵִҪ׬ȡһʯҲİ취ϾδУɲֹֻʯֵǮֵǮĶͱ˵档
Ȼˣδ籾ӵеĻǶһݵĹ棬Ȼó㹻ģδѾʧĶͿóˡ
ҪҵЩȻЩ鷳˭μ˶ૣֻ´һЩö㱻ԴԴϵ͵˼Уû
ΪˣҲǳڳ̵ټһʢᣬŽЩȥ֮һٸҲɵĵ֣Ȼ鷳˵㡣
һںڵľУʹõʺţȻַݾйιǸʺţϾǰĻĳŶԼ֪Ҳһ㣬ҳ̵귽ҲЩǣ
εʮֵʢ󣬲ֻнƷĹţؼ׷۸ȻҲǱ̧ķǳߡ
εֶ֮£ļ۸Ҳַݶо˾ȣЩǲǷˣôߵļ۸ȥǣ
Ҳǵ͹Щ˵ĹģҪ֪δĹʵ̫ϡˣеĻ඼ڴаڷţóַóģ϶Գ֮ΪƷ
νԲĽܽҲЩĿ࣬һʮڣԤļ۸Ҫ˰ٷ֮ʮ
û˻Ǯ࣬ʮڣҲôս˶Уб޻
Ҫ飬ַѾҪʣֻҪξˣֻҪڼҵźϢ

һжɵĽţַеģҲһ֮ͬǵһ޽֮һڵĿʱ䡣
ʣ֮ǵĽĹעҽ˾ʵҲǼǿİ£ɵĽŽ졣
֮޽ҪȻǵ̣ǷϣǾؿģûκε⣬޽ʱҲڵ޽ûκεΣԡ
ԴĹˣھ˸տʼ֮ҲڰúⶫͻȻϣԼҲһغ
̵ҪԲԶ԰Լɶǰţ»κε⣬Ҳõһʱ䴦μŵܾҲ˴˴ȴʽĿʼ
֮һڵ޽֮һƬĵأûκεסһ뷨Ҫڵ۾ϿյģͰȫԵòҵϿɡ
ϾⶫǵһΣһ֮ĻɵƻԿɾ̫ˣԹҲòضԴǿĽ뵽˵۾Ľ⡣
μҲŬҲóǿ֤֤ɲ˵Լңֻ˶εĽתƵ
˳г˴ʱ֮ǵĵѾ޽ɣҲ֮ϾУýҲѷӵ
ǸռؽĶ֮һڵַ̺Ҳǲò̾ǿһްԵĽɣҲ֪ķ˶Լ
̳ԲΣⲿȻǺһ㷴ϣڲȻװŴԼֵ·װãܹڵĶѾһɣʣµȻ޽Լʩ
ķܼ򵥣Ǿ̵ԷʽҲΪ˸֮ǷݵԼýһ֤֮Ǿûκ⡣



642 ߶
ȻѾʩΪȻҲǰȥʲôԶַ˸ƫƧĵطĲ鿴ţȴԷʽĿʼ
ȻˣԷʽʼǰдҲٲ˵ģΪ޽֮ǵҲǼݵӦýǵʡ
رΪͶ˵μŷյҲģҲǶԴǷݵģַȻޱȵοҲΪԼǸеԺ
Ҳĵ˵ͷνһģµ̬ԼҲ洫ȻԵЩɬֻҪһ꣬ǾԲԼʲô棬ҪԵͻһЩϾ˵ĵӣҪŮ˴ˡ
ӴǺôҲǸСʧȻνһЩͶʷ棬϶Ҳһܶ϶УһУĻǾçײ¸ˡ
дǷǳ鷳ģҲǷǳģϾڵ֮ǿܵ˲ٵɣҪĻ֤һС
һСʱ󣬼д֮ǵϣ˹ԱˣҲ˵һ֮ĵط׼ۿ֮ǵʽ
Ϊ޽ܣȴûһ뿪ϾԼĲƷûı֤ȫĻǻôñŷӱȽϴýҲ׼֤ΰʱ̡
ڣһ׼֮Ҳ緢ýǵļ֤֮£ԱɵĺõĹԱҲ˲˷ӦǸť
¡䡭һ촫֮ǵĵҲǻտʼһЩ𶯣ҲǷǳ΢ȫʧ
ʣյĹ̷ǳƽȣװڵϵЩյҲҹնҫͷףΣ˲ˡ
ʣεԷʽǳɹģ֮ǵĵȵͣ˾ǧ׵Ŀ֮֮ǵĹԱԼýǶ˷ܵļ
һϢҲ˲䴫磬ڵ۾ľǣҲһĿ֮ҫǳ֮ǣҲһĨ
ַΣҲһĨЦ⣬֮ǵĽ죬Դļٵʹʣʹʽ̻ͣͻĸãĻҲԽԽá
һڵδУ˶˹Ҫ볹׵ĸı򻷾޽֮Чһ

ԷʽԲɹԼҲǳ׵ķԷʽǿǱž޴ʲô⡣
Ҫ֪ʱ֮ǿǱĿǷһС⣬Ҳᱻ˲䴫磬˸ɣ´ǣĸطĻ˶ܷνϸ
ôĹ涨ҲãýʽԲĽҲǴ󷽵ͳϾһʢ칦ʽ
Ȼܶ࣬Ҳ罻һõطΪⳡǣߵﶼᱻǴӵţһ㡣
ַҲĵ칦Уһ䣬һЦĿӦŸָ顣
ַȻǸС䣬ʶ˲࣬οɾ̫ˣֻǹһᣬͱЩ·ķԱԼԱ˳˺䶯
Ҫ֪μ֮УονǸ棬һֵҵ۹Լ쵽˹ھһݸнˮξе
ԵַݣȻǲʶǵģַݵҲǺ֮ˣλޱصˡ
һַҲܵǱӻǶʼɵ񣬱ӵȻΪǸСţʼɵȻЩϲΣȴȫǡ
ЩַȻһҲ⣬΢ЦվӭȥЦǿǷްоô
һ֣ۡٴμַݣҲһĸпǵԼĻĿܻĳɾܻͣǻججҼǮɡ
߶𡱣ΪĺԼ˾ַҲ΢ЦļʾҲޱȵãַݳ˹
ԼҲǶַݴĵ׵ĸеη壬ԻжŹάΪֻǲַ֪ݲμĻBOSS
һĻȻ˿ɶĿ࣬ͬʱַݵҲǸӵĺòļһʲôݣ



643 ι
ĺü죬֮ǵϢҲǱķзģѡǶԼľǾǱҪһ֮ǵķӡ
󣬵Լס֮еʱһǰȫûȾգǶôõһ飿һ׷ӣԼǰҲǱӲǣ
һʵ̫ˣԷʽ֮֮һͱϵǸˣǵõϢֻǣڴһڡ
õϢ֮˶ǻڵĳӶˣȫԤϣ֮һлжٵȨסһĻǶԼԺжİ
ȷҲˣ֮Ƿݵļ۸ͷǳİܹıͷǸ󣬶Щɵ˴ʽ𲻹ʵĲŻԥ
ЩǮʵģǲסҲԤһ֮һס֮ˣûһʡ͵ĵơ
ȻˣҲôһЩǣǵ˵ķ֮¹֮ǵķӣǿǾ޴ֵռ䣬ΪľǶһѡ
ʵ֤ҲȷĶˣǴԼзԴʱЩǲûǵļſڶ̤ļ۸Ҳһһߣ߳ԭ۸屶ϣ׬ĸ貧塣
˶࣬Ҳ࣬ϾҶ֪ڻǼ۸ߵʱٵһĻǼ۸϶ᱻ̧ĸߡ
ô˵֮һڻ˾޴ĳɹڼ۸˵İȴȫΥַ޽֮ǵĳԣҲûκεİ취ϾôҲջسɱǣ
ҾμŽ۸ŵͣ䵽ͨеķԴҲǳϡ٣ģǾȫ֮ĿȸǶѾǻ֮ͨȻҲзסˡ
֮ǵĳɹҲȫΪִ淿زĭһ룬زҲ֪μڣ׷׿ʼ۳ԼеķԴ
Ѿ·ܹԤϣԺԼķ޽ûʽԶ˶׼˳زĿˣĵķ۶ǳʲ̶ͬȵ½
Ȼǻѣ֮Ҫռǻ̫Զ̫ԶϵķӼ۸񽵵ͣ˵ǸĺϢμҲǼӵһ£ܵ˵ӵ
һۣμǳ׳ΪһȻǹҶҺӣѹȣһ𣬹ͬ׳ŻģûΪΪǿһҡ

죬ַҲǱϣһصĿڵûȤһˣҴȥʶʶһǹȽ
ŶһĨ⣬ȻַδѾ˸ʱͲ豸ԼչǸеʮֺġ
΢΢һЦַ֮ȻǵͷȻȤֻڿɲǾˣôȥĻ»᷸𣿡
ʲôƲƲҪ۳һʸμˣ㣬Ҫ֪óģҲǻڲĳԱ˭ҽͷ
ðɡַ̲סӣҲף˵һ㶼ûԼҪʶЩĻһѹûУҾǸͨˣҲܴȥҪ֪ڵľУ˵㡣
ַݵļҲһĸ̾»㣬㲻֪ϳ֮ǾеʵǷ˼磬ǻľҲǿĴڡ
㣬ַҲޱȵͬҪִ֪սУҪĲжôǿ󣬾ǳˣҲܸıһս
ܸıսֵģЩ˵ľĵõ˷ϣǾ绢÷ܹĶʵ̫ˡ
ͱ˵ִսҪĵһŵޱȵİ󣬶Һױأʹ÷ĻǼ۸ͽʮֹԼη棬ǿ˲ֹʮ
ҷϵòֹһ㣬ܹõķʵ̫ˣҪԷϵĻеⶼҪ˾޴Ĵۣ˭ܳܵġ
ʱ綼ǶԻĳ˼ɵɵһλϾݺ
ξݵĹû֪ȴǱ֪ǾܣͳҲվ˵ԸĻ綼ǵġ
仰Ȼ˵ЩţҲΪУҲԼԻĵļɵһʱУ綼Żвۡ
ȻҲǷҪɵģվģȴûһˣûڹǸޱѵСҶȫİ



644 νש
˵ڻĹھ·ĳɾͣѾȫԽ磬ûһҸ׵ǻģȻȴǵľǸ˭ҲȲǡ
һģֻһֲ϶ѣҲǶԷϳǿҵĶȡ֮ģȻǶʧˣʲôعʲôȫꪳɳĹôԸ
ڳڵЩϣҲĿѧȫоţȴҲκεİ취оֻܸɰͰ͵ĵȴϡ
ڵÿǱرţҵ˿žǿʵᣬȻƾŵ˵ʵǸܻȥġ
ԴˣַҲޱȵ⣬ϾϿμŵ׬ǮֶΣй¶ȥĻǶ˭Ҳǰɣ
Ȼǰȥι۾еַҲǲٳɣǴ˸к󣬱õķڿնžӪķȥ
ֻһ³ַݾͱǰǸͬδսľްԸס۹⣬ҲǿľȣԺĽܵǸݷϵԴĵһҿսڴڷУⶼܹɵĳ룬ȫҲֻһҡ
ŶܽȥַһĨ棬ִĵһսʮֵڴҲ֪δսЩ
ĻȻԡνʼ磬ֱַžްԵĲŴȥ뵽˻֮У
ַݿްսʵ̫ڼªˣ豸ª豸ҲޱȵļªٿҲޱȵıأڷ棬ҲǷǳĺãȥμսĻָͱһ
ַҲ֪ԼЩͷˣھ·汾Ͳرǿܹ÷޽ްԣѾ߳˷ǳѵõһˣҪһĻǾҪѧǵļˡ
ȻˣַԸæĻǻĹľ豸϶ֳһƬʵķԾ˵ˣ͹δļóûĽʮꡣ
뵽ַݲһԼҲӦٰһˣҲ̫ںţĸ׾;߱˼⹦ܣøҲûʲô
²żַҲǼͬްйţҲʱָһЩĵطĽȴŭһžްԵשǡ
˵ôôשһשңһשʵͲסˣֱַָݵıʵҲôĻַ˵Ķʵ̫ˣǸ˵һǴ˭ﶼ᲻

ǺǡשʣַҲûһ˿һֻǵһЦȷשң˵ǣ˵ЩΣԲ֪ˣ
ΪʲôҪԣһаˣ˴˭ܸ𣿡ʵשҴĵѾַ˵ĳЩеŷǽȴǲòվ˳ַԼɡ
Ҹ𡱣שһֱֵַָݣҲŭˣֱ̤վ˳Ͱ˵ʲô£ȫȨ𡣡
Ͻ㡭שҵɴ˫ۣȫû뵽˵ַ̻ݣҪ֪Ǿ·שҰŭǹһʧ޴󰡡
ַԹۣ˵һƨשҲҪҲգʲô൱ʮٸשңȫ߶ν
ǸǷ񶨵ģҪ֪Щ·שŹҵһҲǷޣпƿž·Ķôܻ᲻ʱ̼ţеĶȥ
שұѵ⣬ҲֻɫһһףʲôֻӲȻϽԸеΣҲֻˣ֪˵Ķǲеġ
ǺǡַݵһЦשҵĽѾܹԤϣԼʵղŸô˵ģ˵ԼĶУ¸󱻴ǿɾòܹˡ
˵ìҲڶרҵע⣬ҲǴ֪˵֮󣬶ʱֳˣһȻַ֧ݣΪ˵һûһΪַ˵ĶƨָͨͽܵĲŪˡ
ʵ˭˭Ӯ⻹ÿ֮󣬾ܹ֮ȫóԴҶڴַ˵Ķԣνשҵļá
ʱһһĹȥַҲվһעשҰԼҪŸ죬ʲôԵĵطҲվָӡ
жַʮֵĲô˵ע£שҲǲκεĸֻǹԹԵĸţȴַݵĽһ̡



645 ɽв˳
һСʱ֮ܵĲڱɣ˸ӣ˾˭˭Ҳһ̱⿪
ַȻʤȯգҲһֱ¶˵ЦݣשңѾ¶Щŵɫ
Ϊⲿһָģڸ;УѾһЩߣַ˵ĺܿģⶫһܾܹϡ
Ǹ𣿡һĨɵɫשлޱȣַڰϻҪԼ
ȴûַݸտʼֿĶȴһҲַͬڹԼԲŻֳһĻ
שͻȻͣ£ַҲûκεĶֻǱһϷģשҲ֤Ǿ֤Ѿˡ
żԵЩשȴǵȲˣһĿڵ񼣬ʲôϽѻ򿪣֪˭שҡ
ǰǰⶫоһоģôܱСӿһ۾ôܣţҲо֪ɣ
֧ԼЩשǴߴ٣ש϶ʱ¶˵ε亹ֻףĲ᲻ôܡ
һַ֧ݵˣڿ֮ҲϷʵ񼰡ҾλСֵ˵ûҪԣ
飬ԾԡԼɣҲһķŭ֪ԼѾ·ˣôעţҲֻҧˡ
꣡ؿһǿҵĺƿص˲䱻ǸǿģɫʱһƬҰףҲһĨɫ
ʣѾˣһԼһǱоʮשңȲַеһָ㣬һζԼ˶ɡ
Щ֧ˣҲһĨŭͬʱҲǶַݲһĨɣһ﾿˭Ϊʲôֻһ仰ôĵ
Щַ֧ݵһˣڿ֮жһĨ⣬Щ˼ˣѾ˲һĶַݵСֵܣǱиһֱ̫ףҪҪҿ
һȥСֵҹȥɣǱߵЩ̫Բҿô죿
һ˲䣬ַݾͱЩשȫΧνΪʦַѾʵж֤ԼЩשҲǷ׷׷ӣַݸΧѯš
ܹڿзһˣħôܻһӱЩשǼַһֱڣҲǿʼˣһ㲻ͱ˵ģַǶһĨΡ

ֻһȺˣַֻҪһٺɨܽȫɨȥЩשҴˣֵĻЩϹͷǿܲһ
ַݱΧͷ󺹣ҲֻһЭãҴӦǣָǵģһ˺ðɣǲÿûָ㰡
˵ģҺǣһȺϼһȥҶšõַݵ׿ϺһҲǿʼ壬õ˴ҵһ׿ϡ
ҡַᣬȫû뵽Լָôһ鷳ûкҩԳԣҲֻǹԹԵĵ˵ͷϵһԣ׷˵飬һὨġ
ַһδεĿ϶֮£ǽſҲһĨϲЩ˵ôһսⱲĳɾܹͣĸãԺҲӵ
ǿޱȵڴսܹ۳ǿ֮УһˣЩ޽ߵͷҲǴϵˡ
ÿַ֮ųһҲһĨЦʲôôһȺרҡ
ٺ١һԵϷһЦַݵļһ֪ɣܹﵽȺרңǶôҫҪ֪Щ˷ŵ棬ÿһ쵱
ˣ˵ЩҶֻ֪ǿҵʱѣܰﵽǵĻҲ岻ݴǵһ²ǣַ΢΢һЦҲ˲俴ˣǾڰңʲôر
СӣǸҳ̫һЩϣԭ¡ʱһֱĬȴͻȻվַһϹǸ
һĻҲַ΢΢һ㶣һĨЦݵרҲý⣬СҲвԵĵط˵Щçײˣײ㣬ķС
ĿַһۣרҸ̾ɽв˳ЩϼһﶼˣԺǵġ



646 ָר
ȻտʼֵЩ̫ѺãȴõģȻ˼˶Ǹˣַôܼ֣΢΢һЦҲǾǰӣһЦ
ȻѾӦЩרҪָǣַҲǸжʼһһߵԣԼ˽⵽һЩ˳
ò˵ЩרҲˢӵģַݽЩ漰δһЩ߿ƼҲܹ˲׹ʵڲ׵ģҲ¼СϣԺټо
ַȻܰԼⶼȫ˵˳ЩרȫַҲûջģջĴЩһЦĿСӻҼŮ
ܱͨЩרҿϲϸŮĻǿ϶ϲĿҪˣŵַϣȴ΢΢һЦѡ˾ܾ˵ԼѾˡ
ЩרҲֻǰ̾ţԼʧȥһŮַҲֻܱʾ޿κΣ˭Լʶૣ
ʱ䣬ַݶͬЩרоһУַݵĽ̵֮ЩרҲǿʼԼƣһλ˳ɹԼԭƵĶࡣ
ȻĿˮˣַҲһֱЦݣϾЩר˼൱ĵദҲǷǳǢ緹Ǿһһһ߳š
һʱôĥ˹ȥַҲЩרУһط˴ʽȻǷ̹ˡ
˵ܷľЩ̹ˣԭ̹еĶ۾ǻǿ󣬶ҰȫҲͦߣȱҲرԣǾ̫ڱأĳЩεʱֻƵУ͵̫̫ʱ䡣
װϷ̹֮˿ǻʵķԾӲ̶ȴҲǻһǿǿԷ档
װ˷ϵ̹ˣѾܹУκεζǶһ˿һ鷳кжܳΪ̹˵սӦԴ
Զڷ̹֮ϣҲĿǰо⣬һ˾޴ĳɹͱַǰ̹ˣǸ޴ڹܹһ˲ڡ
˵ַݲƼƾŷϣĵľ·Ҳܹʮҡ
ַȴԸﻪһѣԼյһЩƼóûۣ֮綼ûһٶԻĻ

ӪַݲʱҲЩרһЩԼĽ飬оްЩרҵǰЩרҲǷ׷׷ԼĽѧһ㣬ַݣȴָ̡
ַҲûκεģԼ˽֪ʶ˵˳ЩרǶǳ޲ѣ¼ԼСϣȻؼҺ⡣
ô˵ַѾǳΪӪеĽ㣬ÿȥһطʱоǷרǶǻ᲻ԼͬĴҪָ̡
ַҲǲܾЩڿʱ⵽࣬Щרܲ⣬ǾͿԼˣֻҪС
һʱ䣬ַݶǱרѯţӪҲרǵԼϲжһĨɫ
ԼӦöַݵתתӪջʵ̫ˣ˵ַݽЩӪļʮꡣ
Ҳףǲܵģ϶Ը⣬ַݲԸⰡ챻ôΣͻвͷ˰ɣ
ʵҲȷˣҪٰﻪһѵĻַݿתˣһֱЩ⣬Ҳǽ۵ĹǺ
ĽҲǽˣַҲǳһطʵֲ̫ˣЩרǶĳЩʵִ̫ţ¼ԼĻãֲײݵģǵòСʱ
Ĵ£רǲ۹֮Уַݻĳ˷гԼҵķȥټһĻĻ
лˡַһ۵ĹǺģҲǸеһЩ˼Ͼַ˴ģַ۳˹ȴһɣ̫ĺô
ˣ˵ЩطҿɲڶˣлһЩöһдøġַνİ˰ֵ
öֵʱҲ˲һĨϲɫַܱݶ˵ǺöĶôܻ򵥡
뵽ʱ˴ֵܺʣ˵ĺöЩжã
ٺ١ַݵһЦʱ㲻֪Ҿ㻹ǵŽܾϲȽϺõ㡣
ðɡ̲סӣҲֻѡ˵ȴϾַݲ˵Ҳܱ˵ʱҲ֪˲ǣ



647 Ǽ
һҹ޻ڶַݱѡδУΪмǳҪҪȥǾͬһͬȥǼ佢
Щοһϲַͨ˵佢Ǻǻƾһ۾ܹҲϵƭǣ
ȻҶҵҲͬţַɾòǷǳģ±ҪΪԸҶңֻŵùԼ
ЩҲչֳѪ󣬽伯ŸĽҶҵЩǶѹЩ̧ͷ
ԹͬʱҲ³еޱȵ̾һŮ̶ܹȣҪŬʵ̫̫ˣͬʱҲǳĺ棬ͽʲôģ
ҲǵõϢȴǣǰʮϢһƬհףƾðһ㣬˸ͷˡ
ַҶҵʱѾҶү̸źˣеЦ̸ҲǷǳǢرүӿεУʱǴ͡
ڷַݽ֮үҲЦŵ˵ͷСӰ˸ϱǽҶҵ˶ѹĴ
ǺǡַݵһЦȢεȷĸүҲҪףɲǹҶҵˣҪƿһҹ˾ûֶôУ
ǰҶβмѣУ伯ţҲܹõʵķչþ޴󡱣ҶүҲûֻޱȵĸ̾
ǲͽˣַ΢΢һЦߵүӵԵȻ˶ѾˣҲǲǸóˣҪ֪һӣǿɾ׬˶Ԫ
żַݷ˸ۣүҲǲٳɣվЦǳɣ佢۷Ҳϵˣˡ
šַݵ˵ͷүӵĴ£г佢гȥ׼ʼԼǼ䡣
ֻһСʱ˾Ѿ⴦гУ⴦гռҲޱȵĿ㣬ʽ佢ɻ½һæµģ
ַݵѡ佢˾һң佢ҲȽ޴һ֣ʺڼҪԶǼ䡣
˳չʱҼŵĵ곤ҲӭǰһĵģҶүֺţκεĵҪ֪ҶˣǶ쵱Ĵڰ

佢ֳģѾڷźˣڵ곤ͬͣƺУ׼һپǷ
һȻ䵽ַݵͷϣַݶ˵˸󣬱˵һ佢УеԼ
ϸļһַҲ̲סЩ̾δ佢Լ쿴ǸõľްԣҪ࣬䱸Ҳʮֵĺ߶ϵĻްԽûһ˿һķ
ַҲȫܹ⣬ްʱʱһٶʷһٶʱҪ׷ϣĻҪ̫̫ãҲٵʮꡣ
ʵַݵļ鶼ǶģҶδǲö˵ģЩ佢ҲƷκε⣬Ļǿɾǳ׵Ҷˡ
У޵뷨ַݻϸļһ飬ȫ˵Ե˵ͷ
ַݣȻȫΣԵõĿ϶֮Ҳûκεĳˣֱ곤̸˼۸񣬲Щ佢ߡ
Ȼˣ۸氭Ҷҵӣ̼Ҳûʲô󣬵ֺҶңҲһֳڵͶˡ
˫õ˺ôεĹ佢ҲԲĽʣµȻǰųʱˣڳ֮ǰַݾûһбҪȥǾܽԼĸ״к
ܽ˵ȷǼС£дһţøַݣʣµģȻ佢Ĺ˽ųȥˡ
Ҳеڵõ佢󣬵ڶٿŷᣬ伯ŵҵʽýļ֤֮£ʵ佢Ҳڿն𣬲ңԶĶȥ
ʣμ˸飬νһδʷ¼ܵ˵׷Ҷ֪μŵһ׳٣һ֡
ΪڴУȻཨԲǳѺãָμŵ佢ڰ·ͱٳˣʱͶȫˮƯ
ҲٲᵽӴ˼ҲǻμܹɹĻҲҪˣӴƶ£Ǽʺ˷棬Ҳþ޴ķչ



648 Ȩ
δ˵μŵǼ䶼ԳƵһ׳٣ɹʧܣҲ˶Ҫ֪һ飬ȻһһҪ̫ʱ䣬Ҳֻĵĵȴš
ַ˵ЩҪˣ׬Ǯǿ϶ģ׬٣һлÿ˫ļ۸죬ַݸҿ϶ǵҲеޱȵˡ
乫˾ʽתַҲǳ׵ķҪȻһǾǽ̵ԼС
Ǽǳѵ飬Ҳǳķʱ䣬ַȫţܽһа׵ģĳЩ棬Ҫһۡ
ͱ˵ô￪ʼ˾ãҲǽ¸׵ĶĽǣҪ
ҪʯȻЩѾĺߣյʱѾ˲ˣɷֻܻǮûˣôܣ
Щ֮ǰҪһǳҪ飬ǾҵЩɶǵȷϢźõŰݷá
ЩϵĹɶȻǺңЩϵĹɶȴ˵ģ˵ļƻǣҵЩСɶеĹɷչ֮һһ˵Щɶǡ
СɶǵѶϢҲûа취ֹ˾鹫˾ֻҪԹԵĸǮܵõҪκζ
̵ɶǵѶϢֳɵģֻ˼Ԫͽ㵽֣һرϸǿԵѡ
õ֮˱һоȷǵĵһĿ꣬һ칫ԪߣҲ˾׹ƵĴڡ
ԭҲܼ򵥣ϥӣһ㣬ַʡ²ٵĹ򣬱ϾԼĲƲ˵ĴͳһеóҲᱻԼŮֹ
ȻˣҪһ㣬Ǿ칫ԪѾһ겻ʱ䣬ûʯĻһͻΪϸȫϻ׵
˵ȥߣʮþȵ飬ֻʯȡҺ٣⻹˫һУʯɾӣǿռϷģϾǲ߷ǳС
زѾû˼ȥıҪҲȫö͵һ磬ȥλ칫Ԫ̸̸۹Ȩ⡣

ڶһ磬˱һͬŷг칫ԪڵĵطȥȻԾʮþȣַȴȱپ飬вɱĻЩš
˵ҵе飬ʵ̫ˣһֱǴŵЦݣ·Ѿʤȯա
ַһĽźҲ΢΢һЦɵϣûʲôýŵģ½ˣ֤칫ԪԹԾͷ
ðɡԼŮЦַҲֻεӣеĽҲ˲䱻Ϳգȡ֮ģһš
ҪʯеǡôţַҲ¶һ˿ЦݣСõĻôҽ
һСʱʱܿȥҲ⴦֮Ϊõ˼԰ֻǿһַۣݾͲò̾ס˾ǷǸ
Ҫ֪δУϵķǿɶǹĳ棬οǰ԰һ˶ռһɽͷĵǼ۸ǹ˾̾
ҲǱȻģȻ칫Ԫֻг̵ٷ֮Ĺɷݣÿܹõķֺ죬ҲǰʮģԹһķ˵νǾţһë
˵ĻֳõȨǾܵһ飬ַȴһԴҲ칫ԪҪһԹԾͷ
صļ飬ȷҲǸ߹֮ǿ˸˽ȥϾǰˣɶҪԤԼģ˽룬ҲǿǱʵֳܻʲô³
ַҲȷûһ˿һԽ׼칫Ԫı֮󣬱Цǰͨİť
ֻ˲䣬ͨ㱻𣬶Ҳʾ칫Ԫڿݣֻڿ֮ȴһɻλǣ
ðǰҪ⡱ֳ棬ȻӦȻҪַ࣬Ȼڡ
⣬λͷӣΪеĹȨɣҵ˼ǳȷȨǲģλذɡֻһۣ칫ԪͿǰĿģΪʱѾŴĿҲΪеĹȨ
˵꣬칫Ԫ׼ҶͨȴһЦݵĵαôżѵ㶼Ȥ𣿡



649 Ķ
ǡҪرͨ˲ͣ칫ԪԭȻҲȫݣ˫ҲǴżеĿ
ûеģȻһ˶ʯҲеĳ룬칫ԪʯȤĻǻûˡ
ȴԶ׼ģڷǴʯǰĺ칫Ԫɫ˲仯˺üΣնЦϣ˿ͷСλ벻Ҫ⣬̸Σ
Ȼ΢΢һЦҲûκεĹάģϾڵεռĵѾ칫Ԫ
˲俪ҲǲűĴȥ칫ԪҲѾݺһϺõĲˮȴ˵ǰ
˻֮칫ԪѾݺ˲ˮˮƵ˵ǰЦƷˣԴҲͿˣʹ˹͡
ˡ΢΢һЦеʯŵϣ˲豭Ʒʼնûύ׵Ļ⣬˰㣬еƷ衣
ַȻҲε뷨˾ֳܱһ˿̬Ȼ칫Ԫ϶۶ȻʯǺܶ࣬˷ѵɲֵãҲǺŲˮһĵȻ
һƵģ¿ֵ칫Ԫˣþ̳Ҳ֪ʱ˭ȿ˭ˣõҲ½
ҲһȻĺŲˮֻӣȴûһʱһ뿪ǿžӨʯеĿ˭ܹ塣
˲Щ˾һƽĺŲˮٲȻûһ˿Ҫ۵ģֻѾڹˡ
֮칫ԪŰ̾һȻĶ˵ӮˣȻҪеĹȨǾͱóǵĳ⣬ⲻĻǾͲ˵ˡ
û칫ԪѡЭΪַ˵ȵãȴǵȲˣѾ˵ʱû˷һӣǶ˵һݳޡ
Ǻǡ칫ԪڿڣַҲ¶һĨЦȻеģֻҪʲô۸񣬴Һ˵ǣ
Ȼ칫Ԫĵ˵ͷԼʮָҵҪҲ࣬ȫĹɷݻʮ
̫ˡַݿڣαԥҡҡͷĿҲҪףڵʯܹ㵽һʯҲǻĴ۲õģ̵ĹɷȻֵǮҲҪף޼۵ģҵĵ߾ꡣ
ꣿ칫Ԫü˵ļ۸ֱһܹܣ
Կ˰֮ٴָ˸˵Ƶ꣬ˣϾʯȻϡ٣ҪҵҲǲܡ

ǺǡһЦҡҡͷʯôҵĻ϶ҵˣôΪĹףһˣ㿴Σ
ꣿ֮칫ԪвһȻ־еĵҲǳ࣬ջ£ȴҲеޱȵĶ
ϣ칫ԪȴûüͷһǳѵģɣӦĻϾͿϵʦɷתø㣬еĻǾûм̸ȥıҪˡ
꣬ⶼǿЩŬϲŸģɲӦĻҲûɶ˵ˡ΢Цվҡҡͷ
ΪѾµѾĶˣ̰ĵȴҪһ꣬ԼŬЭĻǾˡ
ô׵Эһľܾ֮ʱַզգ۵߰ɣúɡ
õġַݲ÷ĵ˵ͷε׼뿪˼ȴͻȻתݸһ칫ԪһƬǶ³ƬͨˣҲʱϵǡ
΢΢һЦַݲС칫Ԫʧʱ֪Ѿв˶³еʯȤˣˣɾûˡ
˵ַ꣬ݱ칫Ԫ˻֣ת׷ȥʣһ칫ԪǼ뽫˽ס
ȻеʯѾޱȵĶˣҪļ֣ȴЭ󲻳ɣҲ·߲ǣ
ղַݵһϯȴвһҪ֪Ҫﵽͷϼһɲ٣еĺöҲ٣ָξóˡ
뵽ϱ˲ȻַΣ׼ЭģУ޲ǣ



650 ס
뿪칫Ԫı˳Ϸгѡ뿪һγʧܣⲻַݸеЩɥ
ʱȥ̸еĻڰʱѾЭȴӲĸѹַ꣬ݶǸоЩĿࡣ
һȻΣַޱȵĺ칫ԪһֱЭĻǾ治Ҫǹɷ𣿡
ܲЭһĨţԷ棬оıַݿ͸ˣҪ֪̽綷֮Уһ̾Ϊֹѵо͸Ļǰܵһޱȵҡ
ôţָͷһᣬͽԼĹȨԼѣٳˣȻѾǶεƲ˰˳ɣַȴҪףξôġ
ܣΪͷǳһĨζЦ⣬˵Լ̡
ô˵ôûͷһĨɻҪ֪˵õǷУû˵ôģ
ܼ򵥡εһЦֱַݵ˫۵ϸ룬칫ԪļемҾߣǲǶûǣǲв;߶ƵģҲûκεļƷ
ô¡ַ΢΢һ㶣ϸһ󣬻ȷͷеĶһж԰ȫΪģûΪʲô۶ѡЭ
ЩŷĻǲǴΣַЩ̫ģҲһĨϷʣַݴĵ
ôģַݶʱҲȤҪԣԼεĲ²⾿˭˭
Ҷ칫Ԫ֮ھͻϵҲЭ꣬죬ӮΣһĿַݵ
죿ϸ˼һʱַҲصĵ˵ͷľͶģעʲô
ܼ򵥰΢΢һЦýַݵˣǼһڵͶˣ˵Ļ
ôһĨڴȻһڵļνҪַݵһͬޱȵڴξһע
Ѷ俿βûֱ˵Ƕַ֣СĶ˵ԼĶע
ֻһַ꣬ݵоһĨ˷ܵɫҲ¶һĨЦݣԼСĴָһԡ
ҲǽСĴָһͬϣ׷ܲܵǾͿˡ
ҿ϶Ӯų칫ԪǷıģַݾ;ԼӮˣֻҪѣӮˡ
ַ֣ѹûˣҲܲˣֻǿƵȥһڵļˡ

עô˭˭ӮǾͽʱۣҲûϽƽϣǼоԼһҪƵ
ÿѡһ˺˶һͬǰ̸Ȼ̸ܹĸˣûһξ̸ף˻
ȴûһ˿һĽеʱȴǵȴЩǵЭֵܼԼȫһ̡
ʱһȥת۾͵˵ʱ䣬ַݵҲǳ˵Цݣҵ֮Ҳһѽ§˻еװģɾǵŶ˽죬ɾˡ
İɣӮˣӦһ쵽ġ̲ס͸ַһۣͬʱлǲЩţҲûǰǷݡ
ѵϼһộ뵽Լж칫Ԫֲ²⣬ٴΰȫţ칫ԪڽͻԼЭ
ʵҲ֤εĲ²⣬ʱУΪùȨ飬칫Ԫǳ˲֪ٸͷԷȲ趼ˡ
Ҫ绰ѡЭ뵽ܹһ飬ͺĵҧȴλٴԼ
ȴǵõһǳõϢǾȥ˺üԼϻǣʯȡеĹȨ
νֿУޣеʯ˵ĻԼɾˣǮѾˣܹʯĿ
뵽ǰ಻סˣֱӲεĵ绰һĿɬ³ӮˣɣʯȡﵽҼɷתѾⶨá
һߣַݵӵ绰֮еĵȫʧҲǴŵЦݵõģԵȣϹ
Ҷ˵绰֮һϷʵĿѾǿɬޱȵַݵװϹˣŶʱˡ
ҡַᣬû뵽칫ԪȻôסôͬ˲仯Ӱ



651 ·ת
ַû뵽ɹǰʱ칫ԪȻˣ˶˹ʹˣҲһĨЦ
˵һ£칫ԪõʯԽ٣ǵ̸ҲԽɹַӦø˲ǣַ˵ȴһ˼顣
ʧܣַʹĲҪɨһڵǿϧδӦģӮ˺ͻټǣͬźַһϡ
ַˣھôˣԶ칫ԪǺ޵˹ԵĻ뽫һ
ַһ̾ģҲһĨЦ⣬󸽶ɵϣĻˣҲܰæټŶ𡭡
ǰʱַ˶˷ֵʱȴ鲻ԽĴ˸ҲһĨõԤС
Ǿ޴ջ֮£ַݻֻסǲõԤѯʵʲôʲô㲻ֱ˵𣿡
ٺ١һЦεܼ򵥣Ϊۣµļ㶼ˣôһ²
⡭ַݿˣջԼ֮䣬һǳѵľ񣬵˰ַ֮ݻҧҧ¾Ͱ£ˡ
ӦŶ΢΢һЦַܿݳԱģǷǳģȻֻһССĳͽ䣬Ҳַݵһòǣ
Ȼ칫ԪѾӦתùɷݣҲûеʲôǰȥʯȡó칫Ԫڵ԰ȥ
һСʱѾ˱ǰͨťһ˲ͱ칫ԪˣϿɡ
ĳ칫Ԫڿ϶̫࣬ޱȵ㲣ۿҲЩ󣬺Ȼû˯ã֮˾
첽߽˷УҲûκγɵĽʯȡŵϣЦѾˣǷͬ
ͬ⣬϶ͬ⡱Ѷϵɨһɨ֮칫ԪҲ̲ס˵ͷǰιڵĶѾ̫̫á
ԥĽԼ׼õĹɷתó칫ԪĿڵһ°ɣûʲôĻǩֽװɡ
õġȻһЦϵĹɷת𣬿ʼļ˿ɲϤһµĻǺбҪġ
칫ԪѾעЩˣѾȫŵǰʯȡˣҲǲЩпмεʯȡͿԪļ۸ⲻò˵ʵ̫ˡ
ҲǱȻģϾǮ֮ûˣôܣʯȡӳֻܻĸãҲܵĸòǣ

ʮӺǽһ꣬ûκ̧֮ͷԼûκε⣬ǵĽ׿Լˡ
Ǿǩְɡ칫Ԫ˵ͷЩȲľǩԼĴݸΣǶʯȡ̫̫ãѾǵȲˡ
˵ǩɷתԼһҪʦļ²еģδ磬ֻҪѶһĻ¼ˣ˷ڵĻƵ֤ݣǳķ㡣
Ҳ΢ЦǩԼĴ˫һԼļ֣֮صĽʯȡŵ칫ԪϵԼѳɣⶫˡ
ڽӹʯȡ칫Ԫ̲סǴЦ˳ȷǳҲԲŻὫԼĹɷݶת˳
ڵõܹʯȡ칫ԪǸпҲҹζֱ࣬ӵ˵棬ι򿪣һڽʯȡһڵ˸С
ĵȴӺ칫Ԫóһ׵һ⣬ȻдŸ£Ȼʯȡģ˼ʱԻӻ
״ɣҲףܹĿ֣ټ칫Ԫ֮Ҳվ
Ǿͽļˡӣ칫ԪҲ¶һĨЦ⣬ԽͳԼңתص˼С
гϣַҲһЦĿǷתЭ飬Ȼֻǰٷ֮ĹɷݶѣŰٷ֮ʮĹɷûõ֣˵Ŭ£һǰٷ֮ʮҲΪǵ֮
뵽ַݲ˿ΣʱһξԵôĲʵ
ɵϡǸַܵһĨԵĿ־壬˲ס֣ԼůһжģȻһ㣬һдԲǣ
ǰһĨпԼЩľ޴仯ַʱЩãһ㣬ԼԵŮ˼ǣȴʵĲǣ



652 ˭
Ȼǩ˴ɨĲƽԼһַ֮ݾһжֵˣ
мû˵ǾδͷԶɨֻܻˣ͵뿪󣬶ʱһ˿ʼɨ
̫ôˡַݴЦδӦҲȷ˲ǣȻǻģҲĻ˲ǣ
в͸ǽȻæµпߵģڿ˽ĺԺɨĸɸɾҲһΣַֻܹʵ̫ˡ
пյʱַݱδУ鿴һչ̵ĽȣҲǲ칫Ԫǰٷ֮Ĺɷ⣬ֳɹʯδȨĳˣеĹɷݸ֡
ˣѾƿų̵ٷ֮ʮĹȨˣƵǳ̵Ȩ˵ĴڣֻҪչٷ֮ʮĹɷݣܳɹΪ̵ĵһɶɹӹ̵ꡣ
չٷ֮ʮĹɷݵʱȴһ鷳ǾǹȨĶ˵ģԼõļ£ٴԥҾܾεҪ
˫̸ãһֱû̸ףθеЩȻ֪ôַҲֻǰοΣҪͺá
Уַȴڵ壬Ѱǵ㣬ϾֻҪˣͻַֻҪץסǵ㣬ܹͶãȨõ֡
һ˵ȻСģַȴͨǮδĵ鹫˾ʼ˵顣
һǳḶַ́Ҳûżһ飬ǾǽԼӦĶ¼
ϾӦ˱ˣǾһҪַݿɲ뱻ԹĿ˵ƭӣƭ˼ҵĸ顣
ֻһʱ䣬ַݾͽϸȫͨĵ绰ҪĶҶ׼ˣʲôʱʱðɡ
ô죿ϾõϢôܻɣæĲУʲôַݸĶҪ
ԽСʱ֮һ˷ܵĺԺУҴҵĶַݵģҿʲôö
żַ΢΢һЦһݸ֮ͳԼ׼ĵһ

ִսУҪĲǾʣҲȽһ磬һܹκεԼɨз·ߵ磬ϾˣҲǰϹ
ַ׼ĵһȻһ磬ǳԽʱʮĶƾⶫľڲ֮ء
ַݽзݸֻǿһۣоһĨϲɫôĻĹ;̫ˡ
ҸĶǼٵģ͸һֵַۣⶫϸҶѾдˣЩרһģӦóˡ
Ͳ㵣ˡڨڨһЦŵַǰһļϵڶļʲô
׼ȷ˵һԲַ΢΢һЦ˵ļʲô˲һ㶡
ʲô𣿡ڵԷ棬Ҳǲ̫˽⣬οǵԲ֪УԲֻǸСѣҲƻ˵ĵԣûʲôá
ַȴǸһĿγ̣ʱУռݵʵ̫ˣõĺõĻͿκһ̨ԣǳõҪκϡ
⻹ЧãЧܹκһ̨ԣʱУǵǺ˵ͨġ
ֲҵļк󣬾ͿԷΪԼвĺ˵ƿУռݾԵȨ
ϾǷģҪֵĻЩҿܴ򲻵㣬ȴԴԼ޴ĺ˵ըĻ򶼻꣬ʯ飬һƼˣܻᷢ
˽⵽ǿ֮Ҳ˲ԼӣһĨصɫͬʱҲַе뷨ǾҪģ綼ƿС
˵κκι˵ͳǶһǳ飬˵һ£һ£ǣĶʵ̫̫ˣ˭ҲΪǣһҪȫ
ɹ˻ãʧܵĻǾͻ֮ˣֻлһĨ¶˵֮꣬ܿһ˭ĳ档



653 ̩
ַ˵Щģ׷ǿԼԼļܹõˣ׼ôǾˡ
ַҲ̲ס˸ѣҪִ̫ͳˣͦõ۹Ҫųһ㣬Ҫŵǿ֮УǾڵ𣿡
סˣȫû뵽ַݻ˵ôһûĻҲ˲佫˼˻
ϸ˼һҲַݻе˼ƾִƼĽѾ𽥽뵽ǼʱУͱ绪ڣѾоܹǼʼеսˡ
ָҪ˶ãܷɳ̫ϵϵʱĻޱȵľ޴ַݵ˼ǣǿպ嫣ӦýЩΪص㡣
Ǳ˵仰϶֮ԱǣǿȻȴûзһʺϾס򣬻ڡ
⻰ַ˵ģǾòˣַʵ̫ˣЩѧҲоַݸЩÿһǳԽʱʮĶЩƾڵǸоġ
ĳЩѬĵҲȷַץסеĺöͳȴõΪԼļԣΪַжٵƣ˭Ҳ֪ǣһŭָǶȫꡣ
ȷҲˣŭַݣ˼ɵĻǱ˵ǣģ綼ܲŭַԸĻͳΪˣֻԸôѡ
ˡĻһ˼ַٴó˺üϵݸЩзϣȥɡ
Ŷ΢΢һŴ˼лعȫĲ鿴ֻǿһб¶һĨ˷ܵɫ
ΪַݸЩʵ̫ˣͱ˵һϼ¼ڹѾԵļһֱ׶Ρ
ַݸϲֹȫҾ棬϶ɱӣһ󣬲ܹӾеսһܹʡʵĿ֧ϾӵԼڵۿɲˣȴܹظʹãֻҪܾˡ
ʣµһЩҲ൱ԼȽƾЩľΧܹӱȫܡ
ô˵ջ̫ˣоЩ˶Ķ䵽ҰļҵеĻǾԻᷢһս䵽кҲޱȵĶȴᶯ֣ϾսͲԸô
Ҳַݿһ㣬ԲŻĵĽЩǰ֮εĻ̾ͺ

ǰЩϣɸоУʵһжģĲ档
һͻȻվַһ׼ľΪĵİ˾ģоǵĴ˽
ʣõЩ󣬻ĵľһᷢ츲صı仯Ҳܴ棬ʴĽͣŻ񣬲ΪΪ˴ҡ
ڸ𣿡ַ׼µʱһϤһг˾Լȡ
٣ǸתͷһƣֻǳܣлһļȵĿˡ
ܿЦԴİɣһﾴô֣صľѵˣһΪ˾
ˣھΪʲôҪʵڲ˵¡Щ⣬ܳ˵ĺѣҲǺˣԭѡأԸ
һصģҲ֪ʱҲûжʣνʼǰû£ϵЩҶףҲ
ǾͺáҲ˿³ܻ٣һ̹ȻģҲĿˣԼѯʵҲ˵˵㵽Ϊʲôɣ
ϷһЦŵַݵϵҽֻһԭǾ֪ͨһ٣λĺѣģָյҪ飬Ҳ򵥣ܹһ¡
ŶһĨȣַЩѣ¾˭𣿶һҪ֪ͨݲ򵥰ɡ
ʵַһ²⣬û˵ѣΪһ´Ļˣ
ַһɵģҲһЦѾµ˰ɣûӢĹҲŮ谮̩չ



654 ſ
ȻһĨЦַݻû뵽̩վȻģָյҪԼ顣
ܹõ룬ǿ϶ܸ˵̩ջôƯܹ˹ĻǼֱǷˡ
ַ˵̩һȻˣҲǽ̩յһСտţԼ
ҲǽԼǸ翴ȻǼ£Լ飬Ļ鷳ɾʹˣ̩յݰԼҲǣҲǣⲻǷǳ鷳
ʱַȻż뵽ɵ̩գȴûȥһӢ»ᱻ̩ղϣǳһ鷳顣
û뵽̩վȻԼģһͨٷԼ飬ʮֵΪˣȥ˵Ļ鷳ȥĻģֳָֻʲô鷳¡
ַ̩չһΪѵģ󣬳ҲһϷʵĿַݵ˵٣ԥʲôૣʲôʱ̩չйӴô֪
㵱Ȼ֪̲ס˸ַ̧ۣͷȷҾܾĻôǻ᲻ὫҰȥУûҼɣ
Ȼ㣬֪ܾ˹룬ǻһӦףסַӢ֪ˣ̩չĵһվһϷʵĵ
Ҳ̲סˣһɵĿַݵ˵÷򰡣һֱηηģʲôԲ˼ҵɣҪ˼ң
ԩַݿЦⲻ鷳һϲô죿ҿи֮򰡣ǣֵһֳʲôǷǳ鷳𣿡
СĻǵһʱ˱ӵΪ԰ÿŮ˼㶼ϲ㣿
ٺ٣ǵ˵ˣҾôԣҵĺ󹬲֤һ𣿡ַݺٺһЦһԵõĶ˳
һҲЩˣֵ̯̯ˣͱˣϽҸ𸴣㾿ǴӦǲӦҲøһ𸴡
һܲӦ𣿡ЩίĿ˳һۣڸûѡغðɣסַعˣ̩ղԼǲǹ¡
󷽵ȥſԼѾӺҲǻѡ˰ɣֻģַҲֻܱʾԲˡ
Ǿͺãȥһ£ûĲֹ̩һˣһ׷ߣʮֲ򵥡õַݵ׿֮󣬳ҲһܹؼҽˣǶַһ¡
ŶһĨϷʵ̩յ׷Ļ˵Щʲôֻ̰ͼȨƻò֪֮ʲôڡ

һʱܿȥҲԼĺԺУַݸӵ˵۾һûȴ̩յĽ١
̩εķûܽеģȻܳڹǰص˼ҲǾַݵġ
ӻ˲ַ࣬Ҳֻʮѣ˶䱸̩յıڣԿԵЩ
ֻǵȴʮӺ֮бһܴ͵ķɻĽַݵ˵ǰǹ֮󣬵һͳ̩žµС
ǰվַ̩֮жʱһĨɫСžַݳĿǳȹ¥ݵʱ򣬲СľͲȵȹǣ²ȺŵϾ
𣬽ֳ˶һ̩ˤ˵Ļ룬Ҳ˲䷴ӦҪǰȥ̩ղס
ǽŲŸ̤һͼԼԵƥеٶȴ˳ȥȵĽ̩ոӵ˻У¶һĨ˵Цݵôżֲߣ´СĵŶ
šַ§˻У̩յ϶ʱ¶һĨɬĺԵôˣڳжһĨޡ
һ˲䣬ַȴǷһɱ˵۹עתͷһȴſڣһλӣһв˼Զſ̩ա
ֻǵһμ棬ַݾͶ˸̣һŮ˲ˤʱĵһ鲻ǹǶԱʾˣҪ
ֱ˽вַ΢΢һЦôͻȻ뵽ˣҲ˵Ҳ׼ѽ
ˣĸ״ӦҾˡ̩ȫûоκ˼ͽԼĵ뷨˵˳˵֮󣬲ŷ仰൱Ĵ󵨣ʱٴεͷҿַݡ
һĻȻжһĨɫ˵ַ̩ûʲôϵĻǶš



655 ̫
Ϊһˣ̩չַ˵ܣǴĵ׵ַݸе˸ˣϾܹӢȢػģǿΪĵ˶˹Ⱑ
ڳУȴһжʻգܹɱ˵ĻַĲˣ˧ȫû뵽Լ׷ôöԼûио̩գȻһ棬ͶǰƤͶͱ̣
¥ݣһвĿַݵĻӦϷſ̩գ㲻㱧Ƕһ𣿡
˭ѽ㣿裿ϼжԶԶķίߣַݵ̬ȿܻҪһЩ˴ԵĻ˵ַ̣
ȻӶԻҲЩ̵оģַݻе˼ҲϵҲ˲䲪ŭĿַݵ֪ŭ³ʿ˵ĺʲô𣿡
ƨ³ʿ壬ǰװ㻹ʸ񡭡ַһĿŽӣϣѾûκܶʲôв˼ɡ
㡭ҲǱŭǼ̵ļҲ˲ը죬ַݾһȭȥ׼ֽǰ֪ߵغļһ
ȻԼʵ൱ţҵһУ޵еĴڣȷҲнıǮѾͻƵ൱ڻĻڵս
˵ĻԽӣǻûһս֮ȴַݣעֻܳԱ飬һЦַڵҲ˲׼֪ʲôŽǿ
Ҫַ׼ֵһɲǣ̩ȴͻȻǰӵɣĻѶɡ
̩㡭ŭˣȫû뵽̩ԸԼҪǰӣеһĨȻͬʱҲǸеһĨ
ĿַݣɿڵĻͲվŮ˵óղҵƣҴһ֤ӵ̩յʵ
Ըַνʼ磬̩յ߳СԴõģȻǿ󣬵ǰȴǲһ
ַһŵģ̩ҲһĨε۹⣬ΪַУһֱôǿ󣬵Ҳôǿ󣬸ղŻᵲַǰˡ
СġһǵĿַһۺ̩óΣһǵĿˣԵĻĲϣ˴ɴ¹˵ϣȴǲòĿ˴һ

һϷʿǰɣַݻһָϵһУ㲻Ļ䡣
Ҹƴˡ˲ַݵĲмǿŽģһУ޵еĴڣҲţصĶҲǾ޵еġ
ַȴǶһһεƣܹͣ˲䲪һֱȭֱַݵؿڣҪһȭͽɣǻɱ
ԼɿޱȵţһߵҲһֱ㣬ַݾԲҸӲӲ˺һĻԼӮˡ
ʵĻַ΢΢һЦЯ֮Ƴʱȴһ˿ɵһ㡣
˼ҪвֱӵʱַȴǶˣһе˲ӿȭͷ֮ϣͬһֱȭɵȭͷȥ
飬꣬һŹԼһ˵ĲҽʤһűַȻվԭأȴǷɳȥ˺üףԼȭͷҺĸоԼָͷˡ
˵ˣֻҪһжѡַ֣һϷʵĿһۺŽŵ˻ſڵɣôõϷҲÿ˰ɣ
žžžƵӰ˻ſڣһλǴβһʿĹһ˾ͬӢе̾һ㣬ǻļޱȵĿţһ۾ͿԿ̺֮׳
˵սʽȻһĵҼɰܵĲԩ׳һЦݵĿַݣԵ̬ʮֵĺƣַȴܸܵõǼҪַݸе
ôҲ𣿡ַ΢΢һЦҲҪԵĻԲģҪȫף˵ȭͷӲӲ
׳סˣû뵽ַݻƣղַһȭǸܵķǳУҲֻǸմﵽ˻ڶѣԼһĲ࣬Լ򶷵Ļʤһ



656 Ӳ
һĨڵЦ⣬׳˽ݣվַݵǰȻ㶼ôˣҸʵ򲻴ӦĻǲǲ𣿡
ûʵɵĸףĵһǿߣʱ򣬶Ե÷ǳģΪʲôǰħѹϣҲֻ˾Ӷߡ
ħѾ˺˵֮Уûʣ£ҲûκεĹ˼ɣʵҪϵ֪Ǿ³ʿǿ󣬶ǰַݣû֪ĵһվ
ǺǡַݵһЦһмĿ˸ʵһ۵˵ϻˣҪӱǾó汾£ȻһĺܲңʱӸ鲻£ɱû㡣
ѡַݵİ̻˸ʵģҲǲԥں˼֮󣬶ַݹ˹ָɣԴСС
ŶַһĨϷʣڵ˲䲪ǿеʵֱʵҪ𣿡
䡱ַܵǹǿƣʵɫ˲һ䣬ǿ޿ƥеƣûκ˵ڸܵվַǰ͸оԼС˼㣬Է˶ɵһ㣬ôĿֲ̲ס˺һֵĿַݡ
㣬ôôǿ󡭡ʵ򾪴ˣΪԼѾվۣ֮ԻսҲܽСѹһͷĵĿģ׼սġ
ûƲ֪ߵغַݣ׼Լǿʵѵһ£ȴȻǰڰϻָоޱȵľᣬûιȥ
ͬģվڸʵԵĹҲǱƸѹ˺˼һֵĿַݣȫû뵽ǰԼ־ͿˣѾɳҪĴڡ
ַݶѾǿǿ˺ֵĵزͬҪսĹвһĨɬ
ΪʲôַϷһЦûΪʲôҾǱǿұǿ˼ֹ㲻˵ҪҶŶ
ʵ죬뷴˵Ҫַ飬ȴǶʵǾ³ʿ棬ڵĻþ³ʿĸ飿
ַݿûôĹأ̤˲ž³ʿȥ˶ûзӦʱһƾȵ˾³ʿϡ

žһ˶ˣǾַ̾ݵٶȣͬҲھ̾ĵҪ֪ʵĿɲֻԼͬűļ壬Լǿ档
ַݾȻֱһȫ˶ˣرǸʵ֮ҲһĨѪ죬׼ʱһѸײڶ֮
һϷʵĿŸʵַݻô˭㵽װˣе㱾»ãû㱾£㲻˭
žһƳ鵽ϣַݼѵУܺĶӣ̩ղϲͱţƤһճţΪῡܰǰʲôǡ
Ҫɱ㡭ʵȫıˣļҲ˲ըѣܲǷģ˶ǸоЩͷƤ顣
䡭һȭַݻӳȻǱ׾ΣôַܴݣǾ޴ȭͷҲǴ˿մǴһըɼǶôǿ
һ׼ʱһȵϣַϷʵɱңƾⱿͷܵٶȣЦˡ
ٴһȵϣַݼһΪжֻ˼ħٻҪһͬȥŽɱĻһ˾ɽʲô³ʿ壬ޡ
ʵȫķˣҲԼǲǻᱻ鵽ȫȫַݷ˽ҪԼȭ¡
ٶʵ̫ˣַݵ½Ƕȴǲϱ飬ԭӢȴǱͷһ㡣
˶ǾˣĿһĻ֪ôֹıڶסˣȫǰΪսನ֮أ⻹ôֹ
Ҳˣȫû뵽ַݾȻ˵ǿԼǿ޿ƥеĸ׶һֱڱһôࡣ
찡ѵħ𣿲ħҪֲһĨɫٴվַǰĻһᳪ᲻κζֵ
ʮӣʵŲŭ˹ȥַ˦˦ֵһƤ񣬽ˡ



657 вң
ַݣھʲô磿ʲô磿ʵĻԣù̲סһַݵǿҲܵһĨԵֵ
Ǻǡַ֣һЦ֪İɣѾǳԽ˻ʽ뵽˵ڵķ룬Դ򾳽ϣ͸̫̫߳࣬ҲǰܵĲԩףҪҸߵ㣬ڵ۷塣
һĨɬڻѾʤɿͻһ󾳽
˵ǰַݣֻܸ׳Ƴȫûһ˿ĵֿģ˶ϵĻĺܲңȸʵòȥ
һȻģַҲһĨЦҪףָʲôʱҲͻƵ¸Σ´Ƕ
ܹͻƵĻͻˡɬһЦԼԼ֪ѾˣҲûôĳ㣬磬ҪͻǸ磬ǿܵһ顣
ˣˡַ׼οһµʱһֻѾֱַָ㲻Ǿ³ʿ壬ҲǵǸϴȻսġ
һмĿһַۣĻȻ嵽ǰץסֱмΪĻǰĻսĻǻһ֪ʲôڡ
˵ַ꣬һ˦ֽ˦ֵϽӹɣҪٳڻĵķΧڣȻҼһδһΣŵĻʱԡ
㡭ŭҪַݣһɫȴӲͷܵ˸ʵԣ俸˷ɻɻɣҲµĵطˡ
ԭΪģܹѹĵһףԼ½ǿһطֻѣиսҲԼС
ѾˣԼս֮ƾԼ̩ոѵУˣҲˣĲˡ
ʵȴǣĵĵһվͰˣԼˣԼҸҲܣף³ʿ˵һ޴ĳ衣
ȴûκεİ취ַʵ̫ǿˣǿȫֿܵĳ̶ȣŻὫ̧˳Ĵѹַݵͷϴ
û뵽ַݾȻҶǲмһˣҲ¿սģɸе˱ͬʱҲǶַݵĿеһĨҽһҶУַݲɵӵĻǾб¡
ǰһֻãһеڣǺߵĻ治֪Ӧˡ

ɻҴҽ٣ִҴҷ룬ǵϻ˿˿ѪĻ˻Ϊһʵû
˶һĿַݣ˸ʵԼɣνǷһĴ£³ʿܹսʱַݻôʰ
ܶһصߵַݵԵͦ鷳ģǾ³ʿĺǿӦһЩġ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦڶ֮ǰѾ֪鷳ˣȴɶ֣׻η壬ʲô³ʿұĻ⽫Ǹ
ĳܵļַݵȻ˾ʹˣûʲô˵ģǸڵĻһ֪ʲôڡ
ðɡҲǷȻַݶô˵ˣҲûʲô˵ģַ󾿾жôûȫ뵽ضԸһʲô³ʿ壬ûκġ
⣬⼸ҲǳصģʲôĻǻһ֪ʲôڣҪ֪ڵĻǽȡ
˵÷棬μһž൱һңоƲõĻ϶ʧأ˵ʵ棬ڵĻڷϵİ£Ѿӵ˳Խ
ǴһĶ˲֮أμűַݵĲҵƿȨƵ壬ҲַݵļʵܣҶĻ϶ǳĻϲҪһˡ
Բ̩ո鷳ˡ̩ȻöҲǶһǸĶַݵǸΪģַ鷳Ҳβǣ
С£Ҳ㰡ֻܹǼһ￴ɫҼ̩տɲģƾǸУжԶԶַݵһЦȻɵı磬η塣



658 ̩ջؼ
ʶַǾǿ֮ЩıĻбҪ̩յԣҲ뵽һ㣬־ǳ룬Ҫַݵ߽˸ߣӶС
ϴαδŮǼ飬ֻ˵ַ̫һˣθѵַ֮ҲǸŮ䱸δȽѶһΣûʲôܹ赲佫ѶϢҲڵһʱϵ
õַݵ½̩֮ҲһЦ˲סַݵֵݸ磬Ϊʲôôö̩հҺġ
ⲻæ𡱣ַڨڨһЦֻǱ˸ڲƭ̩գ˵ʵԭĻǲǳ׵̩յ
ðɡ̩ҲǶµĵ˵ͷַôб£϶ǳæµԲԼҲԭ
ǣһͬ뿪ҲһȻվԭأɲȥ˵ĵݣַݵʵҲ㹻ǿ̩ղҪͬţҲֵвǣ
Ŀ뿪󣬹Ҳڳ֮ܵ뿪·ʲôûзһ㣬˶ֻ֪Ǳǰˡ
̩ԼҵķȥַҲһЦ̩죬Ҳһµ۾ĸ羰
ڻģ̩ȻҲ˽࣬Ȼͨ׼Ѿܹ˵ˣҶԸ羰Ҳǳ˺棬ȻԻ˽ġ
㣬ַҲǳĸ̾˵̩ղΪԼ˽⻪ĵģţижͬʱҲԵЩΣ֪ʲô̩ദ
Сʱ󣬻ŽĺԺУһ³̩ձĴܵǷݵļȻûҼô󣬵ǷǳҺϲૡ
ϲͺãʱҲˣס°ɣٴȥ䡱ַݿЦӣԼ̩յļôĻǻ˵á
̩չɵĵ˵ͷַݵһĴܵĻ֮ںͤͣϵϣʼ˺еĽ
Ƿ񾲶ֳݣַݶ̲סһתԼֻǸӶѣֻǸӶѡ
ʣַݻЩĶˣҪ佫̩µĻҲЩѵһ飬һ˳Ȼַȷѡ
ʱ仺ţɫҲ𽥱Щ谵ŮҲǷ׷׹ͬް̩֮жһĨϲɫ

̩ջԼңҲ֪ģҲַ̩վʲôϵϾǾַݽˣԶ̩Ҳûһ˿ĵ⡣
ÿ˵϶ǴһЦݣ̩ѯŹģȻܽҲǹϾ෶룬൱һࡣ
̩ҲǷǳϲŮûþĵһַݲһ̩ջֵʲôСƢԼеǳѿ
̩жԼôŮôģҲֻ֪ҪܹгദѾ㹻˲
̩λѩҲǷǳչһЩǳͳ̩ͣջԲϰвͣڻҲܹܵζ
ǵŬȴǰ׷ˣ̩ղвͣõҲޱȵ죬͵ʱЩһҲȤǶвԵ൱м⡣
ŮǾȵͬʱҲǲһַݣǲòҲ֪̩ջ˵л飬Լҵ˾Ѳ˸ϵ
εͬʱҲǲЩԺԼҵǶ䲻̫ðҪԼҵĻҲĵ£ܻԼĽ
̩ҲȷûκεļӣóԳԸúȺȣĶҲѯŮԵ൱ĺгҲʮֵңҶСøееϲ
Ů֮У̩ܽĹϵҲõģϾ˵Ҳ̸ʱ򣬹ͬԷǳĶࡣ
ǵ̩ն˯ܻЩϰ߻ǲַ̩սܽ鹲ߣһ˵˶΢Цŵ˵ͷϾǿɶˣĻû˵ꡣ
ַֻЩǣ̩ջᷢܽǼĶ䣬ʱʲô鷳֮ҲȻˣȫ֪ΣѵܽܽȥƬоɣ
̩յĵһʱڻЦжȹˣȻַһ鷳Ҳνˣ̩ղҲԼģʱһǵκε顣
ʵַлЩڴһصˣҲףǻĹǽȣҲ̫ƽ󾯲졣



659 Ҫʹ˵ϻ
һŮǳͺҲȥϰˣַȻҲõԼΣ̩չʼ۾ķ羰
ӹʹǣǲúȴ֪ȴΪַǼ鳳졣
³ʿǿģڸʵԼɻص˼֮ô̵ʹƿµȨߣڻ˳
֪³ʿȨߵУǶϵĴڣ֮Ϊı񣬶裬ֱǣ
Щ³ʿߵĺܽȨ߶ʱŭˣҪ뻪ĿսػǻܹǵĴڣЩ̫ˣǾøøһ̵Ľѵ
һȴǱȽ侲ȻҲޱȵķŭȴһֵĻǾͻ⵽˵ķԣһ޴սŵǣûĽǸ˽ٹٷǵǸˡ
˫ִһʣǲɿ˭Ҳκβ˭ͶƱʱŵǸһ˻ϸ΢ʤһɵķ˹ٷźҪϳ֣ٷĵǸ
ȻǷź˲ʯ󺣣ķûеǸҲûǿӲ˵²ܣȻǽǵźȫӡ
Цǲ˽ַڻĵȨжôľ޴ڵ֪ź֮嶼˲ԼĲһſ֮ҲһЦĽźŵһߣڵΣҪսĻǡ
ô˵ķȫšһң˵ҪսһĲмѽȣҪսĻǽžˡ
ַȻҲ֪飬ϵʱ򣬱㽫һԼ˶ټһֻ˵һ仰ǾǣҪǾʹʲôӦĵطҾС
ַݵ̬ޱȵļᶨҪǸ̫߳һԴѣУĻ֪ʲô
õַݵ׿֮˵жһĨЦ⣬ڻһŶʱص˰´ᷢźźֻдһ仰Ҫʹ˵ϻ
˶ɵӣĻ϶ַܹͳЩеʧΣ
һսָһУΪ֪Ҳֻܿžװ۸һЩСҶѣһǻҪǿĴڣͻһ

ʣһŵźų׵ĽЩȨŭٴξͶƱһεͶƱȴսǻ˾޴ƣսҲһ
ڻĹĳЩʹѾˣͱ˵ǿʵ̫ˣǰȥĵȡϵعУ˾ġ
е˻˵ϴ뻪ĹϰУ˲ǰܵĺܲçײѡǲҿԣ
ʵԭܼ򵥣ǾǸûóʵȥμӾݵֻǶ߲ƷѣһߵĻʮİգܹûĳԵ޴Ŀͷ
¶˾ĺʽǽŨصУػڻ裬ûĵǸٴα˵˳ս˼
ȻƺƣȴǿκһҵˣرͷѹͷϵĻˣϢ󣬼˲佫˵ȼģǶǳŹ裬Ҫ뻪һߵ͡
һϢᣬҲ磬رԶڴ˰Ļģû뵽սˣһĿǰΪǿԾ
˸е˻֣̿Ǹеһɱĳ˯̫̫ˣҪһѹսףǸĽ쳯عˡ
Գٲ⣬󲿷ֵ˶֧ⳡսЩͬηˣܵ˴ҵһ±ӡ
ǵĻ֣̿һҲ˲վ˳ͨţԻ´һѶϢǾǻıʤ
˼ĻȻûǶǼᶨҲǳģǵȷ̫ˣҪף޵еġ
սһϵЩǣҲûվָʲôֻһԿźϷĺ֪սƵȫʤ½ǿĻĻʤһ



660 
Բ𣬶ԲĲ֪ᷢչ֪ĻҾͲ鷳ˡõϢ̩֮ռᶼˡ
Ȼַ³ʿûĽĻҲǲܻ棬̩еο֪
ɵϣҶ˵˲˰ⳡս綼ģǻֲ䡱ַ΢ЦȰοɲ̩ܽеȫȥ
ʱȴվ˳̩ȰοãĲõǵģȷǿ󣬵ǻҲǳصģԿľǡ
ǣǡ̩ջ˵ЩʲôȴǱַֹûʲôǵģʱҲˣЩϢɣһн𣿡
ַһȻģ̩Ҳǰɵĵ˵ͷˣһҪСġ
Ȼַ΢Цŵ˵ͷԵ̩ܽոߺŶԵε㣬飬ʲôû
Ȼ㣬ҲҪҪΣȻ㷸ˣŮ˵ģôܲһѣһЦĿַݣεȻĿ
ôַ΢΢һҲε˼϶ᷢƲãƾμǻʵܽڵĿ಻ԡ
֪ʡַһۺŽֻ𣬲ͨڵμƶĵ绰ʼʵʩľƲã𣿡
ףͷİɣһ֪ʲôڡ绰һͷڵõϢ֮жһĨ⡣
ʵоƲ飬׼ˣҲֻҪˣܶɶʧÿĲ֪һȴףβˡ
μžǮֻԼַ˲֪øɵйĸֶΪʽһǾǿᣬҲмܡ
Ͼֻһ˶ѣȫֲĵĳ棬Ȼۺʵǿ󣬵ȴһɢɳʱεռϷ硣
μҲǹ¾սĵĴ˾μǧ˿ƵĹϵһμжĻҲǷӵ
μռϷ֮ҵЩǣҲһʱԻʧأصıȾһνΣҪֲ
ûǮ˵Ŀֲ֮μǮȻƿ磬ȴԼӵýǮƿ磬Ͼǵ벻Ǯ

һҹʱܿȥַݻں˯ʱȴǷһ飬ǾǼйƱĹɼ۶ǳֳ˾޴µһҹ֮⵰
ֻǸտʼѣǾֵķ֣ѾϰʹõԴԼгжԴرԴ棬μȫж˹ʹЩ˷ȫͣͣеҲ˲жϣôᶼ̱
ҸΣں棬ķҲȫжкĿжϲΪģڵȻƷ⣬ȴ൱ĴڵĻѳ˻ĹЩԴǻô
һҹ֮䣬ޱȼͦҲܵ˲Сĳֵ̫̫࣬Ҳһξ޴ĽΣ˶ǿ಻ԡ
⻹꣬ЩͶҲǿξ޴ĻᣬʼԼʽĽǮжʱ뵽ˮ֮С
֮ȫ˹ĹǽˣΪٵľ޴󾭼ϵͳûôǿ
ž޴ƣٳĻᶼ᳹׵ıҲʧҵʧҵĿ಻ԡ
Ʋ᷽棬˻ķ棬һֱԸĶô⣬ҲǹƲõĿˡ
Ϣں棬ޱǿľӣڻĵĵһսоͰˣǰܵޱң˶ûзһͳ˺üңҲǲС
Ƕһξ޴ñƲãսҲ뵽·磬ле˲ƣʣµֻã
ãսķȷܹʤʤ˻ãһʧ̻ʧܵĻǾȫˡ
һ˲䣬ЩȵҲǻȻǵΣգսȥĻǵӽޱȵңʤˣǿҲֲκεĺô
һǾˣǿȵս˲ϷģսҲ˲վ˳ʼʢУҪǰ



661 ȫѹ
սݣĶ뵽˻ĺ֮Уݶһǳһ飬ȻսҲǲ˺ܴӰ죬ȴôԽܡ
ҹҲǶ˳ŵʧĻǵʧɹҳеҲȫǷеĵǡ
ڵǣȴһƬ˥ЩսȨǶɱˣԭΪһݿʤͷʵȴǴصһˣȻֻһʧѣʧܾʧܣ޷ϡ
ֻսʧǻôżĿǰԣΣǴ˿ͷ۵һ飬Ϊ£ǶǷˡ
ԭ֧սǣǿʼ˷ԣޱȵڣǸͲ֪ô죬ѾǼֹˣûʲôõЧ
սɵٴԴսɵȴûЭѡսҲһλᣬʧܵĻǾˡ
ΪߣʵԼҲǴĵ׵ĸе˾֣ȫû뵽ַݾȻôĶšһ
Ǿܾ˵Ǹս˾ƲãǴ˿̲˹ַȻɽ¶ˮҪĻĵʵۣеȨƣһŶҪࡣ
ҲȨǿ󣬾ҲôǿǹھμţȻҵɵƻҲǸе˾
ǺѾˣָֻܽ޵еľϣֻҪܹһʤǻĹһЭʱǵʧҲɻеǣ
ʵЩսɵ˶ž޴ѹٴǲΪǿĿվĵǱ뻪Ľһû֪ǵѡЭ
֧վޱȾ޴ģر䷽棬Ǿǿģķ治ܷ֣Ϊ棬һֱǻĵ
ʵַݸЩǱӰӵĸˣЩɻһӽľͱ֣һھ͸սȫû
ΪĶַݸЩǰǸЦõһϢ֮ЩսҲһĻҰף֪ˣĻޱȵҡ
սһԼ֪ڵ֪Ϣ֮ǻεķŭĹУǷµĴ󣬿Ǳ޵ķŴ󰡡
¿һˣ¿֮ǻΪεĳе׼ǶС£ԼСǱסˡ
ЩսɵȨ߶ЦˣǵѡȻᶼ⵽˾޴Ĵȴǻ˾޴ĺôǣ

վʧϢڵһʱͱ磬ԭһ˿ϣЩҲǾˡ
ɾ˲ͻŭ棬ǶǾۼһ𣬾һʢʾеĿںҲǳ˾޴ı仯ǾҪƽҪս
ھ޴ѹ֮£ЩսɵȨǶǷ׷¿Σ³Ҳǿ֪ЩɵǣҲڵһʱͣҪֹδľ
õһϢ֮ĶǷˣܴ˿̻ҹȴûһܹ˯ţҶǾۼڽֵ֮ϣξ޴ʤ
˵ξǸЦܵ˾޴Ĵ𣬾÷Ҳܵ˾޴Ĵܵûһ˿ҡ
ķȴǻ˾޴ʤ˵ʤǾ·棬ž÷棬ɲǸʡ͵ĵƣôõĻᣬôܲһʡ
ַȻǷǳЦͿԿջ϶Ƿǳľ޴ǮˣľֻǸְˣַݲעЩעǻĹ׼ô顣
Ŀ֮£Ҳ˻ӦǾǾܾͣʵڲĻǾͱ޴⳥̬Ҳޱȵļ㲻ͬҾʹ
Ҳǻ˻ڵһ֧֣ʹ򣬲ͲôˣҪʹ򣬷ǲ£ǾǮһ̸
ѪֶΣĻǶһĽΪԼܹҶе˽㹻ǿǲ̧ͷǣ
õϢַ֮Ҳ΢΢һЦǼᶨģⲢǵˣΪЩѹȶĶ
ĻıЩǴѹޱȵңҲμʷڹǿˣȻԸĳ棬ΪԼģҲΪԼ汲ֻһ



662 Ӱ
ǾǵĴڰʵ򶼿ˣַݵķȻ˵ѸͶǿ˶Ӧ
ǰˣ۵ᶼ⵽˾޴شеĻ֪кҩԵĻǿ϶ȥַˣһ仰Ҷ˵
ҩûУѾˣǾ³ʿ嶼Ϊܵ˾޴ѹԼЩԭ֧ǵȫû֧ǵˣҲǲɡ
ǶԾ³ʿһξ޴ʵҲǱеɣûλöǸ
ô˵ǵַݣǾ³ʿԼһ޴Ĵ󣬶⻹꣬ǻҪ飬Ӧԡ
ķҪ⳥黹һֱû̸ףĿǰԣѾûѡȨֻͬ⻪ĵȻȴǵĽһθΣ
ھ³ʿ巽棬ľôַݣַĻǿɾˡ
ΪʱҲǵַݵ¼ͱ˵Żĵһͬȥħ׳١
ַݵϵʵ̫㣬ֻһַݣǾ³ʿϿӦټصڲߣǾ³ʿ赲
˼֮󣬸ʵҲֻǿһɵֻһ취ˣǾ̩չɣȻ³ʿΣˡ
̩գ΢΢һ㶣ҲһĨ⣬Ȼ̩ղǶô磬ƾ̩ԼʱİķУ˵ַ飬¸
²˳٣ǳпԵʱҲǵ˵ͷˣ͸̩մ绰ȰǸַݰɡ
ţһҪɹһĨ̾ʵȫ˹Ϊʲôħ˵ǿǵ˻֮ȴ֮ء
ɶħˣѾûܹвǵԹԴ󣬲ŻĻ¡
һ뵽ַӰȥٵı죬ʵ鲻ԽĴ˸˵ַҪĻϿ϶ŲУҪɱֻǷַӵѡ
ǿһˣټһҪǿϵһĻ˵һ³ʿ壬Ҳø𰡡

ཡЩηηĽֻ˳ҧ̩յĵ绰ϵͳʾ˺üȴֱһͷҶˡ
ˡ̲סһĭ̧ͷԼҸ׵ףӣô죿
ô죿򰡡ʵҧҧǵϣɶ̩յϣӵĻǾ³ʿɾˡ
ɵ˵ͷżزťθûдͨʾʾŶԷѾػ
Ȼ̩Ϊĵ绰ѾȻĹػһĨɫ̧ͷԼҸ׵ףػˡ
ˡһƨ˼֮ϣʵһĨľѾ󣬵ַ³ʿʱ򣬾³ʿһ־
ǻһУϸ鶼˸ǹԹԵĽ˽ַݴãʵֻ룬˾Ѿõ˴𰸡
һΪΪص㣬ǿ϶ᱻȥƽַݵŭ˳ĬúŶһۣһĨᶨɫ
ףӰɡɿɬЦЦ˵ԼⱲûһ仰Ǿܡ
ȷǷǳҪûˣǻҪʲôַݿܻɱ˵뷨֮£ѡܣһȷľ
ҲֻôˡʵľȻĵ˵ͷһ˲䣬·ʮһ㣬ԭΪܹư磬ȴʦôһħֻܡ
ıѡ񣬵ַݷӦ֮ǿӶûˣȻԵޱȵңֻҪܹסһжֵõĲǣ
ҸʵҲһζܣŻַݽбȻѹƲִܹɱߵĶ̫̫࣬лὫɱͱ˵Ǹħӵĺ˵
¶֮Ҳǲԥֱӱܹ˵ߣһαװ֮˾³ʿ壬ȥģѡԾ̫ˣһУƾʵҲܻĸͷء
ò˵˷ǳСģαװľԼʱĲۼķǳ죬ܹӵǾܵһ顣
ַϷ˶λװãӵĺǣǶֻһǱϲɱ



663 ׷ɱ
ĺԺУַ̩ĺ貢죬ղ̩սӵɵĵ绰ԭҪģַȴҡҡͷ˼Զ
̩ôַܲݵȰ棬ַ˵ʲôʲôɵͲþܾҲַϲһ㡣
ദУ̩ҲϲطΪϲַݣҲô۰Ĵ㣬ǷǳĿġ
ԾŮѾҪع̩ȴԵѡ˼£Ϊ᲻һУŵһΥĸ׵
Ůô̩ܲյһ⣬ȻޱȵΣ޿κΣֻ̩նһ֮Լһܺع
̩޻˵ˣȻһܵʱҲǺܳѾ㹻浽ˣҲֻǵͷӦϧÿһʱ⡣
ݸ磬ѵͲܷŹ𣿡һԥĿһַݺ̩ŽԼд˿ʵ˵˳
ĵĲ뿴Ϊܵ˺ѯַݵĿһĸı䡣
˾ǵˣһôǿĵˣҷŹǣǶŹңֻҵĻǻûʲô⣬Ľǣ˺ǵĻǺü𣿡ַݻҡͷԼеĵ˵˳
ʵϣȻ˻鷳µľ˻ȥԼŮ˵鷳ϾʱԼŮ˵ԣ˵ĻԼĻھε
ҡ̩죬Ҳַе뷨Ȼǲ˫ϣ˫Ѿ𣬲˲ɻĵز
ʱҪһѡǾѡվ˭һߣʵǣѡַݣҲֻΪԼʵеˡ
Ѿû˼ȥıҪ̩ҲֻĬַݵȲ֧֣ҲԣֻȴЩ̫
ǾСַ֮ҲֻǸ̾һСɵϣ粢ôã̫ˣ̫ĻԿģҪѧӦ
֪ģоǻ᲻𡱣̩չɵĵ˵ͷʵ̷ǳߣЩҲܹ׵⣬ȴǲЩڰ
ˣҴӦ㣬ȥ˰ɣַΣֻ׳ԼɱﵣֻҪ̩ո˾УȻڷ羰ʲôģַݸͲȤ
һΣ̩˾ϲõ񣬾ͱ˵ķ羰ַݵ飬Եôá
һ̩ո忪ˣַҲһҲ¶˾ģǾǽʵһ

ҹ˾ַȴͻȻûԼһǳҪҪȥǾǽԼļһ
ó˸ĶλϵͳѡʱʵɵλñĻ֮ϣĻʾǣ̫ƽеһСϡ
ذַݲò̾Ƚŵ˵ϣҪҵǻǷǳļѣ㵽̫ƽһСϣҲܹ
ʾŻأַҲֱ˿ռͨžСĵطͶȥʱΪʯǼܱطĴ
˵λʵ̫ƫˣַݴ͵Ŀռ֮ͨҪ⴦СҲ÷СʱֻǿЦҡҡͷǹ˵ġ
˸ףַڿСķȥһⲻһҹһĨЦ⡣
ʱţ׶ַݵѾԽԽС滹壬ٶֱȲϷţǲ
ַȴһֱţʱҲϲףΪŸ׵ʱܸеĸܵԼٷһ㡣
ָоǷϾԸܲģϾ󣬵һ˿΢綼ַܲݲϲĻǱҪ߷ǳʱ䣬ѡס
ӭ΢ǰַҲͯδֱǱ뵽˺У˸ˮºеĹܣ׼ˮ羿εľʡ
ȻֹĲ̣ڵĺѾôĸģҾ̫ƽУѾܵȾӰ죬ַݲҡҡͷ
ҪԲԶȵĲ̵Ļǻһѣַݵ˽⣬δĺͷһһ䣬һֲʧء
뵽ַݾúбҪԺһˣȻǸ⣬Ϊ˵ܹøӵãǾô
δѾһܹʣ۸ȻǷǳİ󣬵ҪĻҪʵ̫ˡ
˭ַǮૣֱӽǼҹ˾Ŀȫ⣬һ߷ţһ߽ЩʸͶ뵽˺Уһ·˲СĲ



664 Ϸˣ
ַݣĻĹһݵĿǻߵĻɴ˿̵ֱ͸ˣȫû뵽Լĳ븸һͬһµ׼Ұһ
ʵɫҲǷǳÿɼףѣ³ʿʵ̫ˣûӣµ֮ȴ֪˿Ӿġ
ڷĵطûһҪԼҲ֣ſڵĵźһжҪԼ
˵ĳնǿ֪ĶʵʣֻǳһЩƷʳֱһжԵô⣬ҲǽԼ䵽⸱ص״ᵽַݵͷϡ
ٺޣҲǲھȥַݱֻǶյĵطȴεķͷȥ֮󣬲Ż
ǿԼ˯ʧ֮һŭ񣬲ǰĴŭַݣ´ο㣬Ҫķǳѿ
Ŷھǰĺѿԡ䣬ʹһޱϤϷ
鲻ԽĴ˸Լҿ϶û˯ѣֻˣһǼ˯ɡ
˵ţɶʱתԼȥһû˯ѵģַȴܹͷŴŴŵ亹
ûСʱĳ;ַ⴦Сϣ׼˵ʱ򣬾ǷŭĴҲʡٵʱ䡣
ǺǡַЦˣǰȥ𰡣ûΣһжģҾվǰķǳѿɣ԰
Ͳסеľ֣ɾһԼҸڵȥ󺰵ףˣǱˡ
ʧķɣôƫƧôܻҵǣ㲻˵˯еĸʵҲǱѣһɵ󣬷һӰûкһѵģ
һŻתͷԼ󣬽ȻûһӰ·ղĻһ㡣
ѵˣһֻͷϵ亹һֱûͣ£ղַݵ⣬ôһӰûУҲֻܽԼˡ
ˣϽ˯ɣ߶߶ġ̲סһۣʵŹϵıӣ˯ȥ
ҲɹĿ˿ܣûһӰҲٴ󺰴ʲôˣֱԼȥ׼˯һ˵͵Լجˡ
ɵսһʱȴһϤӰУϷʵ𣿡
ľٴɸоԼҪˣԼ׵ȥףˡ

ɣʵŭˣͲǺܺãֱһ죬۵ĲУԲŻô˯
˯ʱȴεıԼӳѣеĻһ¾ʹ˳ָɵڸôǲＸСʱѣڻģɹҲҪһʱɣ֪ʲô
Ҳ֪ˣҵУۿġɿˣȷ׶ԼҸȴǲԸš
ôû˵㲻Ǽ˰ɣ˵ǰǸסСѵֻһΣǻʵĻɣΣȴеˡ
ǼԼĹǾַݲôʱͼûбװʲôʲôĶ
Ǹûз֣ϷһֻӰСĶſţĶǡ
ѵǱɱԩꣿٴδһ˵˱ȽǣԼȫܹ͵ĶʱҲǻеĵ׵ľ¡
ôܡʵҲǴ˸ȻǼûɷǰһĻʵ޷ͣҲֻܹ鹦һ翵Ķˡ
ԩĻôܻӰȥ٣ɽŸʵ򣬲һֵĿǳצľԼоôɭ
ˡһĭ󣬸ʵŵ˵ͷİɣҪǸϽطʵڲ̫
ðɣϾͻɲɵĵ˵ͷٴطˣʵ̫аˣѡĻԸû
ʵҲ뷨ʲô£Թ翵ĶȷʵеЩ޿κΣԶʱͬɵ
ӵٶȷǳѸ٣¶˾֮󣬶ʱ𣬲ȥ׼еķг뿪˴



665 
һĻַݶЦˣʵ̫ˣôйꣿй꣬ѪǿʢӣҲͻҷˡ
ղһĻĻַģΪľˣû뵽ǾȻôСֻǱζѣȲ׼Ҫ뿪ˣʵǲ̫档
СԳַ֣ݾ棬ҪԼΪеجΣͬʱҲһԼĶȤζʲôԵģ
ԳʱַҲóڳ̵йʹùһεͶӰǣ׼һľϲӵж
ͶӰǣַΪͻħʹùһһֱ˸˲ֿУû뵽컹óʹõһ졣
ڽɫѡַݺܻܻѡ˼ֲƬеǣбͳĶĵģҲѪܵģҲɭɭģƾЩ㹻ӹܵˡ
ڣҲʰַݲõĵص㣬ַҲǻһЦͶӰǸʱһɭģŮӵǰͬһ鲼㣬ƮƮƮ˹ȥ
ɶʱŵһУָƮȥĵطֵؽе㿴ûйй
ˡʵٴһĭ˵ͷȷ̫ɾǸϽ뿪ɣǾͺá
ɿԼԴСĿܣŷгڵĵطȥǷСģַһЦ
ʵʵҲǱŵĹǺԼǰҲǱֵʮֵ¸ңһʧС
ڴ˿̣һֲƬǳǵǰſѪ˻ڼҪӽǵʱ򣬻һƬӰʧ
ӽ§һеľϡɼʱ˳ֵĻܽ˸ŵİΪڵѾ֮ͬһ㣬ôĴ
ַҲǳ׵ˣֲƬһ˳һֵݣĵ׵ľֶĿָС
ʲôҲľˣʵҲɵӣһ֣ȴǲԸǣֻܣһǹǣǼٵġ
뵽ղַݳֹһĻɶʱȻ򣬲ҧԵĸʵףǼٵģ϶ַǸ
ʵѣʵҲѾ˹Щҡҡͷ󣬶ǰַڵĵطˣַҲˣɡ
ǰĹĻȻʧַҲһЦĴĻ˳ϷʵĿӵû˼ǶģȻôҲֻǳȫˡ

Ȼ㡭ڿַ֮󣬸ʵ˲ͨ죬ԼһĻĻĴԺ
ʵѾȫԼַݴͷģΪһ뵽ͻޱȵķ
ȴֻʣ˾ַ֣ݼ֮ѾûַݵԵĻ˿ܣɾܣôܵùַݣ
ղûģַ֤ݵٶȼ죬׵ľҵˣȻʲôޱȽĸ豸ӵĺǣһҲᱻ׷ϡ
ȷҡַνʼ磬һЦĿ˵ôǲǷǳľȣǲǷǳľǾҪˣûʲôԿ˵ģ
ַݣҸƴˡʵ֪ԼĴѾǾܵˣֻһ·ߣǾǸַƴˣɱҲҪҧһ⡣
һľ֣ȻҲ֪ûܣַݶϵĻû˿ԭأԼ׾ôȥ
ǰֻСˡַݵĿĸʵһĨĲм
עȷֻעȴһ޴ĻǾ̫ڱأԻߣررõʱ޷ӽ
ӽ壬ž춯صҲͬûκεãֻǹԹԵ׸Ƥ񣬻ߴ򲻹Ҳɵܡ
ھˣַݵѹʵ򣬶ҲжĲ࣬˵ⳡսȫѹ
ּҪļһַȻʲôצֱʹܹ˸ʵƴһһצǴץȥ
ʵֻһļ£ҧԼÿȫſոַݣַҲ˲צ£޸ָû뵽ڣ֮󣬶ʱѪ



666 ɾĶ
һҽдʵη˺˺üܵԼ֮еѪɫҲǸˣٴγַݡ
һжֻǰϹٶʵ̫ˣַݱ۶ԶĹһȭˣֱӻһŴȴֵĴ֮ϡ
ֿܴ֨쫷綼û۶ϣڸʵһȭ֮£ȴǸܲһ˲䵹˵ϣһĳ
һĻַݲҡҡͷ˵ǺαأԹԲò𣿺αƻһһľ
˵ϻб¾ɱңԲܡʵ͵ҧҧԼĽַҪɱֻһܣǾĻɱɱųΪǾھ³ʿֵġ
Ըεʼ磬ַҲ˲һ˽°Բ̤һĲŸʵȥ
˵ַнٶȲ죬ȴøʵܵһĨӰ뷨ַǰֲǰ
ӿӿ˲丽ŵ޸ָ֮ϣ˵ַָķ̶ȣٶ͸һ͸˵Ǹʵˡ
ָͣʵҲǷһҽУΪղַһצѾǸöϣѾûκε
Ѫ˲вʵҲһĳַΪһ˲䣬ĺĴһȭȥ
ʵŰٷְٵţֻҪַԼһȭǾǱɣΪһͷ󶼿һȭ˵ַˡ
ۿȭͷҪַˣʵҲһĨϲɫȻʧһֱֻۣʵҲܵһӰ죬ֻܹɱַݣһжֵˡ
ʵһ𣿸ܵľַ֮ݶʱ̤һһ㣬˲ʧ˸ʵǰЦ̫ˡ
һȭ˿մʵҲһĨľ֪ԼӳʵҲַûκεİ취ⳡսһʼǲƽģ̫ˡ
ҸƴˡȴǸʵԸٴ̧ͷ·һͷŭĹţ㣬ʼַݽһޱҵĽ
ַ֮Ҳ̲סҡҡͷʵѡǴģԸֲߣѡԲӦ䣬ȴַݽѰ
ɸʵһַݣͷ·ȫʧȥǣԸûһ˿ĻᣬʧѾΪ˶֡
ַҲһҲżɵŸʵĽ佫һһպʰǣ

ӣÿһʵȫԸַܹʧ󣬱ԼһȭǴҪֱӱ
ԽʧԽҵʹڼٵ½ѾеЩ֧ţַȴһĵȻһƵᣬһֱݴ͡
˵ǼȥҲûκε壬ʵȴûһ˿Ҫ뷨һֱڻȭͷԼڵĻӻš
ǰĸʵ򣬻ħĻҿ϶ôɰɣǰĸʵַݵв뵽һѪ̵ֲס
ħǸǿ˼ˣʵҪȸʵǿһټϿ񻯵ĻٶҲܴȻֻƾűսҲԶַݲ޴鷳
ԵĻַݻ뽫ħĴһҲֻѣħѾĲˣ±ӣ˻ᵱζְɡ
˵ħַеһƬӰеĴڣȴӵƥԽħţַݸеЩϧ
ٴηŻص˸ʵϣַҲҡҡͷ̶ȣҲʵףԵĻòԸ𣬵ǧ򲻸ãңҲܷŹ㣬Ϊмˣӡ
ǺǡʵȻһЦǰǧ򲻸ãѾˣҲû˺ڵĿܣֻһѣһսɣҪĴź
Ըַνʼ磬ȻʵԼĳˣҲԳƵһɾĶַ֣ͣ˽Ųת޼ȭʵĴ
ʵȫʢʱڣַĻܻǳ鷳ȴʧȥһֱֺۣķôֻ˶ʮңʵͱַһȭĿڣѪ˳ȥ
ģǿϣԩ˵ϣʵһЦݵĿַݣȻԼĳˣԵõء



667 
ʵһȭҪѾĲˣַҲǽָأһ𾴵Ķ¶һĨп
һҪһ̶ȣҪѵʱԼʵ̫ˣ츳ҲкŬ߻ǶߣĳԶһģǾΪԼøӵǿ
·;֮УȴǻǿĴڣͱ˵ڣַݱȸʵǿԸʵˣš
ָ죬ַҲһǿˣҲϱⶼ໥ģֻǿ˭öѣַݵȽϺãõ˳̵꣬ûг̵Ļˡ
Ƭַ̺ŽŵѾϣҡͷղ¸һ㣬㸸һͬҳ֣㸸׵ϣҿܻŹ㣬̫ųˣϣҲֻ˷ʳѣԲðɣҶ֡
ͨ˫Ĺַݵǰֱӹµ㣬ŹҰɣĲҪģһжҸ׵Ĵҽӽ̩յģΪܹõŮ֧֡
̲סһ̾Ϣַȫû뵽ĸʵȻ˸ôҵĶӣؾˣҲǳĲİɡ
ҷϣַǴĵ׵ĸе˱ӣ˻ϣֻ۸ߣûһĳϢԭһͬҲ˲ʧ
Լַ֣ĳ֣һɵͷǹ·鵽زѾû˼ȥıҪ丸һͬ·ɡ
һɸû˵꣬ѾǱַҲҡҡͷɱûиеʲôˣֻܵһֱ˵Ĵ
ҲԼĳˣ䱩ʬҰĻַҲʵڲ̣ҡҡͷ͵Ĵ󷢣˰ɡ
ⶫʱһˣַҲǲ͵˸ӣ˸вȻ㲻ʲôˮأǲˣΪ˵֮أҲ̫ίǡ
˸ľ壬Ϊ˸˸ַݾվĹǰ֮Żת뿪λ˷ҲܹȫˣԼ鷳
׻ϣַݼŻĵķȥڽӽϺʱַҲŴδǼҹ˾ĺ׼һ¹ƬҪĺ
һкַŻص˼˯£·û뿪һ㣬ȴֻ֪ҹ黹治١

һַֻˬʵڵΪǲ˯Ҳʲô˯ѳΪϰߣܹҲܹԼõͷš
Թ緹ַݱ̩һͬģҲΪַΪѾΪȫַˡ
һȻѾӦ˻Ĺ⳥һĽһʱҲվ˳˵ὫǮڹڸ棬Ĳ˽һ֡
Ȼ˿УһҲһĽգվͽʤգεĴʤ
˵εĻĹ׬ˣûκεʧȴ棬Ȼŷ棬ҶѾǵĴڡ
ЩԻĹмһ˵ĹңҲѹ͵̬ȣǰʹģ˵Լ뻪һֱǳѺʲôġ
˭ܹЩҵαֲЦˣĻǱԼѺó̶ȣЩ˶һ
ڶջȻǮϣμŵĻĸǣҲζĽսϻ˾޴󣬸׬貧壬ҲΪĵĹǿǰıǾ£ǽڷ棬ĶѾ֮ۡ
ֻкٵһ֪鼸ַһֲ߻ģյʵ̫ˣൽһ֮ͿӰ硣
һǿ󣬵ַȴһֱɽ¶ˮҲַ֪ݲǸBOSS
ڵڶ䶯飬ȻҲַйأµЩǾεһƬ޷ÿѧֶν͵飬ѧҶǳ죬˵Ʋ⣬Ķ˵ˡ
Ϣַ֮ҲֻǵһЦܰﵽҵҲֻЩˣڵĻҪøãȻ͵ôһֱά֣⿿һ˵Ļǲܳõġ
رǺ棬̫̰ˣַݾҪ˶ãֻԭԴַֻܱʾǳΣֻܹʶˡ



668 Ƕ֧
һѾҲ𽥻ָƽУַҲ⼸ʱУ̩ռĶһ顣
öָĵĹң̩Ǵĵ׵ĸеϲһڵʱܿ͵ˣòѡ뿪
һ磬ַݵĺԺǰ壬ַԳӭӣֻǿһۣϾһĨȻ
˵ô£ûַȻǹ˿̾Ȼһ˫èۣҲ˯߲֣Ӳ֣Ϊȭͷӡϡɼ
ᣬ֪Ľ⼸ʱУȥдţɲ֣ôô
Ѿ˵βҪǲֻè۾ģ˵Լ̵ֽϢ
ԵĻ뽫һ٣ִ򲻹⻹˼ҵĵ̣ҲֻǼβˡ
ðɣϽɣһԸַ̲͡סӣһĨЦһξҲôĵƤǰôϽ
šЩƵĵ˵ͷҲַһ߽ͬĺԺУ˿ŮǶһèۣ̲סϷһЦ
ⲻùƵ˼㣬ȴûκεİ취Լèۻ׼Цû˵̩տԼ󣬶͵Цš
ַݼҵͷǳľ£ùԵҲǷǳģڻʱ䣬ѾþûԵô̹ˡ
ڲǼ죬ҲϡͷڻͣʵڲôðҪԲǣ
һͳ꣬ҲǵȻĲ촽Լŵ̬̩յҲ뿪ˣȻŮҪˡ
Ҳߣ㲻Ҫߺòã̩տˣʱķǳģû־ĸоϲһһľ
ŮǱߣҲýһĨεɫʵҲ̩뿪ַݵߣŮǿҪ£ȴǲòô
ȰȰĸ׺òãĸײ𡱣̩촽˿˿⣬ǷҼģŮĶҪˡ
ַݣһľᣬ̩뿪Ļ˭ܽߣڵʵڷǳã֪ôֻǳͷһľᡣ
Ҳסˣû뵽̩ҪµôļҪ̩յĶ˲٣òΥŮԸ
ֳ˲뵽˼ž֮УҶ㿴ңҿ㣬֪ô˵ˣ󣬼˶ǽŵַݵϣΪҶַֻ֪ݲܾһС

ڴҲ֪ôʱȴһЦվԹȴ̩ȥԺ߰ɣЩҪһº𣿡
ŶõġҲ΢΢һ㶣ȴ˹ο϶ʲô˽ַ˵Լ뿪
̩ҲףһмĿһַۣݵݸ磬̩Ĳ뿪һͬϲ㣬Ҳϲǡ
˵仰̩ղ˲ᣬַ¶һĨõЦݣ빫һͬ뿪˷䡣
ȷѾ뿪˺ŵһڣúַݵݣʵң̩ûʲô뷨
ַһĨεɫʵ⼸ദʱУҲǶɰȫûʲôĻ̩ոеϲֻڶѾɻˣô˵£
㣬⻹ϲ̩ãô⼸һֱ̩ȥ棬Ҫ֪ƽʱġҶӨٻҲվ˳ϷʵĿַݵ
϶ˣҲûʲô̩ôɰҲ֮жǣˡҲЦŶŮ
Ҳǻ˴ҵһͬ⣬˵һ̩գҲˣϾѾôŮˣദĶܺòǣ
ر̩ܽոϲĽվһߵַݵĶԣС̩ðɣӦĻҷ䣬Ӧߺߡ
ʲôַݼˣܽˣֻȴһֱûҵᣬ˴õĻǰһܻ̩ٲӦĻǾɵˡ
һĨ⣬ַҲûκεԥһ緢վǵ⣬Ҷˣ̩վǼҰɣ˭ҲܱߣŮҲС
֧㡱ŮҲ΢΢һЦַݵľҲǾԵ֧֣Ͼ̩ദ˽ʮ죬Ҳи˲ǣ



669 
ַ¶ĵʱһ߹̩Ҳ˺ͤУһί̩գҲһ۵̩գΪʲô뿪ǰַݣϲط
ҡ̩һĨɬһᶨĿŹܻ˵ҺɵַݽҴӹֲȳʱҾѾϲ
ȻûŰҲӣУʲôӶҪеӣҪһҾϲҲŲҪ˶α
һĨпҲǿ̩ճģ֪еʹ࣬Ϊһǰյĵطʮʮ꣬еĲԼ֪
ʱַݳˣ˳˲ͱеĴӢۣټַô㣬ͲҪӽ̩ʲôͻϲͬɶ˻һ㡣
ô˵ַѾôŮˣ˽⵽ʵԵŮˣ̩һɶ˻ҲϧϾַݱȽ˶̫ѷˡ
ΪһˣҲǴĵ׵֧̩յģҪõԼҸַݽ˹ϵĻǶӢһǳ顣
ͬڣѾǳΪַһ˵ĺ԰ĻĶԱƿУڵĻôǿôĲһ
ӢܹõĵİǾܹóĽĳЩ泬ԽǸѹͷϵᣬһˡ
ôӢ˵һ£ŮȴǲԸͬ⣬Ϊ̫۰Ů̩ܵһίϾַѾӣ̩ȻΪֻ檣ԼӢ񽻴
Ҿݹ֪ŮѾλһŮܾ̩ܿգ˵̩տǳڴԲŻһֱˣҪ̩ոߡ
Ůܽ𣿹һ۲ķҲһĨЦ⣬ַݲ̩뿪ĻǾӶܽߡ
ַݵʵ֪ҲǷǳˣǸʵȨƣѾӢҪǿַӲҪ̩գŮץϹ
ĸһ̩һͷ𷢺󣬹ҲһĨ̩գİɣַһὫµģǵſ
Ҳš̩չɵĵ˵ͷҲǿ˲ڵķڵȴԼİǰӭԼһ㣬ôϡ

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̩֮˲򣬺ȻַѾľŮеЦҲԿһܹˡ
ʵҲ֤̩յĲ²⣬ַݻߵǰһԼ̯̩գ°ɣֻҪ㲻ߣ˭Ҳܽߡ
š̩ỺʣܹˣŮһͬţһ飬ڵõ㡣
ַܹһĸеޱȵҸܸԼרİֻҪܹԾѾ㹻˲ǣ
һѽ̩ո§˻УַҲһϷʵĿһԵĹ˵ˣǲǸ뿪ˣ
ǣҸôŮͣһĨЦã̯Լ˫֣һεģ
ʵҪֱ뿪̩ܹҵҸַݵԣ˵һ£ȴԼһԸͬʱӢҲΪ¶þ޴ĺô
Ҳ뽫̩ոӢ뷨ìܣֻǽ˦ַݵͷϣԼһ͵İ취
⻹𣿡һĨЦ⣬ַָָ۾صӢ˵㱻Ҵһ٣̩ҲǱ
⡭ŴͣٴһĨЦãַݵ취ȷǿУַݽʵ򶼱һѾ磬ַݸһٲߣҲȷ˵ùȥֻԼɾͶˡ
һַݻһҸ̩֮󣬹ҲֻǿЦŵ˵ͷˣ˵ôôɣŮ֪֮ôҿɲܸ㱣֤
Ͳ㵣ˣȻӦַӣҲһĨΣ治֪ôŮˣԼװŮˣһǳķŭɣ
̩ͻȥǿ϶ǲܵģַҲֻһһˣ˽췹ʱŮô˵ܲӲ˸ɢɣ
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670 һԵ
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̩ҲһֱЦݣӽԺѾΪļңҲȰطַڵĵطﶼǼҲǣ
һ죬ŮĻص˼Уַȴ۳һ飬ҲΪַجΣȢôŮʲôãǹʵ̫ˡ
Ȼ˵ŮǶѾ䱸˳̵ĵ½ڼжܹһҪĶɷǳȰַ֣ޱȵơ
ѯһκ󣬵õĴ𰸾ǣŮͰ֣رŮܵṇ̀𣿡
ԴˣַֻܱԼ޿κΣͬʱҲޱȵңԼ˺ܿҪȥݴ½ˣûôĴ֣Ů̵ֻͨˡ
ȴȫ͹Ů˵Ҳһ㣬ǾпռͨĴڣŮҲʱԻ
ʱһŮҲѡ˻طַȴһڨڨܽӦҵģǧŶ
ܽȻַ˵ʲôɬĶӶˣͷСԼķȥȴַݵĵ
ַҲǻһЦһĨޱڴɫڵһμܽʱǾ˵ͿνַĲϢ
ôҲһֱǳܽϾûһˣһֱǳĹµַݵ۰ԼŮ飬ǻе¶
ܽȻҲǶַݷǳദôãַҲ֪һԲŻڽ̩飬ַݡ
ʵһжԵôˮɣҲܹףԼַݺҲܻ飬һֱȻһֱȶȣҲᷳǣ
⼸ʱУ̩һֱܽ˯ģ̩ѾַݵˣȻҲжԼķ䣬ַҲǲ鷳Ľ̩մԼķС
ôȻԭһǷַݽĻҲҪ̩ϰһУϾܲһֱܽ߰ɣ
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һƿţַݾͳ׾ˣΪ˿̵ܽһλεļ⵶ĿԼ

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һѽܽ§˻УַҲǵһǵܽĶϣܽ˶ȻһҲһĨڵĽߣǱһ㣬ֳһƬ졣
ûеĵطǶ䣬ƽҲǸоǳοǰ˻ַݣֻ˲䣬ܽ͸еһǰδеĸо
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ַȻܽϵıɴȥʱޱȾµӱǰе˶챬ըˡ
ŨصĴַܽһ𣬿ʼԭʼ˶ܲ飬֮С
ʱ򣬷ȴͻȻ˿ǰһĻ̩֮ȫľˣַҲˣȫû뵽̩վȻᴳ
ʱôͣ£νһݣַҲǽһᣬǰ̩Ҳϣ´λҪȥ



671 ٻҶ
һƵҹַ˵ȴôȻŮҲǹԹԵĳΪŮˣ۵г˯š
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ӣַһΣֻ뿪˷䣬ڳԹ֮һ˶δ֮С
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ʱѾǸ̸Σû̸ף̬Ȼ䲻ѺãеΣҲûκεİ취
ϾǼһֱβرǶӣڹȨʮֵĿأһû̸ģȴۣҲȽТ˳Լ׼ҪȴԸȡʯ
ǼĹȨҪǩ֣ܹĳۣԾӶͬ⣬СӲͬҲûκεİ취
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󣬲öԸַҲһҲ£ϾٴҶҴҶҳ׷ĻҲûӡ
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ԲԥַݾֱѶ򿪣ͨҶѶֻ˲䣬Ҷͽ𣬲Ц˵һǲֵҰôڸҴѶ

ַˣҶֻܱʾ̾磬ǶദʱУַݵĽ̫޴ˣ޴һ˿׷ϵġ
ҽһ¶ѣ͸ȫԼûַݵĻһǿĴڣַǰҲֻ˾ӵڶˡ
ʱһֱŬҪ׷ַݣԿַ֮һ뷨֤һ£ʱ˾˭Ķࡣ
ⲻһֱæ㲻Ҳǣַ΢΢һЦҶϵĻѾǱΣҲһĨοɫ
ðɣ²˵ɣʲô飿Ҷӣ޴ӷʱҲæͷҲֲַݲѶҲûǣ
ͲȺȲ裬𣿡ַεʼҲǰ̾ʲôҲǣ
ˣһ֪ܲʱص㣬Ͼ͹ҶӵĿַһۣѯڵĵص㣬˿ޱȵϤַݵԸ֪ܲ
ЩεӣַݿЦ֪㣬ȷһ飬ڸϽɣڡ
ԼĵַַҲǹҶѶٽһȣŵȴҶĵ
ֻǰСʱҶͳſڣַݺҲЦǰһʲôҰֱ˵ɡ
ġַӣԼ򳬼̵ɷ鷳׼ʹõֶν˳ûһ˿
֮Ҷ̲סü̾ʵڲʣǱ˵Ļҿ϶һھͻؾˣƫƫһܾܾ𣿡
ȻַܾܾݺٺһЦҶļˣҲˣָҪˣǼһͲʶ㣬ҲϹ
ˣ࣬˭ʶңһпĿַһۣ֮ܽҲܵȫĹעһУַøİ



672 Ǵ
ȻҶѾӦ£ǽͺðˣַҲҶ콫ȺųϷгλӾֵĵطȥ
һưɣ˵δ۾һҲĸߣŮǰΪľǵһⱲӾʲôҲˡ
Ůǵľۼ֮µģЩϲ̼ȻҲټϾŻгǲĻôŮ
Ϊ޼ҶӵȻҲǳϲطᣬоҼеļҲᣬֻҪ̵겻лǮκҵ顣
⴦ưϲһطΪϲŮˣرƯŮˣݵԼĽǮ֮£ȡֳĸое
ֻ⼸мǳĲǾԼҸԼ磬Ȼ뽫̵ĹȨȥʯֱ޻̸֮
ܼҲᣬҲлһ죬ֻйȨܹԴԴϵĸ֮ĽǮŽǮãʲôģ᲻ǣͷԼˣȨģʱٻʯⲻȫ
Ǻǡ뵽жʱһĨϷʣУʲôľǸЦֻǮ棬ҪȨȥ붼롣
үѾֻ̤˷ĹҲѾʮȵ˶ȥ֮һеһУ֮ڵֻҪúܾˡ
һڱʺĺƣһĨϲĸоرܵŮˣ÷ǵ
оԼĺģȻҲףЩŮ˶ΪǮģںҪĽŮǵѡ
ɨЩչŮǣ֪ЩŮǶڵĳңֻҪһ΢ĽǮͿԻǣֻûҵܹĶŮˡ
֪ΪʲôµԺгһޱĵݣһ뵽жʱһƬȣҲ¶һĨɫ
ûԺеŮˣʱҹεΣȻЩʱŮǣЩŮˣθƯ
Ҳ֪ЩŮ˶ǿģǴȻҹָʵ̫ûսԣҪģ֣һ߰˭мһ˵ŮˣǹǿƵںһ𣬶һǿҵĳ
Ҳ֪ŮҪŪ֣ʵ̫̫ˣҲûл᲻ǣͱŮڷǳҪеĹȨ

˼ŵʱѶȴͻȻ̧ͷһȴ˼ĺδġ
˵ʲôʲôһĨϷʣ¾ԼĻѾˣƾеĹȨζԼס
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΢ЦĽѶЦԭ³νૣû´Ļǳ̵Ȩǰɣ
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֪ǳг⣬Ҳף̵ͷǣÿҶõһʵʽ𣬵ԺҸ״綼ˣٳ۵ĻǿԶ𣿲ҪҲǲܣӦһ˯һϷһЦҲһḬ̃Ůˣʵ̫ˡ
ɫ˲ޱȵȫû뵽¾Ȼ˵ıӣùȨвԼǷŵʲôŮϣʹˣŵϣôܣ
ĿһºĵңϧڵʱɣҪ˶ãͻΪΪۡ
˵꣬·Ӧα㾶ֱҶ˵绰Ҫ侲һ£һ֪֪ʲôڡ
ŮˣȻӦвңҸۣҵҪҸʲôĴۡһεвޱȵܣҪõεĶ˲١
ʱһ˶ȭͷֱӴϣֱǽϣһľУҪʱѾһɫޱץסǴֻۣǸտʼѣҾ㣬ô



673 ʬ̤ȥ
ûǰַݣҶһԹע£ǡÿһĻ飬һ޷ַ̣
¹ԼŮˣĸ˶˲䱩ŭοַݣѾȫŭҪ֪ʲôڡ
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ҹ˭ϷҵŮˣ͸ַݵ˫ЩѪ죬ûãȻܵĻʲôˡ
žһֱȵµϣַݲŲô׽ɱҪ»֮У֪ʲôǲĴڡ
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ϼҡ¼ٴαһӣһƱζ̫࣬ǽһݶǸȷɡ
ַݽ¾˿УֻҪҿڣϾһȥ¸ȫˣȫû뵽ַݾȻ˵š
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Ҷ죬һȻļźƣȫַܹݴ˿еķŭôõĻ϶ַһķŭ
Զַݶ飬ȻС鷳ȴûһ˿һҪ˼Ҷη壬ַһУ԰䵣š
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Ҷﲻ𣬷Ӣͬﲻ𣬶һܣһܣеޱȵѡֻһεĿҶ죬Ҫ顣
ַҶʲôϵǷӢվǰÿĿһ۰ӳҪ˵ڶ飬ȥĻʬ̤ȥ
ҶļҲðӳһȫû뵽ҶȻ˵Ļʬ̤ȥʮҲҰֻҧѡתͷطӢ֪ºҲ̫Լɡ

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һҲǾֵĿַݣڸͲҿˣΪֻ֪ҪһڣһϾͻϣֻǱ죬һĿַݣܹŹԼ
ǺǡһĨϷʣַЦô֪ˣˣô˵ˣֻǸտʼѣɡ
ֱӽ¸һƴΣһڵϣַЦŶҶ߰ɣȥҸĵطԸһ
ַݵĻЩΧ۵Ⱥڶ̲סһ¶ѾˣַȴŹʵ̫ĺ
߰ɡҶɲʲôˣһĥʲôһԼеĻ϶֪ʲôĥ
Ѿιȥ£ַҶһͬ˷гڿնһھư㿴ңҿ㣬Ȼǲַ֪˭ֻҪ֪ҶǣѾ㹻ˡ
¾ᱻôͲǹעˣҲȥͨ籨ʲôģǿɲΪһ¶ҶҶңǴ
˶һۺ󣬶ѡ뿪һ£˭Ҳûټȥˣ˶ǽַݵݸΪ˾ǵĴڡ
ַҶˣǴһСԲַͣҲǴһͰˮֱõµϣҲǱ˲侪ѡ



674 òͬ
ַݸѣһãĿһܣҲһĨֵɫַݵϴҲõϷΣҺǮҸǸ𣿡
ǺǡַݵһЦֱӽյµǰϷʵһǮ𣿶ҲȷҲһϲĶҲҪˣҪġ
䣬ַݾֱһɱɢ˳ǹɰɱŵ˲侪һֵ˺˺üҪɱңҪʲôҶ㣬㲻Ҫɱҡ
ţʲôζͻȻһɹζַݵıУüһµĿɴҡҡͷôС
ҶҲһĿһۣʮֵĲмֻɫһս׼ǸӱҾøûȥıҪʵ˷Դ
ǰַݵ˵ͷһԵҶǾɱ˰ɣҶҵȨƣѶӦûʲôɣ
Ӧûʲô⡱Ҷ˵ͷȻе鷳һҲûʲôģȷҪô𣿡
ȫˣֱӷַݵǰͷүĴˣŹҰɣҪʲôҶ㣬Ҵ˺𣿡
ȷеĹȨҲңַ΢΢һЦ˵ԼʵĿģѵѾѵĹˣҲʵڲ˷ʱ䡣
ȨжʱһĨɫʱףַԼΪʲôӦ뵽ģϾַݿ˵Ů˰
ȨνӣôóȥĻܹܣҧҧȴͻȻվһſĿַݵҪȨҲǲܸ㣬ԹԵĸҹʮ˵ɡ
ַݾˣȫû뵽ʱˣ¾ǳҩһ㣬ͻȻеȻͬʱҲϵһĨɫ
𣿼Ȼô룬ҳȫ㡱ַһĨ⣬һһ£ɱ˲䲪
ǹǿҵɱһ壬ɫʱһףҲ¶һĨ㲻ɱңȨתñҪǩֲУˣݹȨ˭ҲõˣҲҪҵҵʬ尴ӡУʬ𼣵ĻǾ͵òɱҲٵһᱻģ
ǲɵַжʱһĨЦݣ󻺻ĵѵ֪ȨǮߵ𣿾Ұɱˣ㸸״֪þͻѰеʯʱǶһ㣬һͬڸʵǰҲô𣿡
ô֪жʱһĨֵɫǹƸ۵ϢҲ˲ɢΪ֪Լ䶨ˡ

ָԼ״ѰǾǲָģһֱ˲ԸǰͲԼɣҶҲȷ¸ѹѾȫ˾֮С
һĨľŹַݵӮˣҪɱңδӦĶңȻҲҪ鷳
ǺǡһĨЦݣַҶļȻѾ̸ˣǾ߰ɡ
Ǿ߰ɡҶҲǵ˵ͷַݵгȥĩ˻תͷ¾һ䣬ǵ˵ĻˣʲôĻҶмʮַܹޱȵıҡ
Ҳҡ鵽زĻʲô֮ģĿ뿪֮һƨ˵ϣʹ
һж˵һجΣȫԵĻϣһжǼٵģ÷ˡ
ҲڳԵ˱ǮȨѹ˵ĸоѹȱˣȴʰ֮£ʹʹĿһȻжַԹ޲ѣûٷˡ
֮Ŵӵһƿ޸ҩɾ֮Լȥʵ̫Σˡ
ԶԶĿ뿪֮ҶһЦĿַݵ˵ɱһѶ飬ֻ˵Цѡ
βѶҲа취ܹһӰ٣ǿԣַݵһЦֻɱ˶ѣеǰ취
ðɣɱȷҪ̫鷳ҶӣҲһĨЦֻɱ˶ѣѶأҲ취һ
ϾҶҲļ֮һɱһ˶ǻʲô壿



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ˣԵȡ΢Цŵ˵ͷ󽫵绰ҶϣһĨɻɲΪ»ķ֣Ȩóп϶ʲôè塣
è϶תЭϣΪҪƭΣǾܵһ飬ʣµļԭУпܵľǳ̵⡣
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ǣЭǰɣַ΢΢һЦôҴҵԼ϶Ϊ顣
ǰʲôЭģһĨ棬µԸʮֵҪЭĻõֶΣǾԲЭġ
ַӣҲһĨϷʣԼΪȫ˵˳Σûʲôġ
ַݵ֮ζʱϷһЦвͲֻᱻвһ¾˵ģƫƫҪô򡣡
ǰ˾ףŲЭַҲεʼ磬ԼܵһҲܡ
֪ˣ͸㽱ģһȥ֤ʱ̰ɡһЦ̵ܹƿ֣ڴˡ
ͬڽ̵ƿУҲַΪһˣҲˣŨصʱ̣֤һµĻǲǰϹôŬ
Լλñַ֮ݾĵȴεĵҲޱȵĸп˳̵İߵ̶ȣչ̵꣬Ҳһ׮Ը
һᣬαַݵԣ˹ͬһг޼ҵķȥ

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ֻû뵽£ԽɷһΪĺһ㣬ڳ۹Ȩȡʱȴ⵽µļԣޱȵķŭûκεİ취
ȴķһ㣬ͬ˳۹ȨҲޱȵԻ󣬵ֻҪԸۣĻܲ
ֻԺ󣬲ĿɹرҪߵյʱֵĸоܹ˷ҲΪַݲܹͨʯȨŵ֡
ˡүӵжʱһĨϲɫ˲佫Ŵ򿪣ַֻһͬǰ΢Цվǰ
ӭӭү΢ЦŶ˸ƣµ𣿹ȨѾ׼ˡ
Ȼ΢΢һЦԼڴеι˳ŵϵֻҪһɣιʯȡǵˡ
ǹȨת飬㿴ɡȻһĽתݸΣԼСܻᷴڣǾǵòʧˡ
ĵȫģ˿̵ַһϷʵĿ¶η£˵һ仰Ļ϶֪
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ϣȷû֮ǩԼĴʯȡݸ˵Эû⣬ⶫǵˡ
ллллһпĿеĵι࣬æµһӲ׬Ķȴֻǻô㶫ͬʱҲǸеĴ
ͬʱַݵҲһĨпоͷģʯȡҲҪĸǾֻһ취ˣǾŬȡͻƵӤΪ˽⣬λӤߣٶ궼ˣޱȵ



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ôһĨãȻڽ˸ô̵ƿУַݻЩãȻ
⻹𣿸ɡ΢΢һЦҵ飬Ĳˣֱַ˳ų̵ĵַȥ
һ·ϣ˶û˵Ƕڵȴȴż֤漣ʱ̵̣ǺӴ󣿿ȴΪǵĲҵַɾС
ҲǸŬͱ˵Щ̸۵ʱ򣬿͸ԽͬʱʯҲǸ˲٣Ȳֿеɽʯȴǲࡣ
ʯʵ̫ҪˣܹӳĶ˭ҲܾܾĴڣǲô˳ĽȨƿС
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ַ֪ɶ֮һֱìܣͲҲǵһλᣬһ̵ܹ곹ƿеĻᡣ
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ֻҪܹƿس̵꣬ξ䷢ӳ޴ãʱͬһƿδҵҲָտɴ
ʱҵμΪҫҲθеޱȵ㣬Ǵ漣ˣҪ˶ף̽еĻʡ
̵µĲҵڶ࣬ı鲼ˣܲȴ˵֮ϣһƬĵ֮УǸС¥֮С
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Ͼ˵綼Ѿ뿪˳̵ˣǹǿռ䴫ͣѾܵĽһ˳̵꣬඼ʴӡ
Ҳǳ̵ǿ֮һҼ֮ͿӰ쵽һһӴʵʵμŶǲɶá
죬ŽΪεе֮εĶȻַݵĶһͬ˳̵ܲͣͣºŲС¥ȥ

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ǺǡַЦˣϷʵĿԵεԼҵҪУĻ
ǰҲ΢Цŵ˵ͷһЦݵĶסҵݣԺط˵㣬𣿡
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ʲôһĨȵɫһ֮ҧܱǸ˵ĻҲţó֤ݡ
ȥɡεһЦԼļеϵݸ˰Ű裬ϾλҲԭԼְ
̵ǶôӴ󣿾һҲǸʡ͵ĵƣӹεϿһ󣬲֤һٺеɫʱˡ
һģϻΣҲǾϹԲԽȥˣԭҵ۲ʶ̩ɽ
û£ͣԭǼ¡Ҳ΢Цŵ˵ͷⰲ׵ĽŽȥǲŽʧְ
˵֮Ҳַһͬ뵽˳̵УȴĿһΣ૵̵˰
˵ĸϰ嶼һֻҪԼһڷԾˣҺαȽϺ˵ûб㣬ͬʱҲ¶³˺øУϾһλŵ¼ӵĶ£ʵ̫ټˡ



677 ɶ
˵ĵȻһĲ̵ĸ߲㶼һ£Ǿǳ̵죬ϾҪˣҽһı仯
ҲʽĽ˳̵У´̵ĵһǾȫɶ׼һ飬ʽ̵ꡣ
õϢʣǼλɶĶһͬʱҲڲ²ξǺηʥһŮܹߵ̶ȣʵ̫ھȡ
ҲֻʱĶѣΪ֪εõƿȨȻĻ̵϶ӭһı䶯˲
˵ԸһƽĹȥҲԸѪע룬ó̵ƽϾ˭Ҳֻѡ
ô˵̵ĹɶǿǰŽᵽһ𣬶һµĿ꣬ΣҪֹε룬ֻܻüƽ
ο̵ʵ̫ƽˣҪ쳬̵꣬ó̵ܹӳãͱ˵飬ԻԼ˶൱һӰ졣
ɶٿλɶҲһͬǰڿǰַݺǶǴŵЦ⣬ϸ۲ĻܷǵУһĨ̡
ʱεչɶܵĽУҶǩ˱ЭģЩɶͲ֪εĶ
εΣǴһֲ˭Ҳû뵽᲻֪ʹܳɶз̵ͬʱҲţλˣʲô
ԵַݣֻǱҵһְˣû˻ںַҲӣһУﱾǴ͵ġ
ڹɶڵ֮վɨ˵˶ˣҲʽĽһԼҽΣμŵĴˣҲ֪Ҵ伯š
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ַݵҲһĨϷʣЩֻ棬ҲðģֻҪǺôʲôԡ
Ҳ֪һ㣬Ѿ׼⼸˸ŪУԺԲ

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̬ȶѾǶҲǵһЦҽܽ׼̸һЩҵİţ԰ꡣ
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ǺǡưȪЦˣЦĻǷǳĿģÿιɶʱ򣬶ţȴ˼ᰣиеޱȵԽ
Цһ󣬻ưȪʱԼᰵҷ˲˴ĳɾͣҾñͷλϲ˼ȡöˣλɣҪռéӲʿˡ
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һ˺ЦͶ£Ҳ˵Ǻѣǲܣһǳõļƻ׼
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Ҳ֧֣һΪ̵ӶĻԱĳֻ֪ʲԷĺáưȪǵˣһϷʵĿżᰵ
㡭ٴһŭûпڣͼȰλ£Ҳ๥ˣҵĿҲһµģҪ̵ܹøõķչҲûʲôóġ
ߡδȰŸһŵεϣȴ
˶侲֮΢΢һЦʵҲף̵귢չѾ˸ƿڣҪ緢չĻȷǷǳѣǱҪ۹ųһģҪ۹ֻ磬Ҫ֪⣬ǽĶ˲ǣ
⡭ĸֺ󣬻ưȪᰶסˣ˼˰̧֮ͷʵǶѾ۹ܶˣҪ볬̵ڶǷչǾͱҪõ˵ְ֧Ȼǽ粽С
Ȼ֪ǿɱˣμʲôġεһЦ˵Լһ˿ϸ

μţ˶ٴһ㶣˾ֻ˵û̫˽⣬ֻ֪һ乫˾ѣʲôط䣬ǻö֪
ôһѺ󣬼ᰶʱȻѵμž˸Ļ˿϶ǳϤɣ
Ȼ̲ס˿Եַݣ¶һĨЦ⣬Ҫ֪ǵĹɶԼ˸ߵİҲ֪˶ٶ˵ġ
ʵ̫ˡ˽⵽һ󣬼ưȪжʱһĨϲɫγΪȨ飬Ҳóĸеͬ⡣
Ͼ˭Ҳɵӣǿһ壬ȻҪһЩǵĹ϶Ͼڶǿûг̵꣬Խ̵ƹ㵽ǵĻǳ̵Ӫҵ϶һǸࡣ
е˻˵ֻһѾôˣҪˣ̵ȻӰٷ֮ӯʶǼǳѵ飬һϵӯʣǰưȪ붼һ顣
μ֮һж˿ܣϾȻѾˣ˫ǳİҲû̫ĽҪȫӦԷĻҪһηǳʱܽܡ
ʱ򳬼̵Ȼܹ뵽ǣʱѾǳΪһûˣʮҲȫ޹ء
ҪľڣܹһУȻѡ֧֣εѡ̵Ķ£Ѿûκεʡ
ϣλܹ֮ûǵֵ֧ĻʩҲ谭أϣִеʱ򣬻λҪʹʲôУȻ˵չˣֿλҲ뿴ɣһЦݵĶ˵
ȻǶεĻκεķԣԶǵ˵ͷһĿΣȴżƻʵʩ



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˵Ȩ̵Щ˳Ҳ׼㣬ץס˵óԼƿس̵ܹ˶֧֡
ĻҲǴ粽УϾǹȨƿصķѾҲûһƱȨֻǰ˶顣
ô˵ɹ˾ǳɹˣҲǶ̸һſʼ˽̵ֳһУЩȻܹǰ֪Щڲ֪ġ
һ˲䣬αæµַһɣϾҵϵ飬ǸУȻЩӣβ໹ǲС
ޱȵķģԼҲֵУ׼صʵʱȴͻȻӵҶѶҲҲûľͽ
ģʱĻһ˾ưɡѶһͷҶݣֻƽƽҲǴһĨɬʲô鷳һ㡣
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ǳģַȻܲܲˣԺԥĵ˵ͷ֪ˣҰɣϾ͹
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˵ǸʲôӢҪ鷳ҲҪһԼı£Ҷҵ֧֣Ҳ൱ԴǴκѣʲôΣա
ַݲԸ˵ȻҲʣ΢΢˵ͷˣһСľͺãʲô鷳˵Ļ˵һͬԡ
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ӿռַֻͨ߳һۣͿǰӣ䳤ޱȵͨһ޺ģϸĻͻᷢв˿˿⣬˸оޱȵΣա
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ַҲǸеЩ⣬ӢȻѾ⣬ܻܲ䲻мһ˰ɣҲ΢ЦŽ˳뷽Ӣֵٲһ˲ţʶǳˡ

һ˵ѺãҶҲǷ·ӢҧַݲţϾַľưж֣ǾǴ׷ĻᱻЦ
Ŀһ㣬ЦҲЦˣĻǶַݳҲòĻȻҽҶԸġ
֮ҶҲվһƿƲ𿪣˵ϵˣȻҶѣʲôҲ˵ˣȸⱭɡ
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һڽƺ븹УҲǴЦӢһĿַݵֻ벻Ҫ⣬ĺܺ棬ôҶʶģǷҲҪô㣿
սѡַݵһЦԼҶĹϵ˵˳˵Ĺϵǳĸӣսֿɲȫ
ӢɲǸʡ͵ĵƣֻһϢܹóĶˣͱ˵ڣַ˵սֺжʱһĨ⡣
Ŀһַݺ󣬷Ӣſڵû´ĻҶһͬȥܽձ˹ĴӮҰɣ
¶ˡַݲӣΪӢĲ²׼ȷȸе˾ȣҲܹףӢ֪๫ڲ֪顣
ͱ˵ܽĲˣˣʧ˲Ĺڹ֪Ҷ죬ֻǵڶˣ׼ôĹ͡
ҶֹȻͬ족ӢжʱһĨҶΪʲôַݣΪǷַһ鰡



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ݷӢ²⣬˲ֻô򵥣ණ֪ģȻƾ飬Ҳֻһζѡ
Ҳ㹻÷ӢַȫܹڶŻʵһǳǿ
δУߵĵλǷǳߵģοַߣԺܹﵽһ̶ȣ˭Ҳ֪ǲ
÷Ӣ俴صģַԵܽЩ˵ĻʾǶˣȻ˫ѾǷһֱǲ䲻ȣɳȥĺü̸мңŮûмѾǰ˶顣
Ҫ֪ڿеҪڶǽЩʲôһֱǴͨ˹ϵӢܹѵĻǲ˴󹦣Լ;Ҫİ
ԶַݣǱֻܽύܵ뷨Ȼַľư£ӣԼǰ;ȣһжҪ˲ǣ
ٿˣڹư£ʵǶԲ𣬶ɵʧҶ⳥㿴ΣַݵһЦȻӢһֱû飬ַݻǾԼӦȻ̫Բˡ
ӢҡҡͷһЦⶼֻǼС¶ѣҲûʲôʧ෴ܹʶֹӣҾҲ׬ˡ
׬ô˵ҿǸʧ㻹˵׬ˣַ΢΢һЦѾ˼׷Ӣ뷨ˣȻǿԼԵܽıҪлһĺô
ӢЦӣһεⲻ֪Ҳ˵ǽҵϵˣֻһֱû̸ףŮܽİ֮£̸ܹɡ
ԭˡַһĨЦ٣Ҫ֪ܽȫ˶ǰһܰﵽʲô
ΪʵڲеĻҲֻܹԼûˡӢʼ磬һνĵַ˵û²һɹֻҪŬˣͲκεź˲ǣ
ǺǡַݵһЦȻˣǷܸĺôૣ㷽ҵȨõһЩӦûܼ򵥰ɡ
ҪʲôһӢҲĶַݣںǵĸԸʲôҲӦõġ
𡭡ַԴһεĵܱǸڻûãҲؽţһΪѵġ
Ǿô˵ˣҲ̫֣ǾףǺˡٴξٱӢҲһЦſַݣܹʶַݣǷǳ˵ģϾܹõİĻ̸飬ɾͼ򵥶ˡ
족ַҲǾһҲֻǻﻥѣҷӢ䲻֪ǣαԼܽһͬȥ̸ˣҪȫ·ȻӢԸ׸һ飬ôܻ᲻£

ȻѾΪѣҲһЦݣ˶ڻ๧άţһЩȤĶͱ˵ڣҶһصĿַݵַݣʱ䲻֪ûг
ô𣿡ַݵһЦʱĽʵ̫ˣͻһ󾳽磬Ϊʡ˲ٵʱ䣬Ѫĵҩ£ѾǽЩ鸡ĸȶŵڽ
˵ǰҶ컹ԼϼʮϰУڵҶ˵ʵ̫ˣѾͻƵ˻ڣһ󾳽Ĳ࣬Ͳ似ֲܹġ
Ծԣҿ㾿˶٣ʱ˿ɲҪҲ顱ҶһĨ⣬ǰһֱַݸѹţûͬһսͻƵ˻۷壬ŴַҲǲ̫ܡ
ʵ̨֮ϺַݾҡҡͷȰ㻹Ƿɣ򲻹ҵģУжŲ
ôܡҶ΢΢һ㶣˲䷴Ӧ𾪵Ŵ͵ѵͻƵˣ
ǰܾ𣿡ַϷһЦǹרڵ˲ŷǰҶĲ˺˽岽ȫվȡ
ҡһĨĿɬҶ쳤̾񰡣ΪʲôȻôͻ˵ô׷
йҲǲ׷ϵġһ˲һգַҶļһϷʵ˵ô˵ҶҪ׷ԼޱȾ޴ȻⱲӶֻԼԻҳˡ



681 ȴϲ
ˣӮˡһɺҶȫû뵽Լ²Ҫַݴһȴһ
ַѾͻ˵Լ۷岻֪ǿ˶ٱԼĻֻŰѡ
ǺǡԴˣַҲֻܱʾ޿κΣڵֻһţȻֻܱԼҶҪͻƵǾֻܿԼŬˡ
ŵҶͻƵʱѾǽ˵ǺڣϾѪĵҩޱȵǿһ൱ڳָܺͣԺܻʲôֱһɳ졣
뵽Ӥߵǿַ֮ݵжʱһĨ⣬ͻ˻ӤĻܹɵķУһһ֮䣬ǳһǿɽʯǶС¡
ַ˽⣬ӤܹУʹ÷ģ봫˵еûһ˿ĲܹͻƵ˾ĻǲŽ޵С
һԵķӢҲǾˣȻûôʱ书һпյʱᴸһڵΪҲﵽ˻ڣϺܲˡ
ǰһУҶΪǿ󣬲ŬԴҲǻ̫࣬ڵַһֱɽ¶ˮֱҶ컹СȻѾͻƵ˵ֱǸ񼣡
˽⻹ٰ̫жʱӿһɶַҪ˽˼Ӣţַݾûбô򵥣ණ֪ġ
һ˽⵽ַݵȫҲܹõҪϢҲܹδУַһΪԼԺĵ·ᡣ
ַȻչ˷Ӣ俴ԼҲһĨЦ⣬˶ֻǻðˣ̸ʲôꡣ
Ͼַݻ˽˾ԸΣԽύĻ˵Ҳ٣ֻΪԼжԶԶַݿɲĻصһΪѡ
ĿǰԣַݶԷӢĸйٻͦģٴ˹̹ϣĳЩһʲô¶ڵģʵڶġ
ھַ֮ҲǶԷӢЦ٣ö飬һҪ׼һ£׼ˣϵΣ
û£æ˵ҲżһˣҿԵȵģϾҲһܳɵģСӢҲЦЦַݿ׵
Ǿô˵ˣ׼ˣ͸ٴѶʱһͬȥǡַҲ΢ЦŹ˹֣ԷӢ
ôöҶҲһЦ⣬ܹ뷿佨õĺϵҶ˵Ҳһ¡

ڷӢ䲻ĻУַҶһͬѡ뿪ǵһվȻҶңΪүӵַ֪ͻ˵֮ҲһĨҪʶһµ
һҲҶҵլ֮Уڿַ֮үһۣЩȵû뵽ͻ˵ǵõڵҲӦð̺òͻƵ
ٺ١ַ΢΢һЦҲ˵ԼүͲ֪ˣڵǿƳɵҩģֻҪƳɵҩ̺ͿԱ࣬ͻƵˡ
һĨȣ飬үȻҲ˵ΣȴûһܹҩƳɹ
ϾҶұͲǺܸԣʽԼԼǰ˵ľ飬Ƕһֱʹֳֺõǿɲȥ
ַݵĻүԥˣַݵʵ̫ķԴˣִЩĲҩʵ̫ϡ٣֪ôõϵģ
ȿȡַݲɿһ˸СѵЩҩĶʦŴģҲܹƳɹ
ַݵ˽УȻδĻִĻҪãڿƼĽʲô˲֥ҩļ֮£ͲܳϣǸá
δҩԴʮֵƶ񤣬ִᶼ磬ϾִЩҲ󣬵δ㣬ҩĶɹ⡣
ԭʵ̫ϧˡүһĨЦȻҶڽǮѾԣ࣬ǲԹ̫ҩֻǼȴˡ
һλ̵ģֻ乫˾ˣһεĳҲΪǴ൱һ󣬱ϾԼ֮ԴڻûȫĻͨ
ܹһ棬ҶǷǳڴүӲ²⣬ݽһ̫٣϶еޱȵľϲ



682 
үӳ˺һַѡ뿪λɾүӣǷǳģַЩǵǽүǸ
Ҷ컹ûпַȴǿһүһĨܵĻ⣬ڴ۹⣬ڴʲôѾҪַٲ²ˣ϶ܵͻƵĴ̼ҪͻƵӤ硣
ɹ˻ãʧܵĻַݻóеһΣϾĻүӻܻܾãҲĳ֣үӿ͸ණҪһͻơ
ȻүѾǳˣҪͻƻӤĻɹ΢΢Ŀܻʧܣ
ڵүѾûʲôǣˣҶҲѾҵĵ뿪Ҳָܹ·нǼ乫˾𺽣ҲʵҶҵľҲõ൱Ļ͡
˵ҶһֱڳȵδչţүҲܹһнͻˣһַ̫ܲݲ²⣬ܻܿǼ乫˾֮
佢Ѿȥ˽һ£Ѿڷ̵·ˣܹܿͻص򣬵ʱܹһĿȻַ֪ǣνԴĵصڳ̵꣬ϾԼҵҵܹһ¹עҲǷǳġ
뵽ַжʱһĨصɫԼӦүӺú̸̸ˣܹȰĻǾٺòˣүҪһеĻҲûκεİ취ֻ취һ
ĻصԼУַҲҵѪһеĵûܹ˾ĵҩδַȷ
ʱַŬ֮£ҲԴԴϵı͵Ѫķڣۿѧϰ
ô˵ѪѾȻΪһʦһԼƾ鹩ڲһЩȤѧϰЩҲǷǳŬһЩ򵥵ĵҩѾܹˣڲʵõһʵķԾ
밵ǾͿˣθĵ඼ǶõģҲһЩǺܴڻֵĵҩҲУǰƲϣͲܹĴڡ
ַֻһܹ޹˼ɵĹϧҩѪƵҩʱҲǾۼ˴ĵҩŮҲʵǳֳһĨĽ
ȻַҪѪҲ᲻ӣʱУҵһЩܹĵҩֽƣһжǷ£Ϊַݼá
ѪŬ֮£֮󣬵һ¯ܹĵҩ¯ˣַҲǽУȴүٿǷ

ַ֮ݴһϢǾǽӾͻع飬ַţһͬ˸ۿڣȴ֤漣ʱ̡
ַȻ΢Цŵ˵ͷǼĿģȻڲûôɶȤҲзβǣ
ַһҶҵļҲ˴˴ȴ佢ͣжǳڴҶҹʵ̫ˣǼĿǵǮӰܲע
˵˻Ķɱܹ֮׬ǮһЦݵĿΣүʮֺѯʵ
佢׿ǴȥԴۣԴۺЩԴҸұ֤׬ȡĽԲһԪһĨЦ⣬ʮֵ
˻ֳʱһƬΪʵֲ̫ˣֻһ˶ѣ׬еͶʣһֱ
һ˾һٸڣʮɲǧڣ⻹ֻʮ佢ѣӵһҵĻܹ׬ȡ󣬾˶ۺҪɱˡ
һȵģҲ̲סҡҡͷˣֻ˵ζѣ˻ĶϡȱĶЩԺǾü۸񻹻ô𣿡
˶΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˲λе˼ϾʲôϡΪ󣬵ʾȥ֮Ǽ۸Ȼ䡣
ҲصǣήͣҲԿ¢ϣⶫֻǲУ۸ǶҸұ֤һεԲʮңǷǳ׬ġ΢΢һЦٴδ˵ǡ
伯ţֻεһӹ˾ѣҲ̫ڹע̵ıҪ̵꽨ĸãܹͳδ̽硣



683 
ô˵ӴѾүԼҶҵǶޱȵˣҪ֪Ǳ˵ʮˣһ׬ʮǶȥȡ
˵ַݵĳ֣׵ĸıҶھ÷Ĳ֮һ˾õ֧ţҶȻҲܷչĸãԽ壬Ϊ
һж̫磬Ҫľȷﲻܳκε⣬ϾЩۺţȻһЩֶһЩߣôġ
Ҷ˵Ŀǵκ˲УǷҪֵĻҶһ֪ʲôŭ
ҵУǰҲǻʮӡμű־佢ǰȵͣ˸ۿϺڼ˶ǻΪǳɹˣҲ˵ǿһʷ̣ͨǻǵһġ
佢ϵԱҲһ˷ܵ佢һ£ԭǷǳƣģһص򣬲һôԴܲǸеܣ
һ˽֮Ҳ֪һ飬ǾЩԱǴ佢ǵʱ򣬿ܵ˲ٵĵԼӣڽóܽдǷźӶܵޱĽӴ
ͺܼˣЯĵԴ˶еԴ˫Ҳǻݻദʮ죬ڻʱ򣬻ܵ˶ǾĻͣصһҶҵҲǲ˻͡
ô˵εȫûһֵΣգ;ʮֵİϾԻͣǺ֪佢кöҲǲֻĵߣǲҪˡ
ԼǶܵӵĻͣҪôԼμžܴ飬ҲǴ磬к֪
ô˵εĽǷǳɹģҲǴ󷽵óһ㹻ЩԱһ¹ʵĽǺúõϢһټ
ԱȻǴϲ뿪԰һ£ͶԼļޱˣ绹ѶŵʱͨѶϵڶǵʱ򣬿ȫûѶŵġ
ԱǴϲ뿪ҲμŵĹԱЩԴյ˸˲ֿУŴ뿪ʼףһС
μŵγɹȻҲýĹעԴѾ˻ˣܹ׬Ԫһлÿ֪֮
Ҳǳ棬μžὫЩԴôۣǳָԴ˾ĻǼ۸ɻή࣬۵ĻǼЧʵ̫ˣ
ڴԻʱڵõһذϢǾμŻһ֮ڳ̵ЩרڶǵԴһ˲˵עӡ

Դع飬Ҳޱȵĸˣû۳칦ỹʵһ㣬ֻܵȴԴ֮پˡ
ʲôҪһü۸ǶҪͨλĻ˭֪ⶫʲôãڵõԴ֮ҲеĶ˾´ǾһҪλȻͷ
ڵõ֮ҲóԼͲ߻õķڵԼֽԼý϶ǽƱҪԴ
Ҫƽ̨Ȼڳ̵ϣϾ̵꼸һҲͨȨɵĸ㶨˳̵ͷԴһרְĽܡ
ҲѵģϾμμţ̵ǳ̵꣬߻бҪֿģϾǮĻǻưȪ᰿϶ҪϹˡ
ǵص֮£ԴȻҲܵ˵ӣ˵ûпʼѾĲˣҪĹ˾ԼҵĶЩ»ᱻ˸ߡ
ȻЩμеģҲһЩ֮͵͵ڣеĶǻɫ㣬ǻ̫ãҼ۸񻹷ǳİ
μеЩԼ۸񣬿϶Щ˽Ҫ࣬Ƕ׼ʽ׼Щ֡
Ҫ֪һҹ˾һһһгʣµһҾͲˣҲᱻĽ͡
ô˵ֻҪǸ˾ҪģǾ;Բļ۸Ƕ٣Ѿ˹עˣֻҪľǣԷЩõС
ڷһʱ֮ҲʽľУ׼˳ʽĴǶǳУʼѪƴ



684 ү̸
ĳޱȵĻ𱬣۸ҲһֱӣβõķһۣڶʮСʱûٳۺЩڳߵˡ
Ļĺô֮һǾǸЩʽ׼Ĵһ׼ʱ䣬׼ʽʱ򣬻һʱԳＯòԼǵĶ
ҲЩǶǿЦѣԭΪ׼ʽ𶼷ǳĳ㣬ĵȴֲãֲԶʱַͨＯʽ𣬼ġ
СʱƷûֹͣӼۣҲһͳƣǾǰĿǰ۸ǵȾѾ˰ڣļ۸β˭Ҳ֪ǣ
һʱ󣬾뵽ͣڣЩڶǶϡٵԴɳ߸ţǷľ˶ЩĿࡣ
ڶһ磬۸ֳһ߸ߣҲֻһ˲ѣЩǸóʽѾˣֻۣܿŸż
ʱȴٴһ󵨵ľٶЩ֮˶ˣٶܼ򵥣Ǿ֧ϳۣԴ䰴˫Ľ㡣
䶯һȻǼһϲҳЩԭѾʤľ֮ˣʱ֣Ǽ۸ֿʼǣ۸ǵĴ඼ҹ˾
ȻˣҲһЩȱǮɼֵ򣬵ֻܿᱻС˾ЩС˾ĿķǳȷǾȻǵõĺ٣ٻУڱ˾ȫռг
˾Ҳǿ಻ԣǲκûᣬҧؼʽü۸ֳһƣҲС˾ҧ
鵽زҲûˣ󾿾ܹﵽһ̶ȣźܿͻˣҪֻǵȴѡ
֮ԴȫۿһģҲͳ˳һٰʮԪӴμŶ˿֮УΪ֪Ǵһ񻰣һ񻰣һٰʮڣֱǸ漣
ý֪֮˶ˣرЩ乫˾ۺҪɱˣ֪ǵǻﶼòѡ˳Ϊʵֲ̫ˡ
μߣٿһ칦ᣬμŵԱˣҲޱȣΪǵģȻԼҶҵˡ
ܵ˵ӵҲˣҪôҽμŽĸãȻޱȵͬ
ַݣȴǿүһĨѵɫӴѾ㹻ȫĵˡ

һĨϣַݾԼӦүӺúõˣȻүһȥԼͻƵĻǿɾ鷳ˡ
Դһƣַҵ˶ڽԺȾƵҶүӣЦ˵үӰһ˸𣿡
ǺǡүӻҡҡͷпѾˣ˵ʱܿҶҷչķǳˡ
ⶼүĹͰĻҶôܷչһ̶ȡַ΢ЦŹάͨүе
ϾүĲµĿɾҶˣһҶںˣǾ׼ðͻˣ뿴顣
ǺǡүӲ΢΢һЦˣҶһӣԷԼɳȷģһ˵ļ壬ôܹǧţ
˿ַһصĿүӣżɽүӣĸңǲ׼̻Ӥ磿
㡭һĨȻɫүһĿַݣڵôµģҵȷ뷨
пġַ̲סҡҡͷүӣȰ㲻ҪˣҪͻƻӤʵ̫ãˡ
֪үһĨᶨɫҿܻһҶѾҪٿˣ׼ƴԼһѣɹˣȻȴҴһԸʧˣҲ޻ڣΪŬƴ
ҶҶ㣬ǻôַһĨӵɫ˵үеһ
ȻԼ֮ҶүӵжʱһĨɫȽҶҶԣʵںԼ󱲡
Ǻǡ֮үҡҡͷж︣ǶѾˣҲܲôˣ뿪ңһԼľʲǣ



685 ȰЧ
ַʵˣүĴԿգʲôܹԼǣѿƣѾûʲôֹܹˡ
ַȴŬԿڵүӣľͲܷһӰĶȹʵͦõģԼã㻹𣿡
ЩҶˡүҡҡͷһĨȵ֪˴СǸֵҵ׽Ūͬ˴̣һӶǹޱȵĳʵðء
ʱĸеƣ԰Ĺʮʱ⣬ĵ׵ģϲðգϲ̼ҪҿԼ
ҡַ죬ҪȰȥߣȴӲֹסΪѾ֪ټȰȥҲûκεˣүѾľ
̲סһַ̧̾ͷүӵʵݻĻҲѡ񣬵Ĳ뿴һصȥ뿴ҶҶѹү𣿡
ȻסһĨοɫүЦ˹һںë̩ɽҾĻͬëһ㣬ۣѡͻƻӤĻˣҲ̩ɽΪ̤ǲ̤һ
ӮˡһĨЦַûˣүҪͻƣԸ˵ʲôı䡣
ٺ١үϷһЦСĴյַݵĶԵ¿ǧܸСȻͷҸ㼱
ȿȡַ̲סǸɿһʮֵľôܲǣ֪ͻ֪ûиǵĻ϶һӵġ
ͲүӶһҵĻҸô죿үӶʱˣȰĻǿɾ鷳ˡ
ӦͻƣԼ϶һﶼһҪͻƣֻ˵ģүԸһ顣
ַһĨϷʵҾûӦøǣȰȰ㣬ָͻˣԴҶòǣ
𡭡вүҾһԸˣҰɡүһͰ͵ģַݣַݲЦ
ˣҲǻ𣿡ַʼ磬һεĵΪ֪ͻƵʱѵ״̬˼ɵҶԼҶĻүͷͲͨͻѶҲӲ١
ַҲֻܶԲҶԼҶˣԺԼҲνˣ˵ȫһ˵ʤһ𱸡

Ȼү׼ͻѾ޷ַֹҲǿˣԺԥĴóһСӵݸүӵЩպãкܴİ
ʲôүЩɵĿһСӣ˲򿪣ֻǿһۣ;סˣһƿװҺƿӵǣʯȡҺôࣿ
ǵġַޱ۵ĿһװʯȡҺСƿӣ˵ͷƿеȡҺֻٺңȡ㶫ͻַݽʮʯܲҪ֪򳬼̵ٷ֮ʮһĹȨҲֻôʯѡ
Ǻαأⶫʵ̫ˣͷô飿Щ𺳵ĿַһۣүһĨڵĸ̾Ȼ֪ʯȡļֵе㶫ʮμŶС¡
˾Ͳô򵥡ַνʼ磬˾ֻҪܹﵽԼѣԼеԴϧ
ү𾴵ˣܹĶַݶģͱʯȡȻ󣬵ȴ󲻹˵ꡣ
үٴθ̾һȻտʼַǷҶҵ飬ĿǰԣҶǷַݵʵ̫̫ˣൽһӶǻˡ
ַԼŮãТӦõģȻⶫ󣬵ҲеǷ˴飬ֻϧַݲǡ
뵽үֻҡҡͷӺóһҩƿ˿ֻһڣǾһ񣬲ȵ˵ĵҩ
ǵģʯȡҺӳľɫĵҩͻƵʱоһУǿŰɫĵҩǻԪʱ򣬿԰ٵĻַָݵ˵ͷжôһ顣



686 ߴ
ܹﵽүӵģַݶóˣүܲͻƣʣµľֻԼˣϾͻƾ磬ջֻԼ
СӣˡޱȸмĿһַݺүŽЩ˺УĵԼеĸп
ʣַݸЩİʵ̫ˣ˵ûЩĻͻƻӤļʾԲᳬٷ֮ʮ
Щİʿ϶ܹӵٷ֮ʮȻûй룬ԣǼǳ޴İ
飬үӶǸеһĨãȻ֪Լγַݣͻ˻ã綺һҲܷһȣַһİͻʧܵĻǾֻúˡ
ַȻǿүеأΪ˼ĸַȴЦЦүӣⶼֻС¶ѣʯǣҵҩҲƵģûôѡ
ЩҶףЩҳɹļҲǴΪ˲һƬģһҪͻƳɹǣүҲǿˣ˾ͻˣѵַݻһҪ
ǱģүһҪɹȻһǳġַ̲ס˵ͷһģ
СӡүҲǱˣַݵļǸмˣлᱨĻһȫ㡣
С£ү׼ʲôʱͻƣʱһҪҰڱ飬ַһҲأֻںүӵѡ
ͬģַҲޱȵĺ棬ͻƻӤʲôܹ۹ۿʧܻǳɹΪۻһľ飬ΪԼԺͻһ
ĵ׵ģַݿ϶ϣүܹɹ֤һӤߵĵۼų⣬һȭܺյ׳١
ʱ䣬ͶɡĿһºүһĨᶨɫеԸȫķ˳
ô죿ַҲǳһصͲܶȴһʱ𣿶ԼļҲð
²˳٣ͻ飬ҲǿģҲһĵȻѾ˾ȻͲѶϲǣүҡҡͷ
ˣһ磬Ҿ㡱ַݺĵ˵ͷү˵ĲͻʵҲǿģͷͨǳɹļҲӡ
ַֻȴЩ¼λɾ߻ͻʧܣԼǰͻʧܣԼҶʬʱô͡
ô˵εͻƣֻɹʧܣһʧܵĻַݽܾ޴ѹҶҶﶼİˣҲزڡ

үү̸ʲôૣôãʱһЦݵҶҲžƱ˴˴ЦŶѯʵ
ָ˵ʲôĻһصģҶҲһ񾲵ǰΪŮ˵ĵи֪£֮϶ʲôܡ
ȿȡϽСӸŽ˸˲ֿ֮УүһϷʵĿҶţȷ˵Ļ𣿡
йҵģһĨȻɫҶ̲סһȻĨӵַݣֵĲ²⡣
Ȼйģղַݶ˵Ư֧衱ҶүϷʵĿһַݣַݶǸ
ҶʱһҲǽߵĵͷַһģ
ҡַ죬үʱ˵ĻүеĨϷʣԼҶŤִڴɫ̲סҡҡͷ
ȻүڴˣƽʱַݾˣүӴ˹ؼʱڣҲʧһЦݵߵҶǰֵҶС㣬֧𣿡
šҶСӦһ䣬ߴĽַַݵϣַݵĴ֮£̤֮趯
ʵĺ䣬𣿡һгЦݵˣүӵвһĨпܹһĻͷ϶ͨﲻ١
ǰҶҲ̲ס˵ͷʵһʼһģַֻݶԼò̫ȤҲûٶʲôˡ
ˡ̲ס͸ҶһۣүҲǶ䲻˵ҲϴСˣҲÿǸҶˣΣ֪
ҡҶˣû뵽ԭֻǴԼ£Ȼյͷϣү˵ҲʵûԼҲĲСˡ


687 Բ
ϲ§̨趯ţҶֻҲһĨϲĸоޱȵоɬ
ǸоְɣԭǳóҶüζǲȵַݵĽűַȴһֱЦݣܽűϻʹޱȡ
趯תֱһˣַҲҶַ£Цүүɣ߻ҪȥŶ
šǹɵĵ˵ͷʮֵĲᣬֵҶﻹǲԸַݣ뿪ҵԼүүʼ
ζĿһĵүˣַ̲סһпദһҹ˰ɣʧ˵Ļַݻ治֪ô˽͡
ǳɹˣַɻܵ˵𱸣ͷˣ˵үͻƻӤ飬ǳֺõĵ䷶ַݻˣֻǲԼź
ʲôô񣿡΢Цߵַݵ£һģѯʵ
ûʲôǱæ𣿡ַҡҡͷûн˵Ҳģֻתƻ⡣
Ƕôַݣ䲻˵Ҳûжˣһھƺæˣʵ治ϲĳϣΪμܹҲŲˡ
ˡεĿһۣԭǿɵڼҵ̫ģȴΪҪȴһδ羭̡
΢ЦҡҡͷЦ࣬Щһ治֪Լʲô˵ʺ̽磬𣿡
ǰַ̲סǵͷнĳɾͣȻٲİĻԼı£ͷԲõĻָμŶˡ
һٴַҲǵһЦվװŴˣ֧𣿡
ȥġ΢Ц͸ַһۣҲ΢΢ַŵůĴϣһ̨߽ͬ
һȻ˵۹⣬ղҲûι裬ǱίľܾԴҶǳĺ棬ַݾ˭뵽߰Ůˡ
õǷ޵ѶϢ˶Ǹе飬ôĸ˵Ӵûһ䰵ϲȻѾûˡ
ˣ˶ǲòϣ˾֮ϰôİ䣬е˧Ůһһ䶼ǳĬи̾ѣȻޱȸӵҶ㶵ĿˣһĨĽ
ȻǰһʱУѾ˹ַǿģֻҪһ仰ܷһ뿪
ҶһĨĽɫҶүӲһۣͬʱһĨпַʵ̫ˣŮ˵Ҳʵ̫ǿҶϲˡ

칦ԲĽμŵĳɹҲǱֵڶ⣬˶ž޴Ȥ˫ûʽҵֻܸżĵȴš
˵˭ܹ˫ҵɣһΪеĴˣϾμŴ׬׬ۺĲˡ
ԶڷӢ˵һ޴ĻһҲ뽨ַݵĵͷ֮²ܼУģֻеȴˡ
ַߣȻʱŵһߣںģȻүͻ飬үͻʧܵĻ治֪Լôˡ
ҹ׵ʧˣжүӵĵǣԼǷҶҶоţֻЩķҡ
̲סǳ̾һַݾԼӦüŬˣȻȵʮ껹ûͻƵڵĻǿ϶Ҳүǰ㣬ͻƼã
ַݵǵģԼЩŮǣȻڶѾͻ˻ŻǺţ˵̫ˡ
ǲͻƵӤĻԼַ飿Ҳȷǿ󣬿ܵһʱ䣬٣ŮǶȻŬ
շתţַ֮˯ţһʱУүҲʧˣһͽҪͻеĻӤ磬үô侲
ϸĻһԼЩŬԼȴүֻһпǵҶԼԼãѡͻ˰ɣϵڣɹʴĽ͡
̫̫ΣΪҶңүӾûʲôúڵģܹҶԼԼóɳ̶ȣȻޱȵο
ڲܹһУ׼ͻƣܲܳɹѾҪˣϾѾԼŬǣ



688 ج
һҹȥַҲǴ˯оѣһجΣεүͻʧܣʹ֮Լǰ
֪ͨҶԼҶҶʹԼԵôҶޱȵıŭԼ֣ʹԼΪʲô
ַݿҪͣô˾һ㣬עһۺ󣬽үӵʬױţϦ»Զ롣
ַɺǣ뿪ʧ˵ƽߴξҲﶨַĻȻѣͷǴ󺹡
˲ͷϵ亹ַ֮ݲһ૵ԭΣζǷģүӿ϶ܹɹԲʧܵġ
ôοԼַҲǲӰ뵽ξеһк£Ϊʵ̫ʵˡ
ҴҳԹ緹ַݴ˸к֮󣬱ͨռͨҶ֮У˿̵үѾˣԺһˮƷš
õүӣַ̲סǳһǰ˵үӣ㻹аҿΪ˺ü亹ˡ
ٺ١ү̲ס΢΢һЦʱ뾡ЩҶû꣬ҿ᲻ȥиˣˮܹ
ʲôģһܹͻƳɹģԲҶɡϽǸСԼǰַһ𱸵ģ
ȥġַǷزūģү˲֪ЦΪҲ֪СӵǵС˼ͷˣԼðɣ
ȿȡַ̲סǸɿүҵʲôˣɹͻƣһò𣿡
ðɣ˵㡱ү̲ס΢΢һЦݸַһˮˣϽȰɣȻȥҸõط׼ͻơ
˵꣬үһڲˮһĨɫҲǰ˲٣ҹһҹδ˯飬Ҳûһ˿Ļˡ
ַҲǶ˲豭ͣǵŵĲˮ֮£ҲǰҹǸجΣȴǲ׼˵ˣԼУүҲӰ
һߺŲˮ˾Ƕ겻Ѱү˵ȻҲԼЩӢ¼
ַȻǰүΪǶι¸е㽣үⱲӹķǳľʣҲ޾᫣ҲߵڳɹĵزҶҶǴĽ
ô˵үѾûʲôźΨһЩźģûпҶҶɼңҲǿǣ

һСʱһˮҲûζŽ豭£ģүҲǷǳĿÿվϵ·ʱˣǸóˡ
߰ɡַصĵ˵ͷվүӵûоκһˣֱѡ˿ռ䴫ͣ˵ı֮ϡ
ȥͻƣվڵϣүӵһĨãȻشȴǲ֪ȥԼҪһﵽ۷壬
Ȼϡٵĵطַεʼ磬ӤͻƵʱ򶯾ȻҸܱĵط
Ҳǡү̲סǵ˵ͷһĿַݵʹ·ɣҸٵĵطһΣ
Ըַݵ˵ͷٴδ˿ռͨδݴ½үӵ߰ɣԲ˴㡣
·ү΢΢һЦַݵ̤뵽˿ռ֮ͨУַݣޱȵš
ӿռֻͨ߳˲үӾ𾪵ĿܵȻ˵ŨֱǸذֲСӵľͻƵô졣
ݴ½ͱδŨο⴦ӳԣĵطַݴүӵҲΪܹͻƵļʣȻôðű¶ݴ½Σ
ٺ١ڨڨһЦַݵԣôܴүģܾˣֳĴ󶯾ġ
õطү̲סǵ˵ͷҲһĨ⣬ͻƻӤļаٷ֮ʮطĻ϶Ӹٷ֮ʮңȻƲ󣬵ڹؼʱ̣Ҫõġ
ˣͻٸпɣǸϽҸĵط׼ɡַ΢Цŵ˵ͷүǰУҵһʯȥԼҲΪ令ȴ׼
ɰڴһ٣үӾͬǰ֮෴˳ͻƣͽһַ̽ݵҲ˲



689 ׼ͻ
ʼɡǱľʯ֮үŽַݽԼǸӸ˳׼
ȷõȻʯȡҺүҲûľһڷ£󾲾ĵȴҩЧķӡ
ʯȡҺļʮܹ˵ϸϸ˵ľȻҲ֮ۿɼٶȣүӵͷȻһ룬ЩɳڵƤҲǱĽ
Ȼүһ¾ͻָ״̬ʯȡҺİ£״̬ҲǴĸĹֻۣǿʮһ㡣
ȻǺöܵԼڵı仯ү̲סǸпһ䣬Ҳ˲˹ΪʲôôΪʯȡҺ˷
ʵүӿ˶һǰʯȡҺôǿ󣬲ڽʯȡҺףԼЩϻΪʲôҪǿˡ
ӣ˶ط̬־޴ĸıʯȡҺŻԵô
ȷʯȡҺȫ֮үó˵ҩƿǿɫĵҩ˸Уֻ˲䣬һŨľͨθԺ
үֻ˵񶼶ǵõһʵķԾܵĻ˲٣ͬʱĶǼִĸоޱȵ
үҲޱȵĸпַݸĶʵ̫ˣÿһǷж˺ͬʱҲ˸м
ҩЧ֮үĻȻ˫ۣиһĨ⣬˿Ǿ˲٣ǻǵ˫Ҳ˲١
ٴεǿŰɫĻԪүӲû£Ǻ˿УʲôʱͿһ£ͻơ
һ׼үҲǶַݵ˵ͷҿʼˣɰڴһ٣ʧܵĻ뽫ҵʬҶҡ
˵Щһɹġַ͵ҧҲһĨɺ죬ܲʧܣرǿԼں
һүҲ΢΢һЦҲӿһĨһжǷ£ŻӤ˽
ƶүӱۿʼתһɲǣֵĴҶӶǶҲǳһĨĨ΢磬ַݵͷǴ΢΢š
ˡ̲סһĭַעүӣͻѾʼѾͣ£ڵʲôҲˣһֻܿүˡ

΢תΪ˿磬룬ڽͻƵүӣɿȻΪүڼɵġ
˵ͻƵγɵоˮеǰСͻƻӤɵоôĿ񱩣Ȼͬ;ɵĶʵر
ۿɼٶȣ̺ǲҪ㣬ƴүӿȥַݵĻͱЩűˣүȴһȫûиоһ㡣
ͻƵǽڵںϳΪһŽ𵤣ΣȻǲߣϾֻں϶ѣֻҪԣۻܳɹ
ͻƻӤȴȫͬǽڵǿŽ飬һӤͷų
Ӥǽ׳ģȻûκε⣬һܹȫӦ磬ɳ
Ӥޱȵǿڽһɲǣͻᱻֱӻ飬ܹܲɳҲǸ⡣
˵ͻƻӤͻƽ𵤵Ѷȴʮֹʮǰھ񶼻۷״̬ʱͻƣž޴Σգοү㣬ڵԪӤѾ״̬
Ҳ˵үӿ϶ʧܣɹļʲߣܹĻȫǿүԼСԼ֡
ܼסԪӤȫȶȻͻƳɹźҲԪӤָ۷״̬ܼסĻԪӤ飬ûܻãﶼᱻըֱ
˵һκģĵľֽܼܲӤֻҪܹȹǰΣڣһж⣬ֲסǾֻ޾ź
ŵעүӣͬʱַҲڹ۲ܵĶһκ˻ӽĻһʱүͻƲܱκ˻
ܵүӵڣеǼɣһЩֿȽСľѾ𽥵ĿήΪǳܲʶǱȫɣܲή
ַҲǸоԼڵĽ𵤶ǳ춯·Ҫϸ뵽үӵһ㡣



690 鵤Ӥ
ͻı仯ȻǽַݸһϽ˺˺üվԭؼ۲ţ̲סЩ¡
Ҳǳ׵˹Ϊʲôүӻ˵ӤߣͲ˹Ϊʱ޿̵ĶڵȻԣģԪӤѡա
Ҿַ˽⣬ԪӤͲֹͣգΪһֹͣյĻֲʧȥһ㣬ֱӾͱˡ
ȻӤֹܹԪӤҲֻʱĶѣʱֹĻԪӤҲǻήġ
ҪͻƣǾͱҪգȥһ磬ΪάԪӤǿͻƸܡ
СʱܵĿַͣݵĺҲһϣΪ֪үѾҪʱˡ
ĵȴʮַݵĹ۲֮£ү͵ҧҧ¶ʲôһ㣬ɫԵޱȵ
顭ǲĻȻַݵĶУԺһƬΪ֪үѾѡ鵤ǽ
ۡһͬӤַݵĶУɫղЩֻ׼ѣҪģҪһǾǽԪӤȶ
ֻ˲䣬һɱȸղŸĿܵǱʲôקסһ㣬ƴүӵӿǵصļƣַݶǸоЩͷƤ顣
ͬʱַٴ˺˰ٲΪܸоõԼڵĽǴҪүӵﴦȥָоַݸеЩͷƤ顣
Ӥ쳹֣·Ӫһ㣬Լ˸е˲ƴԼָܹ
ۿɼٶȣүӷԲһǧڵľͬʲôȻֺһ㣬ٵĿήҲɳһƬȫʧȥ
Ǳ˿һĻĻǿ˲ͻᱻŵľ룬Ͼַ֪ݶǸоЩͷƤ飬οЩˡ
ɣܵȴԽԽϡȫԹԪӤգַȻǿүڵֻһԸżš
үҲǿ಻ԣΪԼڵԪӤһƤޱȵޣһЩ֮𽥵Ļһ˿âܵȫɣֲƶֻҧ˿еǿŻԪŻָ
һȵĸоӸвŵڱŷӪԪӤա
ɾע룬ԪӤҲǰһ㣬үҲĻȻ˫ۣѸײڶ֮ƣѸٵǰһдеֳȥ

¡뿪µǴʯҲ˲ѣһʯ飬ȻеѾȫȡһա
ַݱһҲ˲˹˴ѾȫգүڵԪӤҲûȫȹ̣ҪһƬյؼա
ҧȥַݼܣע֮£үӾܵܵĻľҲͬһ㣬ѸٵĿή
ַҲ̲סһпӤʵֲ̫ˣųҲӦõģܹһֱڵĻǿ綼ᱻգʱһΪĹУų⡣
ʱ佥ţӤѾֹסүӱҲǷ˷츲صı仯ǻ׵ͷȫڣȻƤýеԣǷϻͯһ㣬˸еޱȵľ
һСʱ֮үĻȻ˫ۣҲǷ˳ĴЦȻѾǽԪӤ׵ȶסʽ뵽˻ӤС
Цү̲ס̧ͷ˿ԼͷҲһĨɫǿռͨ𣿹ȻӰΰȻλ˵һ㡣
ַסˣΪУүӵϿһƬհףʲôûУҲܹµͨ϶ǵһľŻ֣ܷᷢҲġ
ϲү񹦴ɣǧأһͳү˳ͻƣַҲǳ׵ķиһĨϷʣó˵ӰЩάĻ
СӡүҲǴϲһЦĿַݣ󻺻ַ׼һӵ
ַȴ˲ɫһ䣬ΪүԽԼĽ𵤾ԽѹƣϽ˺үӣϽͣ£ˣܲˡ
үҲסˣ뵽˻ӤӴжʱһĨڵĿЦ



691 ׷
ͻƻӤ磬ǵȷһǳֵø˵飬Ҳһ飬ǾȥǾͱҪԶԼļˣκεĽӽȻҪ˶ãͻᱻɡ
˵клôүҲԼԸɹͻƵ˻ӤʽΪǿĴڡ
ǣӽԺͽʵѹƲס󣬱գȥһȫİ磬ʼԼ̡
ô˵ү뵽˻Ľ浱ʱ̵ʱȴһĨɬرǿܵĻľ𽥿ήĸоегС
˿̵үҲףΪʲôԼλӤ֣ôˣȴǲҽӽֹ¶УȷЩԽܡ
ַݵĺֹ֮£үҲͣ˽ŲĿַһ۵СӣҳɹˣʽΪ˻Ӥ֣Ļ治֪ô
ַݿɣֻүԼ֪˶ٵΣգǻţɹͻƵ˻Ӥ
˵Щͻ˴ҶΪеˣֻҪžͺã׼ô죿ַݵĵ˵ͷʳүĵһ⡣
ô죿үסˣ֮ҡҡͷҾͦģԣ׼Сﶼɼ֮뿪
Ҳáַ̲סǵ˵ͷǾﰲҰɣô˽ͣǸ鷳Ҫ֪ͻƣɾͲˡ
ٺ١үӲڨڨһЦҾͲҰɣѾͻˣ֪˹ңҲѾˣͻ˾ͺò𣿡
Ǻðɡַ̲סӣүԼļ£ҲʣֻϣǣҶҶﲻҪˡ
ȻһжѾүҲǱۼַǴѶȲͨҶѶҶҲǼ˲ַݣʲô£
үү¡ַЩȻӵѶ˵壬㻹Ǵ͹ɣٸ͡
áйԼүүģҶҲǸеһҲûио⼸һֱоүӵıЩ죬Ҳûлʲôַôһ˵жʱӿһɲõԤС
رѶַ֮ҲǲҶĵ绰Ŵ˴ͨһͬ˹ֻһ˲䣬˾;ˡ

˿̵үڵϣȫǿ֦ҶЩ̵ľҲڼٵĿήţȫһ㣬ʧȥ
յˣǵүүҶүӣȻ˷츲صı仯Ҳ˲˳
ҶȫˣҶȴ˲䷴Ӧ˹ʱүӳȥ鿴һ״̬ȴǱַݸסҡҡͷȥסĵҪүˡ
ʲôҶʱһһԼĵʱֵķ֣ԼڵͶְ㣬ԶԶϵүڷȥ
ȹסԼڵ֮Ҷһץסַݵַݣ⾿ô£үүô⸱ģһ͡
ҶҲǱҶǷŭϲǵĿһԼүүתͷַݣͬȴĽͣϾүڵ״̬ǳĴڡ
ַһĿЦһ۱үӺ󣬶ʱЦ˵үӣɲô˰Ұô࣬㵽ͷңôġ
ȿȣֻǴѣûӦַݽеүҲһĨϷʣҲολŮĹģҲǸеůġ
үү⵽ôˡүҶҲʱķŹַݣһǵĿǰүӣеѯʵ
ӦΪҸеˣΪѾͻ˵֮һ磬ӤүӵһЦԼͻƻӤ˵˳
ڻӤ磬ҶҲйһ˽ģȻûַôȫͻƻӤΣ֪ģһүӾȻѡͻƻӤɹȻޱȵķŭ
үүô֪ͻƻӤǳΣ£ôԵ㣿ôڽҶ쵱ʱͻˣЩŭĶү
үȻͷⲻǳɹСҲͱˣһ𶼹ȥ˲ӦΪҸеˡ
ǰǰүͻƻӤǼϲ°ַҲ̲ס˵ͷһͬ
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С죬ˣⶼҵľҪôġַһεģүҲҡҡͷι鹦Լͷϡ
ϾַһֱǳһƬģĻǾ̫ˣַҲԤϵһ㣬Ҳһ̾ϢȻġ
ȻѡˣûʲôúڵģҶҪԼԼžͺˣϾҲĲԣ͸뵽һ
үүһĨЦҶŵĿүӵͻ˻Ӥ𣿿״̬Ͳһ𣿲ȻôؼҰ
ղ˵ģͻƻӤ֮󡭡үӿЦҡҡͷҲǽͻƻӤĺ֢˵˳ҶԼҶܹԼѾز˼ˡ
֮ҶһĬУ˵ӦΪԼүүеˣϾͻƵִ˵еľ磬ҪĻ
Ǵĵ˵үַôΣյ飬ô᲻ò̫ԼΪһ㡣
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ⲻǳɹ𡭡ү̲סһ䣬ҲһĨεɫС죬µȷүүĲԣҲǻᵣĻֹҲѡǣַֹݸǡ
үүôͲѯһǵ˵˵Ļôૣ֪ģЩһֱˣΪ׷Ѱߵ磬ҶԼţһֱڡҶһĲ˵
硭ҶһֱָүӣҶҲһĨɫ·ͲҪүү˺Ҳǻᵣ𡣡
ǾͲ˵𣿺ߡҶһʵѹסеķŭתѡռֱͨ뿪˴˴
С졭ү֣Ҳǲ֪Ļֻǰ̾һЩķ֣ͻƻӤϲö嵭˲١
ַЩεʼүӣҲʲôҶҶ˽ҲһͺˣֲСˣܹĿĵġ
ϣɡү΢΢ͷһҶȰȰ磬ʵĲԣϣܹ½⡣
飬ŮǻһЩģڵ֪үӵһƬĺ˵ͷ׵ģүүרɣȰ˸磬㡣
šүӵ˵ͷҲһĨпԼͻƻӤ飬ȷǼǳ˵飬ҪģԼļ˰

ֵزҲַԸģѾزҲûʲô˵ˣַݳĬһ֮ŶүӵүӣôͦƵģȥɣ磬Ѿǵˡ
ʲô˼үһĨȻɫжʱ뵽һܣֻǲ̫ȷѡ
ݴ½˵ǵһƽпռ䣬أָлӤִڣ㻹Сһ㣬Ϊ㲢޵еġַʼ磬Ҳûʲôģݴ½ڸ˵˳
ȻȻˡ̲סһĨ⣬үЩ˽Ķ࣬оͰݴ½֮˵Ǹ˵ѣ죬ȴʶ
һүӶʱ˹ַݵСӣֲҲ鲻κεѶϢԭİɣ
ȿȡү⣬ַҲ̲סɿһʹǵģǳ磬үܹұܣһ֪Ļ֪ʲôġ
ү΢΢һ㶣ַֻݻе˼ȽԣȻʵǿսԼװĲӣûһ˿һĵֿ
ַݴԼ磬֪еһУðΣյģϾһԣ磬˵Ǹǳĵط
һ˶ĵĻݴ½Ҫ˶þͻᱻȫͳΣַڵļҲ᳹׸ҲַԸһ˰ɣ
үҲ̲ס˵ͷˣͷİɣҶдôܻ㣬ݴ½Ļ磿
ˡַ΢Цŵ˵ͷ߳ƬӵķүӣŴҶһͬ뿪˴˴Ͼ˿̵үӣҪһ˾



693 Ҳ
ȥģү뿪˴˴ݴ½ַһãȻתͷҶ
Ҷ΢΢һ㶣˰֮һԴЩˣһһÿҪˣʱϾ͵ˣҵøϽȥ
Ǿ߰ɡַݵ˵ͷҶ˿ռͨҲһ̤ͬУ͵˵һμǴСѧС
ٹһжʱһһȺСѧϰſڵǿľïʢţҶҲվԼ󣬲ʹ˵һ䣬Եģ
ҡַסˣ鶼ǲûͻҲһȻĵˣǵˣֻһֱסɽֶѡ
˵֮˶̲סеЦ⣬ЦζԻʵ̫˼ˣɼǵ½Щ︴ֻ֮һЦ⡣
ʱˬʵĴЦЩȭСѧǶʱ̲סĿ˹Щ󵨵ŮһĿַݵַǰɣ϶Ҷʦ˵ˣȻĺ˧Ŷ
ַסҶҲסˣ˲һĨߺɫһԵַݣͷĺܵͣ˵СŮСΣ˵ʲôૣ
ôͲ˵ҶСεŮʱһĲǸͲѣ飬ĻҾͲˣƭҸĸ顣
ҡҶᣬȫû뵽һСַ֪ݣΪĸһֱ׷ԼŻὫַݸ̧˵ƣû뵽һ¶ˡ
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ǿˣͬʱҲޱȵľᣬڵСֲ̫ˣô֪ô飬һôĳ졣

ֳ˲˼žУַҶһۣҶʱͷ˵£ٿַһۣ鵽زѾȫ֪ճˡ
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ʱ·һ̱ͣ˶ǴĿŶԷһãȻ֪νȥ֪Ժôദ
ŶʱЩСѧǶʱһ˷ܵĿˣǿʲôޱȾʵĳѡ
ӻеǣʱҶȻ˴˴ǵһ𾪵Ŵ͵ڸ𣿡
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694 Ҷ
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˵ţҶ޺޵Ŀַһ۵Ǹ쵰֪𣿸Ҫǰֵô㣬Ϊü޸㰡Ĺһ

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ַ΢΢һҲ˲¶˾ģ¶һĨԸҵĻ㲻ܶңʱҲ٣㶼Ը𣿡
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ʵڿܽһ֮ǸʱоҪǶʱУһֱ㣬ǼǸΪҳͷǷŭģҸһͬȥӢµı֣̫ˣ𣿡ҶһӵĿַݵ
ҵŮ˰ɣȻҲʱ㣬ȴһλãԶڡ˶ĻַݻܾĻǾǲˡ
šĵ˵ͷҶסˣһѾãڵˣĺ볪һ׸裬׸ڵȵ㡱
ڵȵ㣬ûûҶԼѾĻַôܻĵȴҲõģ˴˿һǣ
һĻҶҲһĨοЦ⣬ܿԼĺֵԼһҲеһԸȻôߵһǣ
վ뿪˷䣬ŸϣռˣԼҲ̾һһĨ԰㽡
ڷڵˣȴٴǵһ𣬶οĽǣղǰķܡ



695 һĨϼ
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ַ̲סЦӣû´ĻҶ׷ˣ˿̹ΪԼθ˶ϵġ
ͣԲѾˣһҵԼҸġҶҲһĨεɫͶԼĸģֻǹһˡ
ûµġͿЦҡҡͷףҸһܵ
˵꣬ٴοַݣҧҧַǰɣ𹼸֪֪ĲĵĻһƴ
һģҵŮˣȻáַݺصĵ˵ͷȻǰԼУҲֵزǣ
ǾͺáһĨڵĿɬٴĿҶһۺŵͷһȻѡ뿪׼ҸطԼ˿ڡ
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ַҡҡͷһĸп飬û˭Բ˵ѡ׷ʱӦףܻᱻܾ
ǰҶ̲סǵ˵ͷѡ׷ַݵʱ򣬾ܻʧܸգȽ˶ѣ˳ɹߵһ
һԵݣҲ˵ǱضܹǾԵֵʹȻܹߵһҲԵݣģ˵ŬԼĵϲ
˼йߵǿľǰʱҲ̲סһЦҶͻȻҪȥǸưɹɣ𣿡
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˵ȻĲô죬˻ҲǻһЦǣ

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ַҲǱˣֱӽԼ̵ĵ½ڷԱϵĵ½ɨһ£תһԪͳ²⣬СѾӦõġ
ллллһԪˣԱҲĵĻϲϾһµĹʣҲֻôѣֻ˵ôһ仰õôǮȻ֮ˣ
ڵ˽˹ϣԱЩˣĶôˣôûôӵģѵû鷳Ҫ֪˿رԸ񰡡
Ķ𣿿ܻڼɣû鷳ҵĴУҲˣû£ȴڼ𣿡ַ΢΢һЦĶڵҶң³֪ûʮųġ
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뵽֮󣬷ԱҲʱ˸ҲǸӵµǣԼԲ˶ߡ
ҲûַݶеľƿΪܹߵ죬Һˣͺãǧǿ󡣡
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ֻ֮ҲǲƮһĨϼԵô޶ˣַݿĲһϡ



696 ǰ
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ô˵ڵַүӶϵĻүӸͲöֻ֣ҪӽͻᱻɣĲ
ͬʱַҲޱȵĺ棬ͻ˻Ӥ֮ȥǸ磬ʲôģǲͬС˵磬Է硣
ĻǲַΪ׷磬ȻޱȵΣգȴǳ˻ԼսԸ˵ȷѡ
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ʲô飿һĨԻɫܽҲв²ַݵĿģ˵ЩֻС¶ѡ
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ڷӢ˵ͲҪģй͵ĻٶȻѸ࣬ܲ˷ܣ
̲סǵ˵ͷַݵǵģ׼ͳҲѾ׼ˣֻôȥǱûкð취
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Ǿͺãȥ׼ɣһǾͳѵſַôܻԹҶѶ֮ص˼С
ʱ䣬ַҲǽ˵˳ŮȻһĲᣬҪ֪ؿҪһ°ôַܲ
ŮһģܽҲһЦʵ᲻õĻǾһȥ£͵˲ǣ
˻һʱŮǶǰһǿɶǷǳģǵķ羰ȫһԭ̬ģʻ˵ɾá
ŮǶǺԥĵ˵ͷ˵ԼҪһͬǰԸ㣬ַҲֻǵͷӦȻҶȥ䣬ôܲͬ⣿
Ա˵Уȴ˽ʮ˵УҲͦõģǳֲǣܹŮȥǹ䣬ҲǼұٵ顣
˾ŮҲǷ׷׻صԼķпʼ׼ţֻһ˱һͬǰǣһαó̡



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˵ţҶҶѶһַݱյҶҪ͵󣬶ʱѡͬ⣬ֱӴ͵Լԡ
ַ̺߳ͨŮ֮ҶҲ𾪵ŴͣͬʱҲ˲˹Ϊʲôַݻ˵ԼжŮˡ
ǺáӦ֮ҶҲһĶŮϹʺõͬʱҲǲЩΪŮǻż
ĶˣŮǶ΢ЦҶｻ̸һ뵽һ飬Ҳ϶Ǵ˵Цݡ
ºַҲǳ˿Ų˷ӢѶӢҲ˲׼Ѿ׼ˣڻУʱԹ
ţοɲˣҽҵŮǶˣûɣЩεͷַҲǽ˵˳ӢǱ߲ðĻʹŮȥһҷɴͺá
Ȼû⡱Ӣԥĵ˵ͷֻǶ༸˶ѣС¶ѣϹɣʱ
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ֻһۣӢȫסˣҲûмŮ˶Ůһ֣ͬҲ𾪵ŴͣһϷʵĿַݵٺøôƯŮˣʵɷҵȡ
ٺ١ַڨڨһЦҲûжʲôļĻҲǲԣʲôĽģ
ȿȡӢһЦ˰ɣģɲôһ鵽ǿɾͳˣһʵɣôࡣ
ַͬĵ˵ͷӢȻƷ⣬ĳЩʱɼͱ˵Ů棬ȷû鵽Ļǲˡ
ַݶԼڵ״̬ʮֵ㣬޽ɣʲôʲôҲ»ᱻץסѱһɡ
̸һ󣬷ӢҲĴŴһͬţֱ´˳ŶʱڿնŴǿշȥ

ڷӢݿĴʹȻͬһ·ȻսͣԾͰȫûʲôģϻרſԼźʳóҲޱȵ졣
һţŮǶǺĴرŷɳ㣬ܹۿһ˲䣬Ƕ̲ס
Ҫ֪ǰǿȫòɶڵвܿģۿȻеޱȵ˷ܡ
һε֮УַҲǶԵķӢĺ𣿡
ǰӢͬĵ˵ͷÿǿпʱҶԵĸ̾棬ͬʱҲƬճڴڴܹһƵ
˲𣿡ַ΢΢һЦȻģЩ࣬ҲǷǳ񣬶Ҿķ棬඼һģҪһЩ
ӢĬȻַ˵ȫûʵǳսһֱģ̰ģһʼ˫ԺƽķʽദĻڶ֮䣬Ͳôˡ
ЩѾ飬ıʲôܹģֻԼԺԼܹƽһ顣
ҪŵĻǾӦðѷ׼ƬӴ棬ϾޱߣȫЩҰļҵҰˣҲѾǰ嶷˵ֻЩˣ޹ġ
ǰԴĵ׵ģϣܹг罨ĸáӢͬĵ˵ͷ˵ԼĵԸ
һġַ΢΢һЦŬ֮£˫ȫܹгȫٿ˫ٷս˻ˣ˭¶˵ĻԲӣҲҪķǳҡ
鷢ļʵ̫Сˣ˫Ѿ˹ֻͽֻкгܱĸӵǿ



698 ϴ󡭡
ޱ߼ʵǿգȺҫţԵôֶˣŮǶſڴţһĨеĸо
ĶҲᷳޱ޼ʵǿգԼڵܣŮڰ֮ҲʧȥȤʼ£һ
ԴˣַȻǱʾǳΣҪ֪ʹŮǷֱӿռ䴫͵۹أٳɴȥǣõĴȴǣ뿴̫ϵɶģҲֱӴӵˣû뵽Ű죬Ǿû˼ˡ
ΪŮĵģȻܽΪֻĶˣڶ˽ĺܶܶ࣬棬ﲻ涼һĿȻ
ܽȻҲǺĵĶŮϾ·̿ǻŽ£ҵʲôģǲǷǳȤ
ַȻ뷽ӢյһѣʼϾ˾ѧϣ޵ʱ޵飬ȷѡ
Ȼ˹עصȻǲһģӢ俴Ĵйڹٳ鼮ϾʱҲᷭһЩѧζĿ
ԴˣַֻܱʾȻһаһаǻЩĻ϶һͻ˯Ϊʵ̫ˣҲǷǳļѣȫĲˡ
ַݱȽϲģ඼һЩ鼮ʵƵûţҲһС˵ζĿԼû¿
ϾʱַȻҲһȻ֮иûκεҲֻǶһԼˡ
ǳǣϾȻ׼һС͵ңַҲҵµפ㣬ûµʱ򶼻ȥҸһ
ô˵ַڵǿͨĻߣʹܽܣͬߵʱҲ൱һãǿǳ͸ǿ似綼ʱǿȻռˡ
ŵٶȻǷǳģֻһڲר۹֮ǰַݳʱһڿ⴦۹صʱŮҲǾˡ
ͬʱҲǲпǿ֮һ۹زǻ۵ĽᾧҲ͵ı֣ȱһɣǿյ۹ء
ǼȻޱȵģ˵Ҳѡ۹һ죬۹ȻǼսеĵطеģŮǶַݵ£⴦۹صһС
Ůĳ֣Ȼô˴ƽ˼ݹʣͬʱַҲ˲ٵ鷳Ͼһ˶ռôŮ·ᱻʼɲǣ
ȻҲҲ磬ַݽڵƸ֮Щ˶˲ѡߣһ߿ɲܹǵĴڡ
ţַͻȻ뵽һ飬ǾʯһӪ֮ܽҲ˴󹦣⴦۹֮У˾٣ƿŲٵľˡ
뵽һַҲһĨЦ⣬ԼһμͽǸһ٣ȴǽСܣȻ⼸Сûʲôãܹ˵Ҳֲǣ

뵽ַҲŮһȦǰŵЪϢ֮ŲҶѶҶ죬ʯһ۹Уû뿪ɣ
ǵģ㵽۹ˣǾͼǰѣҪ֪ǿһֱϴˡҶȻ֪һͬǰģûκεľȡ
ͬʱҲ˵İȫޱȵķģϾжǵĹ飬˾ԲʲôΣղǣڵõҶʱͷͬ
ȻûǵѶ㷢һҰɡַ΢΢һЦȻѾˣȻԸһˣҲǻһԸɡ
õġҶʱʯڵѶŸ͸ַݣŹرѶҶ˹ȥ
һߣʯ˴˿ѾǻصԼķ֮Уʼ˾ֵÿֵʱ⡣
ʱΪַݲμ˾Ԯ飬۹ضǻķˮ˼ǵʱ򣬶̲סĴָ
Ϊ˵ж˵Ǽӵľǵȫ濪սĻ۹еľ˿϶˴룬˭Ҳұ֤Լܹǣ
ȴףԼн죬ַΪǴģַݵĻڻһֱǻججģһŽеôŽķ⣿
ֻǺһھƺʯڱЩԹַϴҲ֪ôģôĹͣȻԸ죬һ˵һˣҲϵķʽ
˰ɡصҧһڼȵϴҲܴģ˵ɣͲھУԼ̫࣬ؼܽСȥ
Ҿ˵ĲﺩһЦҲһڽоƸ£Ȼƽʱ࣬ܶʱһѪ
ǣһûилһĨЦ˵ʯеһԸˣһֱڶ
ʱһѶȴǴ˽ʯһ֣ʱһϲվϴ󡭡



699 ս
ȿȡڱʯͻı仯һеһھҲ˲ȥֻĸо̲סǿðŻ˵ڸ磬һһէĺòôϴʧķ˰ɣ
ʱѶȴǴַһϷʵģһ˵ϵ˵ȾƳⶼϴǲǸóͷ
ַϴ󡱣ڿַϤ֮˶ʱ˲ᱼȻַദǶʱ䲢ȴôľĶǣս֣֮Ϊصġ
жǷһĨ⣬ַҲ΢΢һЦ˵үǵģǲǻҪǰһʲôÿ޵ģֲǡ
ٺ١ַһѵ⣬ʯҲûһ˿һĲˣֻڨڨԴⲻǸϴʲôطϽһȾưɣ
Ҿ۹صġַ΢ЦűԼλã˵϶ʱ¶һĨϲЦݣʯڸЩϴȵȣϾ㡣
˵꣬ʯڱ㲻ַݻû˵ĻʱҶѶַݲЦõô鷳ֱͨռͨ͹𣿡
ѶѾҶϣַҲǲ˵ʲôˣվԭصȴʯǰӭӣ˿̵ַܾú˵ʲôϸһ󣬶ʱ˹һĴȵսۣͬôҶ첻ǣ
΢΢һЦַٴβͨҶѶЦڸʲôжôҪ飬ͨͨ£ϽǺȾơ
㶼ô˵ˣһҲ𣿡ҶЦʼ磬Ҳ˲˿ռֱͨӴ͵ַݵԣЦ˵һôôģȾƲʱ𣿡
ٺ١ַǳһĨЦȾƵȷʲôʱܺȣо̫һСٴؾۣ㲻Ļǿ϶һӡ
ðɡҶ̲סӣҲǸֳһĨЦ⣬ʵҲǳϲĳ棬һȺսѾۼһ𣬴ڵĺȾƣڵĳ⣬ǲһ
ֻһ󣬾ͼһС͵սͣǰһ˷ܵʯҲǴսϲĿ˵ϴҶû뵽Ƕˣ
߰ɣʲôҲ˵ˣϽȾȥַ΢ЦʯڵļһͬҶս˾סĵطȥ첻顣

ֻǼӶѣ˾ѾʯڵľסУ˵ǾӪ׼˽ģַӶ˵һûʸ
Щȴǲ֪ڿַݽʱжһĨɫھе죬˭ҲΪСȥٱˡ
Ҫ֪ԵĿɻҶư˿ֻǼС¶ѣҶ죬ǿ϶ǲҲ̶ãָǰһʲôΣյ񣬾ֱˡ
ڴһֻ۱һֻ۵̬£ǽ뵽˷֮УһƿţҲһϲӭϴ󣬶ղ˼ܽĻðɣ
һַҲȻһЦͲģҸܽȻǺܺãͲˡ
ٺ٣ǿ϶ǱģиôɵŮѣôܹĲãҪǻҲֲ˼񰡣ҲϴôöǡһϷʵĿַݣ٩
õõáַݸϽֹס̭ôòǰɶ˵ˣȸͰ¸ҹȥΣ
ϴǿǲǣôҲıɣû֮𣿡һЦĽҪַݸ
ã뿴ҳǰɣǽҾսȺۣ˵ˣھƣǲ顱ַҲǻȥˣ治ţƾڵʵԼʣ಻ˡ
ֱϵİ׾ƣ˵ļ֤֮£һڽȥٴεһȥıַ֮Ŵ˸õ˰ɣ
ϴþǼҾһ̲סƣҲԼַϣȸˣϴԼŰɡ
ڶһںˣַݻô죿ֻǿЦٴκһһ꣬ǴЦϴ󣬺Ⱦôٵң
û취ַٴαһ⻹꣬ʯҲһڨЦĴǰϴ㿴Ҳ͵㣬ôҲñʾһ°ɣ
ַݿЦǺŻҪǰɣãҾӣҽš
˵ţַҲٴκһֻҲһƬҪ֪ƶߣұҲǺˮõˮСӣƵĻǻ



700 
ƹѲҲʯڵעģȻַĿǰ״ԿڵϴĲ׼ٻؾӪĺ᲻㡣
΢ЦʯڵļַЦ˸־˲ϲԼԾӪʺңɣ𣿡
ƨɣӦ˵ûɶѹˣԴޣҲûʲô֮ĶƣһĻһ뵱ˡַһģҶҲ̲סӵ
ȿȡַݶʱɿһĿЦ˵Ҷ죬Ͳܸҵ˵ЩɶģһǸͥҿ϶Ҳ˵Ͳ
ҶҲ̲סЩпͬǰһ˭ҲƲģ㲻飬˭Ҳܱȥ
ĿһַݣҶ̲סҡҡͷʱǺĽ㣬ܹκԼ飬ʲô鶼ù˼˼Ǹʵ̫û˼ˡ
ٺ١ַͻȻϷһЦ⻹ҲɵĻǾ͸ϽҸŮ˽ӣϵ⸱ӷŵ㺢ϣ㲻ͽ𣿡
Ҿϴ˵ûҶԿǿǡҲϷʵĿҶһۣУҲַֻݲǵҶܹҵһõŮˣȻޱȵϲ
ȿȡҶʱЩˣһŭĿַݵΪ˭һܹô׵ľҵôŮ˰¼ġ
ٺ١ַϷһЦҶļҪң⻹ֻҪ㷢׵Ůˣʮȥ
ַݿû˵ջ˵ĴʵڵҶνǳΪŮĿеĵһȢˣϾҶ˳˧ֺãһĴӢۣ޸Ļ֪ǻ˼ӵĸ
˵ˣô˵ͷˣϽ˵˵ԼɣԺ׼ô죿ҶҲˣٹ⣬Զʱתַݵͷϡ
Ȼôô족ַݺǵɪʼ磬һЦĿ˵ǣʲô˵ĻʱңҶܹǽ
ַһģҲ˲˹ַĵĲξˣҲ;˷Ȱ뷨ͬʱҲǸеΡ
ν˸־Ȼĺַټսȴǲܵһˣڼ˶ϵʱܾһǣ
Ҳ˲ЩƣַҲҡҡͷֱӽƱ𣬲ˣ˵ôˣǸϽһȻûھˣҪҲǿʱҵİ
ҲǡҲȫˣʱ˱󺰵Ϊǵ꣬ɱ

һڽоƸҲǴЦʯһЦݵĿַݵ˵ϴʲôΪˣӦǻԲ˰ɣСıҶ쳬Ŷ
ʯڿַ뿪ʱ򣬾ֻǻн׶ѣǳɳٿ죬Ҳֻǻ۷ѣôͻƵ
ʯڵĻַֻǵһЦһԵҶ죬ȴ¶˿Цʯڵˣ˵Ϊˣʵ˸顣
ʯڶʱһ㶣˹ҲһֵĿַݵϴ󣬱ңľͻ˵ˣ
ǡַνʼ磬һЦݵĿ˵ҲûʲôģҲͻһѣҲͻƵ˻𣿡
ôһжһĨЦҲҶΪʲô˵Ϊ˸飬ΪַͻƵʵ̫ˡ
ͻС磬ȻǷǳļ򵥣ͻƴ󾳽磬ǿޱȵļѣɿͻƵؿܲɬ
ĵ׵ģǻΪַݸе˸ˣʯҲٴξٱϴϴ󣬾Ȼôͻ˵ⱭҶĹϲ
ɰɡַݴЦŽоƸҲǿʵкܶ໰Ͳ˵ģһоھС
һҹҲ֪˶ƿƣʯԼҶ춼֮󣬵ѾǰĿƿӣַҲһʺ죬ҲǺȵĲ٣Ͳˡ
ǸһĨЦݣַЦǼңԼ˰ɣֵǶˣҶѣⲻǲ̫Ⱥ𣿡
뵽ַٴδһƿ׾ƣҲ֪˶ƿ̱ϣһͬȥ
֮ˣҲʽǶһͬʱ⣬Եôĺг



701 ᲻뿪
һҹ޻ַҲѶĺбѣѹǾЩͷΣֻһתͷεĸо䱻˲ա
ѶһȴҶģַݽ֮ҶҲһЦҸҲǰɣǲ飿
ǰһۻſʯϺ˯Ҷ죬ַ̲סӣһĿЦ
ðɣϽۿڰɣϾҪˣʲô˵Ļǻʱ˵ɡҶҲЦЦַݳˡ
˿ʱ䣬ѾϾŵ㣬Ѿ˳ʱСʱַҲǵͷӦõģϾ͹
رѶַһпĿһɳ˯ˣһĨĪЦ⣬Ŵ˴ֱͨӴ͵˸ۿڡ
뿪һ˲䣬ʯھ˲ѹԼϵҶ˵Ҷ죬Ҳˣ챻ѹˡ
ٺ٣ϾҶڨڨһЦҲǴʯڵһߵԼﶼǲԼͬվһĨᡣ
ʵַѶʱҲˣֻǲַݸܵȥİԼᣬѡ˼װ˯ַߺ
ϵĳһϵľװ֮ҶŶһ˿ڵˣֲַǳʧˣ´лᣬٴһ¡
ðɡҶķȰ֮ӣЦһô˵ҲǴүһܿܿһвǣȥȷǼ˵飬ӻҪȥġ
Ȱοһ֮ҶҲǴԼñӣֱͨռͨѡ뿪ʱžʲôԵĵطͷһжʱһĨЦ
ضҲֲҶôˣôԹ滹ǵʰģ˽涼ʰɾ֮˸ۿڴ׼ĿַݳԶ롣
ͨڣַҲǿһˣ̲סһ̾Ȼ˸տʼദĲǷǳ죬Ǵγ֮Ҳȫĵ׵ĽԼϴ
ԼΪϴ˺Щְ̫ˣ֮ܽѡ뿪һ𣬲ҲʵڹֲϾ˸־ҲǷǳβǣ
ɣַҲ˵Ŀ֮뿪ǰ˶ǵķ򣬲ַҲ˾Ǿǹ̵ʱ˺һξưɡ
Ȼ֮ǳĲǹȴǷǳģܹһͬȾƣֵֿ飬ַݻǲġ

ó̼˵ĵһվȻǶǵǰ߹ؿϾοɲϴһ͵͵ǰȷӢҲѾǴкˣԹؿҲֻ΢һº󣬱ѡ˷С
ڼ֮ܽ⼸ҲһļûӪֵܽǲܽԼĳ˵ȫѹ
Ҫ֪ڶ˵УǳŮ֮һĴڣ֪ܽڴ˴ĻǾӪ𶯣ҶĽڵ̫ʱ䡣
һĻŮҲһЦݵĿܽͬʱҲǲЩĽر̩գȫףܽˮ־̫ˡ
ԼֻһҵĹѣһкüܽȴһĹһֻһȻһȴǲͬ
ô˵ܽܽǵĺýãŮҲΪԶôദôദ
һ·ǰ𽥵ٽǣܽϵЦȴһַҲǽ§˻еôܽϾҪĸˣôģ
Ȼģȴ뵽ҸסܽһĨɬζȻ̫̫Ƶ飬׾ǸףѪ
ȻһֱԼĵİüٵģһ뵽ԼҸηɱܽôܸ˵
ܽĵ뷨ַȻҲȫܹ˽⣬ݻĻҲԼҵĸףϾ巢֮ĸȫûʸ
ĸһܽ㷢ַ֮ݲοˣܸҪģǸıڵ״Ҫҵ𣿡
š̲ܽסǵ˵ͷ˵ҲʵڹֲĸףϾһֱĴͳУ϶ԼΪʹɣϾԼһֱԼˣʹ࣬˸е
뵽ܽҲ̲סһ̾ԽӴ磬ԽȶǵķҪ࣬Ҫı⸱ģҪ̫ʱˣģֻԼĸĽܣϾҲҪʱӦǣ
̸۵ʱǰĶҲѾϡɼεĵȣǾҪԵöʶˣ̵ģģƵģֻһۣŮǼģǼ½



702 ½
ΪαΪǶǣǾΪˣڲⲿ㶼ܸܵо˵ʶ˵ģܹ˸е
һ̽鵽򣬽ͼƬصʱ綼䶯ˣЩȨҲһµ¶˾ģǾǲһУһҪǸռ
Ҳ־ɳǣϾܹ֮ϵĻһһǳ泩飬һսʼˡ
û뵽ǣǿƼչҲⳡս֮У˫ûռʲôˣ˺ܾ֮ŷ֣ܹ¶ǣҲ룬òʧ
Ծ˫ǩͣսЭ飬壬ҲأʲôĻǾͳˡ
ÿ뵽ַݾ̲ס̾˿˵̰ڣֻǿزضѣػãܹ̰ѹǳصĻһߵĩ·ġ
ЩҲڽ뵽˶ǵĴ㣬˶һĸۿڣַݾȵǣۿڿ϶Ǹ޽ûжãȻ㹻޴󣬵ܶණûơ
ϸһܣַҲٴЩԾΪͣ˲ר佢Щ佢ϵı־ǷǳϤЩĴ伯š
ַǲһĨϷʣЩֻ֣ǰ˶ˣڵĶǿǸģЩеԴǱš
ַȴ֪ģܽźпָˣЩԴֻǱμ䣬ļͨͨߣҲǲܹ⣬ĴۣǸġ
뵽ַݾͲ΢΢һЦЩʵ̫ˣԪԴԴϵμŵУԼȴֻǸżˡ
ŵĽ٣ȻǽЩ˵ȫҶĿ˴ʹı־ЩڶǶһֱòԴжһĨڴɫڴʹ̸ܹһУԼҲܹ׬׬
ȴȫˣӢҪ̸Ȧ鶼ҪַݵİôΪӢܹԴ
Ҳֻǰ˶ˣϾμվŵĿܽܽվŵģŮ˭ҲܱǸı⡣
ŻĽ˸ۿУ˴ҲѾǱȫϣЩԭʹ߿伯ǣ׷¶һĨЦɫĲֶ飬Ǿʵڿˡ

Ƕ翴Ҳûʲôͬ𡱣ţӢ俴ǿƼʮĸۿڣҲһĨȻɫ
ǺǡַݵһЦǸۿڣ϶ˣҪԱȲͬĵط֪ˡ
ŶԭˡӢҲЩˣֻ棬ΪһμĴԱַݷҲԵЩΡ
»֮ܽҲŮһͬţߴߴĿܵĻۣ۵Ļ⣬ǵµȥ档
ʱһƤװųĶˣȴǴһǰֱӹܽǰصܽʿǰ
ţڲ˵ַ֮ȴĻȻ֣˾ȻòƵ۹⿴ԼһۣԼмеһĨϷʡ
ַȻޱȵ̺ζҲǷǳ˾ܽĽߣԼܽߣ϶һֱĻŭҪԼֽаɡ
𡱣ܽӦһ϶ʱ¶һĨϵɫԲ׵ǰɣȥʹɡ
ǵģ΢΢ףһ֣µʿѸٵվ˵ܽĴ֮£Ÿۿ֮ĵطȥ
һ·ϣַݶǷⲩزʱĶƵԼһָۣоַݸеʮֵĲ̹
üַҲȻˣȻôԼ棬ַȻ⣬ڲʱ䣬Ҳֻʱһ¡
ƺƵĶ飬Ȼܵ˵ע⣬ÿͨڼǰߵ֮ܽ󣬶᲻ԼͬĹڵأܽ뿪֮ŸĿȥ
ַҲ̲סи̾˵ĻȨʵ̫ˣҪıǣǼ󹤳̣ŮĴ£Ҳ᳹׵ĸıԼɡ
Ȼˣп϶ǣŵٵĶͱ˵Щǣ϶ѡ񷴶ԣƽȵĻǽʧȥ̫̫ȨǾԸġ
ŮҪıһУҪ̫̫飬Ҳ⵽ķԣҲûƣǿ϶ֲ֧ǣ



703 
ʿǵĴ֮£Ҳǻ߳˸ۿڣۿ֮⣬ͻȻһ䣬ܵʻʢţܣ֪йţһҲǲ࣬һпôĺг˼ɾһ㡣
̫ˡܵһĻĻŮǵж̲סһĨСǣгľɫ˵ʵδ綼ԿڿһĻŮǶȫĳС
ַ뷽ӢҲǴĵ׵ĸе̾ȻԵЩ󣬵ȻгദһĻܹĻ̤ܽơ
ϸַܻ֮ҲǲЩɻǲֱܻӲȥʹûнͨߵĻǶǾԵ̫ѷ˰ɣ
ʵַݣŮԼӢ䶼ǸеޱȵԻǾǸôȥʹܽҲǿŮǵɻ΢ЦصʿǸȥʹӥ񣿡
ӥ񣬲ӥ㣬һ˱صϥ֮վдһĿڣǷʲôһ㡣
˺ʱͻȻĽкѸٵĳ˺üʮڵ㣬Ѹٵ˸
źԶľ룬ַݱ㷢ЩڵһֻֻޱȾ޴࣬ޱȼԼǿĳͬĳ޲ڱʾޱȵóС
ѽŮǶʱһĻһЩ֮Ϊӥľ޴ͣ˵ϣĶ˵ʱŮеľֶˣʣµĶֻǺ档
ЩӥܽҲһĨɫŮҲú£ǶѾѱģ˵ģҷҲǷǳƽȣֻҪվǱϣˡ
𣿡ŮһĨɫȽϴ󵨵ҲǵһǰȥСĵĸһӥëа㻬壬ұţҲûκε⶯ֻǺĿͷ˲ĸԵô˳γĶԱȡ
һĻŮҲǲٳˣ׷ǰȥѰһͷӥ󣬿ʼԼ˽⣬һӥѾǷӥı´ɵĿ
ĿӥҲǻų򣬻ڿն𣬲ܽ˵һ㣬ɵķǳƽȣñ߲һûиܵʲô˷ܵĴ
Ůǿ֮ҲǷ׷׳зеӥǣַҲһĨЦݣķгӥҪȤˣŮеЦݾͿԿ

˵ŮǶǽӥȫռˣʣµֻǰǱ˨ϵˣַݾȵǣֱ֮Ϊ࣬ޱȵľ޴󣬶ϻϸܵƬԵôֳС
Ǿɡ˿ԵܽԼӢ䣬ַָǰǱ˩ŵЩӥøŮˣ֮УҲܹľɫ
šܽ΢Цŵ˵ͷ˵඼˹ģŮʸУѡĸνˡ
ڷӢ䣬ĵ׵ҪһӥĸоģһˣôܻŮֻǵ˵ͷԡ
ȻѾ¶˾ģҲǲٳˣȥʱ򣬲ȴܵܽǰأһڵܽʵڶԲǵ߶һֻ
ţܽüָָǰʣµƥ˾˰ɣⲻǻֻ𣿲ʲôɣ
ǡζĿַһۣżǸһֻǸղŲҰץģҰԻûѱԻˡ
⡭ܽ΢΢һ㶣֪ûбѱжôΣգ˸ȥĻܹ˵ĹǼܶɢ
ҲиϰԣǾǾһ˵ͲٻȥһֱֱַݵҪЩʿǵҲǾܵġ
Ҫ𣿡һĨϷʣַô֪ܲʿ뷨ظûƥܣ֮ǰʹһֻȫûбѱƥ
Ϊľַȥַݳ󣬱ĵС˼ַôܿôںΪôһ仰ǾھԵʵǰһıƣֽϻ



704 
ͨǾ޴Ķλ֮£涼Ǳһݣܳɽ˶̲סȥֵĿһĻ
˿̵Ѿȫʧȥ˶־Ϊ֪ԼȥĻԼϵǸˣ˵ὫԼɱ
ǰٽ˶Լͷ­οһƥˣ˵ȻַݸѱҲղǰѡ
ԡַëָָǰҲܹܲ˵
˵ǣʹһ˿ԣȻַܹݵ˼Щ鲻Ըվ󣬰ַݵָǰȥ
ȻǺܵȻѱַ֮Ҳ̲סĴЦһλ͵ʴ׵ĲЦлˣƥˡ
үȻ䡱ͷûе޵ĶˣԼǧַݳ󣬵û뵽ȴǱѱԼˣϲֳѳԵĶĸо
С˼ѡַһЦĻ˻ֵ֣ܽܽͦģǹ˰ɣΪôС
õġ¶һĨЦ⣬鵽زܽٳٶҲ˹ⲩؿ϶ַݵ鷳ԲֳһĻ
ַһУȴûκε˲ӲԼʵշ˲һİƣβе
ߵԣܽҲԵЩţϾ˾޴һֻƥ˵ĻǾǻڵߣҲˡ
ȻڵѾǳ׵ַЭˣڼܽǰ֮ҲֻǴ˸֮󣬱㲻ᡣ
һܽжʱһĨϲɫԼ˴չշȥĻҲǸǣ
ַݵԣַݣֻһͱַݵǰһҸģ
ʿ·ɡһϷʵĿ˵Ĳһַۣ´Ȼذܸϣַݵݿɱ߹ˡ
õģүӦһ󣬲ҲԼƥͨǰΪ˿·
͵͵ģӢҲǲַݸһĴַָεı֣ǴΪĴʹҲܸųǣ
ͬʱӢҲޱȵĸ̾繴ĶǰҲˣϾ˵ĵطԼ˻ʤ

ϣش·ܵʿҲǽ˸ΧУһпܵΣգϾǼԭ̬ʲôֻҪˣǶɱġ
ܻܺܿʲô޶ǽϮЩʿǱ˵İȫһĻҲһʱȥ
ڿУȻҲʮӥʿǷŮԣһΪ˱ǺŮǻΪӣǵҲ˸һЩ
һ·ǰţַҲǲΪǵе̾Щ֪ʻŭţ̺ζҲܹ˾һ
ܽҲǹɵַݵǰΪַݽܵʻԼľܹ˽һ㣬ַݾȵǣȻҲ˴ҩġ
һݣȻǴﵽ˰ϣַݻһֱҵľ֥ЩʿǾͷ·һҲںһ㣬ֱӾ˹ȥ
ַݲһҪ֪ѪƵҩʱɲҪַԭҲǷǳҪģͱкüҩЧѵĵҩȱݵҩģһֱƣѪҲǴΡ
ڵЩҩַ֪ݶʱ˼Ǿ뿪ʱ򣬱ҪЩҩĻؼңǲںЩҩģǿǲã಻ͬղſһ֥ǻٶǮҲ򲻵İ
ôˣַҲֻܿŸżһеȥժЩ˿һ㶼ûõҩģⲻǻѵ˱
ַҲֻסԺժʱҩĸصƳĵҩŮǵʵҲǴ
Ҳַݸ˸ѣڵĶǿǸⰡЩҩĶӣһ෢ִɹĻɾͿˣַݾúбҪܽѣһҪЩҩĸ
һжõȵ˻ʹû˵ʱ˵ȻҲֻƽ޹ʵЦѣɲֻǴԼܽԼ棬ò˼ɡ



705 ʹ
ǰУҲһֱЩҧгݣԼĵһƻǵûַݳ󣬷ѱʧޱȵĲ
һ򽾰ĲܹѾڲ߻ŸθַһˣܣûҵʵĶ
ڣǰͻȻһȺķϵëޱȣܽҲ˲侪ϲȻǲʹЩˣëƳɵ·Ưˡ
Ŷַ̲סһЩʹҲ̲ס˵ͷͦƯģǵ˻ʳǣ͸Ҷһɡ
ܽ΢Цŵ˵ͷʹȻԲ׽ҪĻа취ܹҵģԼҵĵ̣ܲŮ׼һ
ʱ򣬲ȴ̲סǰһתͷһֿĶܽ𾴵Ĺ£ϲʹ·ĻʿӿԴͣչ㹻ë
ʲôûоʲô˼ܽһ˳ʳ뵽ʿһֱԼ˳϶ʲôˡ
ȻͬܽһضʱڵһͳֻԼ˲׽Ĳʹ񣬲ƳɵĲʹ£ܵףǴ͵Ļǿɾʧȥˡ
ǺǡַĻȻһЦҲ˲ػе˼뿼һԼ׼ͷǾԸ£ַݶʱЦȻĻʹ񣬾׽˰ɡ
үȻмǣԲʹʱֻǻͷȻĻѪҺ䵽ëϣǿɾƻˡһĨϷʣʹͷǳСֻһͷСҪͷĻǿǷǳѵ飬ʮҲܹζѡ
һļʣҲǶƵǺպˣַݣûôɣҪиٷеĲʹǳΣŻ˸ɣû뵽ַݾȻٴˡ
ллĹһ۲صĹַ֮жʱһĨϲɫܸܵõѹǳ˵κβƳɵĹǹǹҶķǳãԳƵһѺù
ӹַֺݲסַ֮һ˲䱻£һַȴҡҡͷǺùС˵㣬ٴͺˡ
仰󣬲صжʱһĨΣѹøպãַȴǳе̭һ䣬ⲻڴԼ
ʱȴǵı˱죬ʲôҲû˵ֻǾĵȴַ֮Щ߳ŭݣֻһ뵽ͻޱȵĿĲǣ

ʵزµûַݸûԭ̬Ķûȴãɱּпǽʽʹ÷¼˵ģƾԼжԽⲩأɼ죿
˵ע֮£ַݴӼгһֱ֧Ӵ£׼һֻڿзĹֹ
ޱȱ׼Ķ֮󣬲ؾ̲סһüмңƵģԲǸ֡
ಡ侪ɲʱַеĹȴ˲һ䣬ϵļ˲䵯˳ȥֻʹжȥ
ַݵǿ󣿹֮ٶȫһӵҪѸһȴһڼﵽ˲ʹĸ߶ʱʹѾǷɹȥˣһȫˣǲʹһƤëûֱããϿ֮С
Ȼ˫ۣհеһȫַǸֵƲȫƷҲ˲һĨϷʵɫѾȲҪַݳˡ
ȫһַҲԵЩΣȻɱּоƬѾҪȫԺҲҪиӦḶ́һûҵо
ַݿɲһʧܾ׵ˣܽһյԭַ֮˫ۣٴδһʹ˹ȥ
һɿˣûǲʹ񣬶ǼʸɹǸ߶Ⱥ󣬲ʹŷɵ˽ǰʹһŷ˿
ϷʵζԽԽŨڲصУѾǽַݸ׵һֻٰʽû湦ˣǫĿڵүҪǽʿ׽ɣЪЪ
ˡַ΢ЦҡҡͷⲩصôܿаСүǰɣ¾㿴



706 鷢
ٴαܽʧܵԭַ֮жʱһĨ⣬Լһһܹ׼ȷĻǲʹ񣬾Բˡ
ʸ˹ңַ׼һֻеĲʹ񣬲еĹ켣ϵı仯ŽǶȣΪܹһͷ
Ҫ֪ȫͬ뿪ֻҪ׼ˣȥһУﲻͬͱʹϵڱ任ŷеĹ켣Ҳȫ̶䣬Ҫ׼ȷԤУ֮һʧ֮ǧ
ಡȫȷй켣ַ֮ŹҵŶʱһɣʸ˲ɳͬһӵ˲ֱûֻʹĴԡ
ӡһҽдֱֻӱᴩ˴ԵĲʹ㴹ֱŵһЩ
һĻ󣬲ص˶˹ʹˣûַݾȻľ˲ʹĴԣ֮Ҳ˲䷴Ӧ˹вϰοԼ϶Ϲèӣֻѡ
ǿУȴޱȵĹάүȻǺüֱû˲ʹĴԣȥ
ţȥɡַһϷʵĿ˲һۣٴδһʸһֻʹȥٴԡ
ѾҲҲοԼĵ˵ˣҲһĨĿɬ˿룬ַݾǸĹ̥ǿ󣬼Ҳôĸ߳
ֻҲһɡѾȫ˲أַǳһϷʵĻȣٴδһʸһֻʹӰŵ䵽˵ϡ
ûַѾȫҵָУղֱˣһһֻʹ񣬼鷢ЩʿǶƣռ
ԼӢµı֮ܽҲһĨЦ⣬ȻһٵŮˣԼҵܹǿҲ̹ǣ
ʹַǳ޴࣬Լͬȥȴ·δ֪ζһ㣬ûѡ룬ҲǵϰϢϢأǾֻʳڵأͲ뿪
ַݼʸ䣬ʹҲһֻֻϵ䣬ֻһСѣϵĲʹѾʮֻˣַݵļҲѾȫգֻ΢΢һЦĶԲصЩʹ񣬹һʹ˰ɣ
ȻȻһɬĵ˵ͷַݸղΪʲôζҪˣǴΪ˴Լϻıӵ쾡¡
õشַҲƣɲһֱԼֻʹȥʲôõףֻǲرĶѣŲں
ллĹ´μǵûģûеĹ˲غַҲǲٴϷʵĵ٩һ䣬ԼĵˣѾº͵ˡ
лүĽ̵пˮ죬ȴһǫݣҲǳ׵˹ַݾܹǵĴڡ

ٴǰַҲ§ܽϣŶǻʳڵĵطȥŮҲķǳģӥ׷š
һжԵôĺгҲûٸַʲôΪ֪ԼƵĻҲֻҿԶѡ
һ·ϣնԵúгַ࣬Ҳܽһͬܵ˵黰Եôĺгˡ
һĻ󣬲ҲǲòϣַݱֳЩѾ㹻ܽˣԼܵĲԩ
һСʱİ棬ǰҲڳһޱΡĻʳǣǳǳأַҲǸе˾̾
ǳҲûмݴ½񶼹˰ɣǵ⴦ʳǣǾʮ֮һʳĿνһۿߡ
˵ʳǣȫܹеĵ۾ǣͬǣ⴦ʳܿɶŸ߸ߵĳǽŵģķѵԼԱʲôʼ޽Ƕöࡣ
ַһ𺳣ܽҲһĨԺǶǵĻʳˣ˵ǧͿʼ˽죬ķٶʱ㽨ɣڼ仹ϵĽйţǧķչΰ
ԭˡַҲ̲סһ̾ǧʱôһΰĳУ֪便ķ˶ٵѪԼ
ͬʱַݸеȵĻǶ˶ЩΰıԼгᣬĳǳܹ浽ڣܿǧʱڣûзս
ϾսЩΰˣһսĻǾǳǽ޽ټ̣ɵֵǰĵزЩΰĽѾʧ伣



707 
ʵַݣ˴ķӢԼŮǣǶΰĳǳظеԵ̾ͬʱҲ̾Ŷ˵ŬԼ͡
ַݵĸ̾󣬲ҲǸеޱȵˬһ·ǳԱַܹ⸱нǵģҲ㹻ϲˡ
󲿶Ӽǰܵ˳ǳصĴſڣַͷȥеĸ̾ҲǸˣַݹƣǳصĳǽ߶ȣԲʮףҿȣʮ׿⣬ԳƵͭǽڡ
ҷǳԻǣΪǳʵ̫ھ޴ÿﶼһţƽܹ룬ùı˷ʱ䡣
ַܹŶ޽ģΪʲôҲǳļ򵥣ǾʳǵĳǽʵѾͬˣǿƼ磬ǽٺҲһڴ򴩣򲻴Ҳֱܹӽ롣
ǵһŮŻ޽ţȷƽգҲΪԼĹһʣν׬⡣
ܽ飬ȻƽһͨЩͨĳţǶȹĳȻޱȵĸߴ󣬶ҲȻţʷĲɣС
йĹŴǳƣƽţǶֻǣߵģȴûֹ˼ɣֱӾ뵽˳ǳ֮У˼ƽǵİΣҲֻǷŻٶȡ
ʳ֮ȻûκεΣգַȻǴܽǰǸߴַܽʸĳУƽڼܽʱ򣬶һϵĹš
֮󣬴Ҳǽŵַݵϣܽ˵ܣȻ˵үˣȻ֪ԼҵүǸˣڿַݵʱҲǻôһĨĲԼĵӡ
һֺ֣Ҫһһޱȼ޵飬ϾΪɵ˺ʵ̫̫ˡ
ַв̾Լֻһ˶ѣܸıж˵ĹģԼö֪Ҳȫǻˡ
ڴܽǰнʱַҲɫЩ˶кԼⶼǴ˳ȥ᲻ЧǾ˵ˡ
ĿǰԣЧǺܺãĶڿַе֮ҲǱԼĲţɵӵĿֻСֵˣԼĹһĨɡ
ô˵ַݶԼŬлĻ϶ԸЩ£ҲΪԼΪ˰ɡ
ڶ˵עУҲǻнǳҲߵĽ֮УȨģʹ

ȥ⴦ʹǳЩ̩סĻʹûж𣬵߹Χַ֮ȴǳ׵˹Լִ̫ˡ
ʹ֮УȻûκεΰҲûˮʯͷĽһжôȻһжôĺгʻʢľܣһƬɭ֡
۵ģǰһŷᴩصľַݸҷģûпһž޴ľɵֱ¶Ѿǳһϵһ֦ɶһô޴
߶ȸǷƲ֮Уᴩһ㣬ַݳ׵Ŵͣľ䣬Ѿǲܴˣƣ궼ǲֹ
Ƕ˵ʥ˶꣬Ѿ޴֪ˣҲ˵Ƕ˵ľֻҪʥ桱ܽһϵһžĬһ䣬ҲһĨЦ⡣
ðɡַѾ֪κεĻݴ˿ԼˣžԶǵһ˽⣬Ϊʲôô׽ȻܾʥЧӦɡ
ͬʱַлЩԻˣǸľʵ̫ˣò󣬾ϰҲôһ£ϲסϣϲ
ַݻǷǳĻɣǲںܾǰ½ǣһ¼˹ھĴ˵
¸û֤Ͼ̫ھԶô˵ǵţҲַ𾪲ˣ綼˲٣ѡĻҪ֮С
ĸ磬滹У泤סԼȫͬĶ˵Ļ϶ǳĲӦҲֻѡ



708 ʥ
黺ıƽžŮҲǴӥˣеɫһδģȻ֮ܿľɫ϶ȵϵҪ̫̫ࡣ
Ҫôȥʹģַ֮ݿ˿ܵĻȴȫûпƵ֮ණȻᷢԻ
ʹʥĶŶôȥ֪ˡܽƤһЦҲһӣŮٴĵһ顣
ַݲЦӣǸľʵ̫̫ˣҲ־ϲĸое粻һĶǣ
ַݲ֪ȥʱϿ֮ȴͻȻ˺üڵ㣬ԽԽǼ֮УЩڵҲȫܹˡ
һַȫûпǵͱӥ޴ˣЩеľͬľ޴ĳҲǿ׳ĺ֫ǰ֫ޱȵСȴЩ̬䣬ַݾȵǣȻͷȻ϶ǳͣϾַݿûпǿżݡ
ÿһֻǿ׳ĺ֫Уץһ޴ĵȻϵžķ֮У־޸Ŀĵ֮С
ʲôޣַЩȵĿһ־ޣԵĲѯʵϾⶫʵ̫ϡˣҪ˽һ¡
˵־޽Ȼ޴󣬵ԸǷǳº͵ģṥࡱȻǳϲַݣȴǲòһ
ַЩȻĵɴ˫ۣ˿ķǳɣڼǧǰˣȻôܻĴ˵
Ľ˵ϣϵʿҲǸһǵԴʾҲǷǳãº͵ͷ˲ʿ󣬷һ
ǹȥɡַһȵģҲ̲ס΢΢һЦǰԼʿһͷĵ֮С
ַȻ뷽ӢԼŮͬһҶ֮ϵʿһڣ˲ɣϿշȥ
ֱӷſɣЩǵĿһϾЩӿɶûаϵģǱץǿĺ֮֫ϣֻҪɿԼЩ˶˲£ˤࡣ
ȻᣬһѱǾͻΪõĻ飬ڼǧûſૣҲûгֹκε¹ʡܽ΢΢һЦԼ˽⣬еԻԼη塣
ǾͺáַҲǲסĵ˵ͷڱԲΣܽһٸΣԼŮ˶Ųǻ˭

ò˵ԼǼѣô˳ĵҲûһ˿ҡΣڵҲޱȵİȣֱķС
Ӹ߿ոʳǣַҲǲò̾ǳصӴȻҪ޽һǳҲǲܰ쵽ȴǲ˻ȥʤҲֻڶǼˡ
ٶȲǺܿ죬ȴǳƽȣԵĻһͷص磬ɱʲôݶҪʮϡ
ҲֻѣȲ˵ܲӦֶܲܽ˵Ҳֻޱȵźˡ
ǳĸߣַҲܹܵŸ߶ȵ̺ҲԽԽߣֻǰĸ߶ȶѣκѾǳݴ½صﶥʱ򣬿϶ᳬԽݴ½ϡ
˵ƬأĻǾ϶ܹ࣬ͨ˾סҲЩ١
žַǴĵ׵ĸе𾪣һžǿ϶һ㣬ΪһƬʤذɣ
˼ַҲһĴҲ֪ǸʲôƷ֣ܹܵĵžɼǿһûֹͣ
ʥʵ𣿡ԺͻȻһ룬ַݲԵܽѯʵ
ܽЦŵ˵ͷȻʵһǳɿڣڻ̺ŴǺܶ࣬Ҳǽʱ䣬ĸ׿϶һЩԵĻҿȥҡ
ô鷳ģҲֻʶѡַӣžĹ̺ҲǺܶ࣬ûҪô鷳
ַһνģܽȴǼУʵʥĹʵǳ󣬾ҲԾͳԣַҪĻȻ˸ԼҪĶôܲں



709 ʥϵĹ
ŴҰӺ˳ĵҲͻƲ㣬ĸоôҶǸоޱȵ棬ͬʱҲԶǵĻʹ޽Ʋ֮ϸеһĨĺ档
ַݹƣ˿̵İ߶ѾǳǧϣĻͨ˿϶Ѿܹе˺ѣΪʥԭɣҲΪǻĲͬɣǧ׵ĸ߿գ˶ûиܵһ˿ĲǸе˿£˵ķβǻϴһ㡣
ڼӺҲǴŴ˾ĶˣĶ˾ȻһƬտĵطʹھ֮
ǽ̻Ի͵ĻʹͬʹԵޱȵļªȫľ֦ģȫûʲôװһԵôȻ
ϸĻͻᷢеں֮Щ֦ȻǻģδɷݵģַҲȫܹµǾǻЩ֦ʱ򣬾ͱǿеŤתһ𣬰ʦƶţʱγʤ
µַ֮Ҳǲò̾˵ʵ̫ˣͬʱҲޱȵִţԸѴʱ䶼Ը˺ȻҪִȻķݡ
ȫ˾ϷȷϵѾܹƽ֮ʿŲٿƽ֮ϣĴܵĻ
ַĲͬôĶֻ࣬ĵʮ˶ѣַҲܹ⣬Ҫϵ⴦߿գֻǳǻЩĻٶҲȫõģЩҲֻΪ˷һЩ޶ѡ
ߵΪԵַܽݶеĽ㣬Ϊܽݣ࣬רԲĶ㹻עĿˡ
Щ۹Уַݸܵ˵ӣɣмȵָӵ񣬵ȻûһѺõΪַݵ࣬˾޴˺ô򵥡
ܵһַ֮ȻҲޱȵĸпҪı˶ĿضԶʱԸƽһУûĳ޲ǣ
ʿԭͣҲԼʹܽһľϹ𾴵Ĺ£ҵѾˣ뿪
ȥɡӦһܽҲǽظ뿪һЦĿַԼŮһȥĸװɣҲ£ʵܺƵġ
ַӣ̲סЩ²۵ֻǶܺưɣˣ϶ְɡ
ĵ׵ģַݶλΪŮĸﻹǺкøеģϾûôΪԼ˿ĸѾǷǳټˡ

Ůǵ˵ͷܽŻʹȥȻܽ˵õģĵ׵ģǻǸеЩţͬΪ̩ҲЩСš
Ҫ֪ǵŮӢŮرĲ࣬һֻƿһҶѣһƿصĿ壬ž޴Ĳ࣬ݵλҲԶ
ô˵ַȴԵر̹ȻŮҲˣ˾ͻи飬ΪԼȻܣҲһ޶ȣο׼ɱﵣͲŮ᲻ں
ܽĴ£Ҳ߽⴦ȻĻʹ֮У˿̵ŮôӺݻ󣬲רŮı֮ϣԵô񾲡
ڿ˽֮΢΢̧ͷܽԼַݵϼһˣһΪǶૡ
ôૣֻǰʱæûʲôʱѣĸ˲ҪġַЩεЦЦЩ̫ܽദôˣŵһǿĸ˭϶Թ԰
ʱܽҲһǸĸףʵڶԲôòҲ֪ģ絽ǣʵ̫ķʱˣҲܽͨѶ̫ˡ
ǰҲܹһͨ磬ܹпռ䴫;ͺˣҲܾǣȻܽ飬ַȻ˳ƿڣθԼ´ǣ
ôоǻΪ˿ңΪİŮ˼εȵֻôһ˵б˻ɣЦŶ˵
ȿȡŮ𴩣ַҲ̲סɿӶóһӣݸŮĸ˶ˣģⲻһૡ
ŶһַһμװʯĺһģһŮҲ˲һĨ⣬΢ЦĽӹˣҾˡ
ٺ١ַЩεͷǾͺãǾͺãǣŮˣģĸ˲Ҫ⡣
̲ס͸ַһۣŮһЦĿŮȻ⣬ӭǵĵϣܹڶǹ졣



710 ү
ͳμԣŮԴҲǷǳгģûаʲôӣҲûΪַ¶ŮŮжһ
ͬʱҲޱȵĺ棬Ůô˵ĿÿԼĶŮδĶŮǼ޸ַݣûʲôԹԡ
ȻŮΪϹԴ飬ܽûжŮ˵ĵ飬κҲܻ˵
ʱַҲûзܽѱɱ飬Ůܽܽ޸ַܶΣõĴ𰸶ȫܡ
Ͼʱǻһֱǳ״̬˵ǴܽˣǿַݣܶᵱɱַܽݲޣַҲܱȫڶǣʧȥɡ
µǣַݾܽӳ˶ǣŮ϶ð屻Σ࿪սҪཫַݸճܽͻضǡ
˵ûзĻܽߵһǾܵһ飬ֿ϶ޱȵңҲΪ飬һвܳΪ˿ܡ
ܹߵһ𣬿νԵʻᣬһжԵݣҲ˵ַݵŬʱԮܽʧܣǻһȥܽĻһҲ᲻һ
뵽ЩַݲĿܽһۣһĨЦ⣬صĶŮһĸˣԵĸлܽܽ޸ҡ
֪жͺãֻôһŮһоҶܹⲢ֧֣ҲķǳãûܽеκεĲˣҸУܸܵڵǳ⡱ŮҲοĿһۣЦ
ǵĸףݶĺܺãҲദķǳ죬Ȼ磬ľùķǳĿġܽҲһϵĽԼеĸо˵˳
ʱУŮദ÷ǳ죬ַҲĵİûʲôĵطΪøо˴δйĿ֡
ңʱôȹģĸҲܺŶ֣ܽŮҲޱȵĺ
ܽʱСŮԣ󻺻Լ羭һЩ飬ַݵģҲŮģûʲôĶǣеֻǵĿ֡
ĸŮгһĻַ֮ҲǶŮ֣һͬ뿪˴˴ɵĸŮ
ŮȻҲܹһУ΢Цĸַ󣬲뿪˷֮УһòĸŮȻĻҪ˵ôܲȫ

߳һŵĶ˱ǰĶַݵ𾴵ү£ʲôûеĻʹȥ䣬;ôãҲ˰ɡ
еˡַ̲ס˸ǼȻϵĸǺأԾϵĸȴǺأôõʱ䣬ַݻЩˡ
ͬŮǵʾһҲǸе޾ƣԶʱܼҴ·׼Ϣһ¡
ò˵ʥ֮ϵķ޽ķǳɫһɫģͬһĵ¥ԵôĺгȻ
ⷿӹ㣬ģܵĿô¶ˣŶ泩˲١
ַҲ˹Ϊʲôܽһʱ򣬾ȻᱻǺţΪȽ϶ԣǳȾĿֱǲܺ
ڹܼҵĴ֮£ŮҲǱԷһ¥УַݣǱ˹޹ϾڿүסҲκ˵ġ
ȽЩ¥ԣ⹫޹ȻҪƯ޴ˣһҲǴȻģ֦ƳɵΣԼҾߣ齶֦Ƴɵġ
ַȻޱȵļ̌̾ͷһ֮ȴоȻûеƹ⣬ǵƹ⿪ĶȻҲ͸˵ˡ
ڲǺҹֻǸչѣܼҲޱȵģֱŮʳַݸŶӡ
Ȼǵʳﲢûôľ£Ҳûôķ࣬ȴ¿ɿڣζȻţҲǱһζַݳԵޱȵġ
ڷ˶ʰɾʮŮҲߴ˽ַһеòү£ˮѾãϴԡ
ַ̲ס˫ۣû뵽ǻϰףŮͬŴЩСǵͨѾ˰ɣ
ȻַлЩɲǸˣԼûκθŮʲôŮԹнǺˣԼϴ˸Żص˷䣬˯ȥ



711 ʹ
һַֻˬʥϵĿѣֲ뿪ĸоҲ֪Ǹܵģĸࡣ
ܽû˿û߶ĺۼַݲԴź󣬶ԿſڵŮû𣿡
ү˿ɫѽƻ裬Ѿ׼үүһȥϯᡱŮĶַһϹŽܼҵİŵ˳
ðɡַݲӣŻط任һȽʽ·ڹܼҵĴǰĹ֮С
˿ɫѽƻ裬ȴͬ磬ַ߽кȴûеƣâȴ֦һֻֻ⣬ͬөĳӡ
ǴȻġַݲЦӣǸľϲʵ̫ˣҲ֪Щөôģһߡ
̤빬֮У˿ڲѾģȫǴŵĶǣưɫͿԿЩ˵ݿ϶򵥣ʲôپʲô塣
үʱ򣬴ַǰĹܼҲһֵҲ˲һϣ˶ǽŵַݵϡ
ЩƵУַݾѾȫϯǸ磬ԼΪ˹Ľ㡣
ˮڣԼȻܸܽĨڣڷִҿԼ֮ҲǴһĨЦ⣬ԵǷǳĵȻ
ܼҵĽкŹװܽҲС粽ֱסַݵֵ˯𣿡
ܾû˯ôˡַǵĹ˹ܽСӣһģоȴǴɱ˵۹⡣
ЩĽʼɺ޵ַݱʾһҲںܽĽڶ࣬ÿҪȥƽһǲ
ܽҲǸоյĲԾԶʱַߵһݣǽܻ磬ǧҪǶݵλˣֵ̫ĸҲ̫òǣ
ܽһĨǸɫַһԸǷǳǲϳԿȴҪΪҪ
İɣôǽƽϣֵ̫ĻҲǳصĲǣΪַܽȻܹһЩһԽļޣ治ˡ
ܽҲǵ˵ͷһĨᶨɫԼҵˣܿ˸۸˸۸ַݣҲǳصĲǣ

ʼַҲܽĴ֮£ʼЩгȻޱȵαȴǲòȥΪܽӡ
ܵ˵Եޱȵĺд˶ַݣвŻ棬ȴǱַݸ׵Ļ⡣
ַҲܹ˽ΪʲôҪôܽСϲݹΪԺŮЩӵôܲϲ
ΪܹӭȢܽԼʧˣҲһȦڵˣҲѡ˳
û뵽ͻȻַܳݣܽߣܹܣԴҶϵһ𣬿ʼַݣҪַ֪ǶҲǺǵġ
үȻһ˲ţҲ֪羿ʲôૣǰϷʵĿַһۣʳԼ׼٩ַݵĻ
ŶַݵһЦҲǿǰλϮ֮ӵİ䣬زʶȴεҪԼĲ磬ܹס
΢΢һЦַݵȻҲûʲôˣǸ˼ĹӶоɰɣҶҴӣҶ֪ɣҶҵļ̳ˣλʹҲ˷ҵĴүյСܡ
˵ô࣬үҲû˵ص㰡ʵݣСѵŶɫһϣҲٴֱԶַѯʵ
ַݣνǺ޵˹ﰡڶǵĹȦ֮УѾѹԵƣܾܿͽܽ뻳ˣַȴǳֽߣ֮кβ
԰Ȼޱȵķŭַݶ˵νŶ֮ޣַݳ֮ǧټƵҪַݵĲ磬ȻѾܽˣܹһڶҲǺõ
ȴ֪һپѾǳ׵ŭַݣһĨַϷʵûʲôݰǸͨ˶ѣ˵С⣬ǿܺڡ
ŶЦˣЦĻǷǳģȴһĿϧԭүô⣬ҪڶǰɣܳԴǣ



712 һС׹
ǺǡַЦˣⰢԼװԼͷ㵽׺ˣеǺöͲŲܹһԱ
΢΢һЦַ֮ݱһϲĵðڶǲȥˣóԺúȵ̫ˣһȥһȥˡ
ЦΪѾܵ˶ñӵַݣȻޱȵĳ졣
һԵܽȴһֱǵŵЦţͬʱλ䣬Ϊ֪һ϶Ҫùˣַһ֪ʲôڡ
ַһЦɫҲһӻͳһСӣݸַݵүô⣬û͹ʲô°ɣиСͽ軨׷ү͸µɡ
Ŷʲôૣذ乫˵ԺգͳĶ϶Ҳ̫ɣַɫ΢΢һⰢԼǾĲܹˣַеĺöüܹð侪°͡
ֻǸʯ׹ѣҲʲôöһЦǫĴ˺ӣһ;ʯ׹ǰ
ԼǣʯԳƵĶˣƽʱôСһŶǼֵǣοó׹ʯСһޱĺꡣ
һóֳ뵽֮УرЩȦǣжǷų˹â͸ǵĻǰʲôǶˡ
˻𾪵ʱַݵȴһĨޱϷʵЦݣеƷĻ治֪ôȽϣʯĻð֪ʲôŽʯ
һЦĽϵʯ׹ַҲЦŶܽܽʯ׹ϲ벻Ҫ
һŮ˵ٷְٿ϶ܽһĶ£һµĻַݾͳˣԼŮ˱񣬻͵ǵ׹Ǻεȵܴ裿
ڰ׼ַϷʵʱܽȴ𾪵ҡҡͷȻһĿһʯ׹ȻϲôСʯһųҪ˰ɡ
Ҳǡַ΢Цŵ˵ͷʯͻ˰䣬ЦллСĺˣʯʵ̫СˣҲкܶ࣬ʵڲϡԻջȥɣ͸˭ˡ
´˿̣ɫѾһƬΪҵź꣬ǻ˴ĽǮԼҵȴַ˵һĲֵܹܣ
ַһûݵļһһͨʿѣȻ˵кܶʯǿųĴⲻ췽ҹ̷ʲô԰һŭĿַݲָѣ˵кܶʯó

ŶһĨЦ⣬Ű߳ŭеĶʱһ룬ֲ֪ôˣôܲԱԵѪ
δַݿڣܽ㽫ԼؿǰһСӸ˳óһŷŴɫʯָ˳ЦС˵Ҽ˵ѣǳɻʱʯָԹĦһ¡
ܽеǿžӨֳָ֮ЩǸǲûιȥ
ǱȻԶɫԵϲܽе꾧Ө͸Ѿʮϣ꣬ұǣ¶Ҳڶ
ЩǿַݵѾȫһˣַóһĻǾǵ檶ĸԸ
Ҳסˣ˿ܽеǿ꣬ٿ˿ԼеǸ׹ĶˣȻʯĳ̶ȣǾͬؤԼŮĲࡣ
һ˲䣬رоԼõѾʯˣǸ۵ףǿнеסһмĿַݵ˵ʯ͵ģЦҿŮ͸ǵļױɣȻƾݣôӵһꡣ
ôһ˵Ҳ˲ȻҪַ֪ݵݣǿɶ˵˵İֻһͨʿͶû쵽ôӵһʯ
Կ϶ǶǵĻóģϾܽޣûиʲôȻޣǲǶЩ˶ʱ˹һӵĿַݣûһ㱾£˼͵ĶԼģ̫Ҫˡ
ЩҲ˲˹ؿڣͬʱҲǸ̾ǰַݣָǻ˵ĵ



713 ʯ
ǱӵַͻȻǹĴЦһϷʵĿŰ˵ôôԸૣ˵ʯҵģǾҵģҪ˵ǻҵģҲ֪ﳤʲô
˵ľģ֤֤䲻мĿһַݣѾȫ϶ַˣҳ顣
Ҫ֤𣿡ʱһϮһޱöĻδŮһͬ˴˴ŰһϷʵ
˵ǱʢŮδŮ֣ɢľֳһĳմΪŮʵ̫ˣôһȺŮ˴յһǶɵĳ֪
һմģεҲһĨɫ΢ЦŶԼŮǵǣȻһﲻԸţǾͰǵĽָóɡ
ðŮǶ΢΢һЦ׷׽Լŵ˳ŵһϣʱֳٴһϡ
ɫɫɫɫɫɫľ޴ʯָڷŵһ𣬶ֳɵĳ޴ʯܹһţǳԾˣ˶ʯһ֣ͬܲ𾪵Ըӣ
ʱ˿̣ѾûٻܽеǿǻʼҴˣʼҲֿڴʯж٣ǿ֪һܹóһܽôĶѾ˸еˣôóôࣿʼУҲ͸ЩŮһһŰ
Ѿȫ뷴ʲôȴҲκηɣΪַ֪˵Ķˣôʯ
ʢǿǳģû䣬ôֱܻӷ΢΢һЦȻ㻹ţҾһη
˵ţνԼӸ¶һ֧ӣӲװƷǳ̵·֮Ϊռ䴢
˼壬Դһռ䣬ûҲܹɵʹÿռ䣬ֻ˲ܹ򿪣ޱȵİȫϷǳ󣬾Ҳֻõ˼ѡ
ˡ˿ռ䴢ǸӶʱһİĹâ˲һĶڣڶ֮УȴͻȻӿŹâʯ
ʯӶڵ䲢ڵϣöײһֱûͣ£ǷʯϷʵĿŰ̩ʯеǣǿСʯǻ治С
ֻһСᣬǰĿռ䶼ѾǱʯȫ֣ǾӨʯөҫ֮£ĿĹâҫ۵˶ǲס˫ۣȴ᲻ñۣΪĲĵĳ档

ڣʯֳһСɽ֮ͣЦ㻹ΪܽеʯǻʼҴǵĻ˵
ˣﻹһ㣬һõŮͣ˵ţַҲվ󰴶һԼĴָϵһָٴγ֣е˺üӡ
ַ΢ЦŽһӸ򿪣ֻһſžӨĺɫʯСһҲĴָСַȴҡҡͷǺ갡ҡ
˵ţַּһӣһдŵȴһſž޴ַ꣬ȴٴҡҡͷԹһַһӣȻҪҵꡣ
ڣַһǰѾȫס˵˵϶ˣ԰ǲˣĸӶˡ
˵ַ꣬ݱһӣйȻʢɫʯҲظһѽôôࣿ˶ϲⶫɣ
˵ţַ΢ЦĿ˿һԵܽŮ˿϶ҲϲЩǰɣǵ˽ɣҲ󱲵ľһТİɡ
ѡž˰ɣͽˣǿɾû˰ܽȻǻԼҵˣҲһЦĿڵΪַ֪ݻм꣬ȻҪװǾװĳһ㡣
ȻַҲᣬܽԴЦûµģﻹм䣬͸ĸһҲʲôǣ
˵ţֱַӴӿռ䴢ٴóӲ򿪣װĺȻ֮꣬ЩǶǳ˹ȥѾܲĴ̼ˡ
һӶʯ˸ĹâѾǵĶȫڿֻҪַݹָǿźŶҪַݵĴȣֻҪѡʯˡ



714 ج
ֵزѾûκ˸Ҷַʲôˣ˵ַݾǸ˵ҲǸЦѡ
ôʯһܹˣַݶͨˣĻЩʲô
ڰ˿̵ķǳޣԼֻóһʯҪҫһ£Ƿô۸СɽͨʯǸʽ޴Ĳ꣬ҪҪ˻ˣ
ǰЩ޴ʯٿԼеǿСĺ꣬˿аͷܶĽеĺˤ˵ϣһĶַݵӮˣơ
ҽţַݵĻӦһ䣬󽫱ںˮɵĹƸһ£ȻĿŰ
ַ˭û¹һССĹƨȻԼ鷳Լͽžǣ治ˣϣԼô
ߣỹʲô˼ʶҵˣ߰ɡһˤȥǿűǮĺ׹˭ȥҲνˣϾԼĶôȥһأ
ŰȻȥڳЩϵŮҲһܽԼַݣҧ֮׼ϡ
ǿȻܽݸ߹󣬵Ѿ޸ַݣԺ󲻿ٳζŮˣҲȥȻԸϰ䡣
׼뿪ʱַȴǵһЦҶԵ֣ʲô࣬ʯͦ࣬ǹɣһѡһţ
ʲôַݵĺ֮Щ׼̤ŵİǣǽŲϾǱճճǿĽˮһ㣬Ҳ߲·ˡ
ʯǺεȵϡ󣿶ַ˵Ļѡһţֵεľ޴Ǿ뿪Ļǻô˼ʯĻô밢̩͡
ǻãվԭЩɲЩŮǿԼЩ½ǻϲϲһž޴ʯŵ֮Ҳ̲סǰȥһʯ䱦
֮Щôܻ֣ھ޴ջǰʲô̩ʲôδҪˣ̩óһž޴ʯ𣿳
ҲҧֱӳǰȥϲصһʯСĵôһʯĻѰԼĽŮʱǻ
ԭɢַּȻǳΪеĲүرЩǣƴַǰƣܹõַݵϲĻʯʲôĻѡ
ֻǵɫȷܽǰͬǰĲַôܿǣ濴ˣԼŮǶڿԼô

ջȵʱ򣬶뿪İȴĻȻͣΣһϷʵһҲ˭ĵ̣ҶҪ֪˭ĵͷߡ
ϷһЦ֮󣬰ҲתͷԼ׼һͬŸζԸַݣνǶצ۹ȥˣӽԺһᵽַݣ϶ͻ뵽ղŵһĻôˣ
ȴסˣΪտҲȻһ˶ûиԭΪ϶ǺƺƵӰȴǱ˿տյӰûС
ԭΪ˲ᣬ˿ȴǻ쳣ȻԼЩСǶûиֱԼĻַݵ˻һ
ڰ˵γһ޴裿ԼĻ£ǣȻַֻദһ죬ȫԼ£һѡ
ԼѾʮΣַݺĳֳȥûѷζը˿̵Ҳ˫ַͨݣҰ㲻졣
ǰ棬ԼСܲȻԼĵ˸˻쵽һ飬ľַݾĿǣԼ󱻿Ƶġ
ȴȫûһٶȥַݣַôܻ澡ʧԴĵ׵ģⰢǸԸˣֻῴ˵ĻȫԼĲ㡣
˵Ļʵкܶ࣬³ҲޱȵңϾֻԼûˣǾ˸Ҳ֮ģ˭ҲĴ
ȴʶһ㣬עһŨҵֳһĨԹΪһʯǶұңַ뿪֮һ֪ʲôڡ
䲢ɵֻ̫ԸѣԶڱԼЩˣҲǴĵ׵ĺˣлĻ϶ǽгͽ䡣
ٴĿһ֮󣬰űɽȥԵôįԼǱһҲʽΪ˰һӵجΡ



715 Ůֶ
ޱȵĸǣҲǱȻģַʱʱʯ֮£Щܲ˷쳣𣿽ǵջʵ̫ˣҲַôŮǴĵ׵ĸеҲΪʲôӵܽͬʱӵôŮˡ
ɵйòҲǿΣͬʱҲôǿ󣬿˵˾ԾŮЩǣƴҪַݿԼǺƤҲϧ
Ȼַһûϣַһʯմﵽ߳εᣬҲǽַҲǳ׵ĵõ˽š
ĿЩǺ˵Ķǹ뿪ַҲЦŶԵܽǶҲôĵ
̲ס˸ۣܽЩԹǵȻˣ˵ĵط˼Ļôλã
Ҳǡַ̲ס΢΢һЦȽ϶ԣĶ˱඼Ҫ࣬ӹɵģ磬ûзôս
ǽǸ˰Ҳ֪׼ôԸǣЩǵĿ˰ȥķܽһĨصɫ
ļ壬ݵλϣʵǵ϶٣ڳ֮ϣԼ丸׶ԼŮݣҿλ¡
ЩȨҲ֤ǿ֮ЩҫɲڰģڰǧȡģŮҲܰǵȨ
ôĻĶңԴĵ׵ģԼĸ鷳ʵ̫һλıԼˣ̣ŻվַװһΡ
ǺǡǵĲ˲ܽգַЦûʲô˵ģô˵ǻŮͳ֮²ǣֻҪɱңǾеǰ취ʰ
˵òʱ˵ȴǳһǵŮתͷһŮһЦĿ˵
ַһۣŮЦĲһֱǰ۸ĻҲҪɽܽ޸ǲǸѡˡ
ĸףǰ塭ܽһĨǵɫҲ֪ǿ󣬲뿴ԼĸΪеա
ûʲôǵġŮһĨ⣬૵ǰרڰķݵȻôѣǾǿˡ
ʲô˼ܽжʱһĨɵɫΪԼĸ׵УѾһЩһĶǳΣա
ϳϮƣӰ忪ʼͦõǸȽǶǺʲܹŮ΢΢һЦҲǺܻĽԼеĻ˵˳

ܽһĨֵɫϮѾΪ˹ԵĶǣ֪ЩеȫǶôǿĸҪôĻƱػһĲ
ʱЩһͬԵĻǿ֮ܶУҪƣҪ㶨ģȻЩˡ
һᣬԭܽУԼĸ׿϶ͼ֮ҴЩС忪ʼɨû뵽ֻһʼ׼һҩϻγ
ĸף򲻿ɰʵ̫ǿˣǵһͶǵĻƱǻеĹ壬ǽżġ뵽ǿµĺ֮ܽҲǳ׵Ļˡ
ʱ˿̵ЩڣڽʲôЩԼĸףȻҲܹǰƽȣȻֻǱϵģȴǲԼĸΣյ顣
ɴ߲СڣηηŵĻǻܳɴ£壬Ѿǿ˺ܾúܾˣʲôΣյģͷİɡǿοĿһܽŮʮ
ַȴǿԴŮп壬ûôбʤϲΪпһĨļɵ
ĸסܽû뵽Լҵĸ׾Ȼ˵̣Ȼǽ˼㣬һҪȰȥȴǱŮϡ
֪ܽĸףѾǾԲıģҪôӦҪôûеѡ񡱣һĨĺ⣬ַݿĳŮ¶˾ˡ
˭Ҳ֪ЩŮ˾ܵ˶ٰķԼżʩƵʱ򣬰Ҳǵһ˷ԣһޱȵļӲһ㶼ûиӡ
ʱѾʼ˲ãǾҪ׵ĽȻǣһȻᶯȫȴѾǺ޹˼ˡ



716 
ܽĿԼҵĸףҲ¶˵εε⣬֪Լĸ׵Ƣһ飬Ǿܸĵģ˵Ҫ壬Ǿ;ı䡣
ĸףͲһȰѾʧȥ˸ˣʧȥˣܹ𣿡ܽס촽һ˵ģ˿Уǳ޾İˡ
ܽսıĻԼĸĿܻѾʧȥ˸ˣʧȥԼĸףΪĸѾһˡ
ŮҲǴסˣҲӿ޾İˣһ뵽Լˣĵ׵еޱȵİˣô˵ĻܿѾһˡ
ʵڵŮ˵λѾǲҪˣǴ󳹴˹ֻԼһ𣬲ҸܽˣԼô죿
һ˽ַ֣Ҳǲòҧվˣܽ˸ᶨܽŮȥɣµģ㱣֤
ݡܽ㶵Ŀַһۣڿᶨ֮Ҳ˲˹ַԼģȻ¶˾ģҪԼĸ׸
ַݣȻޱȵԸţͬʱ˵Ҳ֧ԼĸҪıµģں£Բѡ˾ܾ
˿ַݶԼѾ˱֤ԼĸҲһľᣬʱˣһǸĿŮĸףԲŮʧ̬ˣȷģôֹ㣿ȥɣ֧㣬ǧҪסһҪסǴȥˣǾ͸ݵȥ
ɵŮĸҴӦ㣬ʲôҶᱣסԼԼŮǣ֧ԼľŮҲޱοĸܽСԴһЦݡ
̲ܽס˵ͷһԵַݵݣĸ֪µĻһԭġ
һַݿЦӣȻԼһ鷳֮УܿԼסɿŮ
ȻѾӦַܽȻ߾ȫһУϾŮô˵ҲԼҵĸŮ뿪ĻǾܵһ顣
鵽زѾҪٶ˵ʲôˣŮҲǻһת΢΢һ̾ôãûȥɣһȥɣ˯ĺܰꡣ
ַȻŮ˵Ǹ˭ԼǸޱȿˣܽҲ΢΢һһĨİˣɱĸױ˵Ǹ޴Ĵ
ԴʱӱһУԼһУ˿ѾûӱܵѡˣҲֻᣬ˵ԣϢĵطȥ

һˮڱľֵƽ̨֮ϣһУҲ¶񾲶ȻЦݣǳ˯һ㣬Եôİꡣ
ַݿԿԼҵʱѾǿ͸һУȻܻ¶ѵЦݣѡ˯Ůԡ
ַݲ̾˿Ҳ˲˹ΪʲôŮΪʲôڻôʹޣٹ̵ĹôܻԼҵˣ
볹׵ĸıһУĹı䣬Ҳ飬ģҲֻЩˡ
סڿг˯ĸ֮ܽҲ̲סаˣֱӹˮǰʹ޵ôҰˡ
ϡܹǵãǰѾõӣǰǶô۰Լĸæʱ򣬶һֱԼԣԼ֣˵ĵԼһС
ȻҲһֱıԼҪԼı磬ܽĲܹôʱоǶôļ尾Լʹࡣ
Դĵ׵ģܽķǳԼλ϶ΪıҵˣѪĹϵǶʱԼ̵İ
Ѿ޳˵ַܽҲͨһ¹ԼǰһεˣʵҲҵһΣƻļƻҲ
ģͬʱҲ㱣֤ģѾ£ľǺúõİܽĸˣϣ֮黹벻ҪңǱųġ
һкŮҲ̾˿ĿˮǸӣԺв뵽˵һĿʱ⣬ԼԼĿ
رЩĵطÿʱжʹĻôᷢչز



717 ܽ
һСʱŴˮڵĵط߳ܽۿǺģԼ׵ĵ˼㣬Աַ§ڻУ˯ȥ
һкŮҲĿַһ۵ж֮УǺúõɣʱǱҪ뿪ˣȻǳΣա
סַһصĵ˵ͷһŮľٶŭЩ壬ǺܻܿᱬһսŮʵ̫ȫˣҪŮ֮󣬲ǷĵӦԽһС
ûҪ׼Ķ棿ŮҲǵ˵ͷЩǵĿַһۣȻַǿִЩǰһԵֵ
б𣿡ַȻҲ֪һ㣬ıʧܣԼҪŮĻһһǾٲ˵ģƾôӵ磿
УսʱɻģֿоһŮ˵ͷͬʱҲַΪʲôѡ񣬱ϾһӪܽʱ򣬿ɾõıס
ǾͺãȥȡɣȴܽȥϢˣĸҲءַһĨϲɫȻҲлףôĻõ˳֣
ֻҪбֻ֣ҪǱ˸Χ˸ˮйܹͨŮǣϾײޱȵĵġ
Ƭַ֮ҲǱܽԼķȥŮһͬʱֻ죬ԵôĶݣϧÿһ룬ָԼͻὫ
ַȻҲԴУҪ֪ѾˣһֵɿҲҶǱ߷ǰƽңҪǰŮ󣬶Ǳס˵
ַݱܽԶ룬ŮҲһĨЦ⣬ַܹԼŮҸһôܻ᲻еˣ
ԼֻǸѾŮ˶ѣַݱԼµĻôܻ̤ʵԴһʼǷˣûַݴ
ֻڻǹʱҪֻǵȴȴ֮ſʼжҪԼŮַܹݼҸԼѾνˡ
΢΢̾˿ŮҲתͷһԼ޹ȥӰԵôįԼ¶

һַˬܽҲѾΪַݴϴˮϴɣҶһȥૡ
ðַ΢Цŵ˵ͷϴһ󣬻һܽΪ׼ĳ˶ǷϾһֱ·ʵ̫Ⱥ˲ǣ
ַݴһǷ֮ܽҲ̲סǰһ˵Ļ˵Ƕ˿϶Ҳ˻ɡ
Ǻǣ̫ϧˣҶ䲻Ǽġַ΢Цҡҡͷסֵܽ߰ɣôҶȼˣҲóˡ
ôַǰȥȴܽȻĻȻվԭأһεĿԼһֹģ
Բ𡱣һĨ⣬ܽĿַݵ̫ˣôطૣôôΣյ飬ǿҪĸףµĻôҽ
ܽһ뵽ԼҹΪޱȵļ尾Ȼ޴飬ȻԼôΣյ顣
һԼ˵Ůˣ˾ԼеһУ֪ԼĸַݻޱȵΣգǵûȰַ뿪ҪԼĸףȻͲԭжô޴
ÿÿ뵽ܽձŮ֪ĻǻôԼַڶǣ᲻ԼһӣԼǿ϶Ҳε
ַ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˲˹ܽ뷨ʱ§˻У󱳰οɵϣԼҪĸ˵ģôܹ㣿ֺαھΣ
ǣǡܽţҲޱȵʹ࣬һķǳԼҵĸ׵İΣһޱȵĺַҲų£ĻѴˡ
ûʲôǵģͷһٸİɣ˵ı㻹ַ֪ܲһĨŵɫ⼸ҲǾΣǱȵĶȹ
ɱְɱħ׷ɱ˵ըǱ׷Ӳͦ˹Ȼεı￴ΣգŮҲûκεİţԲûôΣա
ݣһҪšַеļܽ˿ʣµģֻижͬʱҲѾ¶˾ģַԼĸ׳µĻǾǻٵǣҲϧ



718 Ǯ
ܽ߳˷䣬ܵµĿַֻ֮һòܽһͬǣ֣һͬŮסĵطȥ
˿ŮǶѾߴߴŽôȥ棬Ҳһ˷ܵģͻ֪Լ˼һΣ
ŮܽҲһĨΣ˵ѾǴеģַȴҪΪصΣ
ȻãʲôµĻǾŮʲôҲǻεԴĵ׵ģŮеޱȵΡ
ַȻܹܵԼԼ˵ĲԾ֣ܽ΢ЦŶŮǣΪ˭ૣ
ȥġŮȻǴЦĵַһۣ󻺲ַܽݸɹһߣΡ
̲סӣַҲǵǵĿܽһۣ䲢ûʲôӦȫܽ¶ʲôģ鷳ɾʹˡ
ŮҲ϶ַݸַҲֻεѡŮ䲻֪ܹããðɡ
ŮһͬɣַݵĴ֮£ųĵطȥ׼µʳ֮һ󣬱ϾһͬǣΪľ治ǣ
ķǳƽȣ½ʱҲǷǳƽȣٶҲǺܿ죬Ͼٶȿ˵Ļǵе˻ܵţǵǲ෭ʮֵΣա
ӺҲǱ͵˵֮ϣ˵֮ҲͲŻʹ֮ȥȻ棬ȻǴ棬ñ˷ǵݣҲǲᳩ첻ǣ
ԴҶһαװԼĸƽһ㣬»ᱻǵݣƽٵķա
һͬ߳˻ʹܽĴ֮£ʳֵһֵȥϾŮ˳⣬ϲǹ֣οǹȫͬĽֵ
һ·ϣŮڿĶʱפŲй򣬶˿ַݵٲȻѾΪһ̴ӣЩȻš
Ƿǰַݿ϶Ϳ಻ˣ˿ռ䴢˲٣ʵò˵Ļֱװռ䴢Уʱóˡ
һ·ϣַҲǱֵޱȵɣŮһͬйȫͬĽֵĳЩȽĶҲôҲפۿҲǷǳĸ졣

ȴûз֣ھǺԶĵطһһԶн·ߣߵʳΪֵ֮ŷеԶԵһ׼𣿡
شˣһж׼ַָصʱ򣬺ϷҪˡ¶ʱһĵĻشӵݸ˳
ûַгԱַݣغʱܹ裿ַܴнԼһĻʳǵĹǽ
ţȥɣֻɹʧ֪𣿡صĵ˵ͷ¸ˣжʱһĨɫ
ַݣҿ׼ͣ׼úܰɡǲһĨϷʣַǳ׵ĺ͸ˣַݸһۣƽԼеı
ڰŵĶַȻһ㲻֪ŮĹŽ֣еŰ˹ΣȻ࣬ҲܿĲǣ
˿ˣ֮ܰףͬŮŵһ·ǰʱһֹƷȴͻȻסַݣһЦСӣһŮѰɣ֤⡣
νַͬȻûκε뷨λǹϣַ˵ʲôҲҪһǣ
δ˵ҪȴͻȻȥ˵ϣĺˣˣ̫ȶˤˡ
ȻѾСˣɤȴޱȵļֻôһ𣬶ʱͷ˵۹ⶼ˹һģ
ַݳ׵סˣһʱ仹ûзӦô£̫ŷԼˤģҪԼֱû
ֻ˲䣬ַݾͷӦ˹̫ſ϶ǮԼô壬϶թԼһʡ
ַݲЩ̾Ըֻĵ֮ϲŻ֣û뵽Ҳ飬еЩֲͬʱҲǶ̫ų
˱ĵˣڵϵĻǧְ취ϣҲֻЩ޿κΣϾʵЩС



719 
̫ŵһҺΧ۵ȺҲԽԽ࣬˴ǸΧ˸ˮй̫ͨż״ҲǱһòַָָݵ˵һС˵ĺݶҿ죬϶Ǹˣ򼸸ͬؼң㲻Ҳˣ̫ţоȶˡ
ء˵̫Ŷʱһѱһַָݵ˵˺ݶ̫ſɻиСҪˣĸҲսϣҺͬĽÿ춼߼·ͬĽᣬȶˣһôάư
̣̣ԣ㵣ˣҵĲԡ̫Ÿһ˵꣬СӶʱǰһݵͶ̫ŵĻУʹ
ַݵɫҲ˲ˣȫû뵽̫žȻ˵޳ܣ׵Ҳ˵ɺڵˣǮѣҪ˵ָԼܹܣ
ô˵ǵУһһǶǾԵȺ壬֮ܵ˷׷׿ʼַָݣһһһ
˲òడӳĵǿΣҲôľ£ҲǸȱǮû뵽ôĺһŶʵ̫ɶˡ
ǰǰ˼һ̫ŴһСҲˣִˣֱǸ࣬
ǣ˺ӣһ˴Сӳ󣬾ͿˣȶˣҪ˼ҵ
ַԽԽڣһֱĸоţ̲ס˵˼ңҲҪĺòԼˤģҪﵽͷϣģ
ַۡһ£СҲǿ޵ĸˣ̫ŸһµĿַݵˣĶΪʲôҪôһһ١
ˡַϷһЦӶóһѵĶͨñҶ̫ŵǰҪǮҸˣӲﻹС
ַݶǾ޶ǮңֳҲþɵһһ٣ϾַôǮôǮ᲻óһһ٣пǮġ
ʱ̫ȴһ߿ĽַݵЩͨñҸ˲˺ƬһߵĿַݵ̫ûɣΪʲôҪôǣһЩǮһҲںĸңǸĴӢۣôҲˣ㿴
˵ţ̫ͻȻʹһԳһѼ⵶ֱӾͲԼؿڣһᣬ˵֮ϣʧȥϢ

ֳʱһƬž֮УַҲȫˣȫû뵽ȻᷢչزԭֻΪ˶Ǯ̫ţȻΪԼףֱӾɱˡ
̣̣㲻ô찡̫ŲѪ֮УֻʮССкʱҡԼ̵ʬ壬޵ģᡣ
˻ûзӦʱֻʮСкȴȻ˲ؿڵذףһͷŭСһ㣬ƵַݳǰҲǴ󺰵㺦̣Ҹƴˡ
ַݲľ˺˼Скеذףֻǲ֮ѣѡ˲СкȴǲܲˣֱӾذַ
һѾСкַݻô죿ֻѡ˶СкȴǷһ㣬ܲ˼ַݳ
ַΣֻ˲Скذףд󺰵ǾʲôģΪʲôҪݺң
ۣ㻹ǣҸƴˡСкžַϵذףַһûзӦǰذҲͻȻת˹СкֱӾײذ֮ϡ
ֱؿڣСкжʱһҺǰȴͻȻץסַݵñӣץǼһ㣬þ࣬Ȼ࡭
Һһ֮Скʱͷһԣж¶ŵ񣬿νĿȻĿѾﵽˡ
࣬Ȼ࣬ȻôĺݶΪʲôҪôһһСУ»ûˣ
ôǵİɱˣΪʲôһܾôŹһҪ֮ԷȻ඼Ƕ񶾵ģ˺СŹ
ˣܽܽǿǲܽҵ񰡣Ϊʲôܽһ񶾵ࡣ
ַݵɫ˲ЩҰܣǳҪıڶеĿʱĻһжˣҲǳ׵˹һݺ˭ѾҪˡ



720 Ѫ
أˡַݳ׵ķŭˣޱȱɶ޳ܵ߼޻Ѿǳ׵ĽŭֱĻ˵ķŭ˱ɵֶΣһɾ޴ķ죬ܹ׵ı
ʱ˿̣Χ۵ȺжѾޱȷŭַݱϵΪҲѾǳ׵ļŭǡ
һڶǻ˵ĲǴɱˣǹ˼ܽһԵĻǿ϶һӵϣַݸ˺Ƭ
ĿǰҲֻʱѹסеŭѣֻҪһȼǣǾ˲ͬŭĹţһ㣬һеһӵϡ
˱ͳ࣬Ͼǰŷһսʵ̫̫ˣŮ˵ϹӶǴս֮Уһĥʹ
ڶѾʱϵһԾַүݴҡڵʳǣҲֻǸев̫ѣ˿ַݾȻǵô˵ˣһɱˣҲǳ׵ĵȼжĳޡ
Ҳʱ򣬰ذȺеˣͻȻߺһ䣬ǶԼȱΪ˵ֵĽǿǶǰʱԼ˲𣿡
ȻܽүҲǸ࣬ڻǶɱô޹һһ٣ĿģǾͲñǶǣʱֵˣһֱܲˣǶҲ
һ仰˵ڳĶۿǱЩͨ죬ֻƽʱҲֻзߺһˣַڳһǵɱˣǴĵ׵ĸеޱȵıҲ˲伱
ܽһȺʱЩҲ֪Ҫ㣬˲վ˳ǵһһ㣬ǶĸװԶǣػǣЩǶ𣿡
ҵĴˣɱˣΪǵĹҵһὫ£룬ǲǷǳ֣ݵԸҷǳôִܻһˣǻȱǮǿʣղһ·˶ٵĶҼһЩؤݶǻʩԼǮƣôܻῴλŻ᲻֮ģ
Χ۵ҲͻȻһĨɵɫͬʱҲȥһһٲһĨɣܽݣǶôΪˣַôɥ飿˼ҹҲ˵ˣүؤԸʩᣬôܻΪһСǮһλȭ
Խ룬ҲԽйҲ뵽һһǰǸûпǽͻȻð˳

гֲɵɫܽҲһĨϲɫֻҪĴ֮£ЩҲܹڰףַһ׵ġ
ʱһܽԼַݶɫһڵ˴˽ֱߵȥСкԶ£һݵĿ֪ܽܽܰү㲻ΪߵڰףǷǲְɣ
ָȥСкԼ̫ţһİ˵ûУҵ񣬿һȴΪɱǰһүУĿ
һŭվ󣬰ȴһߵĵܽңʱжָңָŮֻһ㶼ʲôȻǳֵĵȷЩ֣λҲƭˣôСĺӣôƭˣүûд̣СΪʲôһҧԼ̣ҿܽȥôãѾǵаͬ˰ɡ
ò˵صȷǸǳɫԱֻһϯѣͽԭɵָ˻һɵĿܽͬʱһĨŭɫ
ǰ˵һûҲˣҲԼˣοԼϹܽȥôõ࣬϶˶ˣŶǣҲпܵġ
Ѫˡһϯһͨ죬ܽһߺ޵ĿŰصҿ¼ıɣҹڷгԱ񣬾Ȼ˶ĵİ취أ⵽Ӧġ
£û֤ݵĻɲҪ˵ʲôıһһҸͲʶôָܹʹݺүһǸݺҲһŭĿܽһԩһ㡣
ʱַȴǰŰصأеöˣݺľǱݺģģԲڴˣұ֤㲻ԩҵģ



721 
ʱ˿ַ̣Ѿȫܹ϶¾ǰڴиˣԭΪֻһǮİϷȴֳôһϷʵЩӦ
ò˵ʵ̫ˣһһСҲ֪ǸʲôȻԸΪ˰޻ֱַӸֽ֮ݺʵ˷ʤ
ղַһں£˼ν飬ȥû뵽ʲôð취ڰ֮ǱһĨЦ⡣
ʲôұ֤ģҰеöˣղ·Ϊһһָһ˵ޱȵ˶ˣ޶֤ʲô
áַһĨЦ⣬ӶͳһŰɫҩ裬йǰ˻εһҩ裬оĲҩֻҪǾͻ᲻˵ԼеĻκѵ鷢
˵ַ֮ϷʵĿ˰СǴģ²ڴǾͳҩ裬ʼУĻǴ¾Ѳ˸ϵ
ֳʱһУǾ̾ȻоһҩͬҲ̾˵ĴģԵøӵ˷
ЩηĿһַеǿŰɫҩ裬һԴǵүΪʲôҪҩ裿˭֪ļٵģĻãȻܳ£ǼٵģǶҩҲĺܲң
ǺǡַЦˣһӵĿŰ˵䣬㳤Ӻòô˵棬ôܻԶҩ˵㵨С˰ɣ
㡭ҧҧһĿַеҩһۣʵͲǿҩǶҩϾַݲô󵨣ô˵Լιҩ
µַеǿҩַ˵ȫ˵ԼĻĻɾˣϾ¾ŵġ
ôҳ𣿿С鰡ַ΢΢һЦҩջأԹǵҶ˰ɣλС˲ҳҩ裬ⲻʲô
顱䳹׵ŭˣַָݴ󺰵ɱģ㻹ϣöҩң㾿кξģ
ǺǡַݵЦЦһϷʵĿŰҿкξģҹ𣬷ңûǮǰװ⡣
㡭û뵽ַݾȻô˵潫¸˵˳еޱȵԼ尾ԵĻ뽫ַݸ͵ػɱ

ʲôңЩСûи뿪ǲǷǳЦˣһСӪô꣬һ죬ЦַݴЦĵ簢
ɱˣܿͻܵƲõġҲޱȵַݵô˵棬Щ¶˵˳Ѿ˱ߵıԵ
ûɱˣݺҡַɫ΢΢һᶨĿŰ䷴ҪʹʹҪַð
ûСĴһֱַָݴ󺰵ģģҶǼ֤ˣ㻹ҵ
ݺң㱻Ҵ롱ַһĨϷʣڵɫޱȵȻѾǵ˱ıԵ̼
ûУûУġЩĴţַһδεᵽĴһܹ߰ܣ
ַ΢΢һЦһӵĿŰݺһҳϣʲôƨСǸ֮ѣֱĿ
ǰǰֲЩǶһˣ˵Ǹα֮Լ˵²ҳϣǸų򡱣ܽҲǿַݵͼվǻ
û뵽һ˲ţȻ˵һųСˣЩ˲ŹˡŮҲˣ˰ľѾǴ˱ıԵԶʱڰǻ
ŮԼַ޾Լӣ䳹׵ıˣֱַָݿ񺰵ݺôҾҪѣǧ
һ룬ŷ˲ԾտѾǳˣΧȺڵɫҲͻȻһ䣬þֵɫŰ䣬ľ
죬ЩŭҲ˲ˣ˶Ǿ޾ıʱ˿ַ̿ԼŮϷʵ֮ŷ֣Լϵˡ



722 Сı
ѾףַҲ˶ֵɣߵ˰ǰһץס첢һ¶˰ɣ㻹ݰȻһһСԸҪݺңֱ˵ö֮
ûУûСɫһ󷢰ףѾ׵ˣû뵽ַݾȻһСֶΣԼĽʵ˵˳
ûУ㵱Ҷ䶼Ĳǣ㻹ն񰡡ַһĨɫַݺʵеĸеΡ
ȻһһǱȵģΪĳ֣ҲǱݺԼ˵˵ҲѲ˸ϵ
ûУûСȫĻˣѾܹǲƵɢȥĻǳ׵ˡ
ڵɱ˲䲪ֱָǰİ䣬ַһңʲôǣݺҵģңٺ١
ɱֵ˲䣬ðܵһĨϢټַĻַĿܻɱ
˵˵ץСӵĸĸԼճܱܵôġв֮£䳹׵ıµľ׵˵˳
ֳǳ׵ķŭˣ˹Ϊʲô鷢ΪʲôôΣôĲңԭһеһУǰı
ǶǱ׵ˣõַݣһ˵ͷ˴ܽүɱô˵ĻǲĻһӡ
ʲôַݳ׵ŭˣıֶΣѾǳ׵ļŭץסֶ˲ƶĲ֮ϡ
ַݸҿ϶ֻҪָ΢΢һգĲӾͻ˲䱻⣬ȴǲôܰ䷸ĴĽɱΪûȨ
Ƿƽʱַݿ˼ɵľôˣڣŮʩߣһƽٵĲòʧ
Ծַĺ뽫ɱȴӲ˵ϣĹϽ˵ļ˶͹
ȿȿȡַɿ˲ӣڵſ˼ҲûַԵʱԼǼȺе´󺰵Ͻ˸Ҵ
ʺǡ¶ʱ˵ͷһֵģĸκεĲӣʱһԳȥ׼˵ļ˸
һĻַ̲֮ס̾˿йأȻҪΪҸ𣬲ȻĻĶȥ

ӣ޵Ͷ뵽˰ϣе޾ĺ䣬Щǻ᲻һеĽԼɱ
ַݣѾǳ׵ĺ޵˹ҲЩɲַݣϾԼŮ
Ų߻ôһϷַݱǧָǴǾ͸ˣû뵽ԼȻ˵©죬һ
˿̵İȻǺڲѣͬʱҲаŵʵ̫ƻˣȻʹְ취˳
ʱһһŮԻһӤǰȺһһ֮˲ͱĴģᡣ
ˣһ˺ΪңʲôֱӳȴʹĵֶΣҴĵ׵Ŀ㡱һĻַҲ̲סа̾һԼʲôӵĺһһ١
ߵڱݵԣַݶļԲҵĻҲᱻرȵݺҲˡ
㶵ĿַһۣһĨ˵ɫүǲ㣬෴ΰǽǵĻǿɾͷ´˰
ˣˡַݿЦҡҡͷȻӵ˼ԼǵݺԼڱ˿ȻǶǱȵģǻˡ
СıַȻǿʲôǴӶͳһͨñңݸӵЩǮţ˺İ˰ɡ
ллүллүȻǸж£ַݿͷлԭΪַݲǶǺˣȻóǮοǣܲмԸӣ
ӵļַʲôҲû˵ֻվȥСȥǵûĿ۾ĨϣľһԲԸӣԸ±ӲʹĻˡ



723 ᰢ
ʣַݵΪȻڳЩ˸еԵֻ̾ʴȵүܵǵӵĻǰʲôͬ
үӢ֪λڴһ䣬ҲǸŴһ˲˴үӢֿʳǣ˶Ǻ߸
ɫһףٻãǼ廨ǮͿԽѹ¿ȫǶ֪ˣǿɾû취ʵѹȥˣ䲻ڶСһ𷣿϶ٲ˵ġ
ִǶԷҲǻǮˣһһСʬˣǿɲҰرֻز鷳ոˡ
ַȻҲ֪һ㣬Ҳûκε뿪֮Ż˰䣬˵棬ֱһƾ˰ϡ
žһİð䣬ֳҲǳסˣǴĿַݣҲһĨֵɫ
ʲôݣϮԺĹˣǶһ֮֮ϣŮ˶Ƕޱȵļɵ׶֡
һˣַ˵ʹһҲ˶еһĨĸоͬʱҲ۾Լˡ
ҴңҲǳ׵ˣסԼ㶵ĿַݵҵҴңȻҴң
ǺǡַݵһЦɫһ䣬ޱĿŰһƣΪȥһһٴģΪһ֮˽촦Ŀ
ž˵ַ꣬һȵ˰ϣѵһƣΪǶ򸾴ģвǣĿԼĸ׺Ӳֱ񼫡
žһƳȥַЩĵһƣΪܽģҹǣ汻ݺɹĻܽΪʵն񡣡
žһƣַҲóһƾͽ˳ȥݶǵţһƣԼģնģѾұѾһУҲΪҶѵ
ٴδӵַһȥָЩΧ۵ȺǵһƣΪǴģ£Ϸˣ㷸´
žһƣַһƣΪж˴ģ֪汻ҸɱĺҸ㣬ཫٴδսĻһٴζ
䡭ܲеľŭҲǳ׵˹ȥ˵裬ѾȫĻĽġ

Ľεİ£ַűЩڣҡҡͷǰһֱôƣ˰ҵһƬ͵ģȴҴʧ
ָָԼİ䣬ַһıӵûУȻλ֮ӣȴûжǵļ氮ȺڣǺˡ
磬ˣӣҲᱻƷ϶ͷ̨ǶǣȴһжϰΪһ㣬ҾʣǵĹģ
һʣʵڳеΧ֮˶ƿԣҴĿַݣһĨѪɫǱȨͳ˼ǧ꣬岻ѾΪ˹Կ۸ƽ񣬾ֳҲǲҺ˵ʲôοǰĴ塣
ǣˣðǵ£һ㣬ͷݶðһ̫ʧˣĵطҲա˵ţַЩɺĶŮ֣һȥ·ʱԵ˶ǻ᲻Լͬÿһ·
ַ˵ЩҲûκεãҪͨµӰ죬еѪԣΪŮʩһЩ
ĻҲûõģʳжٵĹ壿ЩôûܵЩǵȺֻǰûеѡ
飬ټַݵĻѾǳ׵ĻеѪԣͬʱҲޱȵô˵ַѾǵһӡ
ڣѾҲ֪˭һڿˮصϣеķŭǸ˲ȼҲǳһĨ⡣
ؽΪν񼫣ҲǱһɻԼ¿ˮǶʱˮһ
˿̰Ѿεˣû˽ߵĻܾͱˮˣҺǼڣһԣʱðſˮ꣬ӲĽظˡ



724 ӿ
ԵЩƣҲû˼ֵ˼ˣôһ£һֳĻʲô˼ȥ
ַҲһĬȻһֱڻһһԼǰģԼܹЩǵĲԾĻһĻҲᷢȥˡ
ܽȻַܹеįһĿοݣ治㣬Ҳ̫ˣǰʵ̫ˡ
ףǾﲻ̫죬뽫һһˡַ̾˿ҲޱȵĿգڿŽҪҪⰢˡ
һôҪźͺǰ²ŽһŭѪҲվԼ԰Ĳ
ĻҲȻǼŮеķŭŮҲǷ׷ţץĻôĥڴˣŮǵķĻһŵĶӡ
ˣˣشĸҲǳͷģϾǰɲɨǵӣ˻ʼҡܽοһַݣ˸
ַȻܹܽе˼˿ֱ֮˶԰䶯֣ҪֵĻȴ˹壬Ųٰ
̾һַҲֻǴŮŻʹĵطȥ˿ǵĶʵ̫ˣߵﶼָָ㣬ʵǲʺټȥˡ
˶˶飬ŮҲһԹǰǺ޵˹лĻð䳢ͷ
صʥ֮ϣҲǵһʱյŮ룬ǵһ𣬺øղŷڻʳе飬Ѿ֪ˡ
Щ飬ŮȻǲùʣҲͶ˵˸𣬾£һˣĶȥˣʥ֮ϻпĶġ
ַܽһͬŹȥ˿̵ŮűϣһصĿ˵飬Ѿ֪ˡ
˵꣬ŮٴοַݣЦЦķǳڽ鷳ʱ򣬻˸ѵĹ档
ĸסܽɥߵŮһҪΪǰʵ̫ˣȻݺǣʵն񡣡
֪ǴҲˣǻ¿ˮǻôţȥ鷳Ļǿ϶ֵǼƻŮЦҡҡͷַûôԸĻȻȥ׷
ڵô˵˰ȥĻǾԵЩͱˣʱֻǰˡ
ܽȻҲǶ⻰ҲֻԹһѣ㲻ٶ˵Ů֪֪̣Щ
ڵ֪Ĺ֮Ҳ̲ס̾һжԱ䷨̬ҲǸӵļᶨˣ˭Ҳֹ

ʱ򣬰ѾǱЩ¸̧˹һɲǣԼϵһͿ󣬶ʱЩãȻô£ôһģ
Ͻ̧ͷ˿ԼϣȫЩĿˮ֮󣬰ضʱͬץסСϱһ㣬һٴ˹ȥ
֮󣬰ĵ˿̵ѾǱϴɾˣ˴ͷ֮һӦǿһԼûĭ֮˿
һתͷһԵһ澵ӣ̲סһûιȥΪ˧İ䣬˿ȴǱһͷ
˾޴ı仯ܲð䳹׵ıľǷҲǱ˲ƿ߽һӣһŵĿŰӣô
һӹеĻʱȪӿӱ۸ˣ涪ˣҲˣЩ˿ˮѾûˡ
һĨεɫ֪ˣȴϾĶдȣȥŮ鷳ǲֿ
ֻǰοżַǻãʱһ󣿡
ҪһĨѪâѾǲַʲôϷˣҪַС
ҪܽҲУŮҲŪ̲ס촽һĨɫ
ǾԤף׳ɹǸ׵ƿУʱ򣬺ٺ١һĨϷʵɫַԼһۡ
ûѾ˷֮ģŮҪƣڹȦѾŭ԰Ϊ׵ĸѾǿʼһƻǾƷŮͳΡ
ŮҲŽЩ˸ܣ˭˭ӮǻÿԵıˡ



725 ȫ
˱ͷȻҲַݵ鷳ˣԽʱУַҲŮһͬŶǣǲú
ò˵ǻǸõطҲĲԸȥŮļƻϾҪʵʩˣǲòѡ뿪ˡ
ַݷǳĿգôŮǽͣϾҶ뿪ĻһǾε˵Ȳеǲǹˡ
ַڤ˼ʱܼȴ˷ŶַݵүˣŮǰ硣
֪ˣϾ˼ַҲֻǷ뷨һ·ǰٰĵط
£ŮܽǶѾ˴˴Ů⼸Լ˵ţַݵŮҲ΢΢һЦֵݣ°ɡ
õġַȻûκεʣֱӾԼĵ֮ϣҲʽʼҲĵķǳ죬ַȴ£֪ôŮǽ͡
ĳ磬ŮҲ֣ʱһŮһǰ̷ŵϡ
ŮҲ΢΢һЦ̸ҿҿɣʥʵڿɲˣ˶кôġ
Ŷʥʵַ֣ҲǶʱȤҪ֪ʱͶⶫޱȵĺ棬һֱûԵܹԵˣȻԼĸʵҼаɡ
ַһȥֻʥȻͬϵһ㣬ȴԸܵǾ˵ȻǸö
ŮȻҲʲôһŷŵУֻҧһڣֻر̺ƮƮɵĸо
ַȻҲԶɲŮǰ㺬ھͿһţ޵ȻǺöζڻ̺ԻΪˡ
ϲͶԵɡŮҲٴһݸַݣ£ֻԼȴûһУҲûʲôֻΪŮԵ̫࣬Ѿȫں˰ɡ
лĸˡַȻ΢Цžͳ˵ڶţǾò̫㣬ľͳĸŸоʵװκεĶˡ
˭Ҳûз֣ĳŹʵʱŮȴһĨɫرǿַݵɫࡣ
ַĸŮŽһֻ꣬򣬶Ҳ΢ЦŶŮллŮ˵ĿˣɫҲˣǸûȥݡ
ţͻȻסԼĶͷ¶һĨʹɫſڣȴû˵һε˵ϡ
ΣôͻһĻȻǽַݸһϽθסеѯʵ
ʱŮǱһ㣬׷׵˵ϣܽ⡣

ַݳ׵ˣһεŮ֮ŻȻһŭĿŮĸˣǲģΪʲôҪڹҩ
ЩпĿַһۣŮЦȻʵԽǿҩĵֿԽǿİɣôܻẦǣֻ뽫ҲһҩԵһͬͻġ
ĸ˵Ҫİô˵ĻôַݶʱЩˣȫܹԼĸѾ׼ƸˣҲǣκˣʲô鶼Լ¡
ǣԼһַݾͿԿŮٵޱȵΣգĻ͸뿪ˣȻܽ
ɴ˿̣ҲǸܵһĨǿҵľ⣬û˵꣬һͷԵ˵ϣǰĲɫҲ𽥻Ұס
ɵӰһ΢ЦĿ˿˵µַܽŮһĨοɫַ֪ݿ϶ѡԲŻʹֶΣ뽫ַݸߡ
ƣܶʱһȺźµСĽ˸ͨһͨ˵һͷĵ֮УҹɫԵ˸˸ۿڣһǼսϣķȥ
һжôΣûκһ֪»©ǰؼסǿɾ鷳ˡ
ڵõǼսѾɵѶ֮Ůų׵ķһصĿ˴⣬һĨǵ죬Ҫ˰
˭Ҳ֪һƬ͵ĶǣȴǳӿһıＴչһȨʼ˻ʧȥ˻ⳡսʧȥˣ⽫ǶпһαɹǶǽ᳹׵ӭһʧܣǾͻڰҲ̶á



726 ˺Ƥ
֮УǼսѸٵķţԶԶ뿪˶֮أַŮԼһͬǰķӢ䣬Ǳ˸ԵķУȥ
Ҳ֪˶ãԹȥַݣָȴ΢Ķһ£ĻȻ˫ۣ󺰵ĸ
˵ַŷֳĲԾѾڻʹˣרսװҲ˲˹ȻѾǱ˶ǡ
͵ҧҧַһĨѵľټĻȫԼװ˯ȵʱ˵ı߽ƱҲϣͿԶⳡ粨ֳʲôģȫ޹أܽҲԼ
ô˵ĻŮҲԼĸʵ̫ΣˣʧܵĻ϶һӣܽҲΪʹ࣬ʧȥ˫ףʹȫ
뵽ַжʱһĨԸ鷢뿴ܽʹģ뿴Ҳ뿴ڰ֮С
ַݻվ˿ʱ䣬ǼսֻʻĸСʱѣԼҪϻȥȫüַҧҧֱƿ˷ţսļʻȥϾҪսĴţҪʻҵͬ⡣
ַèĽӽ˼ʻңֻһĶ룬˲ʱַҲһӵϣ˲ǽΣ趨һԶѲϵͳŽսſĿȨų
ߵ˴ǰַҲǽеĿռ䴢ָƣеĴһķ˳ŵԼǰ
ûַǰڲֿȡһܱףûĻַݻ治֪ôضˣҲһĨҡ
˲˱ϣܵϤĻַ֮ݵҲһĨЦ⣬Ҫһˣţһܹƽġ
ַҲǽŴ򿪣ٿűףʱķɳ۶ȥεܼ򵥣ǾȷŮµİȫ
ĿһǻȥǼսַݵҲһĨпŮ뿪ܹ޹˼ɵһУֻҪǰȫģԼȫˡ
ȫַѸŶڵķ򼲳۶ȥǰ·Σأη壬ΪԼںˣԲںһС
Ůǧ㣬㵽ַʵǿ󣬿ܻεĿЩȴû㵽ôӦҩЧû㵽ܼʻ׻ع飬ҲЩû㵽һ

ַݼŶȥǵҲѾ𽥷磬ŮҲǶеĹ׼쿪һδᡣ
Ȼ֪ܲ뷨һν˹֮£ȴŮĺ֣ٽ
Ů˾ǵĽк£ŮŴŮװרڻʼҵȨԼλ֮ϣµˡ
Ů򰲡ŮǱ֮ϺЩҲվĶŮ˸úż£ֻǶһĨϷʵɫ
˶ǰɣǽĴҲͿʼˡŮ̲סǵ˵ͷһصĿ˵ؽҲµѡⳡĿ˰ɣûΪʩơ
˵Ů£ʩƾ£䣬һӱϷʵվŮ˵ݣǰĸף
򹫾˵Цˣûǵ֧֣ܹʩУŮжʱһĨ⣬ǰһؿ
ЦһĿŮһۣҲһĨҪǵľλǻ֮ǵľλǸԼѪƴƴģƾʲô˵߾ߣ
ŶŮһĨ⵽򹫾ҵǺͬⰡΪǿǾΪǲƣǲĻǼǿȥǲٴη
ŮʵΣˡһĨϷʣЩǵ඼ԼǽˣǶҲôǣ˵ǲǣ
ǡ¹壬ЩôͷһŪɫŮǵٹ⣬ŶûС
ŮҲǳ׵ŭˣһвĿŰ򹫾ҪֵˣͲ±ǧǧĶָ𣿡
ǺǡŮ׵˺ƤҲһһȺѣǸ𣿡



727 ׾
˰򹫾ץ˵ŮҲǳ׵û˹˼ɣȻ񲻳ɣҲֻñˣѪֶ֮£Щǻܲӡ
ǻ֮ŮȴǾֵķ֣ԼЩǣȴûһ˳֣һжԵôİֻʣЩϷʵ
ŮһãȻı飬ҲǺĴЦһϷʵĿŮǲǺ֣ΪʲôĽûг֣ǲǺ֣ô侲
ȴٴδЦŮ׵ĻҾ͸ɣʳǶѾǹ˽ƣ˵ھֻһ۹ˣʲôǶ
ŮɫһףҲǳ׵¶һĨɫΪѾ֪ԼȥʳǶƣԼᶼӡ
ǿԼ侲Ůһв֪ʲôıλؽᱻǧָѹ
ǺǡһĨϷʵɫŮ˭˵ıλˣֻ뽫סѣû˵һʽʲôţ
Юʱһ밢ޱĹҲվﰢ˵ǵĴʻ㡣
õ֮󣬰ҲǸϽͷԶԶԣЮ˵Ů¸ץȻ㷢ʩĽıλ
˶ɵӣ㲻úйһ̨ġŮ׵ķˣֱŰ
ǺǡһЦνʼ˵Ů£ǲ̫ˣЩǻֳʲô۶ӣֻ֪ѣֻҪµǶӣͱ˵ϰһּ⣬Щǻ᲻ૣ
˵ѾγһֹԣǾŮ˾죬˶ҪΧתӹǧ꣬û˵ıλ鷢ԸͲ뵽ô
ʱ򰢵ŮһָǾ;ԻΪŮµģκεɣһֲ̬äӡ
ŮɫҲ˲һףҲǳ׵˹ⰢýһжƵ棬Լȥ
ŮĸûáԺвֳܽݣŮҲ¶һĨ֪ԼûлȥԼŮһˡ
ͬʱҲޱȵңͽַ˶˳ȥַݻĻǺܿҲᱻһ£ǶС

һŮҲһĨЦ⣬ưԶǵͼﵽˣӪһҲΪ⼸ǧĵһԻʵۡ
뵽ͲһȣŮ͹µģһĨɫŮѾܾˡ
밢׷ܽһʱҲŮ׷ߣֻŮȴѡǸˣһϣ
õŮҲΪִ˿ڳɹҲҲѹƲסеϲãЦŮ־Ҳýˣ͹ԹԵĵҵİŰɡ
ŮݺݵĿŰŲΪеӣʱóһ⵶Լĺ
һٶȻǽЩǸһŮһпɾˣϾŮһֱֵĻǾ˻ô
ʱһӰֶŮеĵӸ˲ߣŮסҲֱߵԣͷϷʵûôס
ǺǡŮҲЦˣֱŰΪЮҾͿһˣļᣬұֳҲֵĻҲǺúƵġ
Ϊû׼𣿡һĨϷʣ֣ʱһŮžͳŮ˴ſ˽ϷʵվŮǰ
ѾȫŮʱЦŮˣֶڵѲߵĻǻʲôԾ𣿡
Ů¶Ѿ֪ԼȥҲһЦ֪ʶȻǸöè̫ӣŮΣ
ӮˡһĨҰףŮȫû뵽ⰢȻ˵ȫ棬Լ˶ѾãһжԵôȻ
Ů´ȥɡ¶һĨɫɫӽԺǶᱻƿУﵽһĳ̶֮ͽ



728 ٴι
ǿ֮УһǼսٵǵı߽ȥʱΪѾܽҲǵһ˹źһصŮ֮Ҳ˲ԼεǰһĻĻ
ĸס뵽Լĸ¶ٲԼѾǼսˣܽʱһƬģǲԼݣԶһ˺ͨǼսԼͻ磬ñⳡս
ܽŮҲǻڿߵ֮ܽǵжһĨãȻҲǵһ侲ܽѯʵã⾿ô£ΪʲôŮҪҩ
Բ𡭡ܽ˿̼Ҳûκεе鶼һԵĸ˳ŮҲǳĬ
ãŮҲΪ˵ǲų²ߵģѾ뿪ˣϻȥҲǳˡθпһҲǱܽοһ
׵ġܽĨһԼᣬſܣЩȵૣΪʲôû
ܽôһᣬŮҲЩˣʱɢѰַݣʻԱҲǲŮĶǰһεĶܽ£үһǸˣܡ
ŮҲǳ׵ˣȫû뵽ַݾȻôľ֮󣬵һҪصȥ
ܽҲǾˣַ֪ݼװ˯ĻͲȥˣΪԼԼ㲻һеķΣصĶǣܲӿǿҵΡ
ǣҵĲԣô˵ĻͲȥˣҡʶһܽʱٴοһУѾǽĸ׻塣
ɵáһѽܽ§˻УűοôܹૣŮ¿ĸĸѣôܲȥӪȣ
ǣǡܽ뿪ڹΣȴǱҡͷܾûʲôǵģݵԸǶΣյʱǾԲӱܵģһᰲȻġ
ءȻڼοĻĽַܽóµĻŮǽ
ֹ߲ܽŮҲһĨпַݵǵпǴ
֪ɽлƫɽУȻ֤ʵ̫ΣˣӵĲַһҲûԼĸΣգѡӱܵĻĻᱻַܽܣ
ľѳۣŮҲֻΪַˣܹȵĻŮܹȣԸˡ

ͬһƬǿ֮Уַǲٿű׷ŶǣǰĶѾϡɼַݵȴһĨ̫õԤУΪԼѾˡ
ߵֱԼôʳǵĻǿ϶޴ΣԱС޴뷨ַҲǾԼӦ뷨̽һ˵
Բٿűףַݾֱ˾ʳʮһУŽ׼һٽʳǡ
һɱ֣ǿǱþͨرЩḻɱ֣Ͳ֪ʵòһ
ַݵõɱּоƬȻݵľ裬ֻʮӶѣѾݳһòޱͨĶˣżĶ䣬Լݡ
óݺַĵ˵ͷżᶨĲŻʳǵڲȥҪ̽һʵ
ǰĻʳôΡ룬ٱҲػڴſڣſȴǱһѵƽַݲɫһǰȥô¡
ֻ΢΢һƣַݱô£ŮȻ䲼һǾǽǳر뽻ŷˣȻƽ񽫲Ľʳǡ
ֻһַݵüͷΪУŮһˣ˭Ҳ׼ǶǵĲ⣬Ҫૣ
ȻôţַݵҲǲһĨ裬ΪವڱҪСĽΪһһߴǾ͸˵ǽŮȳˡ
ַ̲סһܵǣп϶Թԣȴûѡ񷴶ԣԹԵľͽǮǣ·飬ȫûз֮һ㡣
侲˼һַҲֻǽǮǣҸղѾ˵ˣ콫һᣬŮ˽ֳֵĻһжˡ



729 ߻Ӫ
һڴϣ֪ΪʲôַܾʵԵЩѹ֣ȫûǰֺгĸоҲ֪ǲĴ
ʱַȴͻȻǰһҲǲӵ׼һ˵
ַ΢΢ԥһҲǰȥ׼ô£ϾڵҪ˽һ£ʳǷʲô仯
СʹҰɣŰ乫ҳĺĵ㲻ãһַ߽ݱһޱϤɫҲ̲ס˲һϡ
ԼַҲѸٵĴˣ˽ǰڵǱ任һòģҲᱻԼʵݡ
ȺкַһȥֻѾָ˿ԼǽһŮӸץסϵţŮԣһҲǱǸץסڼš
ֻǿһַۣݱô£ȫݴ½λѾȥõŴ٣ͬһﶼô
ַݾȵǣסŮӾȻܽ߷òȻǲö˵ҲֲⰢᶯˡ
ȻûзԼѾַݸסˣ˵ͦùģΪԼҸƿ˴ȨַݾͻᱻץסܽԼЩƯŮҲǻΪ
׵ȷƿ˴Ȩַݵ˾ȻѾܣ˶ˣŭ֮ܳ׼ɢɢġ
û뵽ɢɢģͿһܽ߷ƵŮˣаδİʱ˼ŸһĻǿŮİϷ
ǷǰÿһôĹ󣬿ڵŮѾǸסȫҽʲôԹ˼ɵģ
޳ܵĻ֮󣬱ץסŮӲŰ㲻úŮ֪Ϊ֮һܵƲõġ
ʱЦһϷʵĿŮӵ˵Ůˣ˶Ʋòң͹ԹԵĴҰɡ
ֻһ仰ַݵٴγӰŵѾ֪Ůٷ֮ʮļѾǱסˣڵĶǴǴŮͳ֮£ǰ϶ǱļȫС
뵽ַݲҧҧѾߵزҲֻһ취ˣǾǽŮȳͼ֮
Ů߿϶أҲһа٣ַݿ˰֮ҲһĨ

СˣŹǰѣˡסŮ֪ԼҪвѾǾ޿ˣֻѡ
ɰôܷŹһЦ󣬶ԼǵеĸҴζһߣŮĴϣһͬعȥ
ܹۿжһĨڵķŭȴȫҶְŹĻ׷˶
ʱ򣬼ʯȴͻȻ˶֮зɳ׼ȷĻǽһһŮסǣЩҲֻһ飬Ҳץסˣ˸ѡ
þȵôܴֻ΢΢һ㶺˱㷴Ӧ˹ֱǣѡ룬ǾʱҲǲԼͬÿ£ȻǲҳˣˣСֶλǿԵġ
Ҳ΢΢һʱŭŶԼЩǴ󺰵ŸϽ׷ˣǽͲˡ
ЩȻҲһϽܵ׷ȥȴǷ֣Լǰһǧѣ˾ˮһ㣬ֻǿԽԽԶ
ҲȻǷһĻһŭĿǵղž˭֣ϽվǣϽÿŲϾɱǣ
˵ţֱӳĵǻһ£ǼȻ˵׺ݣĻҼԶʱһӵɢһС¶ѾˣҲǹԲˡ
ȻСѾʧȥӰǼܽ룬ȻǷŭޱȣָԼЩȺͰһ˶סˣʲôã
ಡʱһ˫ЬȴͻȻԶֱĵ˰ϣһЬӡӡ
䶼ˣŵӾЩǳȥ󺰵ȺȻϮңǶҪǶҪ
һѾ˷еİ䣬ַҲǵһЦǱͿ˵ӣô׷ǣعַȻȥ



730 ԭǸ
һСʱַѾһջס£ֻһ㿪ʼʵʩԼļƻֻⶫ򵥣ȴʮֵѶȣҪ̫̫׼
һ磬ַݱʼԼ׼Ȼóһʯһڻ˴ĽǮһĳڣǮһʽȽϽķݲס˽ȥ
һкַŷŽռʽٰĵطȥΪѾǵõϢǾǽŮмʽ
ַݵļƻǳżʱԼһĻҺٽԼĸȳԶ߸߷ɣĹؿȥ
ʽνΪŨصʽһУܸеʳǵ˶ǰʳڶʢװУ˻Ц
ʽľٰصڻʹڲݵ죬ʵҲǼʥʥܹܹıǡ
˶ǷǳصģԼÿ϶ǴޱȵϣǻʹڵķȥַҲޱȵĸпǷ飬ŮǿʤĻһǳĸ˰ɣ
ȴеַҲǿʼ׼Ƚ׸Ų˿ռ䴢ֱԺеһν䣬Ϊ˿̵֮ЩӥʿǣɶһֱѲܵĲԾˡ
һַ̣ҲԺ¥Щ͵ĳڸڷźã˩һװ˶ͨñҵĴӣųڵıըЩǮͻ˲䣬ڶ뵽֮С
ȻܻɧңڶǳַȴֻܶԲˣôĻĿɾͲֹ⼸ˡ
һ׼ַžĵȴ֮ϵЩӥʿҲǲûзʲôһϾֻһЩڶѣǿҲ롣
ַݲ˿ϵʱ䣬־ʽʼѾֻаСʱʱˣҲͰ˼ŸǷʲô©
ô˵ַݵжֻܳɹʧܣһʧܵĻһжˣŮҲᱻصĸòǳء
˵ΨһһλˣʵھȲŮĻҲֻԼˣص취
ʱ侲ţǧ֮УʽҲʽʼˣһҲ̨ǰַݲ΢΢һ㶣ӵò밢߷ƣȻλֻİ򹫾ˡ

ȻַݸúԶܹ򹫾Ĵʲô޷Ǿһ֧ʲôģŮȴ˵ĺ٣ǽԼĺܸߺܸߣһģ
ַʵģҲˣǿɲ뿴һ뿴ĿŮϻģô˵ҲǸҲֻˡ
ڣСʱ󣬰ֹͣԼݽʽŮǳ
ַɫҲǲһҲû˸ղŵһĨɢ˶ͬʨһ㣬ɱԼء
ĻУŮרͷĻ֮½̨ϣ˫ֶʾá
ճ˵ŮȻҪǴһЩкϵݽһŻῪʼмʽģʱ򹫾ȴǰǵܱǸĸߴңŮɤεļʽֱӽˡ
ţַݲüͷһ壬ΪʵǲϳȻŮһֱæҲŹģôܻһڲԡ
Ҵĵ׵ģַҲоһĨԾŮ汻Ⱥ˸ƵĻǾ;ٷˣȻŨصʽϣֻҪһǾͻ˲䱩ҡ
вŮĶãԼܽѾǰȵ뿪˶ǣ˵ŮѾûκεĹ˼˰ԻⰢ򹫾
ѵŮǸ뵽ַҲǲһһΣԶʱӶͳһԶԶԶĿ˹ȥ
ֻһַۣ˶һԼҵĸô֪ܲȻǰŮòԼĶһģһǹֻߵʣȴһҲ
ˡԶַҲ£ôȥĻɹˣҲֻǾȳһѣὫԼȫ¶òʧ



731 Ӫȿʼ
ȻѾ⡰ŮֻǸַȻܻɵĳȥӪȣļƻͱһĸıˡ
ҪȻ֪Ůᱻַֻ΢һ˼󣬱˹Ů϶ʥ֮ϡ
ϾԶڵĵطҲȫĵطַݴ˿ȴһĨ裬ȻʵѾҵƷָѾŮɱˡ
ϾһѾȫʧȥüֵͬըһŮ˵ûҪټȥˣԽǲõѡ
ûнŮɱĻԼȣԺ֪϶ڵ㣬Ͼлģȴûȥ
ƴˡصĿһַҲҧ¶˾ģǾǲŮǷ񻹻ţҪȥ֤һȻĻһѰ
ַ֮ҲǲԥСĹ۲һʥԵ֮нƻȫҲκεԥֱӽǮĳڸȫȼ
˿̵ļ̨ϣԼǸðŮھʽҲһĨϷʵЦ⣬Ϊһ죬Ѿ׼̫̫õʱ䣬˿ڵˣһרʱ
һǸðŮһۣжʱһĨ⶯ɫ԰ףȼʽǾһȥŮɣȻŮŮòһʲͬҲʵû˼ǣ
ŶһᵽŮҲһĨ⶯ɫһѾ̫̫ˣʵ뽫ֻ̫͵ôһᣬȻͬһ㡣
ǵǾȥɣٺ٣ŪŮӿһĨȵɫһǵˣŮҲΪԼŮˡ
ౡʽģܶûһ˿һĶʱĺХü˶֮
˾ֵУһ֧֧̻ЯһӼʥ߳Ҳˣ֪⾿ô¡
Ҳ˲䷴Ӧ˹ЩǴ󺰵ŮϮϽŮ
顭ʱǳ̻ȴͻȻըǴĴǮըЩǮҶʱͬŮɢһϿ֮ƮƮ䡣
ˣǷˣǸͲ֪ʲôϮΪŮΪһ㣬Ųȡʽڡ
ǸͲܲ˵ĿʼǮֳǮࣿͲκεԥǼ̨ϰǳ׵ķˣֱӳ˼̨ʼ˼Ǯʱҳһѡ
ˣˣϽ򳹵׵ıˣȫû뵽ȻһĻԼǱȺУǸƼһ㣬ȫƿԼΡ

һĻַݵǶʱһĨϷʣ﷢˴һɧңᱻǲɢｫΪɭϵĵطԶ׼ǣط϶ͻȵ
Դʱ˿ַ̣ѵĳʱҲûκεԥֱ˱ף֮ʥ֮ϵĹȥ
ʣķԲʮ֮ڣǱߵŵģһеֵĻͻᷢȻҲǰַݵǰ
˭Ҳû뵽ַݳıףǱ¼ڰҲǰװ˶ǿоƬԸûκεı˳ľͽ뵽˹Ͽա
ʱ˿ַ̣ҲǶԱ´ָϾʥ֮ҲǺСҪҵŮĻƾһ䷿һ䷿ݵȥңǿ϶ͱ˸ץסˡ
찡찡ַֻһѪҺڿνֶ룬ܾһӵʱܾʧԼɹ
Ůٴξַݣֻʱѣ׾ѾŮѺĵطȻɭϵļΣȻŮƽʱ޹ѡ
ַôԶʱٿűǴ޹ȥȻﲢûмôϸ񣬵϶Ҳ٣ԻСΪ
ʵַݻøлһǰ̰ģ̰ĵĻŮѾˣʲôȣ̰òĻŮҲᱻѺǻһͱ޹֮С
ô˵Ṵ̊һΪڵһ飬һŮȳǾܹƽı



732 ȥȱ
Ů޹У˿ԼĴرϣ뵽Լʧܣû뵽ܵ˵ңһ˿ûС
Ҳû뵽׼ƣԼ˶Ѿ׼ˣ˵ڵѾǳΪһҲװΪʲôɱԼҪõԼ
ԵĻŮ϶ɱˣڵȴɱĻᶼûˣŻ׵սʿػţ֮ҲˣΪ˷ֹɱһκ⶯ĻǶ˲ֹ
ڵѾûκεķأҪôԸôԸãܡ
ܽѾǰȻص˰ɣ˵ڵŮѾȫĻˣΨһֵðοľһľܽԼַݵ˸ˡ
еʱȴͻȻһδӦ⹬ķͱƿҲǱһ˫еָץסֱӾͷŵ˼ʻС
ĸˣǱҪܡû⶯ȻַݸģƾĻײٿؼɣԼʦǵ⣬ֻ˲㽫ʦŮ˳
һжԵô˳ַȴ֪·̲ѵģǼ׶Σֻ׷ǵ׷ɱİȫˡ
ݣôˡŮδԵַݺȴǲûӶ͹û뵽Ѿ˵ַݾȻɱ˸ǹ
ûʱ˵ˣ˵ַݲûжԣֱӲٿű׶ȫ˲Ÿ߿гȥ׼˵
⡭ŮסˣһԵַݣҲһĨпԼŮҶ˰ȻûԼѡǰӪȡ
Ůȴ޾İˣȻڵѾǳ׵ʧȥһУ䷨ʧܣҲһðƻƿء
·ͻȻЩҲǱȥ˼̨ЩǸûü׷ϣͼַѾӳǵ̽鷶Χ
˵ʲôŮȻˣϢ˰Ķеʱۿ˲ˣʱǻŸ׷
ֵ˷ˣһƽıðβŭ£Ѫ˫ۣЩǶǴ˸Ҳٵ飬׷ȥ
ֻããǿգôҵѾ˺ԶŮͬǴ룬ǻǱȥ׷ȻŭİһὫǸ˺Ƭ

һӳ˶ǵķΧȷû׷׷ַų˿һĽٺû뵽˴ӪȻ˵˳
ַתͷԼҵĸĸˣ׼ô죿һͬ𣿡
ŮסˣҲһĨɫѡȥĻܰȵĶȹȻͳεĶǣһĺƽ١
֮ŮȴҧҧҲȥ磬Ҳ뵱ӱҲܶԲԼ񡣡
ĸһ㡱ַ̲סһ̾ȫܹ״˿Լĸеʹ࣬ȥĻ϶ǱɣַֻȰ뷨ҪףھȥܸıʲôĲ߻ôãǣǰ߿¶ѾǱסˡ
صǻȥǰ·棬˵ԼŮΣָ˲ͻᱻץΣǿҲһһģһŮ˵ǻһͻȻðŮǱйǶϵŮ
ҡŮ׵ˣΪַ֪˵һû˿վĻǵãǻ˲ͻᶪС
ѵľӱȥ𣿡һĨʹɫŮε˼㣬ĲԸǱӺ
ΣѾʧȥеȨԼðˣڵֻǸ޸֮Ů˶ѡ
Ů˳Ĭ֮УַҲֻҡҡͷĸˣһɣʱٰȱǰ˵ܳɹ
ȱʻ㣬Ů˲ǰһЦˣôǿ԰ȱ
ַסˣһĿŮĸˣǸϽɣȻص磬ͼ֮ɡ
˭˵ҪˣǸϽضǰȱȥŮԥҡҡͷҲһĨ⣬Ѿ뵽˽İ취ˡ



733 ˳ɼ
ĸˣ˵ǻضǰȱûͿɡַһĨţΪԼĸܵ˴̼Щʧˣ˿̵ĶǰͲǻȥˣ̶ѨԼ˻ȥⲻӴ򹷣ȥ޻
źͿૡ͸ַһİۣŮһصҵ˼ǲȥҶϵЩǰȥǵһؾڰȱ
ؾһؾַ֣Ժڶʱ˶ؾĸֱ֣Ӿ˳
ţŮҲ΢΢һ뵽ԼŮѾߣַô֪ܲؾҲȻǵģǶؾ
⡭ַ΢΢ԥһſڵ֪Ҳһ߰ɣǽǸôִֵܵĻ׻ڣ
ַݿǽЩ˶Ҳ޼£ϾսѾǸʵˣһͨʹûףԽߴûƢǴżǧ߳Ҳ޼°
˭˵ҪǴˣҪֻһǸŮõģһжˣؾڵݵλߣֻҪҵʹһжû⡱ŮһĨɵ
𣿾Լ֤ˣô֤ܰʲôַʳеʣʹʲôģһҲΣָûߵʹͱ˸ɵˡ
㰡㣬ؾûô򵥡Ů΢Цҡҡͷ˵Щʹˣر𡣡
ŶʲôͬĵطַҲȤ˵ʽͬܿͻ˵֮󣬻ŲͬĽʽ
˽࣬ͻƵ֮һŽ𵤣ǿǰɣŮһЦĿַһۣ˵Լ˽⡣
ǵģѵ˲ַͬвһĨŨȤԼĸѾô˵ˣǶ˵Ľʽ϶вͬ
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬ŮҲǼǶǵʽɣֻǽͻƵɷѣֽķʽ
һܽѾ˵˰ɣأܹʹħٿؼĸԪءŮ΢ЦŶַݿڵ
֪ҲĴ˵һʲôַݼĿŮѯʵ
һֻ֣ʹ˲ܹƿأܹûΪ͵࣬ܣӣǾȵޡŮжʱһͬʱҲһĨ羴ɫ
⡭ַҲסˣȫͬС˵еĵ³ޣܹʹйܣⲻǵ³ʲôַݳ׵ĻɣǧǰǷǡ

ַסŮҲ΢΢һЦǶһ޶ģֻҪǰ任һξܵӵŮݵλҲǵͣ϶ģǾģ˭Ҳܸı䡣
ֻҪʹ֤ˣܵʹףģǺ׾ֱܷ٣Ҳһ֤ʱȥǣһܹɹġ
ǰܿܲ˰һֱӽʹɱô죿ַݲûзɾ裬ΪŮȻ˵ļ򵥣ȴǷǳļѡ
ڿʹˣǰɲ˰ʱֱӽʹɱˣĻλһȹ̣ʱֻҪţһоͳΪ˶ۡ
Ǿֻ÷սˣʹ֮£Ҳ࣬ǰܷʲô˻ŮһĨ⣬Ȼôȴǲòôˡ
мɰգַһĨصɫɹļʺܵ͵ĻҲֻѡܾˣϾȻҪԼҲͬҪǣ
˳ɡŮ΢΢һ㶺Ҳ˵ԼеĿǣҲܹȫȷܹɹϾмҲı仯ǣ
а˳ɵļܹɹַ֮ҲǶݺݵҧҧ̲ס˵ͷǾͳˣ˳ɵļѾܸˡ
һӵĿַһۣŮҲһĸпʵԴߵģΪʲôҪˮƽô鷳
ٺ١ַЩ˼ͷⲻǿнȥܽ𣿱ϾĸӦҲǣ
ŮҲǱˣַָݵǻֲҼŮԵ޿ɾҩ



734 ˮ֮
ȻѾ¶˾ģַҲǲԥֱӲٿűѡ˷أʱ·϶ǲˣôĻǲͶ
ַݺǽթһȦͨһط뵽˶У׸ûκ˸֡
ٴλصǣŮȻҲޱȵĸп᲻ط̫̫Ļˣ뿪治֪ܲӦ
Ǹôؾʲôط밡һж̸ַ֮Ҳ˳ֲ׽һЩҰޣʼ¶տ
˿̵ŮѾȫױһͨĶˣ밢ӭᱻ֣ҲȫȴԼĽڵϳ˿⡣
ַݵѯ֮΢΢һ㶵Ȼȥؾʹˣڽؾĵطڻʳ֮УǱصʳǲܽ롣
ǺðɣǾϢһ£ٽǡַݵ˵ͷҲǲЩпǻǶֶѰžһңҽֳ˾Ķ
ԼǶǵıһ㣬һһεı֮УһǾܽڶθҪңЩ컯Ūˡ
һСʱ֮ҲǳԱ㣬ַҲǽŮŻʳ֮ľۼȥͷסȥ
ڷ֮УַȴǾþò˯һȻôľĶǣȴһˣŮһͬѣйġ
иսڵȴؾһģŮҲǺԸղڳԶʱ˾Ѿˡ
ǾַݶһȥʹǳɽŮҸطַݽȱ֮ʩжݵļƻ
ԶؾУַҲֻǶжˣȻһη壬ͬʱһ˷ܸмУǶһδ֪Լһ˿¡
ô˵ַУܹ˯ǲŹˣԷȥַֻԶһƬȫˣǴⲻͬ૵Ҳ֪ܽڵˣ
ֻѣַҲܹµŮǿ϶;УѾǺԶˣҲʲôΣշֻҪ磬ǾͰȫˡ
̲סǳһַҲһ͵һξɣ˼Ҳ뿴Ĳǣ

һҹȥַҲֻСһˣŮҲĳԹ֮󣬱Żʳڵķȥ
˶һأرַݣԼ˻ᱻϳԻⶼǱģһκεĲԾͻŮ˲ܡ
ŮҲޱȵĽţҲǺ°Ὣнϣ˸ͽ˳ǣ͸˵ȥǶؾˡ
ȫǶˣڰַݴŮ֮󣬿϶֮ززȥ߹شҾӵİæȥˣѾصΣֻҪһ̤룬ǾԾ޻أ˭뵽ǾȻɱ˸ǹٴλص˶ǣ
Ŵͬϴʱ򣬱Щǰţÿһе˶뽻ϽŷѣȻͻᱻ治ڡ
һĻŮݺݵҧҧð´ǶЩ಻ԣΪԼܹʵ
ֻŮҲ˹ǰôʵԭģҪǻ˳ĻȻ͵ŮɨأԼվһõǵ׿ϲǣ
ʱ䶼Ǳ˼У֣Ǿ»ӰĹԹص
ٷŭȴ˿Ҳûκεİ취ֻҡҡͷǿסԼеķŭַһͬǮ˻ʳ֮УŻʳһصĵطȥ
ؾĵطʮֵأΧһͨԺ֮Уƽʱû˾ס˭Ҳ֪ǽ뵽ؾڡ
ĵ˴˴ûоһ˿һĶ˴Ҳûһ˴ڣ˺׵ľ˶ؾڣһ̵ĳˮǰ
ˡһĨ⣬ؾĽ뷽ֻ֮˲֪ʱ˿ŮҲ˲ôˣʱ̣Ϊض
Ŷѵˮַ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˵ԼĲ²⣬ϾﲢûʲôԵùĵطΨһܵҲֻ⴦ˮˡ
ǵģ׼׼ˣҾҪʼˡŮ˵ͷҲһĨŵɫǳܣǾͿһˡ
׼ˡЯĶûκ©ַ֮ŵ˵ͷŮԼļᶨ



735 ҹ飿
ǾͿʼɡַݵͷŮҲûκεԥֱϵĹ˺棬д
ֻƬ֮ԭһƬƽĺ棬ȴǿʼɢӨ׵ĹâһҲۣޱȵ͡
ַжʱһĨɫǰһĻʵЩ棬Ҳûм棬͵İ׹ݴ½ͨУͳְɫĹâ
ַݹƣֹâܾ谭ľɣֻضĵصܹҽ뵽С
ֻһСᣬŮֹͣ䣬վһصĿַݵͨѾһСģʵڲеĻǾͻɡ
֪ģĸ˲Ҫġַ̲סǵͷȥһδ֪Ψһܹ֤ԼݵֻǸ÷ǳСĲС
˵ַ꣬ݵݸԼĸһᶨһһӾǷŹâĺˮ֮УŶǴ˵ʹڵĶؾȥ
ַˮ𽥵ʧȥӰ֮ŮҲһĨĵǣַҲʧܵĻһжˡ
ߵԵʯ£Ů˿ҲЩˣ˿̵ѾʲôûˣֻޱȵĿյΨһڴģҲַܹȵĹˡ
˵ַߣһǺˮк󣬲ûеôǸоЩȣûֱĸоӣȴһֱ½š
һǳͨһƬɫĹâͨĻǻѹֵ񣬵ַȴȫӦһУԼ׹䡣
Ҳ֪˶ãܵİɫâ𽥱䵭ַҲ˲˾Ϊ֪ܿϾҪǸʲôؾˣҲ˲˷
ڣߵİɫâȫȥַҲ˲䱻ǱĺˮΧȫû׼Ǻһڵˮû
ϿմĹâַҲǼٵȥΪ²⣬ѾܿܲǶǷڵƬˮˣѾ˶ؾ
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬ӺˮγʱܵĳѾǴСԺˣһƬ̵ɭ֣ﻨ㣬һжԵôĺгȻ
Ƕؾ˰ɣЩʹסʲôطѵҪԼȥңЩãȻĿ˿ܵĻַҲǲ֪һˡ
ӱĺˮַ֮߳Ҳǽ·һ£˵տ֮ſŸȥѰǴ˵еʹ
ʣһƬޱİĻַݶһжһֻ֪ʹһɵķǾһһȥͲҲһ˵ľ۾ӵء
ֻҪҵһ۾ӵصģܽʹסĵطˣ뵽ַ֮Ҳǲԥڽеʳ֣֮˸ף֮ڿն𣬲״ŵ̺Ƶ
ò˵ؾȶǻҪԭʼһЩǵɭֻЩС·Լĺۼؾȴȫԭ̬ģַһСʱ˵Ӱˣĺۼûп
̲סЩЦַ૵˰ɣһ治ˣǧﻹͲҲһӰˣûˡ
뵽ַҲǼȥϾ򲻸ˣİ취ҲҵһӰĲǣ

һ磬Ҳһֱдеľɫַݸе޾ƣɫַҲǲòһطͣ£׼ټ
⾿ǸʲôһЩɿݵַ֦ѸٽȼԴ￾ϣһĨЦ
ؾҲ֪Ǹʲôһ磬˵ΪҪɵĺɻ˽ǧȴһӰҲûз֡
ãһ治ˣûһӰַţƢˣһҲˣǾͻʱ䣬ͲҲһӰ
ҴҳԹַͣҲǾЩᣬľ֮ϢֻһĨȴǼžžȼš
ͻȻںڰ֮УȴǳһӰĶַסһӰ۲һ֮Ż˻֣ͷַڵĵطȥ
ţ֮Ѿ˯ŵַͻȻоһĨΣϮ˫Ҳ˲ĸ֪֮Укü
ڿˡַݵ϶ʱһϲҲ˲񣬵ֻǿһۣͳ׵סˣΪѾǱΧ˶֮Уָš
ǡϸ΢Ļ⣬ַҲǿЩӰֻ˳һƤȴǳֳڵ̬
ֻһ˲䣬ַоһĨɵɫЩƤڵĶˣͲԼҪҵЩʹǴ˵Ƕ˺ڰ֮еİҹ顣
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬ͷİҹһ䱸ĿһַݣԼǵ׾ļϸץ
𡭡Щҹǵõ֮Ҳûһ˿ĳɣֱַݳǸ׺ݶ̵ģַȫȷԼеĲ²⡣
ַô־ܣԶʱٻ˸ףھ龪ֱֵӰοգ֮Ϸȥ
ַޱȾȵǣΪ׵İҹ˲ͱһֻӥַݵĸ׾ǳ



736 ҪϢ
ǵ³ַסˣû뵽Լؾĵһξһֻ³ʵ̫˵ɣ
ֻһֻӥѣַݲŲκεľ£һϷʵĿ˾ӥһۺֱַ˸׵ļֻǹװãŷľӥһɨ䡣
ա糱ˮӵžӥȥӥҲǸеһɾ޴ΣϽ任һΣŲ෽λȥѡ롣
ַô⣬ӵҲӰεžӥȥ治ž̥ľӥ׶Կ
ӥޱȵô赲ôܼӵֻ˲֮󣬱㱻һӵУֱӾ·ȥ֮˲ָΡ
桱ַݲ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˲佫䣬ֱʧȺҹǵǰѾǴ⣬ǾǸЩҹ飬˵ܹҵʹ
⾿ʲô仯Ϊʲôôҹĵ³仯֮һֵĿ˸߿һۣι״Ķʧ֮ų˿
ַͻȻͻ˸ףǿ϶ǰ׾ĵ³ˣַܹµе뷨Ļǿ϶ᳩĴЦԼΪ³ˣʵ̫ˡ
̽Ǹ³ûи֮ЩҹСǱ˺ڰ֮УԼϳڵȥȻ֪ǵѾǸһӰӰȻַˡ
һ·ϣЩҹǶǱտڲ̸ֻһζĸ·ַݷ֣жǳСģ߹ĵطһЩڸǣȫйжģ
ֲҿжĺۼˡַݲӣЩǶרҰȻûκεټ
ĸȺҹַҲޱȵСģ»ᱻȺ˸֣ԼҲǹһ
Ⱥҹһֱ˽Сʱһֱ鲼СɽǰĿ˿ܵĻȷȫû֮Ű⶯һСʯͷ
¡¡ҵĦɽϵһʯҲǿʼƶ¶һڵĶڣַݲǰһǰҹϳˡ
ǲֳһĨϷʵɫַȻçײĽУⲢܹ澿ʲô
Ľ䵽һ֦ϣַҲǽԼʹùεһö˳ûӼȻܽ룬ⶫȴǺġ

ӼóַҲСĲٿŸղǸ򿪵ĶڴȥȻ˿ѾǱ϶ǴڵģӼҲǺ׵ı˽ȥ
֮һڵɽҲǵǲĹâַܳݷֻܻأóȻĻ϶˶顣
Ӽǰ߹ǳĹһտĿռ֮УַҲڿղİҹСӡ
ӳ˿һ곤İҹǰҳϣղڶԶһ׾³һ˸ˡ
ַݲӣؾеĶ˾ȻֶǳױˣҸΪ봫˵һģһľ֣ھȵͬʱҲǸеһĨãȻ
ģ;ɣǶˡ˦˦ԴַҲǽе׵
ʲôӳ֮ҳҲ΢΢һüѵǵй¶ˣӦðѵֻǸɺϣ
ӦǵġӳҲ̲ס˵ͷҼǰ׾³ʮֵ⣬ҹȻȼգ֪ǵټӪȰ׾ʥŮĻǲӦôɡ
ŶҳҲǾһϸ˼һſڵǲǸɺϣǶҪСĽһЩЩҲͱǰˣץ׾ʥŮ飬ǧܳκε״
ǵģϡӳʱһ³ϻϾץʧܣǾй¶˷׷εĻǾ̶ֱΪ
Сĵ֮󣬵ҹĶӳҲǴԼСӣһطȥַҲǸϽٿӼȥղż̸۵ǸʥŮѾȤ
Ҫ֪С˵УʥŮһ㶼ǻʹߣλҲޱȵĸУĻλʥŮȳһжǱ
ֻҪʥŮص׾壬ҲᱻӢۣʱЩʹصϣҲͳˡ



737 
ȻѾҵ˿ҵʹķַȻҲͲټˣֱӽŸųڷ˯һҹϾϲȫҲȡ
һַȻЩҹǾȻ˯ˣһ˯ޱȵ𣬲˲㷴Ӧ˹ҹ鲻ϳ˯
ַݲӣԼû»ǸȥתתúãϾһֱĻҲûʲô˼ǣһֱһʥŮĶ飬ﲻˣ
øﶨ˸λַݱοն֮зȥʼѲȻûһӰ
ʵתˣַҲͳ׷ˣ˵ϣʼ׼ͣտϾɲӳ̵꣬ʱ͡
鷳ૡ뵽Լľַݲҡҡͷȫû뵽ؾڵ˿ھȻôϡ裬ҸӰѣΨһӰȻаİҹ飬͸Խ
˵ǣȺҹҪȥǰ׾ʥŮ鷳ֻҪץסǰȥӪȣһвͽˣҪľǵȴȴȺҹ졣
ַݰٰĵĿſʱȴͻȻӿһĨΣУһ˲ܺ󣬾ͼһֱӾͽǰĻѸ
⡭ַסˣ׵סˣȫû뵽ͻȻܳһԼǰĻѸˣһҲѧ
˳ȥֻԼ󣬲֪ʱһ֦Ӵ󣬵ȴߴľľ֦ϣȴͻȻڣһ㡣
飬ΪʲôҪе𡭡ĻȻڣĶַݣ¶ıòƷǳ
ְַһϽ˼һ䱸Ŀǿſ˵ĴһĨɫ
ɾַݿǾֵĴʰתһַ֮Ҳǳ׵˹Ͳ֣еˡ
֣ʲôϵ沿һã¶һĨԻɫǶַݻеĶЩ̫˽⡣
ַӣҲǲ֪ôͣϸĿһַ֮ҲǸܱǸղŸмԿ˵㶫ԡ
´μǵע⡱ҲĿַһۣű˫ۣ˯ԭأϸĻĸһŴȫû
ַЩεԴҲǲ˼ȥˣϸ׺ڿնҲǶĺ档
飬³˶ˣ֪᲻д˵еľеĻǾͺˣҪ֪ڴ˵УǾɻǱĻַݿ϶һֻ

꣬ʥŮôûְѾǾĵȴ죬ַѾǰȺҹҲǸͲţ֪ԼǸѨ֮УֻҹȥѲһַҲֻǱΣֻǰ˯ˣϾ´Щ˶ֵʱ̡
ţ䣬ַҲǼղűɳȥǸСӴԶˣҲѸٵɽ֮Уҵλϡ
ϥأСӳһ˷ܵҳϣʮְⷢ׾ټʥŮһҲǣǷھͳ
ɵúã˰µʱ䣬ЩڳˣǸϽʥŮץȡΪҹ顱һĨϲɫǳڴڴЩ׾鿴ԼʥŮȻ˰ҹʱ򣬻һ
СӳҲһĨ˷ܣһ̫ˣʥŮʵ̫СĽˣôöûг֣Ǳǵȵˡ
ȻĿѾ֣ЩҹҲɣԶʱۼһ͵͵ıűķȥַȻҲǸϡ
¶һĨϷʵɫЩҹûǻܳɹˣǾֻǰ˶ˣָö
ַݿ¶˾ģҪʹǰ¶ͬ㽵٣ܻȡǵĺøУŸ׳ɹǣ
ҡҡĸЩҹַҲ׼ŻЩҹǿҪɹʱٳ֣һֲ¶ԼӢ¸
ò˵Щҹ黹ʵžҹǾһһ㣬Ӱȥ٣ȾͷǵĻ治ܲǵӰ
ͱ˵ϴΣַݶѾǸΧˣŷЩ˵ӰҪиװĻóʲô⣬ϾЩҲǸʡ͵ĵơ



738 ӪʥŮ
ʮ·˵ԶԶ˵ҲǲȫܵĻЩҹܲҪʮӾ͵ˣΪΣС˰Сʱָĵص㡣
˵ȥֻǰеһƬƽУѾ֪ʱһ֯ɵģĶȻפģǰҹǵĿ꣬Щ׾ˡ
ĵĹ۲һ󣬷ûκε֮λҳһ֣ȵֻ֣ɹʧܡ
˵꣬ҳϿзһ˲Ϊһֻܣžͽһȥһʿģ
ŰҳϵıЩǣҲѡ˱Ķ࣬оӥҲǱӵ࣬ͦ䡣
ͨҰԼǿ϶˲ͻᱻ˺Ƭַݿʵ᱾ĩǿֻǽ
Щ³˳мź۵İҹ飬Ҳд˫Ҳ̧𣬰ӿʱǵ˫֮гУ򣬱׶ȵ塣
ŶЩַжʱһ⣬˵³ʲôȤǶħʦһ˿ȤϾܹٿطлʲôģҲȵ³һ㡣
ʱЩϮİ׾Ҳ˲䷴Ӧ˹֮ҲѸٱʹħ밵ҹսһ顣
Ǳȣǲֻʷֻǳν棬ǾѾ·磬Գڰ׾˵ʮֵĲ
۲һսַ֮ҲǿܣΪҪҵʥŮ˵˻Ǳץߣǿһоˡ
ڣַݷǱ׾мλʥŮ񲻽΢΢һ㶣ҲǱʥŮòһҲֻ˲ѡ
Ƚ϶ѣʥŮȻܽһĲģַֻ΢΢һۺ󣬱Ų˫ۣעս
ȻԼ׼£ҹѾεռϷ磬׾ȻǽڽڰˣĴۿžҪʧܣʥŮҲᱻ°ߣַҲ֪ԼĻˡ
Ÿ˲ַҲǶȺ׾һͦסӪǵġ
˵ţַݼֻǹ뼤ⷢһͬЩħʦǽһɨ䣬׼ȽЩ鷳
ȻħʦǿĽȴȫ˶ĶרעھչַݵɨʱǸûһ˿һķֱӱɱ˵

ҹסˣЩ׾ҲסˣǴĿַݣͲ֪ôͻȻʹܳôˣôİҹɱ
ַݱĶҲޱȵĹ죬ΣȴӵǿĻһܹУѾȫǵΪֹıǸûп
ҳϣСģˡǸСӳɵľӥʱѣȫû뵽Լ˵ĺ£Ȼᱻַݸƻʵǳǵ
˵ʲôҳҲ΢΢һҲ˲˹Լ˿϶һֱڱַݼţһֱ־ΪӦϣһ򾡡
ʱ˿̣ҳŭӿ뽫Сӳ˲ɱ˿̵ѱҲֻˣԶʱе³ǳ
ȥǾԻᱻȫɱ԰ҳϵϣֱѡ˳룬һڰҹʱʼɢӣ׾ҲǷӳ˹ȴ׼ȥ׷ɱ
ʱһޱȺȴǴǵŵڰ׾Ī׷Ҳ׷ˡ
ַݾȵĿǰһĻΪģͲǸʥŮһױޱϽҲ¶һĨʥľ飬һŴлĸֺ󣬺촽Ŀڵ
һǱھΧľŮӣٿ˿ǴӴиֵŮӣַжʱ˹ʥŮǸӣгֵʥŮ
ַݲò̾أȻóȼֶΣͬʱҲޱȵľ̾ʥŮգȽܽʥŮȫضá
˵ܽǾµûκε覴ãʥŮʥĻ˭ֻԶ۶ɣֻޱȵ⶯ìܡ
õʥŮЩ׾Ȼͣ׷𣬵ȴһ䱸ĿַݣʥŮڵ㾿ʲôˣΪʲôǴûп㣬ûпֱ仯



739 
ˣַȴǷ֣Щ׾г˽䱸ȻԼͻȻð˳˽䱸ҲģϾַݳֵʱԼֶ̫ڹ졣
һˣַҲֻεҡҡͷֱӽ䵽˵ϣֱӽ˸ףԼαװж£̹ȻĶʥŮܼ򵥣磬ԮģĶǳңҵݣࡣ
ࣿһʱڳྫжǳһĨ𾪵ɫϾȻûмȴϼġ
׵֮У඼̰ģ׶ģϾʮǰǴ֣öǵ̼ģʱҲǳȥǣ֪ײС
ǰͻȻһ࣬ܲǴĵ׵ĸе˽䱸ھ鶼ǷַݣҲһĨɫϾǰеĲͬΪղŻǴ˰ҹ顣
ⲢЩǷɾ裬رʥŮһĿַݣ˰֮ŵ˵ǴӶԮģʲô֤𣿡
ȻСַݶʱŮݸԼ˳׸ʥŮǶŮҲҵĸҵ
ŶʥŮ΢΢һ㶣ΪݣȻ֪Ǽ٣ȷһ֮еĽ䱸ҲǷһЩȫ
羿ʲô£Ȼ˵ŮŮ⾿ô£ʥŮǧǣϾַݳֵʵ̫ˣҲޱȵĹ죬ò䱸Դ
˵ַݺεҡҡͷ֪ĽϾ̫עĿˣ˰׾ʥŮɣֱǵĻ˵ֱӱץˡ
֯һַ֮Ż⼸ʮ˲ٵ飬˺ͽϢҲ֪İɣ
šʥŮ΢΢˵ͷ˽⣬ҲֻͣǺͽһϣϾǵȱںͽ֮ص˶ؾ
ʥŮͷַҲǼǩЭ˫ҲһֱַǾǰãҲǷһңŮµЮŮ෢˽ҡ
ԼγΪŮŮֶ˵ʥŮҲ¶һĨȵɫַҲǲһĨɫ
ȴɻȻһжѾˣΪʲô㻹ҪؾԮѵ˺ԼԶǷ˽
ǲǡַݿЦҡҡͷβ֮սǶԼΣŮҽ
Ľ͵컻գνŮƵ־˳ַҲ̾˿ʵˣ緢鷳ֻˡ
ˡʥŮҲһĨصɫȫܹʽεϾλҰĲİסһеĻǶһƽ٣ؾҲܵһӰ졣
Ͼ綼ģǰ׾ҲŶ˵Ĺ½ĻͻܵӰ죬ǸǱ̨
Ҫӳ飬Ҳȸǵʥأȳǿ֮ɡʥŮһصĿַݵ
ðɡַӣҲ¶һĨЦ֪ûô򵥣Ҿ²⣬ʵʥŮȫܹһУȴǻôԼѡ
ȻҪԼһѵĴַ֣ҲֻǴˣֻܵ˵ͷǾɣҸǵĶ鵽ʥȥ
ţǾˣǻЩϢˣ컹Ҫ·ʥŮµ˵ͷŻػܣԼ뵽С
ַǱԭأ֪Ǻãи鷨ʦͨħװ֮ҲǺƤԼһ
鷨ʦȻַ䱸ʥŮҲѾ棬ҲֻǸǵԶ˸˯ȥ
Щ֮УַݷлǷǳʣûôԽܣҲͱ˫ֱۣĽ뵽˯֮С
ŵһߣʥŮȴǽһϽڵϣ㿴˵ĻǷʵŵù𣿡
صĿһſڵţǲȫţϾ˭Ҳ֪緢ʲô飬˵ѾݣΪĵ̣ǳȥĻһж˵ģָҲǰҹڼ顣
ˣ˼ɣʲôĻǾͽһĨ⣬ʥŮҲûȫŵùַݣǶ˵Щȴǳ˺档



740 
һַֻˬؾڵʵޱȵŨַֻڶģһǻ
ȻǱزٵģַҲ˵ϣʼ˹ܵʱͬˮַݵĵӿ
ţַɫ΢΢һ㶣ΪܵõԼڵѾǴﵽ˼ޣȻһͻơ
ַϲһϲʱʼٵһȦ֮˳ͻƵ˵нס
ӿַݵĵУַֻһ泩ȫȹ֮ĻȻ˫ۡ
һߣʥŮҲ춯ЩȵĿַݵһۣ¶һĨɫ
֪Ľʽ뾫һȫͬεĲͬǷǳڸַܵݴĶ֮ҲһĨ⶯ɫǾҪ﷽ʽεġ
ȻҪԳ֣ʱһλϣ˵ЩʲôȻҲ޴ӷʱͷӦͣҲһĨ⡣
һַ߳ݵҲһֱŵЦݣʱ˿̣ЩҲˣ£һѳ͡
ַȻǲó԰ʳҲ׼ǰȥѰʳʱʥŮȴ΢ЦվַЦһԵɣϾҪˡ
ô˼ַһЦŲȴǱŲ˹ȥĺܺ棬ƽʱԵĶʲôԼҲ볢ǣ
߽֮ȴȻķ֣ǳԵĶȻȫǹʵûһ˿һ࣬뵽ڴ˵оģҲûʲôˡ
Ȼܵ˾ʥŮ룬ַҲûʲôˣȷһ²ûбҩ֮Űһһ£ֻ򣬶澹Ȼ̺˵ȫܹṩ衣
ַݾȵǣϵˮܶ࣬ҸҲŸԵѡ񣬵ÿһ鶼ְɫĹӣҴϵıͿԿӵζ϶ܺá
ַҲһ˳ζЩɬоȻ̺˴ĵʣַҲˣΪʲôǲˣֹṩĵʣҲǻˡ
һι磬ÿֹʵƷһ£Ȼζǳַȴܲһٲ⻹Уһֱ⣬ǿɾĲˡ

ϯʥŮҲ˽ûгĹʵպãԭһŶ´ǳɣǰʥء
ʥŮ֮£ЩҲǽӵ룬ǰȥھҪ߶ãַȴǲֻ֪ǵ˶ĺ󷽣š
ò˵ǿŮûһǳªģַ󣬿ʥŮҡҷˣҲǾġ
һ·϶ԵޱȵĳƣַݾǸһ㣬оżҲģϾȫþǵΣҲֵˡ
ܵľɫɿöˣҲޱȵ룬ַһ쵽ˣҲǳ֣һʯӾɴһֻӶϿշɹһ̵ֻ࣬ĳǰȥץ
Ҳһٶеľ鶼˲ͣ˽ŲһɫĿַݣʥŮҲɫЩ΢ǰַʵֻԹ޳ΪʲôҪ˺
¡ַ΢΢һ㶣û뵽ԼֻǴֻѣλʥŮһģԼʲôһ㡣
΢΢һ˼ַҲ˹׽Ȼ࣬ԸͲ֪ΪʳģԼַݴԣȻܲƻȻ
ھ뷨ַֻܱʾ޷⣬ʼܱǸǾԹӿԽһУҲ淽ʽҪܽеļֻԹӵĻǽ޷档
ʵǴϹܲܶԴȻޱ׽ʥŮʵˣŽֻ׼ƤԵɣ
ַֻǱһԣ˵ԼЩܲܿԼɣ˵ⲻ
ʥŮҲ΢΢һ㶣ҲһĨɫ࣬治Ƿǳ˽⣬Ǿ͸֪ˣҲĹǣ
ַݵΪ뾫ϰԼǲһĨ磬ҲַܾȥɣҲֻĿַһۺžϣ˵Ķġ



741 ζջ
ֳôһСŤַھ֮ҲǲһĨңַҲνˣԼɽ뿪ҲʲôǸҰɡ
ʱ䣬ھҲǾ£һѳԹӣַǽԼµֻɾ֮һЩ֦ȼʼԼտ
ַȻǸԻǿĶζãǲʲôζ϶Ǵޱȵȫرܹζĵζϣ׼ࡣ
С˿ֻɢ˵ζζȴǾȫûиܹģַΪһֱԹš
ڷ񿾵һĳ̶ַ֮ŽζϸóȵͿĨ˷֮ϣζһޣҲЩǶĻȻ˫ֻۣ򣬿ĹӣҲ˲ЩȻ
ԼǣҲֻƴŹӣ۾ȴֱĿַǱߵֻһĨɫԼ֪
һУȴǱַݸĿУͻȻһĨϷʵɫЩĺһ㣬Ͳʹܼ࣬м
ַݰٷְٸҿ϶εԼǣ׼ⶫˣϾζͲǹʵܹġ
̲סҪô죿ԺͻȻ뷨ַǵϷҲǸˣĻǿ϶̫˲ǣ
죬ַҲһҲ̵Ŀʼʱʱ͵͵һЩǣǶǲסĭҲǲ֪ٴˡ
иֳһĨϷʣַֻֻζķøζǷԼɫЩֻԶľǸеԵȫʳʲô˼ַǷ̬ѾЩˡ
̵Ľַֻ꣬ŽϨ𣬱ϾϴֻѾ˸ѣǾɭǽֹġ
ھҲѾ꣬ȴޱȵĿɬǾýԹĹⱲӳԹѳԵһˣһжַݲǣ
ô˵˼裬Ҳٶ˵ʲôֻĬĬ˶֮ʥŮĴ֮£Ŀĵصķȥ
ַȻҲǸǵһ·ǰţЩ˵ʥطȥһ·ɽˮЩú

һȥҲǰϰٹϾĶͨˣаҲǷǳɵģ⾫ʥŮ˵ҪʥأҪʱ䡣
ַȻǽҲ޿κΣȻзţֱӾͿԽһȥſַѹ׵ĶôóĻЩƱػޱȵĽ䱸
⣬ʲôҪٽȻЩޱȵƣַҲûȫŵùǣϾ˫ڲͬ塣
ҹַҲǼԼʳЩ˵ζֻһļ尾ȴǲòΪǳĻǻᱻǶġ
ھ˵Ǽޱȿµ飬ᱻ뷴壬һ϶ĻǾͻᱻѵĻǾֻһ취ɰҹ顣
˵һй飬ԾַݵĿ⿾ٺóԣЩǶǲ᳢Եģⲻ漰ǵĵԼ
ȴ֪ңԶϿУһֻӥȴһĨޱǿҵĿûСӳ仯Ϊӥˡ
ڰҹ˵ʲôǶǼҳ㷹ˣַôģǵһμôܲԸӣ
Ѿ˷ҲǲַܽݸץֻŻˣϾҪġ
Թ֮ھҲǴ£һѽ֮УַҲǾȻζĽ뵽֮Уȴ֪ڶ⣬һǵı
ϿշеĻܿǰƬдƬĻҳ𣬶һҹ飬ڶ೤ޱŴ˴Ȼ׼Щ
ҹѾ¶˾ģȻܽʥŮץסǾֻǴЩǽʥŮֱֻǲŲṦһ
ַݵˣһȴһ֪ѾǳĽ뵽УȻûзһ֧ŭ˼ˣǳȴǵģǸ



742 Ϯ
Ҳ֪˶ãΰ˯ַĻȻΪ˵涼΢𶯣ԽԽ
ǳ˵ĻȻܷһУַݿǵߣ֪εȵ񣿲֮Ҳǲɫһʱ֮⡣
ʱ֮ȴͻȻһֱ룬ַݶһȴǸȻһҰͷԼˣҴֻǸ˶ѡ
ڽߵʱַҲǳ׵˽⵽ɲ֣С˵Щƣ൱Ĳ
ȻǾ飬׼ȷ˵ǰ׾飬뷴ѵİҹΪս˫ǲɿܵ˵һֱǰ׾ռϷֵģҹֻںڰ֮С
˾֮⣬ˣ٪ȵι״뾫黹һĲģò˵ߵĴҲŵġ
ͱַǰˣȻ̿ǣȴޱȵǿԾǾҲȥǣΪޱȵŽᣬһһ˻ȫ嶼᲻ݵİ䱨
ڿһС˵ʬ屻ҵӪַ֮Ҳ˲ǿ϶ǱˣⶶԴЩӴ˱ߡ
뵽ַݲһϽǱˣϽܣǶ
ʵַѣӪе˶ѾղŵĶѹˣַݵĽкǶʱЩ
ô£֮еʬ֮󣬾ʥŮҲһĨŵɫַһص˲
ǱˣʬϵģȻǰҹģûܵˣǱ߼޻ˡַѸٽԼĲ²˵˳ԵĻͶһˣЩǿϣɲܲǡ
ʲôַݵĻ󣬶ʱӦһܵĶַ˵Ȼ飬Ҳ˲
ʥŮȴһ侲ҲҪţǸϽ뿪˵ز˾
õʥŮָ֮ھҲ˲侲ļһ˱ķʼܣַȻǸȥ
𡭡ûúȴͻȻһޱȱݵ˻ضȻȺ׷ˡ
鷳ˡַ۽ǶʱһĨأȻЩѾǽɱ֣϶᲻ݵ׷ȥ
ʥŮҲ֪һ㣬ֻԹްҹı޳ܣҲûκεİ취Ϊһ裬˭ֹˡ

ʱ˿̣ŵ¹⣬ھҲܹ𽥱ƽľӰ˵ٶȲǺܿ죬ǵȴǼǿԳıȥĻǿ϶ᱻ׷ϡ
뵽϶ʱҲǻˣһŵĶԾʥŮʥŮ£һֱӵĻȫᱻ˸ɱɾģԻӰɣֵסǵĽŲ
ȻҪԼʥŮһЩҪ룬취ҲĿǰ뵽Ψһ취ˣȻȥ˺ĹĻȫҪ
ȻһʥʥŮôôֻ΢΢˼һ֮ϾһĨ̹ȻסˣһһиңЩ޿ײİҹǲŹǵġ
ʥŮôһᣬھҲ˲䷴Ӧ˹ǵĵ˿ɲֻЩ˰Щ޿ײİҹ飬ǶɢĻǸͲԵֿҹϮҪӵĲʹǾǱҹץס
ǶһʱַҲòվ˳һЦôˣֻǣɱЩûʲôɣǲҰɣ
ʲôھҲһĨɫ˲ǿ󣬶һƤ񣬾ǻ³ʹħҪ˺ܸɵһֻˣַȴ˵ܹ׵ĸɵЩˣǲһĨĸо
뵽ַ촩ŵףǵҲһĨ⣬رʥŮĿַһۺҲ΢ЦȻᣬھжаģɱǹô
ǾˣǾĹ࣬Ҳ»ǲ˲ǣεʼ磬Ͼھ飬ȻǵѡԼںĽЩɱˣǻԼ̡
ǸĿЩ˫ͨ죬ѾȫʧȥǵһַۣݺεĿڵܱǸ֪޹ģҪɱңҲֻɱˡ



743 ɱʢ
о龪ȵ£ֱַ˸׵İťʱ֮У׾ѾװɣַҲڿնӭǰǣһĨ⡣
Ȼӵž޴Լ޴ķһ޴㣬Ǿ岻ԶԸЩصĶ׾ǲѡ
׵ļֻǹеȻǸģ͸ǿǼĸְ嶼ܹ䴩Ҫ䴩Щ˵ƤȻǲڻ£ǲö˵Ǽǧȵĸ£Ǹڻ˵ˡ
ߵʱ򣬸׿ܻûʲôôϾޱȵԸЩˣһǴȺˣǾɼ졣
ֻǹ뼤˫£Ǵ͸ǿӵԼܼĹ꣬ǲҪǮһ㣬Щȥ
𡭡ֻ˲䣬˵£ǶǲұеҪˣǰЩҲˣеѪҲǸˡ
ǷģַҲǴĵ׵ĸеһĨ⣬ЩǺȻ뵽˿񻯵УѪҺᴩ˴ԣʹԼ¶Ѿȫߡ
˵ĵ£Ͳη壬Ǹӷַݳַƣַݶ̲סҡҡͷ̾Ǻαأ
˵ȻûԼҪȻַݲɱЩͷԼ򵥵ˣȴǲòɱ漫ٵţЩҲǰ̵ĵѪ֮УԶʧȥ
ַһ򵱹صģ֮ЩǶסˣַݵǿȫǣҪֵĻǿ϶Ҳȫ
쿴׷Ҳֻһ˲ѣǶַݻ涯ɱģһĻʣµģֻηˡ
ǰ̵Լſȱ֮Ҳȫ޼£ϾַݿսˣǸַݵıߡ
ǵȷǷ񣬵ٷҲм޵ģڵϰʮ˵ʬ֮Щǰ̵Ҳ˹ȻһҺ֮糱ˮȥ
⡭ǳ׵ľˣΪ뾫ս֮УЩȴһζûѡˣһݵģ
ǽȴǴϷ˾Ȼˣ˵ֱǸ漣һδ漣
ʵҲǲ⣬뾫鶷ٲңҲ֪ԼмֵģȻη塣
ԸףǸܵľǿ˵ôǸͲܽӽֺֻҲȥǲŻѡȥ

սַҲǽ˸ףһпĿǰǱڷŵʬ壬ɱȴǲòɱɱĻ˾ͻˡ
Ǹ綼ǿʳǵǾԼûʲô˵ģַȻԾֻˡ
пĿһۺַҲתͷȺѾȫľǵ˴Ѫ죬ǻǸϽ뿪ɣһʲô׶ȺͲˡ
ؾȻҰޣһǳ࣬ʱǶ飬һۼһǶǻʲôҧʲôġ
ַôһѣھҲ˲˹ʥŮҲǵ˵ͷõģǸϿ뿪ɡ
󲿶ӼǰַȴǷ֣ǶԼ䱸ѾԽԽСˣľҲûУʱʱҲþһۣоͰʥŮ
һ㣬ַȻܹ⣬Լֳǿ֮ѾЩǸеˣԼҪлĵĻͲҪĻǡ
һ󣬾ȻûҪپʲôˣΪγֶַ׽࣬ϾĻѾȫûˡ
ȫ˽Сʱ󣬶ͣղŵսֳѾʮ๫ҰȺҲǣʥŮʱʱȫˣϢһ°ɡ
ھ˿˵ϻϴڴڵĴ˴ȦձܰСʱǹ˵ģַ˵ȴһС¶ѡ
ȫĻһͿܳϰٹٶȱһҪ˲٣Ϊ˲׾ҲֻƵĸ˶ĺ󷽡
ٵ͵ҲǺҹе̫ǰҫۣⲻֻϢһַ֮ݲмһ˵ʥŮȴһ΢ЦǰַݸмղллˣĻǿɾȫûˡ
ûʲôøмģǶˣȥҾȱνʼ磬ַҲһЦĿʥŮܾ˵Ŀ϶ֹЩ



744 Ϊ
ʵҲַ֤ݵĲ²⣬ʥŮмһ֮һĿַݵ𣬸ղͻȻǸʲôѵ˶Ѿôǿ𣿡
ַ΢΢һ㶺ҲҡҡͷͷǣĴ󲿷˶ͨˣûôǿұףĸ߿Ƽɡ
ףֵַ֡ݵĽ֮ʥŮҲһĨ죬Ҳֻ˲ѡ
ַ΢΢һЦҲǸ̾ĿһʥŮʵȻݳߣ棬Ѿ˾޴Ĳ࣬ϵĻǾԻ䣬һޱҡ
ַݲû˵ջؾľԼȻǿ󣬵սԼʽȽǰǾҲֻһǾһĺܲҡ
ʥŮסˣھҲסˣΪڶؾͳļ¼УĶ˶ôСǳֶᱻһĿǶΪǷǳǿ
ɴ˿ַȴ˵ǶĶ˵ĻޱңλʥŮжʱӿһĨڵôܣҲ˵ˣʲôడ˶ôС
ַҲǳ׵˹ݴ½ʵûжֻǻİ취ȴһֱڰǰĳ̶ȡ
ȻѾַ̯ҲӶЩǽһգյȻսرЩ޴ǼսԼףص㡣
ЩҲԽԽأַ˵ЩѾȫǵرЩǼսļڣһھͿԴݻٷԲʮڵһʱǶǴĵ׵ĸеһĨ𺳡
ûиղַսĳĻǿ϶ԸţΪַں˵ѾǿˣҲѾǼʶˣַ˵ĶԽܣȴǲòܡ
԰ǲǰ磬ʵҲڰǣϸ룬ǰͳ˶ǣҶǷսĻֵܹ𣿵ȴǵĽ塱û˵ַ꣬Ҳвһ󣬱ϾʩֶοǰԲˬ
ˡʥŮжʱһĨصɫҲ˹ΪʲôЩ鱾ϣֻһЩʷЩʲôıտڲ̸ˡ
ӱܣǲ뾫֪һкޱȵĿֻţⶫܹӱʷǰֻӦѡӱܡ
ַݲ֪ⷬѾʥŮη壬ͬʱҲ¶˾޴ľģǾҪ糹׵һ𣬲ֱ˴ˣֻǲܹںһ𣬶ᱻΪ

˶ྪĶǵ飬ҲǾЩˣҲ׼ϢһټַȴɫһԵʥŮҵóȥһˡ
ȥʥŮһĨԻɫ˿ɫ谵˯ʱ䣬ַݾȻҪѡȥ
Щεʼ磬ַεұΪЩҹ鶼Ѿˣû뵽ǾȻһֱǣһӣôˣǲǸţ
ǺҹеİҹûҵǶĻǸûκεİ취ʥŮһĨɬܹҵЩҹ飬ͲһеĽǸˣɾҲ
û취ûа취ַǷһĨЦݣִƼİ£ЩҹǶ㵽涼ܱ
˵ģʥŮжʱһĨ⣬ַݵı£ʵ֪̫ˣܹԼ˽ҹĻȻܾ
Ȼģ͵źϢɡַһĨЦݣվű׼ȥЩҹǵ鷳
˼ַ֮ȴͻȻתͷһЦˣһмǳҪˡ
ʲô£ʥŮҲ΢΢һ㶣ûʲôԥľ˳
ʲô֣ܲһֱ㰡㰡ĽаɣһĨЦݣѾˣԾʸҲǳͻǣ
ַͣ˵ˣʥŮҲһЦַݿڵҽ櫣ס𣿡
һ˲ķ飬ַݶ̲סɫһϣҲ˲䷴Ӧ˹¶һĨε櫣Ȼ֣ҽַݡ
ַݣֵ֡Ҳ¶һĨЦ⣬ʥŮĿַתȥҲһĨ棬ַݵĺ棬Լĺ档



745 ҹ
ַ˵ҪҵҹȻһ£ΪڸϾԴһ״ɨϵͳֻҪ̿Բʮڵһﶼᱻӳϡ
ȷްҹַ֮Ż˸ף֮󣬽״ɨϵͳȫ̿
ַݲ²⣬ȺҹȻһֱڸǣҪɱǵĻǾ;ԲԶͲܳʮ
ʵҲ֤ʵַݵĲ²⣬״֮Ļ϶ʱֳź㣬һַݵԣȻʥŮˣһ㣬ĻȺҹˡ
һĨϷʵɫûƹַݲõͷģοҪˣȺҹ飬ΪԼΪĴۡ
ȷȺҹĲصַ֮ݲٿŸףѸٵ֮ȥҹҪɱ䡣
ҹĲ֮Уҳܵô޴Ĵ۲ŽЩЩǾȻһûǾȻôˡ
ûǸС˾ǱȺҹץסɱĴӪУе߼޻ǵļƻ֮УԼһˣЩ׾ҲᱻŭǸ⽴
ɽȴǣȥ˵ĵ³ȫȻ˶ˣǰ׾Ȼ˿һûðҳϼ
еİҹǶǵͷһŭģȴǸûһ˸˵ЩʲôϾҳϵݵλɱǸ߶ˣҲֻĬĬš
ϣǸι״ĵ³ʵ̫ǿˣ˶ˣʵû취˰ҳϵĻһ˿һҹŸվС˵
һ뵽ʱַݴɱɱĳҳϵҲһĨȻɫôôɷૣֵĻͳɹ˰ɣ
ǰǰͺˡһҹʱͷӦ͵ȻֵַıҲǳη塣
ҲֻǡʱһϷʵĻ紫еİҹ鶼ɫһϡ
ҹΪʲôҹ飿Ǿҹʱܹ뵽һҹҵҹ飬Ǽǳѵ顣
ڣ˷ǣһ˴δʩ£˵ԵõôĻ
ǰһжʵҳҲģǸǰӪȰ׾˷ġ
ַݵǿѾԺڷַǰ֮Ժд˿ֻһ뷨Ǿӡ
ҿӣɢֿӡҳҲǸϽ֪Լκ£һѵĻһᱻַݸȫ˲ȷѡǾɢӡ
һӲˡַôܻǾӵڷĵһʱ䣬˸׵װá

ܼȻһӼֻǹȴǲʱĳͷţַѾϰ˫ֵ߲ļָЩСİҹ飬ǹǸѻЩȽǿĵ³ǡ
ֻһ˲䣬ЩСİҹǻûɷ磬ԸͲֻʹսûܵĻᡣ
мʸַݣҲֻǷһײַݵûжһ£ǵʵ̫ˡ
³Ƿ׷ױ˲ͱһ԰Ӿʨӵȵ˲֣Σڵһֵɨ֮£³ҲǶ˲һ롣
ĵ³ȴ룬˵ǣٶôַܱҪ죿ֻ˲䣬ַݱ׷ǣȫĽ׷ɱ
رǰұľܣַҲصչǲҽ˿̵ȴȫûκεҪֻһζǰܡ
һĻַݶؾľҲǲһĨͬ飬ķʽȫǴ𣬺úõ˲ҪҰޣ
ַݿֻʽûүӶѾͻ˻ӤضǲݣǾΪ̫ǿˣЩ³ǣǿҲ޵ġ
ҽȺ³ַͻϮûκεķֻǼӲѣ㱻ɱһգɭǶôʬס
չӪеĵ³ǱַݸգַȴĻȻ뵽֮лһֻԱɾӥĵ³ڣԼûпʬס
˿̴󲿶ӶѾǾӥҲֲʲô۶ˣҸҲɨ費˾ӥǸһַҲͲټƽʲôˣٿŸڿնŰ׾ڵĵطȥ



746 ֺ̬
ֻһСѣַݱѾǽ˰׾Ӫ֮УĻعҲǽ櫸ѣַһɺЩȵܰɣѾǸˣ
ʲôܵģַ΢΢һЦҲûκĽ״ø˳Ķ֮ЩжһĨɫ
䵽˰ҹУǶǰ׾һ˵һѣͬģһֶĻǶڰҹ˵Ҳһѡ
Ҫ֪ΪʲôҹȰ׾Сܹܶ࣬ǾΪأ״ĻЩҹҲǻΣҲޱȵҡ
뵽֮櫵ҲһĨ⣬ҲȷȡϵˣټʲԷĻǵȴǵľͽ
ֻȻǾһʥŮӵ̫Ȩ漰尲Σ飬Ҳǲܶ϶ȨģҪǵ֮󣬲
ҹǱҲǳ׵ķʱÿ춼Щĵڿ˯һȾˡ
ַȻҲǻصԼУʵĺܺ棬Ⱥ龿ȥʲô飬ҪʥŮĳ
Ȼ櫵ܣܶһҲַҲֻѣʳһ漰ܵ飬ָ˫Ϊˡ
˵˯ӪҲǰԵôľģ˭Ҳûз֣һֻӥһĨ޵ɫͬһڿǡ
Ѳ˺üȦֻӥѡ뿪ıؾ֮طȥûߣڵȴţڵȴһһ̤뵽֮С
ûǰҹСӳ֮УҲֻһܹ任ΪС֮УΪ˼Ӱ׾ǡ
ղַȥɱЩҹʱѲܵһУԲûӪ֮Уӹһ١
صӪأǲһصİҹ֮Ȼʹ˹棬ҲǰģҲЩǺù
ֻڵһˣͶ˲һ˿һвڷе;У֮һɽ֮жʱ¶һĨɫ
Ϊǵãǵ⴦ɽ֮һֻޱǿһֻվ˶ؾʳ˵޵еֻҪܹճĻǸǿĵ³Ҳ֮ء

ھǵбѣַҲǽ˯ߣķһȦŴӭ峿⡣
ʱ˿̣ǶѾ£һѣ׼ǵͣ͵ЩӣڸĹҵġ
ò˵ַ࣬ʵҲǷǳĶ࣬жǴһԳҲޱȵַûµʱҲ
ԵɡһЦĶַݻ˻֣ʵѾ˹ַ˵ĲǾǼٵģҲûʲôò𴩵ģ׾С
лˡַ΢΢һЦҲǲǰȥһźɫĹӿζƻЩƣ̺ǵʵûеġ
ھǿַݳԹӺҲûϴһôżϾַѾ֤һУڼ飬Ҳûл˼Ǿǡ
ԴҶƵַƷĳЩӣҲԵʮֵǢڿйӵʱھҲһĿַݣر櫣һĿַݵˣʽôģҺ˽һૣ˵𣿡
ûʲôġС£ַȻʲôԽľԼص㶼ǽ˳
ȻûʲôʱЩǵжʱͳһĨɫΪǿΪԼãʵƻȻ
ҲӼȥʱҲЩȵ֣ɷ磬üĴᾫģȴڶ
ǵַݲӣֻǾһ¶ѣԾ齫ʲôѨǶǰ״
͵ɣǵǵļ˰ɣǾ֮еɷ۷ǿˡͷżʵ
Ǻǡַ΢΢һЦҲûκ˵ˣ֮󣬻һ磬Ӥһͻ˻Ӥ֮󡭡
ûκģַݽͻ˻Ӥǽ˳رտȥһ֮ЩǵжһĨ𺳵ɫΪʵ̫˼ˡ
ͬʱǴĵҲǶԼʽһĨɣΪ磬ɷ۷ѾǼˣû˵ʲôյ飬ԺȻʽǸס



747 
ʣӤЩǴ̫̫𺳣Ǳų⣬գȥһ磬Ƕǵһ־޴ĳ
櫸뵽˶Ծһзŵ֮УǾһ׽ȻԸͲǿʱ򣬸ͲһôİԵ
ҲΪˣǾһû˵˭ܹͻɷ磬ﵽյĵزⲻ櫻ɣǴһʼѡԴˡ
ǰַݵ˵ҪӤǸ磬ͱȻɴ˺ȫƻ˾һĳԣô˵Ļǿ϶ᱻһΪġ
ͻƻӤѾ櫵ˣԵĻ϶ѡַѧϰһ£ûеǵ
ѧϰַ˵жǿ΢΢һЦ櫿ڵķʽǾһر𣬿˵ȫ෴ԣǵʽͬʱ˭ǿ󡣡
Ŷַ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ΢ЦŵͷȻԵĻǾ԰ɣҲͬʱ򣬻ʲôĲͬ
ǺãƳϣһ԰ɡһĨԾԾԵĸоǺȻľ粢ҲֻνƳϴˡ
ǵģʥŮʥŮİţƳȻᷴʲôͬԼҲǷǳҪһ£ʽεǿһѵõĻᡣ
Ѿ׼ˡַ䣬ҲƳ׼ʼˣԴַֻܱʾ⾫ʽһʼ·硣
õġƳϵ˵ͷзһʼԼı仯ɾʱֵķַ֣ݵѾĲϡ
㡭һĨõɫƳ϶ʱڵô£Ҷûбͳˣ
ǺǡַݵһЦһϷʵĿƳϵ˵ƳϣǾһַʽ©ʵ̫ˣͱڣһͻȻ˫Ҳе£ʱ𣿡
ֻһ򵥵ĵѣеľǶ˳˼֮Уַ˵ûಫʱ򣬸û˭ʱ䣬һ㣬ǰ׾밵ҹսʱѾֹˡ
ǿ˵ұɣû˲ͽɱˣ˭֪Ǳûбʱɱģ԰սǶϷֻʤ˲ַܹݵһЦҲһĨϷʵɫ
ַݾԼȫЩɵľǶ䣬ЩɶΪܽģε֤е

ַݵĻޱȵֱףҲֱģЩǶ뵽˳˼֮УַݵЩǵĳʵ̫ˣ
ַݲ̾һԼӦøǺúõһɿΣޱȵֱ׵ǿ̫ܲ⣬˵ǣʷ鶼ʤдģЩ鱻ҹԺʷУǾģǲаġ
ôԣڵߵڰס櫵һĨڵķŭһᵽҹ飬еİ׾жǷŭԸӡ
ôͲˣַʼǰ׾鶼Ѿˣ˭վָǣǲ֪ʱԳ嵭һУҲԸƽһУʱţҹԼյٵЩûнӴǰ׾ĺˣ֪ǲ𣿡
ˣַһУѾǳ׵ĻԼа֪ʷ鶼ʤдģ仰ĳʵ̫ˡ
ʵһˣľҲַݻеĵɫҲǱЩҰףַݵĻȫĳǴСƶ֪ƫƫ˵ʲôĻ
ǺǡַٴϷһЦòмЩǵ˵ٻǾʵζȥĻܱ˻ڰǮˡ
˵ˡ櫵нţֻԶһס˶䣬ȥˣԼټȥĻ˶ġ
һĻַŸ̾һ䣬Щʵ̫ˣҲ̫Լ׼ҪıǵĹһǳѶ־õ顣
ַѾǿϣЩǽӴʱԽ࣬ԽӰ쵽ǣָЩ뵽ˡ
һ뵽ܽһʥŮǴ䣬ַлһôСˣַݿⲢж䣬ǽʵĲпԡ



748 ³
ķſƳϲϵַָݺεʼˣȱɣȳҲȷռıˣֻ㣬սֻǽʿȡ
ƳϵɫЩѿȷǶַݵĹЩԽܣȴ޴ӷֻһ취ַ֤ǴģǾԼǿ
𡭡зһҰ޵ƳϵҲǲһĨҵı仯˶뵽˵ϣ忪ʼ˱仯ϳ˰ɫë֫ҲǱޱȵĴ׳ǿͷǱһͷ
⻹ַݵһν뿴³лôһ𺳣һ˲仯һҰޣĵ׵ģַݻǸоһĨŤʽࡣ
һпԼǿأ̺һǱԼøǿȴǽصԼǿ
νزʣΪۻַݻǾãһʽʵЩþǽΪ³ǳΪħʦм޴ڵġ
ͱ˵³ǿҲֻǱ仯ΪѣҲ޵Ĳǣַݸҿ϶һֻӤߵĻɵľܱɹϾ⿿ԪӤܽɡ
˵ħʦԽǿħԽҪ׼ʱ䣬ͷŽ䣬ϻӤߵĻûʱͷţʱͷţûͷųӤ֮ززˣૣ
ڼʶһʽַ֮֮ҲǸӵļᶨޱڴڴԼܹͻƵӤһ죬ڴܹ뵽һһ졣
ַݺ˼ʱƳҲԼıʵ³ʱ䲢ֻѣַݿ֮˵ˣһҲܾ
Ա³ȱʵ̫ˣʹ죿紦ӣãֻҪһͷѣܹ֮Լĵ˻С
˺˼˾ַ֮һЦݵĿǱΪ˴ܵƳϵƳϣǿʼɡ
ˡܿԣһ˲ַݳҪ֤ԼͬʱҲҪ֤ǵ³һʽȷģķʽǴġ
ò˵Ϊ࣬ȷܹ˵ҰȻǿҲΪʲôһ඼򲻹Ǿûӣһ֧ţܹӳͻøǿ
ַݿƳϱֻܣȻǿҲ㹻ٶʵ̫ˣһͶƴһƳһ˿մһ˿䶼ûд

ƳϱֻݵıӻãΪ˾ܣǾֻޱȵıˣȻǿ󣬵ˣһжǰ״ǣ
𡭡һУƳϵҲһĨŭɫٴַݳܶʱ򣬽涼ǴĶ
ַǶʱ¶һĨϷʣҪһֻصİܣַȻеǰ취򵥵ľﵽıϣ佫ľԼɱ
δЩ˾裬ַȻʹİ취ʹõİ취ӭͻҪλƳףʽ;
ȡƳϳַݿҲǷһȣڵĽҲǵתַݵȭͷ֮ϣȭͷɢ貵İ׹⡣
ƳҲ΢΢һ𣬼ַݾȻҪԼӭսжʱһĨϷʣܵ岻ŵƤ񣬶ǿַûȤ
һӿдƳҲǽɳǿǰ֫𣬲ַϮȭͷϻȥҪַ׵³ܹܵ赲ġ
顭һ촫ӭײӶһ󶶶ȻܵȴռϷֱַ֣ӱɾĵ˺üȴվԭأûκεĶ
໡˾ȵǣַ˺˼ȴûһܣǰܱԼצӲҺȻײ˷Ƴˡ
ܵצӷҷǳļӲַݵȭͷΪצޱȵļӲٸԷǱȰܵצӸΪӲˡ
ײַֻ֮ȭͷЩѣ˲ӦƳϻİܣ֮ϾȻ˿˿Ѫ



749 ѹ
ǺǡַݵһЦҲһĨϷʵɫƳϵƳϣҪĻǿʼɡ
Ѿǳ׵ĵһƳϵַѾûκεĵǣȻռһ΢·磬ҲôһѣȭͷļӲ̶ȣռϷ磬ҸղƳϿǳһξңҽǹɳġ
ٶȷ棬Ǿ͸ö˵ˣַݾܹ걬ƳϣַֻҪƳĵطֻܸķڷǣ
ҴˣǼצϵʹ𽥵ʧƳôܻѡ䣬侲ַݷս
λҽˡַ΢΢һЦ³Ҳ˲ŵ˽ԼϣѸ͵Ƴϳȥ
ٶȣһж¶һĨֵɫַʽǻǵһοȻѾǵ顣
ٶȵ£ַݵһλȻȸղŵһӵƴƳȻҲʶһ㣬ԸţһİܻҪǿ
𡭡һŭ𣬴ͻȻź֫վǷʺҲǽ£ĵЩըѡ
ﬡǿǿײײģȻһĨײЩж¶һĨ𺳵ɫ̲ס˿Լƣְװ۵ģ˵ǷײˣǻľҲ۵ĹǺ
һΣ˵ײ뵽˽һ㣬˭Ҳû˺һԵôƾУʱַ̺һĨɰƳ̲ס˺һ
һƳϳ׵뵽˴У֪ԼˣܵޱȵĳףٶԼϣΪַݵУһĹﰡ
Ҳǳ׵ľˣڵ³УȻΪǿɰ϶ַݣܹܣ
һ綼ܹ࣬ȻڱԼİǰܶˣĸеһĨһޱȵĻ
ʵʵΪƳϰˣҰܵĻôĳףַݵһ٣Ѿǳ׵ĽЩǵĸ壬Ҳ¶һĨЦ
Ϊ˵Ƴϣܵĳǿ󣬱Ҳǻָվԭأ¶һĨԼɣҲԾʽɣԼָѪûз֡
ַ̲ס΢΢ҡͷƳȥĻԺ·;ҲͷˣΪѾû˺֮·ѾѡΪ³ٸĹˡ
Դˣַֻܱʾ޿κΣϾܹԱĻȫ˳ϾܽѾ֤ˣĹ֮Ѿǲٻ³ġ

˲뵽˳ĬУַҲ΢ЦſЩǵķʽҲˣ˭ǿ˭Ҳ˶۰ɡ
ƳϳĬ櫳Ĭеľ鶼ǳĬַݸղŵΪѾ֤࣬ǶĳЩ˵ȫ֤
ʱһվ˳һᶨĿַݵֻǿѣķ治һȵ³ǿԡ
ŶЩϷʵĿһ飬ַݻĿڵδλմԵĻȻ㡣
ﳤϾͺãҵı仯Ǳӣ԰ɡﳤϿڣҲ˲仯һֻ߱ӣ׺ݵĿַݣҪ֤³ǿ󣬾磬ȴǿԸϵġ
ﳤϱıַ֮ǵϷʸˣԼٶݣⲻҪ֪ٶȷ棬һֱַݵĳ
ǺǣﳤԵȡַ΢΢һЦӵһľԼܻ˸ȦԼȦ棬Ȧֱֻһѣ˵ֻҪַݾ߳
ЩһԻĿַݣ֪ʲôһǾ֪ˣΪַݽһֶﳤϵﳤϣɣֻҪ߳ȦӮ
ǷŭˣַݵΪǶǵһƣھ˵Ϊǳ׵׵Ŀʽﳤ˵ⲻǶԾƣǶһ裬׵׵衣
ֻ˲䣬ﳤϱıۿˣһһĿַݵ˵ģʱ˵㣬ɱֺ
ַ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˲˹ﳤϷŭǱȻģҲǳҪ裬ֻﳤף˵Ĳ྿ж



750 Ȧ
΢Цŵ˵ͷַݻȻﳤóʵɣҲ㣬һֱҵǿֻǶԼĶѣϣ½⡣
ߡȻַݵĽͲﳤͬһ˵ˣұıҲٶȼ˭ܻʤǱ˵Сˡ
˵꣬ﳤҲ˲һ룬һַݳǰͨ˵ĻֻῴһӰûӦﳤϾѾ˵Ĳϡ
ַݵУȴﳤޱȵܵĻѾģķԼÿһƿ֮Уǲйˡ
ҽͣԭأַֻһﳤϾʹĶϷ˹ȥһ㣬ԵôȻֻﳤϲ֪ôܻ
һ˿գַݱ˵߳ԲȦˣŲûŲһΣﳤϵжһĨߺ޵ɫԼʧܣЩԽܡ
ٴΰỵַ̄ݸղŵǴζѾһѣǾǹǴģֻҪַݵȲ뿪ԲȦӮˣ˻ĵطַȲ
˫ѾǾǰۿžҪˣֻһգۣ˫ȾѾʧҲٴڹԵĴ£ֱ˸գٴתͷַվԭأҲʽϷЦݡ
⡭ﳤҲֻһ˲䣬ַôˣ˻ֻҪһͶȥ
˵ǳ򵥣ҪȴǧѣȲ˵ٶȣԾʱˣﳤҲ˲任ʽַݸˣǾͳױײֱӾԲȦ
һԾǿַݵķӦҲһѡʱԼ֫ǿ̶ȣȱһɣȱ֮һǾͻᱻ׵ıȥ
ֻζѾﳤȫ˹ԼѾˣַܹĶԼĽ˵ǽԲȦ½Ƕһ¡
ƳѾˣĻǾͳ׵ˣԾϣãǲϷҪ֤һ壬ͬʱҲΪ֤Լ
ֻ̳һѾʹˣҪͻȻַȫҲûʲôƣ˼Ƭ֮󣬶ʱ˹ԼԿŻ
뵽֮ﳤǰһҲûܿ׼ǿʼȦεߣĿַݣѰ˲
𣬲ΪܴңһĨϷʵɫоǲУַݾȻ˲˫ۣһɮ붨ģ

𡭡ﳤٴŭˣΪǶԼһ裬۾ôĹⲻڳ˵
ȴȫⲻַݵ뷨ַݱ۾Ǹҫһ㾫鲻⣬ַֻԼ֪
۾Ĵеʱ۾ҲǼٵģΪ۾ԱƭַŻ˫ۣ»ᱻ۾ƭ
е˻˵˫ۻô֪˴￪ʼģˣôڳֵʱ򣬶ſԼ仯ǾԲƭ˵ģԱ˫۵ַݣǿġ
ﳤȻǲ⵽һ㣬ŭһ˫צʱַݵҺ׼ַһѵ˵
ֵһ˲䣬ַݵҲǶˣбҼҲŲһңһ磬ﳤϵıצٴա
⡭ˣΪǿﳤϾַһ㣬ǲǰģһһܣϵô
ﳤҲסˣΪĶģʲôĸоУԼצûʱַݾԤ֪Ľһܡ
𡭡ԴˣﳤϵҲһĨֵĸоȫܹԼ²⣬վԭأֻצ޹ɵѡ˻ӻ
ַݾͷ·ȵõĽһ㣬ǰܣȴǲַ֪ǸʱĿŸ֪ģΪַһԤ֪ʵһִҲܼ򵥣Ǿַݱ졣
ҵĻ˼ʮﳤϵıצͣһ԰׵Ŀַݵ㾿ǲܹԤ֪δȻΪʲôҸһֱ֪һ﹥ˣ



751 ˳
ܵﳤѾǽ˱ַҲ˫ۣһЦĿﳤϵˣɿȶ㿪ٹļԭܼ򵥣Ϊٶȱ
ֵһɲǣѾѾ֪Ҫ﹥ˣȾͶ㿪·ߣĹô˵𣿡
еľ鶼סˣַ˵Ĳûжô£Ȼܹ⣬һ£ܲܽһ£ַݸһޱĿγ̣Ǿǵ˫ʵ྿ʲô
ﳤ϶ַݣıѹ˼վԭأһַݵӣղַҲѾ֤һУǾΪٶȣַݵǰǾǸЦ
ַݸղҲѾ֤ˣٶ걬ԼƳ϶ʤһο
סˣԼĹҲǲһĨɣħʦϣǾ͸ǸЦˣûǰѷиַݾѾסǲˡ
ˣַܹǾǸЦ˼ַݾվԭأħʦ£㻻ǷΧħҲܹɵĶ㿪ɡ
ڽ䣬ǲǾѾѹַݣʩչʩչҪģӮַݣҲȫǽǾѹʤģʤˣֻÿ
Ȼ³ҲǲʤϾ˾Լ֮⣬ǻܱ仯ɾӥ򲻹ܹӲǣҲˣҽĻ˲ͻᱻ˺Ƭ
ھ³ֻڴ˵жѣϾǿֲûиܹ䶼ܽԾΪʳ˵Ǿһ㳲ܽɱ˸ںϣΪǴ˵еľ³
𣿺ķôɾһ³Ƕ˵ֹƽ𣿺Ȼǲƽģ˵Ǵһ棬һʽǳ׵׵Ĵˡ
ѵҪһӶ𣿡֪ΪʲôʥŮԺ˲ͳôһλ˲˸ڳȻľ˵뷨Ǵ治ġ

һɳĬľ飬ַҲֻҡҡͷʵɣ;ǧǧǾʽҲǲܸһֻǻᱻơ
ΪǳȻȻͻᱻƣܽӤôǿĻȻͻƻȻؿ෴ǣַǿԼǾнȻܹͻƼޡ
߼ر𣬿νȫ෴нʽǵʽĺܿ죬ǶΪ˳ӦȻԲŻôѸ٣ܵصӰǧѣһô͵ˣΪ̫̫ߵһģ磬ǰͻƵ㲻ˡ
ַһϯһɳĬľٴγĬˣַݵĻȫûκεɷֻԽƷԽζԽƷԽеǣ
׽ȻͻƵķǳ죬һʮҾܽ뵽ɷ磬أֻǱɷ磬ȻѣȴܹͻƼޣΪӤߣ¡
߼䶼ŸԵĵиԵĺôǲΪԼľգƽƽĶȹһδҲǼ£ಽѣѡǰû͵;ķ羰ǰ·ϣȻܼĶȾʵ̫̫ࡣ
ֻҪһ־ѡͻѡʽΪһ;˭Ҳϣѣ˭ҪǸʵĳĻѡʽõģȻܵ۷壬ȴϸƷζһС
ַݵһϯһϯǾһ㣬ھը죬رǶʥŮ˵⽫һӵһ⣬Ǿѡ۷壬
ûоһԼ櫿϶ԥѡѧϰĹ֮£òصĿǣѡΪûлͷĹǾƱػᱻ˾һ塣
׽ȻΪ³ħʦѾǳΪ˾һǸٹ̵뷨رЩ̣ҪǽܵĻǼֱǳ˵Σֻڱ壬߼ججȥ
ѾΪħʦǵ³˻ãϾѾû˻ͷ·ҲֻǸеЩϧѣЩûɷ˵⽫һޱȼѵľ
ֻܿԼκˣַҲﲻǣϾѡ·ǺⲻǹԼˣ



752 ɽ
ˣѹǼ·ɣ滹ΣգûʱٵˡЩȫַͣҲֻǴߴǣϾԼĸĵȴૡ
ŶŶھγѣʼ˸·ֻͺʧȥ˻һ㣬Ҷ˼Žţɴڡ
ЩЩ˼㱵ľǣַҲǲ̾ȻǾ粻ͻƣָʱܸеǣ
Լų̵֧֣̤һҲֻǻججɣܵʱ䶼ûС
ԵЩƣַȴޱȵɣΪȷĵ·ϣɽˮĲúֻżַҲǻ۲һܣǷΣշ
ʱȥַҲĻȻ֣Ǵ̵ֲҲǷ˱仯ЩݻƲҲǳ˱仯ޱȵĸѣＸû¹һ㡣
ַ΢΢һԻ˼ʥŮ櫣⾿ô£ܵĻôˣ
ַҲ˲侪ѣ˿ܵĻ֮ҲһĨЦûʲôģֻǰдɽѣܵľŻ
ԭˡַҲӣҲЩǵǼȻǻɽͻȻ緢ɣǾô߹ȥĻ᲻̫Σһ㣿
ġҡҡͷ⴦ɽȥűһΣٿҲõȸʮңǾ԰ȫġ
Ǿͺáַ΢΢ͷʵɽıẦʲôϾϸף˲ͿǵķзΧĵӾ飬ˣԼȥʹ
ǶһǵģҲͳ׵ķʱȴһηĿǴɽķһ۵ڹɽʱǵСһ㣬˵Ҫ̫
ٴһĨɫַݵǰɣѵ˵㶼Уǻɽ˵˲緢İʲôΣգ
ôûΣա͸ַһİۣҲǿڵȻɽǴΣգɻɽǾסһֻһֻľ
ַסˣҲһĨ⣬ҪľǸʲôģȽǿ
Ȼڲʱ򣬱ϾſɱﵣȻЩѾǶ˵⣬һ㻹Ǻõ
ˡֻһַݱͷϣĿǰԣǾлĻȥ̽һ£жǿ
ǰʱϵһֻӥɹעһ֮ѸǰǴɽȥצҰץһֻںеᡣ

ŨζھǷǳʣ׷ȻɽȴƻȻԴĵ׵ģǾͶԻɽǳ֮Ϊа
Ҫ뾡صʥأǾͱҪԽɽ·ĻǾҪʱ䣬ҲֻǼȥˡ
ַҲǷǳϲζַݾȵǣܵǳĻԾֻǲ̫ʺնѣϾƽɽм̫ʣڷǵûкôǻࡣ
ûһ˿ڣϾɽпǳ˯һֻһ侪ѵĻǾͳ׵ˣַҲȻȥ鷳ֻǵͷ·ˡ
ɽҶѻγ־޴Ĺ֣·ߣ㾫֪һ㣬нٶҲǺܿ죬Ҫ߹⴦ɽҲõҹȥˡ
ʱ˭ҲûмðĻɽڴһֻӥץһֻȥϿգڿߵ˻ɽĽǰʱ˫צһɣֻҺž͵˻ɽ֮С
οǻӥһĨɫҲλΨһİҹСӳȫ⣬ܶǰضҪЩС
ַݵսѾǿˣʲôģûκεãŽΨһϣ˻ɽг˯ľ֮ϡ
ϾַǿҲǿڶؾļУ޵еģΨһһɱҲΪŰһ壬һܵΣðž޴˻ɱ
ǾȷˣǾһҲ֮˽ǧŻָ˹ԾַܹܵʥŮҲˡ
׼뿪ʱɽǻһ㣬ҽӿ˲ͽûһޱͷҲǴҽг֣һĨѪĹâ



753 ľ
УַǳǼڳ˯ֻڸʵڼʱǲŻѡʳֻ֮ѡ뵽˯֮С
Ϊھ˵˯ÿһǶĸӵǿԲҪԼΪǱ㹻ǿ
˵ҲֻӥùֻԭҪˣҲǼޱȣֻᱻͶ£Ҳǳ׵Ľ˯иѣֻһǳҵҽͽûˡ
ַݵȻ֪һĻԵɴͿҽַޱȵĳԾĿ櫵㲻˵ɽ緢𣿡
ܰɣڻ׷εʱ𣿡櫵ҲһĨεɫڲоɽʱˣӹҽ緢˵ɡ
𡭡ʱһ󴫳˲һЩѵĻعͷһֵĿվڻɽϣֻ
ܡ˵һֻľȻҪûκҽ¶ˣԼֻ˲䣬˶ƴܶ޲Լܹ೤ȡ
˵Ҳַݵ˵ùһֻľĵһȻǽʳܿտյĿһ˵ǻмȥҳʳǾͽǰû¸
Ժʣڿ֮ܵ󣬾ٴηһǾ޴ͬһĳĻһ£ӶٵŴ˴һյĸо
ַסˣҲɲǼ˹ǾԼˣûܣųܷеģҷٶҲǼ죬Ҫӹ׷٣Ǹǲܵһ顣
͵һҧַѾ¶˾ģǾǸƴˣֻ֮ЩĻҪȱ뷨ɾˡ
Ҳˡûʱԥˣַݾֱͣ˽Ųָǿռ䴢һʱһڳ֣Ǿ޴δи֡
ˣסˣַݵ⸱ģȫǾǿһ㣬һӿռѿһսи֣˵һ𺳣
ֻڿзеľ̲סֹͣ˷УһֵĿӿиֵķţΪӷϣеһĨΣ
꣡ŲŴ򿪣ַҲǶЩľǴ󺰵ŸϽҽ
˵ţַݾ͵һ˷УҲ˲ָ˹ַݵ˷УܿƼʮ豸Ǿѽ԰㡣
ˡѸٹرգַҲǴһ˲˷ţͷѡܣľӲӲǴ
ҪǱ˵ӭǾǴĲٴˣַǵѡܣǳװȫ˵

ˣѾų׼ӭսˣûпĴѾѪڣ׼ʹսһˣȴˣˡ
ҲסˣǶѾȲҪַݲŷŴɱɱǾ˲УַݾȻˣˡ
Ƭ̺󣬾Ŀжʱһƴųŷ׷ɷһǼж죿ֻ˲ʧ˾ǰ
һɳ˼ʮַ֮ŲŲٿŷͣתͷһĿԼľǵôҸ
ûûС˿ЦҲǿЦǰǶΪɽǾģû뵽Ȼѡܡ
ȿȡַݶʱɿЩεⲻǻսⲻӣΪǺãһֻɱĻ˲ǣ
ðɣȷɱ櫵ҲһĨ죬˿ڵװ֮ҲһĨ̫ΣϾҲûô
ǵȻһŮ˿ַĿ䣿԰ͷֻҪϵڻеĻɣֻ
ֻʲôֻѴǰɣһЦĿַݣҲǿڵʵ뿴˵սǲôҪ԰ɣܻܲɱʧˣҲܹܲǣ
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Ҳ˲ܵһĨΣҲ˲ÿеʳɿų׼룬ڵٶж죿ùٶΪˡ
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ллˡ櫳һЩĿַϵĽָһۣŶھˣʱҲˣҲóˡ
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ҡ촽ţҪڱ⣬ߣȴʲôҲ˵ˣԼһô޴鰡



759 ˹ȥ
촽ֻɬޱȣʱԵĻһὫַݸԼүүԴһԻɱĴڣֻҪоڵĻԴԴϵĶԵ³
ףľҲɵӣʵҲ޹ģȫǱϵһ֮˽ţַݷ˿ߣ˹֮󣬿Ŷϵ񣬳׵ıˡ
ƫƫʱַȴϷʵĿ˶һۣڲ²ҲµûĻУ϶һѾǴﵽɷıԵҪһý飬Ż˵ĽҪվƾŴ壬ôһͬʬ㵽ǰɣ
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˵ĹţôûгˣַôһᣬǶʱҲ˹ַ뽫ϸ׵ĻٵôܻŹλ᣿
ԴǼѾǿСһЩеû飬ΪöϽҹϸݸʵˣֻҪһʵǾٴı£ҲԷˡ
ȻЩ˵֮£ľҲǿʼ׷ۣһֽûеˣЩ˵Ļǿ϶˲ƿڴǳݺ
ԼֻΪ˽ĶѣôָҹˣַݵĻҲȷżֵǼλϵжһĨɵɫ
ټھ۷׷ףЩеĻҲǸˣԲ¾Ǽ٣ǶʱҲûֻѡһ취ǾȽϸӡ
ͬһߵĶϣַݵǶʱһĨϷʣϼһģȴǺ˺ʵԼΣѾˣԺλϣѾȫˡ



760 Բ
Ŷϱ֮櫵ҲһĨŵ񣬾ôַݾͽھһȨĳϸ⸱ģһ׹еĸо
ʱַȴ΢Цſ櫣ڵʥŮȻֻһãǸôţ˵ɡ
Ȼѡ˽þһ壬ַȻܻʬκò̫ģֻý櫣Լ
ҡסˣַݵνٴˣʬ彻ջȫ֪
һ˲䣬еľ鶼Ľʼɺ޵Ͷ櫣ǿѾɷıԵֻҪĻںϱ
ַݵĽ˵ֱӾ͸櫣Ǹʬ䵽ԼУֻޱȵ۲ˣЩϣжһ˿ĽֻϧѾʱ䣬ѾںϾʬˡ
ˣѾȫûƴǵĻᣬڰǰģֻѡһѡںϾΪ³һǷתĹ
ѾоãѾȫûѡأ΢΢һҧ¶˾ģתͷһԵλϵϣͽǾҳϵսʿɣŵϣ˷ˡ
櫻䣬ֳожһĨ𾪵ɫǾһǿ˲ܳΪǿߡ
櫵ǵ棬ѡ˾ܾøǣǶôΰٰǶô˳ƵἺΪ˰ȻʥŮʥŮػǡ
Щȴǲ֪Ѿ¶˾ģִҪĹŽøǵģĿַһۺѡ˼Ĭ
ַȻǿУҿ϶죬櫾ͻǰԼԼĹ
ˣѾû˼ȥıҪҲǿʼͷҪ˭ǻ𱬵ۣûǴϾǾʬ尡˭ҲŹԼõǿǧص
ڽη䣬ַѾǲټƽˣ΢΢һЦ󣬱һʿĻ֮£Źȥôĳ;棬ҲʵϢһˡ
櫣ǿַݳ뿪֮ջ񣬵ȴʱ죬ȥѰַݣ¸ȫ˵
ĹѾãѾû˺ڵأȻ켣޴ı仯

һ壬ʵ˲ûжһƺѣԾסĻ󣬶ѡϡ
ô˵һʵǶ˵Դ֮أԶޱȵĳݾһ壬ŮҪóݣ磬һӵ൱š
ŮŻԼһԮǰ򹫾ӣҲվڴ֮ϣžţַ
Ȼڵݣһ֣϶ֻˣվҲᱻߵڰ˵Ǽðģı
ľٱƶɵĴϣַ㶵ЩؾԮȻ̱Ƚϸӣǳɹ˲ǣ
Ŀǰһ϶ѡģϾؾϢϢأʲôµĻҲӲˣô򵥵һ⣬ֻҲˡ
ַݻɱ׳Ѿеļ¶˭ҪΪ³Ӵջ󣬶ھ˵޷ܾġ
ڿʲôģѾֻǸʽˣ˭ȥַѾЩ²⣬ܾܿѾЩԭϾ˺ð£Ҷ磬ЩжǴһĨ䱸ġ
Ҳ֪ǻصûУ۽һĨǵɫַĲµģŮڵİΣ
ȻǱͳģȻ߽紦Ѿϣȫ˰򹫾̽ӣַֻڴڴŮܹȵˡ
ŮҲַ֤·Ǿ԰ȫģܹŮǸȵ͵磬лǲЩǡ
˿ַȴǿЦҡҡͷԼһǹʵģһǾ࣬һǽȶˣԼϾˡ
ָо̼ͦģַȻ鷳һɹñһζ˼ţַݳĽ磬ȴȻ֪һߣѾΪĵ졣


761 ¶
ʥصĶ㣬ھ鳤һͬһľǰɫصĿܵˣȴŵһ˿˵˵ĳЩѾȫԼܹܵĳЩ
ͱ˵һھֶܺܶ࣬ǿĴڣǾһµĶҲںĶ
Ͼ³ãûһܻֶؾĻһпɾͳ׵ˣֻҪһңǾͽ޵ֿ
ЩĬҲ̲סһڵˣڻ鿪ʼɳһ˵оԮԽԽá
ҷԡ櫸һڣһ鳤϶ʱվ櫷ʽ壬˵ĶҲ֪Ǽ٣ػģɳȥˣͷǳΣգ
ǺǡЦˣһϷʵĿϹϵǳõϣվԼ϶Ϊʲô壬Ϊϱѡ
ֻʵ̫ˣֻ΢΢һ󣬾뵽һ˵ǣϣ˵һҲȲ˵Ů˵ػĵĻǻҪôĨ𣿡
ĻһڰҹˣػĵĻὫʬǣлģֱӼսǾЩܵ
鳤סˣΪ˵ЩǸҲһ˿һĻΪַݵѾ֮ϣԸǵĻҪô鷳ֱӿսˣ
ųĬڳǣ̲סҡҡͷָϵϣ֪ҪΪƽҪףڲˣƢʱ¹ضԼǶؾĴλᣬΣ𣿡
ҡ죬ҪߣȴôҲ˵ҲܹףԼΪϳͷȫˣֻһ䣬㲻ٿڡ
ֵЩһмɵĳҲվ˳ԲʥŮ˵еȥǾԮ飬Ͳö˵ˣ˭ȥʲô뷨𣿡
ûʲô޵ģǸջԭɣȥ磬ҲֻΪѣҪܶ֡櫵һЦ
ðɡмɳ̲ס˵ͷѯһϵ֮ѡôʣµһЩرǾʬһи˭Ҳ۷׷ס
ȴ˭Ҫ˭˵ҪԼĺȫԣĽǣ˭Ҳò飬þʬԼһĸںˡ
ô˵ȴߣЩõĳǣȴʲôҲûõܾɡ

ַ꣡˯ʱ򣬷ȴǱͻȻƿһ˲ַݾѣûκεĶΪ׼˭š
İĵط˭Ҳ֪᲻ͻȻôˣԼֱɱַ˯ĺǳǷһ㣬ϾղǵһʵȨɵĳϣıĻ϶Լ
һΣַȴˣŲᣬҲᣬͲ˵ĽŲһŮ˵ĽŲֻ΢΢һ£ַݱˣ˭ˡ
ʥŮҹãкιɣĻȻ˫ַۣϷʵĿʥŮѯʵ
ѽͻȻĿڣʥŮҲŵĹǺȻعɫʱһ˼ĵԲô㣬Ŀģ㲻֪𣿡
ǺǡַݵһЦߵǰ˿ˮһĿ櫵ѾĹûлͷŶ
ˡ櫺ǿ϶ĵ˵ͷһᶨĵججĶȹһҵĴһȻĹ׶˺ܹܶ࣬ߵ޷ܾġ
˵꣬Ŀַһ۵֪𣬵˵ݵصĻӤʱҾѾĶˣôһֱԥΪҲʧȥǾʬ壬ԥ๦󣬻᲻ᱻһ𡣡
õ𣿡ַݵһЦעһ⣬ҲԾ⣬ֻҪͨһж˵
ˡ΢΢һ̾ҸĸҳþˣһУѾû˶ٵǣңҪߣҾߺˡ
ðɡַӣҲһĨõԤУԤ櫿϶Լ뿪Ҫ֪մһʥŮǿﰡ



762 
ַݳ˿Ȼ͵øΣѧĹҲܲǰɣ
մһʥŮ뿪Σ˾ͱһ׷ɱַںһҲںֻ磬һ׷
뵽ַ΢΢һЦ󿪿ڶ櫵ˣ˾һ䣬汻һϳ׷ɱĻ𣿡
Ǻǡ΢΢һЦҡҡͷһԼľԼ͸и׼ھ͹˵Ļ밵ҹкβͬ
ŶַӣҲЩЦã⾫һ廹ǣʲôðҹǻĶ
ַҲܹ⣬ھһ忴ҹ鱾Ǳߣսթǵ˵Ļкβɣ
ȻѾ¶˾ģַҲͲԥˣֱӿڵΪӤ
ȣַݶ櫿һһЩͬԼעص㣬ϾЩ˵Ļ櫻治ܹ˽⡣
Ȼޱȵ棬֪Լ磬ܹ˽һ㣬ȻͻƵʱͻӵһЩ
עϣַҲǲֱӿʼʾͻĶҲʮֵĴϻַֻۣһ飬Ѿȫѧᡣ
ֻΣ櫵ھͳһĨըַ΢΢һЦΪ֪Ѿͻˡ
ô죿㲻˵ܼ𣿡ҲǳһЩŵַݵ
ܺýַ͡ʼѾ˵Ӵڣڵ֮ǰκεƿʱ֪ˡ
ðɡƶǶĵ˵ͷַݵĽ̵֮£˰ͻƶֻƬ̶ѣѾͻơ
һСʱ֮Ѿǳ׵Ľ뵽˻۷壬ֻҪһͿͻƵȻڵĵӻ̫ͲʺͻƣַݸϽͣȶ˵
ܵȵ֮һĨɫָоûиܵġ
ٶȺܿ죬ܸоڵԼģͬԼľԼģ˻Ӥߣ˭Ҳ
ӵǿĸоܲ櫸е㣿ʱ˿̣Ҳİ๦ûһ˿һĺڡ

ϣַҲ΢Цſ櫵оôǾһʲôͬ
̫ˣֻоԼڣúǿ󡱣һĨЦ⣬Ȼڵ״̬ʮֵ⡣
ַȴǵһЦȻѾˣǾһ𣿾˭ȥȥȣ
Ȼˣ˭㲻²£һĨЦ⣬һĿַݣܲܲµ
𣿡ַνʼ磬櫲ʵĻܻ²⸱̬˲
΢΢һ㶣ҲǿЦðɣû뵽һ¾ͲµˣҲˣȷǸղһǸ飬Σ˲Ļȥȡһ㡣
˹ˡַݵ˵ͷϾ˺ð£˵Ļʱָӣǻˣ˲ͬڵĻЩ˿϶ޱȵϾݰǲܷ
ǾͺãʱͶɣЩϢ΢΢һЦַټڸѧҲѧˣ˵Ҳ˵ˣߵĻһΡ
ţҲϢַݵ˵ͷʵѾûʲô˯⣬Ҳܽ櫸ɣйŮģ˿ǿɾͲˡ
Сַ߳ݵķ䣬櫾һ㣬ߵޱȵСģַҲ΢΢һЦ֪һܣû֮ѡ˼˯¡
ڴͷַҲЩпԼȻһʥŮѱ˾ֻ룬ַݶ̼ͦġ
ȻЩ鷳ַҲǷǳĵģϾԼֻҪصʵĵǾǾ԰ȫģһ壬η塣
⼸ľַݻЩ棬֤˾밵ҹսɱһͷǸճھһ壬ͽһλϸܡ
ЩѾȥˣַݾͽصǣԼĸѾǷǳż˰ɣϾѾȥ˺ü죬ǵʽ϶Ҳ仯
ַݾãʽı仯϶ޱȵĶӣǰɲǸƲ磬һƣ϶ı仯Ƕڰص˰ɡ



763 ع
һҹ޻ַʼһĳؾеǱݴ½κ࣬ȻǲգַȻװ˷ѡ
⼸ַҲһСȻ࣬ʤޣӤһ̫Զ̫Զ¼֮꣬һܹﵽ
һȻַ׼ͣǹѵˮĹӣַͳˣַݵĴָлһЩʳȻϣ治
̵ĳһ٣ͼ櫴ŵЩԭԼ΢ЦԱǰɣҲ·ˣȵ̫á
⡱˲ͼ촽ַĻȻվζĿһۣһĨЦ⡣
ĹѾʼһЩ仯仯ĳ̶Ⱥȴ𽥵ıų⣬ԵЩŤ
ھһûгֹ๦ľ飬һʱỹᱻǿһܣͻøԼһҲ׵Ŀ
櫿϶ǲܴˣֻиַ뿪ȷѡ뿪ؾ˵
·ϣϤĳԼϤף櫵лһĨᣬȻĸѾȥܹĵطһ±뿪ȻЩʴӡ
Ȼѡˣû˺ڵĻᣬ뿪֮ǰ࿴ϼ磬뽫ĿӡԼԺһֱҪǡ
櫵ǷݣַҲǴĵ׵ĸеһĨΣĻҲɣȻˣ͵ø
ڸô櫣ַѾ˾ϣǾѡôԼ֧֣Ͼֻģȷġ
ǰַĻȻľ·һ˿ооϵĲԾַദãȻܵϵϢѾַԽԽˡ
ҲΪദ̫ãȻܻȥٱ櫣ֻϣ๦ܹøǿԸˣûǻᣬ赲ǶԵף
ȻҲ֪һ㣬뿪ʱ򣬲ŻѡһȺˣԼ¶ڣʱ򲻺ճĿǰľޱȷġ
ǰǰǵĴ͵ѾޱȽӽˣҲһСž޲ֻҪպĻͻΪһ͵㡣

ΪʥŮȻޱȵ磬Сǰ˵׼׼ҾͿʼˡ
׼ˡ˶ǲ÷ĵ˵ͷַݼͬǣЩЩӣη壬ãȻǿ־塣
ϾһӶû뿪ؾǰǣǻȥģȥƽҵģܳɹĻָСö
˶ǵͷ֮ҲǲٳɣʼǻɬֻһᣬϾѾ˸Ĺ⣬Ҳ룬׼ǰǡ
СԣŮĿСĺ棬ɫԵ÷ǳѿ˵ǲ԰ףȻʱķǳġ
ʱǸŮߣڶԹصҲǶŨԹϾǸֻ֪ǸŮԿȻѡ
û飬ȴǱŮôܺõȥģȻַܹƽûҵЩ鶼Ҫˡ
ϾڵѾЩĻ䣬ַȥ˽ʱ仹ûлع飬ΣĻԼŮ
˵⼸ÿʱÿ̶Ů˵ԳƵǼ尾Ļһѡַȥ磬Ͼȥ磬ܹͼַ֮ݲӰӶûӡ
˵ʲôǳˣΨһεľַܹչܴһȻãˮУ絶ʣԵĻȥƴˣ̫ˣܻûӽ򣬾Ѿɱˡ
̾һŮ˲оԼǲʮһ㣬ûһ̸оԼ˵ָо
㶵ĿǴž޲СŮҧҧԼòԴˣҪȥؾԮҲϧ
ɾվ׼ʱСȴ˺⣬ɫ΢΢һ㶺¶˾ϲɫΪַ֪ݿ϶ˡ



764 ߻Բ
ǳİ׹ֿͨϢĸоٴӿַҲףԼѾ˶ǣԷȥֻ˲ͻˮ档
ڻˡڿַ׵ʱŮоԼˣܿƽع㹻ԼҲŮ˲ǣ
ĻȻ䣬һһͷˮϳ֣Ůɫһ¶ϲΪַ֪ݳɹˣɹʹоˡ
ĸˣõˡ±˰ߣַһǸĶŮϹǷ㲵ݣ֪϶ûΪԼǡ
ͺãͺáŮǰַݵļŵ˴ˮ櫵ϣһĵ𾴵ʹȹӭǵĵ
Ůþ񣬾Ͱǵͨ˿ɡ΢ЦҡҡͷѾַһͬ뿪ˣôܻĸԼϹϾһַһˣԼԶǾˡ
Ů΢΢һ㶣֪Уʹһĸ߰ݣԼǰҲһݣʱԼ˵ĿȻЩ̿֡
ѵԼûеһʱȥˣ뵽ŮвһڶǿҪȰǣǿô죿
׼ֵ̿ĵǸʱַȴһѽסĸ櫵İɣʲôʹʹˣֻŽһģܽǸȡ
˵ַ꣬ҲǶŮ˸е˼ԶǾԼģϾ櫵˱ϹϾԼԵ÷ǳΣ
ŮȻҲǿˣԲٶ񣬶Ƕַݵ˵ͷŶ櫵˵ﲻ˵ĵطȥ˵ɡ
õġ櫵˵ͷھַݵ˵ŷȥŵַŮϡ
ĸʽˣȻַã뿪ôһʱ䣬Ҫ˽ģĿǰʽźһĶԲߡ
ǳáһ˵ŮϾͲ¶һĨҧгݣʹߵǰҵǽŰǰصʳǵǶˮ֮УǰϽȥѾʲôˣ·жţʬ˶ûС
ž϶ʱ¶һĨڵķŭʱѾ˵ˣǰ͸˶϶ʩʲôУ׶ǷŭԸӡ
ݺݵҧҪԣ櫿ַݵ˵ڸôɣѵǰʩչУó³ɣǾԲκεķ

ַüͷ˼һſڵʽ϶ޱȵĶӣԼ˳µĻ϶ᱻһʱɱԱҪı󶯣çײ
ܾܲôŰɣһĨȻĹƫھһģЩеʱͻޱȵķŭЩǣҲǼ
ȻܡַݵҡҡͷŵŮϣڵĸһ⣬ǾǶ˵ǻʱǲǱҪʹ֣Ż˳
ǵģʲôԵ𣿡ŮãȻĵ˵ͷͳѾ˼ǧˣһֱûиıǻʱʹͬɵġ
Ǻǡַݲ΢΢һЦҲһĨȻͺðˣѾһƻȻһΣգֻҪǲ¶ڣǾӮˡ
ʲôƻ˵ַݵĻŮжʱһĨ⣬ԵĻһССΣʲô
˵ɣǾսʿܹǧǧڣǵĹ١ַĿԼһۣҲǿڱ֤ЩսʿҲǰͦأһӦ˵ģ
ַ֮ȻҲûκεĳɣʼСĽԼļƻ˵˳ƻ֮УַݵúģȻ⣬ȴǼƻʵʩߣ涼Ҫİš
һƻУ櫴Щ³ҲǲСȻҲΣյģ¸ҵľսʿǶںȻͬ
ŮֻһһöѣȻƻֵʱ򣬾ʹ˼ƻ׵ĳɹ
һϸİ֮жʱһĨ⣬ʣַݵļƻǷǳɹģֻôһ˵Ǿ͸еͬܲܳɹǾͿԵķˡ



765 ƻʼ
ҹ˾밢ǼŮϸţԿȻ˷ܣȴЩٵľǼٵģҲֻϵİοѡ
ʱӿνǻķˮ𣬼ջ˴Ǯƣ˵ǹھʳǵĹȦЩƽǣһҲںٶ࣬Ҳи˿ԹͲǣ
ǵͳ֮£ַݵ˲֣Ҫ˶ÿ϶ҲңϾڻĹŴѾֵĺˣѹȾеֿҲǳصġ
ڰ˵ȻҲޱȵķŭַܽͨͨܣûñҲûȥңҲΣ
˵жŲˬĵطҲֻŮԼϷйˣٵŮȻҲ֮һ
ˡʱ򣬷ȴͻȻ죬һϤ򹫾мǳҪҪö⣬ʮ𼱡
Ŷ˵ǰĸܼңȻʮֵĲҲڹϾʮ𼱵Ҳǲ⡣
󣬰Щ̫Խܼңʲôʮ𼱰Ƕǵͳ֮£ѵȺܷ˲ǣ
ڣǶؾЩʹˣѰŮ¡ܼҿЦҡҡͷŰɫ֪ԼεĳǸ󣬵ʹãòְ
ʲôʹ΢΢һ϶ʱһĨϲЦݣΪʲô˵ǾϲΪ֪ԼĻˡ
Цϲʵ̫ˣԭһ취ȥǣû뵽ǾȻԼˣʵ̫ˡ
ûȻѾӵŮȨȴǲվǰνԲ˳ζҪΪǵĵһʵۡ
õڵ֧ϣǾͱҪõʹĳϣϾǼǧϰˣôĻ϶ᱻҳӡ
ԭ뷨ǣԼǮƶһգʱǻҲΪǮƲ㣬ͲԼв
ʹˣѾҪְ취ˣҪֻһǾǵߵڰףʹΪŮѾ䣬ֻԼÿԹҡ
ϾܽѾܣǣЩʹ֪Ļǿ϶κε⣬Ͼλļ̳߶ʧˣѡԼѡ˭
뵽϶ʱ¶һĨϲɫʹֱ֣ԼҪϻλȻʹôʱ֣
°ɣϾʹŮȥʹһֽܼҸɢϽУŮػʹԼһʹŮʹףһжŮģֻԼġ

ǻʹ֮УλΣУЩǵĹŮǣǹ˵ϣһģ
Ҫ֪ڶУʹĵλŮ֮ϵģԹʹ쾭壬ǲˣŮҲ˲⣬ολʹϱޱȵı䡣
ĵȴһСʱ֮λŮӰŴӴſ٣͹櫵ǰʹˣӭĵȸղ³һ˹ţҪ
ߡһֱ˼ŮǰЩ߿һ˹ţܵôõʱ䣿ǿʹˣ
ŮӻһһʵʵļŮԶǴ˵еʹȻηУŮҲеη岻ǣ
΢΢һ󣬼ŮʱʹԩǳȥȥˣԲŵôʱ䣬ʹܹ½⡣
飿ǶʱһĨЦָ㻹飿㿴˭ֱҲǶ֮˵ʬ壬㻹ʲô飿ҪǰҰ𣿡
ҡŮ죬ȴʲôҲû˵ΪղʱѾӵ˰Ǿ΢һ£㲻ٽܹͣŭʹãźԼĵǻӵ˳
ʹʱʹĵ׵ĸеη壬ĻҼŭǣΪǱ͹ŭˣΪȴҧ̧ͷʹˣô˵ɾͲˣ˰գΪ໢ǶǳֵĻǲ˻ࣿ
ں˵˵Ƕˮˣ㻹˰գ໢񣬵ҲˣΪŮְ𣬾ʲôһŭĴȵ
ʹ˵ĲҲȰŮˣŮ˾ǲͻȻһ̾÷ŭһĨϷʣΪ֪ˡ



766 Ĳ
һߴӰӴſڳ֣˲ߵ櫵ǰ£ڵص𾴵ʹˣһҪΪǶٷŮôȥĻǶǿɾˡ
Ŷǣɫ΢΢һ㶣ȻѾ֪˰ݣǱҪһ£ϾҪѡ
ʹˣǰ򹫾ڵأгϣܹ˫۵ĻһܿޱȵϷʡ
֪ʲô·ϣʲôҪָ𣿡ŮŭˣȻǰհ籾ڷŭҪϰԾͱô
ʹˣҡĻȻ̧ͷһĨֵɫĿŮһۣ¶һĨηɫ
֪Ϊ˵Ļǻᱻƭˣ룬ôõݼȥַ˵ʲô˹ֱǿϧˡ
ȿȡɿ櫻ع򹫾ʲôֱ˵ŮҲ۸㡣
лʹлʹһмģһߵָŮʹˣҲˣŮڸ˰̣·߶˶ڣЩҶ
ҲȰŮ£ҪôŮ˾ǲһеĲôҲԭģҲ֪˵ǲ˵
򣡡Ůжʱ¶һĨŭ־ɫвŰвζ˭ܿ
˸һƵ櫣ϣܹΪԼǷģжǸпǸսթ֮ͽ
ֽթ֮ͽǾͱҪյֶʰ櫵˵ͷ򹫾ú£ʲô㶼ֱ˵ŮôְȨĻҿϵ
ʹӢһĨϲɫϽ櫿ͷ¾ΪѾԼǻ⡣
ôָ𣬼ŮҲ¶һĨηɫήŵԼͷ­˵ʲôвĻˣһУõȰ˷ˡ
ˣϽ˵ɣŮôΪʲôЩͷĻ˻֣ڰǰʾԼĲ졣
תͷĿ˼Ůһۺ󣬰Źݵʹˣ֪֪֪飿ܽѾ޸һˣ
ʲô櫼װԾģ԰ѯʵôһ£ô޸ࣿⲻѵ
Ƿ˼ɫʱɫһϲΪ֪Ѿʼ˻ɣŮıģһУͺ˵ˡ

ʹӢǧ򴩣ƨٴιάһ󣬲һߵĻش֪Ů˸˰أۼ˴Ǯƣ˵ҪǮǰߣǾ֪ǰһӶûյҾƽľöûзţѾˡ
ʲôһԾݣŭĿżŮô£ŮҸͣܿЦٴηʲôֵ
ңңҡʵ⣬ŮҪͣȴʲôҲû˵ֻٴεͷһ¿ˮ̵ģ
ʲôҲ˵ģٴο˰򣬲ѯʵ򹫾Ȼ֪µľǸңЩǮŮõȥˡ
ʹˣҵĲ²⣬ЩǮƣǱ͵ȥˣΪ죬ҿۿڶһɡһʲô֪ģ
ʲô͵磿ŭˣһĵΪʲôΪʲôǰߣ磬Ůһ͡
ʹˣҲ²ûĻŮһııĶǡѵʱԼɱﵸ˳׼һŲ̊
ô˵ɫһȴޱȵϷʣŰôõϷ˵ˣҲ˷ôʱ䡣
ܽҲйأʹ룬ŮɷѾˣֻһŮŮ޸࣬ȻٵŮԵλ֮ٻ󶼲ˣܽܵˣ
ԾҲ²⣬ŮöǵѹƣʱٹǸݣĻǻ˵㣿Ǹĺܹǧͳǣ
ʲô櫷ŭˣֱָŵͷļŮѹ˼Ȼ˵ĴǱͳΣǧŵˣ㱻ˡ



767 ҽ
пϲ󣬰֪ԼɹѾޱȽӽˣԸϽάʹӢŮѾѱ壬ѾˣȥĻǾˣ๥ݵĻǧǧڶΪū
򹫾ˡһ͵Ķ԰˵ͷ櫶ʱŭŵŮϣѵôԵ汲ҰģȻϣֱʹļף汲Ĺ֮ϣҲɱ㣬λóҪΪɷ
ȷˣȷˡŮǿӣĿѾﵽĻҷʲôԶʱؿͷһֵ̿ģ
ߡһ櫶Եһ֣ŮǧҪˣκβͷ
ǡĸҷͷ˼ŮԣŮ£
ʲôŮ£ھǸˣ𣿡ɹģ櫶ʱĿڵȻѾǽŮΡ
ҲǲٳɣֱӽŮȥҲǸп˹ȻɹˣԺٻǲҪ̫ࡣ
Ŀ뿪֮Ҳü˼૵ŮϵǱˣѾûм̳˰Ǻãλȱɣ
жʱ¶һĨϲɫΪ֪ԼĻѾˣԼվҪ˿ڲУȻĻͻᱻʹԼԿ䡣
һ㣬ûаţʹ૵һʹĸ˶ʱǰ櫹µʹ˺αطգĻ򹫾ʵѡ𣿡
Ŷ΢΢һ㶣ϸĴһ°Ҳ̲ס˵ͷϵڣҲûбʺϵˣǾ˰ɣ֮Ϊᡣ
ʹӢһլʺĶԴڣҪڹϺӡпϲȴǱֳһĨǫѷģ
鵽زѾʽɹλԺǣͳ֮£ЩʹֻһζѣԺǻԼɱ˾ˡ
ڰ˵Ҫֻһֶѣֵõ֮ʹֻ谭ѣԺҲԼɱҲǺѹ
ϾѾǽ˿ƼʱʹֻһѣƿصѾȫʹǵĻ
ĿǰԣǱñ𾴵ģϾҪĻ˳ϷǿһҲǺõ

ôҲǹĽ櫵˸ͽ˹䣬ԼϽԼǣĿһλ顣
֮Уֻ´һǾЩǲһеΪԼƣԽԽãƱҪǶ֪ŮѾѱֻ࣬ϵڵĺþ
ڰҪЩĸ˿ķԶǻæĵͷӦƱػᾡԼΣʱһֱҲڳʲôȼڵȵȵĺ£
ҪΪҲһǳѵ飬Ͼ˵˭ʵ۶ҪҪԼܹҵˣ㰢Ҳνˡ
Ҳǿ첽صԼĹУҲӭŸһϲõ֮Ҳ̲סϲףɹˣ
ţ֮ҽʹļ֤֮·Цһʵǵȵ̫ˣĿǰԣѾǳ׵ĳɹ˲ǣ
Ǽǧĵһлʵۣһ٣ֻ;пõĸоҲǼ
̫ˣ̫ˣȻҲǿЦѣΪԼĸ׵˻λǵλ֮Լǵڶλʵ
վۣ֮ԼĽ³ָоֻðеֻϧǣܽˣһֱǷǳź
ɫ΢΢һһתף֮һҪʩѹǽǸַŮԼܽ
ȻһĨ⣬ǽŮԼĽHôܣôܡ
ƿ˻λ֮󣬵һҪཫ˸˫ܷսв֮£ҲܲӣϾ˵ܲǧǧʿֵǮɣ



768 
һжڰİ֮½ţʱϵҲ𽥶϶¶˲õЦݣΪǿԼĿѾǵͷˡ
ʱǼŮǵѹȣԹһֱµİǵĹעҲޱȵ
ܿǻΪǻǷǳģڰ£ŮѾǱаĴڣͶ࣬ڶ
ҲΪ⼸ʱ䣬ʳǶڽܵİ֮У׼Űĵǻ䣬ϲõգҲǷ׷ת
ô˵ĿǰΪֹѾǳ׵ĳɹˣԼԱǣһĵվһߣŮңҲѾǱˡ
ֻȴ֪ȫȫñƻˣǾŮ˿ᣬʱʱܹǶ
ָоŮͬʱҲҸеʧԼôǸ˶٣ɾΪЩҥԼƻǾͳ׵ıԼ
ȻŮ֪һжǰĲ߻ıǵı֣ҲеĻ䣬Ѿ¶˾ģǾǵ֮󣬱жλá
ѾˣȻᣬĵģȴǸоԼˣԴĳЩҲѾû˶ôȳϡ
ڶ˵ҪѾڣԼˣ˵ַܽݣֻҪǹĺãԼ͹ĺã׷Ķ
⼸ʱַݶ⴦СԺпһжΪ˵Ӽ¼׼ǻó׵ı¶ѡ
ô˵ƻѾɹһ룬ֻҪЩųȥǰ϶ѣʱŮվһȨͻصС
뵽ַݵҲ¶һĨЦݣʵֻѣҲζױŪԼĸĲˣôܻῴ
΢ЦǰȥĿڵĸˣôˣЩҲǲҲֻǱŪˣ֪֮һӵӵġ
ǺǡŮЦҡҡͷЩҪˣ׼ڴʱƣѡһͳҽλ
ʲôַҲ΢΢һҲ侲Щпĵ˵ͷǾ˰ɣĸҲúúϢһˣܽꡣ
ǰŮ૿ڵôҲˣһеһжҪˣҪֻҵǡ

ǻ䣬ȻҪеĹڣԵǼǴеĵطϴεǸ䴦ʱ˿̨̣ǰѾѭŰЩˡ
ģЩڵƵϾڵ˵Ҫһʴȼ氮Щõѡ
ڴӵһ𣬵ȴ»ʵĵǵȴż֤ǻһɲǣǶǽڵǷˮȣѾܹһС
ַݵˣȴǴ˺ڶȺ֮УԼݸڸס»ᱻڷ֣üƻʧЧ
ĵȴһСʱ֮󣬵ǻʽʼ˾Ҳʢװ֣ʼŸӽŰĹ¼ƱҪðڳ֮ǰڵӵﵽ㡣
ǳɹˣǻţȴŰĳ֣еĻŮɫޱȵĸӣЩƽǣֻ̫ûˣһжӵȨߵĻ˵ʲôʲô
ҲӼᶨŮҪƵ뷨һ嶼ججģԺĲҲԽԽ˫ʵԽԽǶǵĸѾԶ׼ˡ
ڴĻУԼ³֮£ߵ̨ǰӭǵģǾĻӭ֮˿жŶ֣ӭĵǻ
Ŀ֮£³Ҳһ֤ԼʹݣһͷԼڰԣԵޱȵǿ׳
ȻһϵĹдʵĶʹǽŹΪʹϵĴڣҲȲϡ
ԭȻǧ֮ǰǸûлĴڣʱʲôңʹ޵жνຣ֮С
ⲻڶˮȵʱֳˣҪΪŮĿƣǶôôΪ밡



769 Ҵı
˾ǵİ֮£ʹվ˺󷽣ȴǵһ̨ǰ˫죬ǴغǣǺá
䡭ֻôһ仰ѣЩŪǱٴοҲһĨЦ⣬ʱ˿̣ڸоԼ۷塣
˫һѹǱٴΰȴһǹģҡͷʱŮ֣ôҶǹʹ֮Уǿ
ϾŮµݰΪӵǣֻıһԼ⣬ôܹĸһЩֻڴ˵ҲֻǱˮнѡ
ʱʹǳˣҴ⣬ŮλãӢѡһߣҰ򲻲ţñʹǿУһʵۣϣܹ֧֣һιӴҵôҵӹıǰá
𡭡ٴ𣬶˵ԼԸܼҲܵȴôĺڰʱ⣬Ҳپһˡ
űԼŪǣһĨ̬ˬϲĸоȫ綼ԼŪУһֳɾͣ
һǵĻ󣬰ɫͻȻǵʹŮôǱҪǵǸ
ǸǸǿһ仰ʱʵǹ̫ˣŮǵǸĻеԹҲ˲ɢ
˵仰֮󣬰̨˾ǵָ̨֮ǿڵʹǹƽһΪڣŮǳλʹȥŲ̊ɡ
ʹԣ˺̨ӣȴȺ֮УǶǼȸеη壬ָе𾴣·ʱǶϵĹ
ҲסˣΪİ֮Уʹ³һͬȥ̨ǱŮﰡôиʹܽȺ֮У
һɲǣѾǽǼŮĴ̨ǰеĹڣҲǴһŶŮһһ̨ǰֻǿһ۶µ֮󣬰;סˣҲ¶һĨֵôܣ
һѽԼͷϵĺɫժºŮվ˼ŮԣעŰôܣΪ뿪˶ôܷĵǡ
ҲǾˣĿ̨һģһģ૵⾿ô£ôܻŮ
˵ֳһĻѾǳ󵽵һУǽ̫һʵԵ̫ھˡ

ʱԵЩʧأҲǳ׵˹Լ׵ıŪˣЩʹͲԼǻģŮľȱ
û˵ʱǰ϶ԥʿǽǸȫץǳֳһĻ֮ôƱػء
֪δʱȴǺɵָŮǵǣǲǺܻɣΪʲôŮûɣп϶иǼٵġ
ҿʹǶƭˣʱʩһֱŮüŮǵǰЩУŮɹĵǻ𣿡
䡭Щ֮󣬱ͻҵֳʱͬըһ㣬ҶԽһУôãԭŮȻǼٵģǶƭˣһǱƭôĳס
һжǰıŮ޹ģϢ˵ͬһըһͷը죬ЩһеǣѾڵĹΪԼΪе˺ڡ
ôܹŮૣλʱǵӿһһĸãʵӦ׹ˣŮʱΪΪʲôô죿ΪʩĸͲ
ڵڵԽԽ࣬ͻȻǷŰ򹦼ĻҲȻֹٴβŶģǰԼǿʱ߻ıĳ棬Լ밢һͬδĻ档
ֻǿһ֮Ѿǳ׵˹һжģԼȫŪˣһжǰıһжǰģˮȣŮ޹ģܺߡ
ʲôģһ֮Ƕʱޱȷŭ˰򣬲󺰵ҳӡ
ˡһĲ԰ףһжˣŭһὫԼ˺ƬȻƿȨʱʲôã



770 ܿ
е˻˵Ѿ˾ֱþѹˣǧˣƿؾһжǽŮ֧֮µģ֪ŮǼٵģôܻ֧
˵ھǸҳӣ˵ö֮Щǣ˿̶Ѿʼ˶ҡϾʹݣϵģټŰԼôĶ֪
ڵַ֪Լˣһƨ˵ϣ¶˲԰׵ɫ
עһ۰֮Ų̊ǰǶǾһſڵҶԲǣǶҵΡ
˵仰ʱŮޱȵʹģȻЩ鶼ģȴûòģܿѣôûΣ
Ǿסˣ˲ֵ̿ĶŮ󺰵ŮĴǰĴδ֮УǶģҪҲǵĴǾȻû㡣
ŮҡҡͷһɬĵǲðοˣµȷҵĴ׼һĻͲְˡ
ԽһĿȻΪôףҳӣԺҲùˮ֮ˣڶĿģƶȣԺ˭ͶƱѡǽӵпþ¿εȨԺҲܵѹˡ
ƶȣŮѾռˣȻҲܹʲô˼ɼŮ⸱ĻģôܽһУ
Ƕʱ̿ˣŮҪǣڻȨͳ֮£Ѿǳ׵ϰˣƶȣȻȴûеܡ
ŮѾԶʱڵҲҪȰˣѾһ֮󣬶ǽеһͶƱѡ
˵֮Ůʱ̨ǰҲһĨȻɫĶѾˣʩеķҲѾ˾ϣֻҪһˡ
еز˵ƻѾʩгɹŮָԼ丸ӣҲõԼӦеĳͷν֣˸զΣȴǵνٽ
ô˵ε־磬ŮѾﵽ˿ǰĵزһЩҲ֪ԼĩˣѾ˹ҵŮŵҪȨֻϣܱסԼڵĲƲͺá
Щй͵ĹǣŮҲ̫֣ԱǵĲƲЩɣȫץƲַڡ
һٶȻǵľ̾Ƿ֣ԼյǮȫˣһ࣬ҲǵĿڵͷˡ

ŮĴ֮£Ҳ𽥵ĽƵĺôԴη֧֣һѡжʼ
ڶԼеƱͶԼȽǸѡȻˣȴѡȨΪǿһͳȻŮá
ŮѾѾٵʲôͳˣҲֻѡȨͶƱڼ䣬ַҲǻʱʱĳǵм䣬Ǻгദ
ϾҪ˳׵Ľ࣬⻹һǳѵ飬Ů֮£ַݶԶǵ๱ףѾǳ׵˹Ҳȫǻˣͱǰλүĺˡ
ô˵ַѾЩǵһǳõӡֻҪѿԺҪ˶ãǾͽг
Ҳǰ밢丸ӵĴ֮գַҲŮԼ櫶˴˴ԼնȻҲǷӵʱ˾ѾܵϮģǱ
ַݻߵǰһϷʵĿ˵֪˰ɣаԶʤģǵĿĳ׵ˣȺڵ۾Ҳѩġ
ΪΪܣûʲô˵ģֻǺڣΪʲôûнֱɱŮ˳ȥһĨ޵ɫַݵĳ֣νǳ׵ƻԼļƻ䵽Ϊĳ̶ȡ
ʱĻ϶ַݸճֵʱȥɱ䵽̶ȣ˵ЩѾˣΪַʤˣˣΪ˽
ȷܿܣɹ˵ĻǶǿɾˣûʲô˵ģһ·ߡʵַݴĵ׵Ļͦģ˵ȷǸۣ۵³ޱȵңʷѾε֤һ㡣
ַݷŹҺҲܽˣԺĹҸҾ͸𣿡䳹׵ıˣǰѾԼеĽ
Ͼй֮ͷҲˣᣬû֣ܺôźȥ



771 Ϣ
ӣôϴŭˣŶ԰ȻѾΪ˽ĵĽȴǾĶַǰϴԽܵһ飬ԼĽ
סˣЩηĵͷ­ĻȻҧ̧ͷ԰ףҲ˵ˣܿܣڻʲôԽģܳΪַµһⶼǵҲǣܹסԼ
ɱӣҡŭվֱӾŰȥֱϵס˰ĲӣҪ
һĻߵʿȻǳȴǱַݸ˲ˣܿҧһĻַôܲǼ
Ϸʶ־ֵɫУԼҸ׵Ķ֣ɫҲһǺ죬ٷһӵĻ仹ñ
ڰѾҪ۵ʱ򣬰ȴһʹķеԼĺӣԼôɱɿеӣһʹĴԭء
ȿȡ䱻ͷţʱɿãղһ˲䣬ܵΣԼҵĸ׸ղҪɱԼܲŭ
ڻ֮ʱһŰ򲻱ֱסĲӣ˲һݱ仯ֳҲǾ
ҲһƴҪ˵ʲôӱסˣͿڲԣҰ֡
ַעһУ̶ֵȣ˵ҵģϾǵԶѾŤˣǸӳɳҲġ
Ӳס˲ӣ˫ҲͨȻɱңҲɱ㣬Ҫɱ㣬ɱ㡭
ֻӲɫѾױ筺ɫ˫Լ֫Ҳǳ׵ʧȥıס˲ӣ
ɰȴûɿַݵע֮£ѪܶѾƣһѪҺʱӿð䳹׵ˣķſе
Ҳ˲䷴Ӧ˹ĻȻַݵǰַݵ٣ҳѾˣҰɣӽԺҾĹ
ǺǡַЦˣһϷʵĿŰˣһ׶ɱĹôļңԣ㻹ȥɡ
žĳֱ֣˰ϣַתߣҲǲпһȻԼĶУһֱң
Ҳҵģ䱻⸱ģѵĴܽһ㣬Ͳڵ
Ӿȥûлеֻѹ֣Ϊеĳ棬ǵĳʵ̫ˡ

۹֮УŮһֱǴûһѡع飬ʱÿһ˶ô磬ڵŶǵ
ҲˣǺ˳ľͻص磬Ҷİ֮£Ҳס۹֮УַܹŮع顣
ʱȥôãַǱ߻һϢûУǾѾǼˣѾүԼҶҪǳȥַݡ
ʽѾޱȵأǱ߾ѾȫϣһҲûдǲҲܹµŮı䷨ʧˣδ֪
ҶԼүҲޱȵĽһǵַݣϾַݿҶҵĴˣܹȳĻȻǳ⡣
ǵĻǶڵʽͬŮ˵ģǱ䷨ʧܣλεĻǶ˵һĻϢ
ʱ۹شıǵ˲ǰҶҲΪָӹǰߣ˫ĻҲԵʴӲǣ
ͬʱҲǰοŮ̽Ӵ̽ŶǵϢϾҪȻҪ˽⵽ǵ״ԼַԼŮ䡣
ʱŮǶ̲סҪʱҶҴææܽ˷УһЦݵĶŮҲҪˣǵĽѾˣŮַҲѾȫʩƣҪ˶ãǾͻǰˡ
֮ŮŵǸʯͷرܽʱÿʱÿ̶˵ּ尾
ַԼĸĳµĻԼѴ̣ԼҪĻַݿ϶Ҳ뵽Σ֮С
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ô˵ҲõӦеĳͷֻһʽַݸеޱȵĸпһȴõĽȻǻ̫࣬ԼҲʲôýɡ
櫺Ůһͬص˻ʹ֮УַһϷʵĿ櫵˵ʥŮ£ⶼһ˰ɣ㾿׼ô죿
ȻǸȥ硭һĨɫΪַ֪ѾҪ뿪ˣԲŻѯԼ
ȻѾ׼浽ʱǲ뿪ڣΪһڣʹҪ뿪ˣȥһȫİС
ţǺðɣЩǣ׼ô죿ַָָһ͵ھǣһĨЦ⡣
Ȼǻؼҡ櫵һЦмˣԼ᲻õݵλȻΪҵһ֮˽Ǹ뿪
Ǿôˡַ΢Цŵ˵ͷŮĸˣ׼ʲôʱ뿪
ȵһͳѡٳǾ뿪ɡŮһЦѾȫ˶˵У뿪ǣҲʲôˡ
νʼ磬ַݵͷǺðɣҲȥ׼ˣͳһѡٳǾ뿪ɣҲʵˡ
ԺвֳŮݣַҲ¶һĨЦݣղҲõŮѾȵĻص۹صϢȻҲόˡ
ѡٴῪپԹڵĳƱ֮󣬵һͳǱѡ˳λͳŮҲǷǳģвŸɣĹͬʱϵڣĴ£Ҳչ
ûһͳһˣҲ֪ΪʲôŮڿʱоͻ᲻Լͬ뵽ԼҵˣŵĻһͳܾͻ˰ɣ
Ҫ֪ڻʳǵһԼλʱʱһЩһѪԼҲʲô
ʣ˵ʲôǳˣŮҲֻѡȻˣˮŵǸˣ૵ɵϣΪʲôҪѡɱҪĶˣȴˣһʲô壿
ûŮΪʲôôƵʩУǶΪԼ˵ǸԸܰɵĻҲҲԼһԸ
ȷѾɹˣȴѾˣĿˮеǸӰ֮ŮȻת뿪ֻεǣԼҵ˾Ǹ磬Ҳܿ仯еˡ

һַ֮ҲǴһĨЦ⣬ڶǴôãҲҪصˣ⼸ʱУҲռ˺Щϧҩġ
ЩҩĶڶ˵ͷ··ߵӲһ㣬һҲںַݿɲְ̰С˵ˣԲҩժһļ۸ȻЩҩĵʵֵȣֻǾţһëѣǻǷǳժνҩģϾַݸļǮʮֹ
ȻˣϧҩģַҲֻ⣬Ӷ֣ڻʳĽֵһ̣Ż˵ļ۸ߵģԲ±˳۱ߣȻˣǶ⾺۵ĻǾͱˡ
ʱʲôѾȫǧ˲Σǧ֥ȣǴײһ㣬ԴԴϵַݵУζҪЦѵĸо
ЩҲ»ỵΪռ䴢Уʱ䶼ǾֹģȫĽҩЧ뿪ҲܹҩƳҩɣʱȡˡ
˵ǾַݵĸأЩҩĴؼңԼľ٣ϾЩҩģɶǾǧ̺𾪡
ټѪƳɵҩЧҪǿַ࣬ݹƣԼ۷ʱ䶼ᱻ࣬ϾЩҩɲǴġ
ҩҲǻʧܵļʣַҲò׼ܹƶ¯ҩǿԿ϶ǣЩҩضޱȵЧǶԵзǳõЧ
ŮǣЧȻǸܸܵģַݹƣԼȥҩܴϵĵʱԼҵĵ֣ҲѾǿˡ
һ뵽ַݻһСʱһһͬݴ½ʱҲ̫ԿǣȻˣֻ˵Цѣݴ½Ȼǿ󣬵ԼķŵȵһֿûС
ַݳԹ֮󣬱˻ʹ֮УȴŮ櫵ĵһͬ硣



773 뿪
ۿڴȻŮûжԹڱԼ뿪ʱ䣬һϵдۿڣҲ˲˹һʲôҪ뿪ˡ
ҲǼ˼棬սѡŮΪڼǶ֪ˣŮ뿪ǣǰꡣ
ܹô˻͵ģҲֻŮˣǲԼͬ˴˴ۿڶΧ˸㣬вߺŮ֡
糱ˮĺԼһµݣŮǧжʱҲ¶һĨᣬֲ֮ˣԼλˣôԼ˵һ١
ԵĻŮһֲ뿪ĳ嶯ֻ˵ʲôˣطҪ֣ţ뿴Լ뿪֮һʲôģ
ĿǰǵʽһƬã֮󣬶Ҳȫʶһ㣬ǾƣȷǵĵҪȽˡ
ͱ簢Юֳöһ㣬ʱƶȵĻǲܰٸŮñ¿Ρ
ô˵ǵĵƶʵ̫һ㣬ûһõ쵼˵ĻǾͻ̫̫ɱŮԲԸһ顣
жôĲᣬŮǵѡ뿪վսϣˮԼǻָţȻֵĲᣬҺüζǰסóһʧء
սɣǵŮҲǿɬޱȣΪŮ뿪ֻŮԼΣǲŮŮҲ͸ġ
սԶ룬ֱָͻ˴㣬ջ񣬵˭ҲûŲŲ·Ųһ㣬þòԸ뿪
ս֮ϣŮ˲ԼᣬҲͻȻ¶һĨЦ⣬ȻЦЩͻȻַȴȫܹ⣬ԼĸжԼĿ϶
ϾŮôãôӵĳЩҲǳɹĲǣЦݣΪ˼Ƕæµ¡
Ц֮ŮжʱһĨãȻΪŵͻȻɳһʱ仹ҲЩʲôѵ
ַɫĻȻһҲǿԼĸãȻӺζʱЦĸˣŮѾǹ˰ɣûҪԵһ˵뷨
ˣĻȻһĨ⣬Ů˵ⱲӶΪڣûΪԼַݵЩȻĶ
Ͼ֣ſڣûԼ׬Ǯøоַ֮Ķˣһȫµս
뵽֮Ůʱ˵ͷԳһ£ǰɣһûиܹૣĸоૣ
һʧַ΢Цŵ˵ͷʵΪ׬ǮѴѳƱԼʱֳɾ͸лǷǳǿҵġ
Ȼˣַ˵ǮѾ̫̫ˣڳɽŵǰֻһѷֽûһ˼

ȻԼĸԾ˼ַȻҲó˺ЩݸЩ鼮ַûµʱ򿴵ģҲǷǳľ
ŮȻޱȵĶЩȤԱ飬ͽ뵽麣УǸλߣѧϰЩȻǳ죬ԹûãЩַݶشˣֻǶ㵽һߣԼеΡ
ĸַ֮Ҳǿһĵ櫣˿̵ڴڴĶǣһĨɫ
ַݵһЦҲǰ櫣Ժ׼ôרϾʱ׼ૣ
仹ܸһĨãȻɫ˵һУַݹմ뿪Ϊ
һ䷴ʣַݶǸʵסˣΪͲ֪ôشΪ櫵УһС
Զؾ֮Ļûʲôȥ飬ַҲֻӣһĨЦɫ
ðɣɡַεʼ磬ȥˣԼøԼֻҪžˡ
ôһûС̲ס˱죬еʵ̫ϡˣָоʵǲ̫ϰߡ
ϾһֱŨĶؾ֮к󣬾͸оûˮ㣬ðȫعҲ֪ھʲôˣֻһ˷



774 似м
ַٴһ㶣ôһᣬŻȻ⻹֮ˣͲѾüսգʶľͺһ㡣
ʶһַ΢΢һЦ䣬ɲΪŶУһֽ似Ķš
似ʲô˼ٴһĨãȻɫַֻ˾ϵĶ似ֻδᡣ
һıʽַ΢΢һЦ͵似Ľкܹܶ࣬˵ıʽıʽк֣ܶͱ˵򵥵ֱȭԼȭ似ǽֱַʽܽĳи任Īһ
ʲôǿĻ˭Ҳһȭ򵹣ô鷳ַݵĽ֮櫶ʱмĿһ۵
ֻһ仰ѣͽַݸֵĹǺΪ˵һҲûھԵǰһ似ǰ״治֪ô͡
ϸֵַ̯˵ûҪģⲢ似Ҫͱ˵߲ͬ಻ʱ似ǸˣʤĻͻࡣ
ǻûʲôá櫺νʼ磬似пޣϾǾһɴûЩӣƹ˶ؾôꣿ
ãûǰɣǾԣҽѹƵ֪ͬ似ûáַҲˣȻ˵ô඼ûãǺβֱӶ似þжôĴ
Ծԣ˵ˣʹóҵȻ䡱櫲мĿַһַۣ˵似ֻ˷ʱѡ
һַҲϷһЦΪ·ѾܹԼ似ץģˣϾһᷢӵˣôܻĶ֣
˫˺˺ü׺ַŶֵɣÿ似ãСྫĶ
ˣӦ֮櫶ʱһַݳһֱȭֱַݵؿڴ
ЩԾǣַݾȻܣûзڽһ㣬Ҳ飬ҪַףһС
ɾȭͷַݻһҵʱַͻȻˣͻȻ̧𣬲׼ȷĻֵ⴦˲оֱһ顣
ûӦʱַѾֳץסȭͷҲ˳伡⴦ȥ˳Ƶ
һ׼öȻܼ򵥣óԸѾ㹻ˣûѾǱַݸȫץס˸첲ȫ

⡭һ櫶ʱ¶𾪵ɫҲһյĿڵˣȻõҵˣȻôܻᱻץס
磿ַ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˹˵ĵ磬ǸղԼѨֱ۶˲ΪԼʹʲôƵĶ
ǺǡַĻȻһЦҲǽԼץס˫ָſ˵ˣҸûʹʲô磬ʹõ似׼ȷĻѨλ
Ҳţʲô似ʲôѨλһĿַݣҲԼЩֱַۣԼɡ
ţַݿЦӣߵ櫵ԣֵɣҿԸһΣġ
ŶЩɲĿַһۣҲԼ˫֣治ʲô似ѨλͿԼֱ۷顣
ˣʲôûС֤Լ׺ֱַָϵѨĵһ¡
ѽֵĸоʱٴγ֣Ҳ˲һֵĿַݵô£Ϊʲô㵽Ҿͻоֱ۷飬˲ʧȥ
ȻҪ˵ѨλˡַݵһЦҲǴӿռ䴢гһйѨλݸ櫵еѨλǶ˲࣬˵ͨõġ
ŶЩ缢ƿʵĴ˴飬ޱĿѨĽ֮һľȵ棬ȻôѨλкöѨ
ǺǡַݵһЦ˽ѨλʵֻǵһѣҪ׼ȷĻе˵Ѩÿ似ôֱֱȥĴ򷨣ҸǲŹˡ
Խ𣿡ʱ˿̣ôܿ似һ㽵ĿַݣϣѧĵѨֶΡ



775 һ
սǰǴ۹ػŽһڵ·̣ʱŮһֱǹۿŹھ̷鼮ѾȫܹһˣַݶòԼҵĸˣǾһλߡ
櫣βѧϰһʹ似ȻˣϲĻǵѨ似ϾַݾõѨΪޱһΡ
ȻˣѨûЩС˵еô棬һ¾ͲܶҲܳΪսֶΣֻһֶָζѡ
ܹ˽һЩĻȻܹսεռϷ磬ϾзͻȻѨѨĻǿ˲ͻʧȥս
ȻˣȻѨǸֶΣҲѡ似һ似Ȼַݵ־Ҳǳãַֻǽ˼ʹóˣڻͨĻҪһʱϰߡ
һ׹ַݾȵǣ櫾Ȼѡצ׹ѡʱַݾѾǶ˵צļ֮
Ͼַݿ׹Ļܻܿ;ȥϾʹУõַݶǼ£ͷһεĻַݻ治ұ֤Լܷ
һĲмַݵʹʲôǾһŲˣôϻֱӽҾˡ
鶼زַݻ˵ЩʲôԿЦ֮󣬱㽫צ̸櫣ĶǸ׼ˣͱ˵޸ҩ
Ҳޱȵ˷ܣõ˹֮󣬵һʱֻײ˼֮ҺסԼ֣¶˾ɫ
νʮָģצʹʮָӲײԼָĳܹӾ޴һЩʹУܹ˱
ַ֮ҲҡҡͷϷʵ˰ɣоˣﻹ似Ҫǻһɣ
ҲŲҪַϷʵݣ櫴ĵ׵ľ͸еһŭٴοʼǽϵıн˻ӻ۵죬ȴûκηģ
ַҲ΢΢һ㶣˲˹ǲԼСȻѡַ֣ȻҲٷȰʲôϾצȷǸǳ似ҲʺϾʮָֻһͷǳɱ
ȻˣѡĻַҲ˵ʲôϾצʵ̫ʹˣΪһŮˣֵܼһǾ͵ÿԼ־ᶨˡ
Ŀǰԣַлûиֻۣ˵һжԼܷ뻯Ӥ͵ÿ˵컯ˡ

һڵǼУ˵˵Ҳַ̣ݵ˼ͣǰһСʱǰŮǶѾǵõϢ׷غڴ˴ȴԼҵ˻ع顣
˵ʱʵЩ̫ˣÿʱÿ̶ΪַݵǣرûеõַѾȫϢǰиʱ޿̶ڲš
ַݾǵһУҲҵĺĹǣĻҿܾͻֱɢʱ˭Ҳ֪Ρ
һжãַҲǰȵĹŮǿŴʯҲңңգȴַݹȴǵĹ
ܽҧԼ촽գΪԣĲֹԼˣԼĸס
ʱҲǴӶ෽˽⵽˶Ŀǰı仯ȻǹƶȵıҲ֪Լĸ׳ɹˣɹĽǸ仯Լеģ
ȻһۣΣأҲǳɹԼֻԼĸһ˿ǶôϣԼҸ׻ڣƿŶǡ
ֻ˵ʲôǳˣܽҲֻа̾һĬĬһƬǿգܽ·ܿһͰԼ¶ǵЦݣЦôĴ飬ô˻
ܽɫ㱵΢΢һЦѯʵãôЩʲôૣһӡ
ܽ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ΢Цҡͷûʲô룬Ҹ׿ڵĶǱģ᲻ǳĿģ
ܽ飬Ȼ֪ģ˼һ΢ЦһģڵĶǣϣĳ𣿡
ܽ΢΢һЦҲǿԼǸСԴ˵ܹԸ㣬ԼԸĿǰѾɹ˲ǣ
ĵȴһСʱ֮һҶǷս˸ۿڵͣ˶˹ַݵѾˡ
ʵҲ֤ǵĲ²⣬սַ֮ͣݵһ˳ŮǴһһˡ



776 ؼҸо
ءַŲõЦʱܽסԼͣ۽Ҳ˿˿⣬ܿƽʵ̫ˡ
ŮҲһЦݵĿַݣΪԼҵ˸еԺ֪ΣգΪںˣԸգһɹˡ
˵ַݶԼԵÿһ˶ôĿأҲκһˣѾȫܹˡ
ŮҲǻĴӻ߳һ۾ͿԼܽǲһĨθеŮҡ
Լĸ˵ĻܽȻҲޱȵֻǵҡҡͷʲô˵ˣһжԲ𣿡
šŮ΢Цŵͷܽ§ԼĻеɵŮЩҶûкúõȥʱˣҰôǷģ𣿡
衭ܽĿŮҲޱȵϲãΪм俪ʼԼĸ׾һֱǳæµûʱͬԼ컹档
Դĵ׵ģܽŮĹϵôãܶʱ˶ᳳַԾܽĸױΪԼͯ꣬ȫӰӡ
ڣܽѾûˣҲѾˣȻܻСһˣСӣܽϧŮΪԼϵΨһһˡ
Ůĸı䣬ֵܽοҲǽ§סļĸŮỨģӿ̫̫ĸжԼڡ
ַݣǾǰСһһЦݵûְְ
֣֡ͻȻСһзһݣַ˶ˣðŻعԵεղǲǽҰְ֣
㲻Ƕ𣿡΢΢һЦָָСһҲǴһĨЦݣҪ֪ԼСһǴĽţͬ˱ȽǼֱһϣһ¡
ϾСǺŲƷģĿԼĳɳٶȶ걬ͬˣԼ¶аְˣһҲϡ棬ˣɶʶеĳˡ
ңҡַһĨϲɫЦĵСһʲôְֶ
ûʲôԼĺܽаְĸˣַֻʣСһþõĲԸ֡
ŮҲ΢ЦſŮвûʲôʼɵ뷨ϾַԼѪȻǳˡ
ͬʱŮҲǲԼͬĲһ뷨ǾԼǲҲһˣδСģǿ۲˺þúþá

ȻǿֵģַҲǻصԼļУЩڶǣַݻ۵ĹǺ壬Щ۵ûš
ֻǰֻǿѹУλؼҺƣӿַݶʱһе׼˯˵һ˯һҹ
һַֻˬҲһĨˬЦݣԼȥÿطּҵĸо˭Ҳ赲ġ
˲֮УŮڴ˵ȺţҲǺóԵı鲼ϤĿѼȵȲɫַݻӯĸо
ǵʳﲢ˵óԣֻﶮõζϵҪԣ˵Щַﶼ쵭ˣһڴڵĳ
Ůų̲࣬ס͵ЦΪǸմӶǻʱҲģȻ鶼Ѿȥˣ̲סоЦ
ַݳԵô㣬ŮҲ̲סһ£ֻһԣסˣѩõǿǴټϸ־ĵĽϣζ˰ͷԽȥ
ԭֻ߲櫣ҲһĨɵɫϾôһζûճϾھһ˵ҲȻһ֡
ܾ֮ǰѾַݵĿջĲˣٴŵ˱ǵʳ̲סһһĨɫ
ʲôѾ磬Ȼ㲻ЩˡַݵһЦҲǿ櫵ĶԼջ
ϾѾ߳˵һĹ磬ԽһЩϰߣѾԵ÷ǳˡ
ðɡڣҲǿ˷Լϰҧһ鿾ѼУֻһڣͳ׵ıǹеζˡ
ϾʳʳǱɺãȻĵֵջⲻ֪öʲôӣ㶹Ǹζ



777 Ѫľ̾
ַ֮ҲŮҲǻع鵽֮УԼĸѾǸܽһͬȥҵȥˣʽ⣬ȻԼ
ϾôõŮԼĸôûһૣҶ˵ǮҪˣҪֻṇַ̀ݰǵĻǲһжԵôû壿
ֻҪ˵һ䣬չ˵ĸŮʲôһ˳ЩҲֻǸϷѣַѡ˷ΣɷչܷչһҪǮҲֻǼС¶ѡ
飬ַݲžЩͷ̼ǵõ·ɻʱŮһ񣬺ȻǽλʥŮԼŮˡ
ԩûйʲôȻԼˣַҲܽϳȥǰɣҲֻɷչ¡
ȻˣҲûʲôĻֻǱȽѣֻҪסԼ似ˣĲҪַȥƽʲô
뵽ַҲȻˣЩȱܰﵽ櫾ˣ΢΢һЦַѪڵȥ
ƿţһŨҩʱڴַݺһҲһĨЦ⣬ĳѪ˿ŵҩ
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ⲻ𣿡һĨϷʣַݻ§ѪȥѪ۽ܡ
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ٺ١ַааһЦѪĶ㣬ȻΪˣͬҲкöҪŶ
ȥġ̲ס͸ַһۣѪһƤΪҲ֪£˳ҵġ
кöҪ㿴˵ţַǱϷһ֧ε˲ΣѪǰ˻Ρ
ֻǿһۣѪȫŲˣΪһʦУԭϣΪҪģûԭϣһжǿ̸رЩԭϡ
ͱ˵ǰֻǧ˲ΣͨУҲֻһ߼ǮĶѣʦУ˲ȴԼĲƸƳĵҩͬΪ
ô˵ַݸĶʵ̫ѪˣԸϽ͸ַһ׺Ѫһĵװģⶫİô֪

ٺ٣Ȼڶˡַνʼ磬Ҳûκεı˵˳ѪΪʲô֪ЩҩĵΪϴҰʱ˵ķȻôע档
ڶǵʱҲһֱڻʳ棬ҰҲûôȥʳȻҲֱҰݵĶ֣ԲŻѪľȡ
ڵһʱͿЩĻĻȥ棬϶Ǵҩȥˣû˳˼
ǣѪ΢΢һ㶣˿еֻҩ֮ҲһĨ⣬Ҳ૵ҲЩĻǡ
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ۡҩȫ֣ε˲κڣԼС֥ѪûҸιȥô˿Լһ㡣
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ѪξЦַҲ΢΢һЦվѪЩҩãڶҲһҩչӣҪ˷ѲϣЩǻǡ
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ˣȳȥˣʲôҪģܽңһ˴ġַݳѪС󣬱˸ǣϾҪģʣµѾҪٶʲôˡ
ַݵıӰԶ֮ѪջԼ񣬲רĵĿʼԼƣôҩģɲ˷ѡ



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˵ŮȻʲôеη壬һ;˶ҪǿһЩͱ˵櫣ϰצʱ򣬾ȻԼҪһЩͷ·ܲʹһ㡣
̲סҡҡͷַתͣķȥһţַҲǻͳԼֻĸ껣Լܲһ绰
Ȼò׻ȻҪ˾һۣϾҪ˶ã͵ȥݴ½ˣһ᳤ʱʱĻɾͲˡ
õַݵ룬ȻûκѡǰۼĵصȻǾϾûбطʺ˵ˡ
ε̨֮⾩ҲǱ껸ƿھѾ׵ĸȻֻԭ֣ѾǸˡ
һҲǷչ˳˳ˮȻǲö˵Ǿãûκ谭֮ٶȣҲǿľˣ䲻ĻָھѾүǸλ֮ϡ
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ȻˣеĸԴһڹһǰĵ⳥һ֣μŵ˰Լľ
Ͼμ˵ǮѾǶൽĳ̶ˣó츣еĻַϣһ飬ϾײڹĻ̫࣬ϣܼİǡ
μŵĲƷۼ۸ͿԿڻĹμŲƷٶȹϣЩһ
ȻˣӴļ۸࣬ȻѡյĽ˽ȴûһ˷ɵĳͷΪμŵĲƷϸ׷ټģһвƷǷ˲ͻᱻ׷ٵҲᱻץ
ĳܣҲ֪һŴʲôĺһѾٲȻ䵱˻ĵһţҵҲһ˳
ô˵ѾٲȻΪ˻һеĽԼδĽӰˣŮϲš
ͬʱҲѾٸˣ˵Ӵ˵ԼҲѾ˸ȥǣðǵˣѾǱͽ˼
˵Ѿǳ׵ƿģ飬Ѿֻеȴʱţһˮɾˡ

ַݲ绰ʱȻǻæµڽӵַݵ绰󣬶ǵһʱе飬ž
Ȼˣַǵһģ֮һԱݶʱһޱ𾴵ǰϹٵûڣҪҰϵ𣿡
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˿ʱ֮󣬷ʱѾȥСʱַҲһΪѾдŲһᣬȻԼȴѾǵˡ



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صǸŲȻģϾ֮ˣ·ʱ򣬽Ȼȳ˳࣬Ҳࡣ
ĽŲȻԼܵĽŲˣ˶֮ˣ·Ȼ΢Ҳܺý͡
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ڣǵҵѾȫ죬ҲҪȥʲôܹѧϰĻǻͦģϾԼԼ֪ܱǿһЩǻͦġ
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СʱŴԡ߳һϲĶַݵ٣ⶫʵ̫ˣֻǺһƿҾ͸оԼ̥һ㡣
ǰǰܽԼԡ򿪣ָԼĸǼģ͵ĸ̫ˣֻһѣҸͳ˸Ҳо

Ƿһȭԡַ΢΢һЦµûĻڿ϶ѾͻϾҩЧͨ˵ǾԵǿ
ŶҲûκεԥҧſӳһȭֻըͬʱ˶Լ˲˴֮С
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һַֻˬԵСһҲǰ˲֮УַҲϴ֮׼Լ͡
ŮֻܽĸŮڼҵһЩ⣬ЩȻйҵ⣬ȻǶѾǿʼԼĴҵҴ۵Ļǳԡ
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ԼһҲûκεı֮ǵĿʽǰֻǿһǸȻַݾֵĸпִ˵ⶫʵ̫棬Ҳ̫ˡ
סУһָй٣Ҳ͹ֲЩǾ㻨ǮҪסΪﲻ棬ȨԼõܹסˣûһʡ͵ĵơ



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ȻˣҪںȴԵøӵҪĴ֮£ҿʼɢķʽ



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ҪܵģȻЩʩ֮еסլֻռ֮һ򣬶ʣɶʩԼ羰
ѧУȻǱزٵģԼҽҲޱȵȫ˵ֻҪסˣܹܵȫʩ
ڷ羰ЩĿرһ֮ĵС˶Ǹе˾̾
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ֻǸܵЩ󣬾Щǳ׵ķͬʱҲǴֵˣܹܵЩǵҡ
˰ʱ䣬һδ֮ǵɶԾеأֵľһ¶ɶԣҲĹϵǣ
ַΣĻص˼УϾ˵ֳǲϲμӣȫûмеůֻԼļУİġ
ô˵֮ǺǳɹˣžͿԿ֮ǵĿѾǳ׵ռýǵͷȻҲǵ飬Ǿò˥
Ͼ֮Ƕ˵̫ھˣ̺ЩǶȫݾܾͨҲֻǿѣΪ۸ʵ̫ˡ
ţμҲǷԣԹ˳ŵƽܹ֮ܵǼʼ죬ԺҲֻǿ۲ˣ˭ӵС
һϢȻ˺䶯֮ǽ֮˶Ҫᵽоסһ̻Ҫ̫̫ãΪЩɲһ顣
ڿЩַ֮Ҳֻ΢ЦҡҡͷԼļƻضԶ֮꣬ЩܹǽɣҲһŬ

һַҲٴڲ֮Уͬһ㣬似ΪҲ˾Ѿ޽ӽڵˡ
ַ뿪ʱַݾѾǸһδݴ½ĴҲǻᾭǸѡΪŻᾫôࡣ
ڿַ֮Ҳ΢΢һЦ˵СӣǸﰡ²İ
ǺǡַҲһЦҲûʲô£֪ͨһ£һںǱǰݴ½
ʵռͨѾˣֻʱַҲǷǳæµԲŵ鵽ڣڼûʲôҪˣȻѡǰ
ŶһĨɫҲǸеޱȵ˷ܣʵ˵ȥȥݴ½ѾҪˣϾȥδǣ
ȥݴ½ʵѾܹĿǰԸˣǸеޱȵļϾҲڴôòǣ
΢Цŵ˵ͷվ֪ˣʱǵôҾˣڹϵ飬ýҲˣʱԳġ
ţǾͺáַݵ˵ͷҲһЦĶ˹ָȻҲûɶ£һɣҲˡ
Ҳǲʲôƺһձڳ˽ļƶַݴ󺰵Сģҹˡ
ӣãֻһ˲䣬Ѿǳ嵽ַݵԣԼ˶ȭͷǰһƲɵĸо
ûȭǲõĴ󿪴ϵĹƣѹˣֻѡ赲𷴹뷨Уʧʱ򣬶ԷѾˡ
ַѡļϣǺǿĶܹܶ࣬Сʤ֮ûǿеֻ·߲ͬˡ
·;ǧǧ򣬵յ·;Ϊ˱ǿ˶ǷǳĺֻһȽ϶ѣûֻ̫̣֮һдѡ
Ȼǲú˵ľ󣬵ܵ˵ҪռһƵģϾǾ磬ҪַǿһͷѹҲġ
˺üСʱ֣ͣںߵʯͷϺȾԵôĺгֳζ



784 ظ
ȻѾѡȥݴ½һЩҲ׼ˣͱ˵ͨѶ棬Ͼһ磬ϵĻǻ鷳
رμŷ棬һʲô·ĻַݻǰԮҲ͸һѶܹʱϵԼˡ
λǱߣַҲǸһµʱϵԼʱԼɺڶˣȻ鷢ļʷǳССܡ
⼸ʱ䣬ŮҲǷ׷׷ż٣һԼ飬λһңҲǻصң˵ǸظңҸ衣
Ҳ⣬ͱ˵գԵǷǳĲ죬Ϊ븸ĸ֮ĹϵʮֵĲãҲǱţԼͲ֪òȥһΡ
ַȻǷеĲ죬Ҳ΢ЦǰȥץסֵûʲôԥģͼһɣǱôãҲѾԼڸЩʲôˡ
ҡɫ΢΢һ㶣˵¼ȻͻĸĸԼˣǶһ˵ģ
ϾˣһƵ̶ȵģȻûвμӣΪʵ̫̫ˡ
͵ҧҧ̧ͷһĶַݵȥɣңҺ¡
ܵǽԼıСַֺҲһ۵ȻһȥҲҪ֪ھһΡ
ţлл㣬ݡһЦҲɽַݻУֻҲһƬҲַֻݲеӴİȫУ·ֻҪߣҲνˡ
ɵϡǵĹ˹յıӣַҡҡͷǿǷްС»лʲôȥ׼һ°ɣϾͳ
õġɵĵ˵ͷնʱص˷֮Уһ󣬱ַݹͬŻţڵĵطȥ
Ȼ˿̵ңͬѵһ㣬޿ȸҲûַĳ棬ҲǿտյģֻһȺѲš
ô˵ҵЩҪȻụ̂ȴȫıȨⶰլ֮УȴŶȹԼ
һıޱȵ䵽زĴ䣬ĳЩ˸е˱ܲѡܡ
ѾǱϣǱҲûãֻǼĵȴʱţȴԼĲϡ
ܹܵĻǾͻ֣ᷢڵʵҲͦģ˳Ǯһжõõģֻʧȥɶѡ
ǮȻ̶֪ȵַݣַݣеĺҲѾǵȥʣµֻǸӡ

˴ӻ³Ҳ˴ſڴҲֻ֤һݺѡ˷УϾǵ棬˶ʱԽġ
ٴĵأյɫһֱԵôĳйֶֻ֣ǼٵģֻǱһ߶ѣԼˣȫôĮԼα
ֻһᣬӭһĸŮڿԼַݺһ㶣ҧһۺתͷѡ˱á
Ȼ˿ַ̺ˣַյĹϵĻڿɾͲǱĹˣȫѹﴦã촦
ȻޣȴָˣϾһŭַݣǲҶǳ׵ˣֻǽ޸ŵУܿˡ
һ㣬ȻҲжҲûиеʲôģϾ˫ĹϵǳˣԼһپˣѵ㻹Цݵʺã
ǰ·ҲԽԽˣպܶζ뿪ڽһЩϤˣ΢Цһͬ죬ɺȻЩ˶ǳӵĿһ֮󣬱ѡԶ룬ԵôĬ
е֪ܿϾǰȻЩ˴ĵ׵Ŀ𣬵ֻǱ˵һźģʱʱĻԼкʲôġ
ڣǶٿһ㣬עһۺ󣬱ѡ뿪ôܲеޱȵʧ䣿еѹ
ַȻеʧ䣬ҲǸпѯʵʵ㲻øеѹʵ˶֪鲢ҵĴҵġ
׵ġҵһУȻ֪Ե˵ͷߵһȷֲ˭֪Ƕ¶һҾͶ峹׵ʧˣλҲֻΪ˻ԼһԸˡ



785 
ô˵ڵգĵ׵ѾΪԼǸҵˣΪѪҺԼ裬Ѿǳ׵ûоĿֻԼܹס
ĿϵʹϵʹԼѣ˭ܲ˵һ顣
ַԣʱʱ̵̿İοĻͱˣѾǸ̫̫
߰ɣ˵۹⣬ǲҪںֻҪűľ͹ˡյļοַǣּǰȥ
ò˵ҵⶰլӣҵ˵ҪС࣬ȴںַ࣬ҲǷ˲ٵĺöʷζ
ֻķ羰ַҲû˼ͣΪסŵˣʵ̫ڰ࣬ûһ˿ζʮֵĲϲ
˵ĵһվҲƽʱס˿̴ŽţҲûһ˿һ죬Եôļž·ûһ㡣
ַݵĸ֪УլԺȴôһҲǰȥţ˻ʱլԺȴǴһϤɣûء
εôƽ·ô֮ѾûκεӰ죬ǵȻĻַҲǲһĨĸоһǳס
֮ȴǵͷ¶һĨޱȸӵɫΪζ˵ʵ̫ˡ
ǰУζһůĵĴ磬ģˣұĻӵĳɫ
ԴСվͶЩҲΪһ׵뵽εĿ֮УַݵĻ治ܹʶεʵĿ
ĿǰԣʵжҲûжĺ⣬ϾԼҸͯ꣬ҲԼ˶ʮİȻԼ˶ԱЩҲֿ˰ɡ
յʾοַƿԺĴţУֻһʵվԺУеǺϵֽдʲô
Ƕѻɽֽд˺ܶܶΣòǺ⣬һֱдһֱдҪõǸԼޱ塣
ҲǾĿīȴͷĶæ֮˵һӺҲǷеǸǺСĽֽϵīˮɣֽЦǿдô
һȥʱҲסˣΪޱרעޱдŵ֣ȴһ˵ȫ˵ġ顱֡

Ϊʲôô˵ΪǰЩΪеĳ룬Լĸܹλһֳѡ
ԴԼˣûһ˿ĸ飬ЩЩҲȫжΪܹɹ̤۷壬Ϊˡ
ڰ飬ǱεһЦ˵ֻһУΪԭֻһǾǴСΧߵŮˣΪľǮԼȨ
ô˵˵õĹߣõ׸Զ֣ǰĵ׵ĸе˱һҲں
ڣȴεд֣Ʒ⻹ַֻĸоϸ˰κַų׵ˡ
ô˵εʧܾͰһ棬ر飬ҪַյĻøô
Զ׼ģַǸظˣôˣǵõַݵİǵӵĻΪǸ˻ܼһҲѣǾԻɹ
ͬʱ֮⣬飬ַݵʱѣԼ飬ַݻ᲻Ǿܵ顣
˵ɹΣȴùֻԼȴˣܵĺܲҺܲңΪ磬ûˣһɽһɽߡ
ͱ˵ΣνǷ棬һŶǲУԼҲܹʵĽȴǣַݵУҰܵĺܲңĿûдﵽΪĿǰĽ
ַݳԽʵ̫ˣƿص˵㹻ǿҪֵĻԼûһ˿ķ
ʱһֱڴĦ֣ȴô룬벻͸ȴֻ֪һ㣬Լǰֵ֪ʵ̫ǳˡ



786 ԭ
ĳЩʱ򣬸ȷһ׸Ҳǿһ㣬ԲŻᵱЩڸʱ򣬸ȴĻ
û˸飬ǻһ磿β󣬵ֻ뵽ԼҲֻ뵽ˣ鶼ǮȨ
ǰǰһֱ벻ͨԼΪʲôдԼҪǸַ֣ճ֮˹д棬Ҳǳ׵Ĵһ˿Уһ˿飬Լһ˿顣
뵽ԼСʱȫֿ飬εҲ̲סһĨЦݣʱ˿̵ʶ˸ʵá
ȻûãҲȫΣȴܹ˽ӵһҲ˴ĵ׵ĸеˣԼԽȴôŨ
¶һĨЦ֮סˣǶʱ¶һĨĵ׵ЦݣΪĳЦôĴ⣬СʱԼõһǣһƷʱЦݡ
硭ʹģҲǺôһ֣һ֣ʱҲڳ˶˲˴֮С
ĶǲΪҲóòݵĽкôеãõĸоеǰδеļ
Ҳǳ׵˹˶Ǹǲܱģֻڵ̸𣿱ϾЩ֮Ѿȫʧȥʸ
˭ҲһܹԼ׶¶ˣĸĻǲԼⲻҿԣ
뵽ǶʱһĨɬɫҲǽϵָ£תص˷֮Уֻһᣬһ׾ƣһƿַݵҺһΰɡ
ַ֮νʼ磬ʵĵ׵ģλھ¶ֿ֮ȴǷƿĻȻ򿪣һ±һڡ
ǺǡҲ΢΢һЦֱͷԼĿеȥֻǺڣ֮ȴǴЦ
ЦЦҲЩ񣬺ðŻعһɫַݵַݣ֪Ⱳڵһʲô𣿡
˵޷ַҡҡͷ˵ڵʵ̫ˣҲҿ϶һֻҡͷʾԼ֪
ٴιһھƺſڵڵǣһοΪѵĻᣬȴǴˣϧĻͲֵز˰ɡ
ҳΪѣַ΢΢һ㶣Ҳ˲ȻˣΪ˹ȷ˵ΪѵĻһжı䡣

ȻˣûкҩԳԣȻѾˣǾû˴ͷĻᣬϾҵΪʵ̫ˡˡ
ַݿϣЩҲѡ񷴶ԣҵעֻȹˣַҲЩӡ
ĵ׵ģַݻЩˣֶκҸԴҲãֻ̫ˣȻѾЩ⣬ʲôѾǳˡ
һΣַҲǳ׵ķſˣһΣԺԥһαַЦԶˣһѻǿԵģȰɣ˾С
ǾͺȡҲȻˣַ˱;Ҳ˵ĶĻԼĺڡ
ʱ˿ַ̣ͻȻһĨεĿ֮ģӸΪ׸һҲںϧ˸飬˶ѾǲҸ̸ˣΪ»ᱻ˺
һıô˵ڵβʧȥԼеһȨԼ鷽涼ѾȫʧȥʱûһޱȷĸĸǶ׵ĸеʧ
Դ˿̵ΣеĿѾԽһУַҲǾĵһ˵ͣȰȻѡظ飬Ǿȥı䣬ıԼеЩӡ˵ܹɹ
ȻˣЩںֻںԼ˾ˣǰգԼԼĸҲֻǲǳģΪ֮Ѫϵ
һԵȫܹµеĿΪڵ͸һȫûǣһֱǹµһˡ
Ѿ뵽еʱĻȻĿڵ磬ԭˣԶװĸ硣
ֻһ˲䣬αһЩһĨ⣬οĿһۣʹãҶԲ㡣



787 ԲĻ
ˣ׵ˣûһôĿĹ˿̵ֵУǾһָһָԸΪ˸һָ顣
ͱ˵ַݶԴԼԼһ㣬Σգ鷳ᾡԼȫܹرʲôʲôҲûУеֻһģһ໥עĸ顣
ڳ׵ʱεҲ¶һĨЦݣЦݣĺһСЦݣôĴ⣬ôĴ档
ַݸпһҲǽθŻص˴ͷΪ˱ӣҲ¶һĨЦݣڵѾǳΪһѪ˲ǣ
߰ɡһԵЩģַҲļοˣԺǻǿԻĲǣ
šصĵ˵ͷŽŹرգҲ¶һĨЦݣޱһ棬ȻˣҲʵ˲ǣ
ٴǰУǵһվȻ丸ĸԺ֮ǰʱ˿̣ԺôĵģԵôļž·Ҷʧȥһ㡣
ˡźһĵȴһԺŴһϤ˭ѽ
ҡ΢΢ſڣҪĺһ裬ǻߣȴǲ֪ôΪĵ׵ģԼĸ׸еޱȵʧ
ڵһ˲䣬ԺҲ뵽˼ž֮У֮Ժű˿һŲϵݡ
ûŵյĸףϴȣԵǲʮ겻ֹѾһһ㡣
ֻһۣվסˣ죬ôˣô˲ôϣߣȴǱ˻ȥΪ֪ôڡ
һɬĿһۣ˵Ҳޱȵʹ࣬Լںһֱ谮ĶӣȴԼԼ¶ԼȺںŮԼҲȫġ
ڸĸ˵ҪʲôȨҲǮƣܹԼĶŮгϢܹʱԼǾôЩԸ˵Ҳֻѡ
ǱѾǳ׵ķˣⱲӲгͷĻˣһ¶߼ĸȻУȴǲ֪άˡ
ߣҲָˣ˴ֱûаԼŮѡãҿʲô
ô˵һ˵ʶʵ̫ˣҲµϾӲ̸ĸ֮ǲظ飬Ůôںǣ
֮ЩɬȻˣͽɣվſˡ

Ȼѡ˳ĬȴѾ̤뵽˷֮Уǰţûһᣬ㿴һСǸˡ
Ҳǳ׵ʧȥԼǹɰôį޵ͷҲһЩףտĲǱͷһᡣ
·һ㣬ǸҲĻȻ˫ۣڿַպһЩʹĵͷ­֪ˡ
һǰǰĲˮð̣ȴûһ˿ڷԣΪ˭Ҳ֪˵ЩʲôֻǾĵȴʱš
һֱһļͥȴ䵽һأһ˾ۼһ󣬾ȻҲκηԵɣܾİ˶硣
Ĭַ֮ĻȻ̧ͷĸһ⣬ھûкڹôԴա
ͬʱסˣ̧֮ͷһɬĿյ˵𣿾ԼԸԭԼοˡ
㲻ԣô֪ϣַ΢ЦĿˣҲһĨȻЦݣΪŮ֮ʲôĳޣֻҪһͷǸһж⡣
𣿡ҲסˣĿһۺ󣬲ѯѯʵһҲǲԸţΪһԵôƮˡ
ףĸסĻȻվ۽ǰ˵ĶԴңҷǳģɲô˵һ˾һˣʵں޲
ǣԲ㣬ԸһλĻԸ⽫ǰûиģԭⲻĻ𣿡۽ǵţǰֻ棬Ѿȫգлʣʲôֻи˲
Ը⡭΢Цŵ˵ͷԸλһĻᣬΪǣҲΪԼǣ



788 
ô˵ҲǻһźҲޱȵԲ֮ҲǺͺޱȵĸпȻġ
ҾĴһַ֮ѡ뿪뿪ʱַҲܹ˿ᡣ
΢΢һַҲͻȻһ飬յļЦˣݴ½ȶ󣬽ǽӵݴ½
ţյжʱһĨ⣬Ϊַݵ취ȷǣΪҸųǿ϶ܵˣϾ˭Ҳ֪һ׼˶ٵֻأһҵĻ˭òǣ
ǽǴ磬ٳڻǵЩҲ˵ЩʲôҵҲܹõԼҪɲǣ
ַ࣡һڣһЦݣãܹ㣬һˡ
ǱģܹҵĺϹⲻĸʲôַҲǺٺһЦյ仰
ַǺƤģҲԼıӣһıӵ佱仹ǳģ
Ȼô˵ţյԼжϲõģҲǲֳһĨЦݣĨЦݿַݲٴһ
ַݵУվͷ·ǹŴʩһ㣬üûпĵݣһ¶Цݵʱȴôľޡ
ͬһʱ䣬ַбѾ¶˾ģ뵽յķȥһˣòŮǸûؼҵĶؼˣҲֻȥյķ䡣
ô¶˾ַ֮ҲǴջص˼УڳԷʱַݵĸĸȴͻȻԵݣҲһ˶ɣЩַھǣҲ뿴ǣ
˵˵ģȻԼЩ䣬ڼ֮ȻЩַھǣϾദ˼ʮ꣬Ȼǳ˸顣
ȻҪصԼôõĵطȥЩַھӣԼԼǣҲԼһԸ
ǵԸַôܲȥ㣿Ժԥĵ˵ͷǾͻȥһΰɣÿҶǣҲǡ
ôڶһ磬ҲѡһͬϾַĵطҲҪȥ

һͨСУַǱ־ԵĻŻĽ䵽УСն˲ԾַٲȻѾǳΪСеĴϾһӵôŮˣһгദûһ㱾µĻôܣ
λַȻҲΪ˸лַھЩչˣÿһԼʶ֪ˣԼһ⡣
ЩԼҵˣǸǸ㹻һӻǮƣС˲Ͼַݳʵ̫ˣ󷽵Ĵڡ
ַݸɢƣĸĸҲϵŸ飬Щַ֪ǿܲٻ֮ҲһĲᣬϾദôõھӾҪ뿪ȻҲޱȵĸп
ȻˣҲе᲻ַôҪַ֪ݶСĹ׿ɲ٣ԺСҵǶûнҸʩҲճַ̫̫ݵĹ⣬ǲŹˡ
˵ʲôû˲ǣַһ˵뿪ҲǣСģҲ֪˭˽飬ҪΪַһҾٰһͻᣬСʱæµ
ҶǽԼҺóԵģúȵĶ˳СʱС̺ŨŨĸζ
Ͼ˴ǲǨǰŵԵھӣԱ˴˵ĸ鶼ǳãַҲûȥЩ˵ļв䷹ԣļʲô˺óԣļҵľƺúȣ֪һ
ȻˣƴֵַôôҳԿÿˣᷢһֳҲǴﵽߵ㣬Ҳλͻıȹ껹Ҫ֡
ûвɢϯһҹַ֮ݵ˱ѡ뿪ֵСٴҲǸ̾ţַһǲˣԺֻܻǵļˡ
ϤĵطַҲޱȵĸпȻԼѾȣζŨĵطôòˣ
ֻǻʱ˶ѣлĻҲǻص廳һԼļ䣬Լʱ־ĲƸ
ַݵĸĸȻˣϯɢȥӭǵĽһȫµ϶ܾʣҲĳڴ



789 
ص˼кַٴÿƷܵķ羰ӵǹյģŮҲǻĹҲôĸǡ
ϾҪȥһİˣԶԼԼ磬ˣҲʱǣ
Ȼˣһȴ˵ģϾݴ½磬ˣԼ֪һУֽѪ
ЩԵ쳣ĵ͵ھЩĵҩ׼ַԼŮһľϲ죬ҲһζǳҪĵҩҩֽ𵤡
û𵤾ҩ֣ҲֻһǾܹͻƵ𵤵ĳɹϣʧܵļʡ
Ů˵ⵤҩֱѩ̿Ϊ۷ģŮ֮оѾкüˣȴһûУΪͻƵǼǳΣյ飬ԼûգַҲǷղǣ
ڽ𵤱ƶɣŮҲԷеĸĵ׼ͻˣûЧǻҸԣѡȻΪʦͬʱҲߵѪԼˡ
ڵҩƳɹѪһ˷ַܵܵݵǰݣƳɹˣƳ˿ͻƵʵĵҩ׼һ£һòã
ʲôַҲ΢΢һΪ֪𵤣ǲҪ󣬶ҳɹļҲǷǳĵͣѪ˵Ц
ɫ΢΢һַҲһǵĿѪѪ˵ĶⵤҩײòеĻǿȥݴ½Ҹ˵ǣ
ô鷳ġѪ΢ЦҡҡͷһʦԼƵĵҩҩЧ֪ǲǻ֮ȫҩﾫûһ˿ʣһ˿Ļġ
ˣҿǳңͻƵҵľ㻹ҪˣͷİɣʲôģֻҪ֤Ҳˡ
ʵʱѪͻƵ׼ˣֻҪһȻصݴ½ѡͻƣȻҩƳˣҲ׼һ£ܹܲɹͻơ
Ŷַ΢΢һ㶣˿ѪҧͷǺðɣȻôģǾ԰ɡ
ѪЩ˷ܵĵ˵ͷȻǸʦҲûǣԼҲǸߣܹͻƵߵľ޴Ը
Сʱ򣬾ͿͻƵʱǹӴƣǾΪˣͬʱҲ¶˾ģǾԼһҪͻƵһ
Ŷʮ꣬ѾǼͻƵˣҵļޣȫܹŸߵĻӤ棬ʱɹȥһ硣

ô˵ͻƵҲѪеһ޴ԸϾͽΪʵַҲûκεĳɣ˽һº󣬱ѪδУ׼ͻƵ
ô˵ַҲѾǼ֤ĵˣһһѪͽǵһǽ
ΪһҩɹЧŮҲǷ׷׷ãͻƵѵһ󲽣ʱʮͬʱҵǰؿ϶ܾٵ°Ͱɣ
Ȼˣʱ˵Щһ㣬ҪǽǰѪ˳Ŀã֤Ϊߡ
ޱϤĵط֮ѪҲޱȵĸпȻ֪ⲢԼǸʱյݴ½ɻޱȵУֻص˼ҵĸо
һԣĵطºַһصѪ׼ͻƵķ費Ҫ˵һ飿
ַ˵ԼͻƵʱûôĽţϾԼ״Լ֪Ѫھʲôȴһֻ֪ǽŵѯ
׼ˣǿʼɡѪ΢Цŵ˵ͷҲûκԥһڽҩУʼۼؼӴ
ַݽŵעһУĹ۲֮£ѪԼһҧ˽𵤣ʼ۽𵤵Ĺ̡
ȻҲҪҲΣյһʧֻܴͷҲǴĽͣô˵Ѫܲʧܡ
ַݽŵע֮£ѪҲǷǿŽ𵤣ԵʮֵĵȻΪܹеԼڵĽ𵤣Ѿ𽥳Σûʲô󾢲֡
Сʱ֮ѪҲĻȻ˫ۣһֻڵߵƴڲ˲ַݵҲһĨȻ



790 ּӤ
⣬ͳɹͻˣַȻȻѪͻƵḶ́ʵ̫ˣ׵ľԷˮô򵥣ֻһСʱѣôɹ
ţɹˣѾǵˡһڵκѪҲͻȻ§סַݵļһȸԾģΪóɹģΪԼĵߡ
Ҫ֪С׾ǵߣҲһ׷Ŀ꣬ѾɹˣһԼҸ˽ʮ꣬һ
Ҫ֪뿪ݴ½ʱֻǸ۷߶ѣѾǿԽһ󾳽磬뵽˵֮У׵ѹݴ½һǿһڣҲʮꡣ
ȻˣһģȻΪַ̫İҩûٺȣȻˣҲԼƵĵҩЧĻҲͻƵôѸ١
ô˵̫Ŵﵽڵⷬ磬ܱͬ˵̫̫࣬ɷϵǣǵߣͬߵʱܹɵѹǣǸɴܡ
ǾҪˣûͻһ󾳽綼һʵɱ䣬ַҲ˵ˣӤ֮ǰֻѣڻӤ֮Ѿˣһɵһɵ·;
ǺǡַҲǳ׵ͨˣѪܹôɵͻƣȻΪҩȷЧܹͻƵ磬ѪԼĻԵԼŬ
ַͻƵʱȻҲлԵڵİȴǲôһ㣬ѡȡɵķʽԲŻôʧܡ
ô˵ɹͻƣǳɹͻƣѪҲԼ֤ԼƵĽҩܹͻƵļʣⵤҩİܹɹͻƵĻǻͱˣؼɡ
ͻǿֵģҲǴһӵŷֿѪҲһĿܵݣҲûʲô£ǲɣһִ֪ݴ½жٵĲͬ
Ǿ͹ɡַȻνʼ󣬱ѪȥͬʱҲͻȻ뵽һ㣬Ǿ⸽Ȼû˻ļ󣬺ȻҶүӻûл
Ҳ֪ʱүڸ𣿡һĨɫڰȫ⣬ַȻһҲǣϾүӿǻӤߣشûִڵĵط޵еĴڣôܻʲôΣգ
뵽ַҲǲԥ߳Ƭ֮󣬱㲦ͨүӵѶֻǿһַۣݾˣΪ˿̵үӣһʮҵĺŲˮ

⿴ޱһĻȴԵôĲΪΪߵԻӤүʱֻѡãΪһӭĻڵΪᱻߡ
ǰӣȴֱүӣܵȻĺŲˮѾȫַݵֻĿɿڴүӣ⣬ô£Ϊʲôǰܡ
ַһԾݣүҲǴЦһҡͷ˵СӰ㲻ϴô㶼²ڻӤǰȾƵˣʲô磿
ַ΢΢һ㶣ҲǻȻ򣬺ȻҲǻӤߣԲүӵǰȻƷ裬Ϊ˶ͬߣԸͲ˭ȡ˭ڵŴﵽһƽ״̬
ԭˡ뵽ַ֮ҲһȵĿһۣ仹Ӣ䲻ϾʵʮͻƵӤˡ
ˣ͹ɣСӣѾþûҹ˰ɡַһȻģүҲ΢΢һЦ䷢롣
ַȻ޴ӾܾϾүӿǳһӤӣҲʶһ£΢Цŵ˵ͷϾ͹үһͺá
䣬ַݱرѶѶҲʾүڵλãֻҪֱ߷ɹȥˣתͷѪȥȴֻɫЩ졣
ôַ΢΢һ㶣ҲѯʵʲôԵĵط𣿻㲻ȥȥǾˣǻؼҡ
ûûСѪҡҡͷɫɹĵûʲôԵĵطҾǷ֣ղǸеģݺҸеƣ
ַ΢΢һ㶣ϸԺôһ󣬻ЩƣҲǸֳһĨɫ
ַϸ˼һº󣬱Ѫѯʵ⣬ⲻδֵܰɣҸ뿪ݴ½һ



791 㣿
ȥġ̲ס͸ַһİۣȻϲԸϣѪлôһ˿ɫΪǸӣʵԼҸ׳̫ˡ
ԾƣӣһԼôһ˿ĹϵʲôϵǻѯһչʱУѪԼһһֽ֣
뵽Ѫжʱӿһɳ嶯֪һԼûַݵĻһޣǹ¶ϣ
ԵЩĬ˷гүڵĵطȥгٶȼ죬ֻһСʱ˱һҰɽС
ֻ⴦ɽдУ봦һɽȴǻɳ鲼гĳȫƻ˴ĵ׵һĨС
ַݶʱˣλӤڴˣǻɳ鲼ɽȣɵġ
ݴ½Ũ˵ѹ£ЩֲƻٶҲִ࣬ĻǿһһƬɭ֡
ˣԽãȻ˺ҲǸ࣬Ԥϵǣ뿪֮⴦ɽȷԲʮ֮ڶһƬë֮ء
뵽ԼԺͻƻӤҲΣַ̲ס΢΢һ̾ˣ㲻ƻصĻؾͻһֱѹ㣬һᡣ
ƻҲַԸģϾصģҲÿģƻ֮ǰַҲǾԼı»ҲΪıȡһݸɡ
ɽȵı߽ǰַҲǽгϾӤУ͵潵䵽ǰĻǿ˲ͻὫԼ˸
ףַݿɲװױˣΪ˰ȫڱԵѪɽȵȥ׼һӤߡ
ĳѪԵЩţϾ¶˵δ翴һԼֵܵˣ˵Լ죬ǲЩˡ
ѾˣѪҲû˺˵ɣھҲǷǳҪ˽һ£ϾԼǷǳҪ˽ġ
ǰǰѶ¶ĳҲǳ˵ǰַҲǿӺŲˮүӣȻҲǲˣ΢Цתͷ
Сӣˣվɣͱˣߡڼַ֮үӶʱЦŶóǳĸˡ
ҲתͷЩĿˣַֻǿһ۾ͻιŵѪϺҲ˲һжʱһĨԵ𾪣Ҳ૵⣬ôܡ

ţүӶʱҲӵĲԾжʱƵϵܣôôʲôܵģѵʲôˣ
ҡүӳϵܵɷѪϵôܣôܣ㲻ѾѵתͶ̥ˣ
㣿үҲסˣðŻعһľȵϵ˼ǣŮӳĺĽ㣿
ǵģ̫ˣȫҽʱһģһжʱһĨ͵ɫô˵ѪĽģͬĵ׵иС
ѪǱҲǳ׵סˣΪӵĻѾ֪һУǾԼˣԼĵܵܣȥDNAá
ֻǡѪޱȵıŤΪǸ磬ԼܵһӰӶûУ磬ԼҵܾܵȻԼҪ󣬶Ǵϣ˾ȵǣȻͻ˻Ӥ硣
˵Ѿȫ߸Ѫеһ͵Ҳʲô죬͵ʲôȴʲôҲ˵
ҲסˣΪ·𿴵ԼȥĽ³ԼǰΪǰѪòʣǱ飬Լһģһֱһģ̳һ㡣
һΣүѾȫˣַԵŮȻ֪ҲüˣԼԵļһЩʶһλѡ
ѵ֮ʲôϵͻȻүԺиֳһޱȾȵķ֣ѪȻǲö٣Լλѵ֣ǽԵ
˵־ȻޱȵջǼһģ̳ģ˵үѾǳ׵ãȻˣ֮䣬ž˵ɺϣΣֻҪ˲



792 
Сӣң⾿ô£ΪʲôôһѪһԵүʵŭˣ벻׺ҲֻǽŭַݣΪ֪һ϶֪𰸡
εʼ磬ַݿЦ˵үӣô֪һ֪ôһ˵ĶѾ˵˲ǣ
ʲô㣬˵ѪԵ׵ĴˣĿѪһãȻôܣΪʲô
ȿȡַʵڿȥˣټȥĻԵ϶Ͼʵ̫ˡ
ˣҲˣ˵һжġɤַ֮ſʼã˽͵
Ҳܼ򵥣ΪԼʮǰ𣿡ַνʼ磬Щŵ˳
үסˣԵҲסˣȷַ˵ԼʮǰĻһж͵ͨˣ飬ʵЩԽܡ
ˡ̲סһʺүһĿ˵˵СӣЦ̫˰ɣԼʮǰԽʱգ
ַݺεʼ磬ַݽ͵֪ţʵˣԶһ꣬ԼǸ˶ɣ
˵Ķģүӳ׵ˣΪַıԲ˵ЦǺڸ͡
ȻģȻ㻹ţʣܲƭɣգַֻܿЦŽѡȨүӣҲʹҲܹ˽ˡ
үӻǾЩģҧʱҶѶȲѯʵŮݸ˵ڼʮǰ𣿡
ѽͻأѯȻǽҶһΪַ˵ǾܣԲܽȥģԼүүͻȻʵ£Ҷȫסˡ
֪ôشʱһϤȴǴѶд˳ûµģһаʵ˵ˡ
ַݿ֮ҶȻûκε飬ĶҶүӵүү˵ĶģǰС
شҶүҲȷô飬ΪʲôүѾǲ׷ʲôΪҪǣѪԵ֮䣬ദ
㡭ĻȻԵۿ¶һĨ⣬ĿѪеʵָӣΪǰŮ˵Ľ㣬ȷǣ˵Ҳǡ
Եĵ׵ԸţǰŮ˾Ľ㣬Ϊ̫ˣ֮ĸ飬ޱȵ

ңҡѪҲ֧֧Ĳ֪ô˵һԵַ̲ס͵ЦȥԼδһЩЩ˼άǳ׻ҡ
˿֮ԵͻȻȻˣһЦݵĿѪ˼ͻˣ֪еܲҵĴڣͽҵְɣҲ֡
ţԵԵôһ˵ѪҲȻһĿǧҪʳ
ǵġԵ˵ͷЦӦʮʱģǸʱʱɡ
ʷ켣ûĻڲڶ뵽ѪһЦҲһĨϷʵɫ
ȿȡԵ˵һ죬Щεͷȷʵһȥҳʱģ׻ʲôģ
԰ȥĻҿԴȥԵʱ˵ͷ֪Լĸڿͬĺӻʲôģ
𣿡ԵҲɫһϲͻȻɫһ䣬ǱЩ԰ףͻȻҪεһ㣬˶һ
ѪҲŵĸϽǰһȴַסôǲﲻ
û¡ԵҡҡͷĻȻ֮һҲ֪ΪʲôղͻȻӿһĨΣУȥǸĻһ
ţַҲ΢΢һ㶣ЩΪʲôૣȥǸͻӤĸ֪òɡ
ͻȻ˳Ĭ֮УðַſڵӦˣΪʲôĸооӦҲġ
Ϊʲô˼ͬʱѯʣַҲǵһЦܼ򵥣룬Լǰǵĸ㣿



793 ɲ
˼ַƿˣһãȻĿȴļͣͬʱҲǲϵڴĦַݻе˼
ȿȡַ̲סεӣǳԵĻ͵Ҳ˵һֻһ㣬Ļǲȫ𣿡
ôҲеʲôϸƷζһ󣬷ַ˵Ļôֵô˵Ե治ȥǸˡ
ȻԵеЩϧҲûʲô취ϾΣƭ˵ģԵҲֻȻѡ˷
Ǹ̫̫಻ˣĸĸҲļ˻飬ĽŮˣԵĻһȥǲܵһ飬Ͼվǲܳһġ
ʵҲôʧģ㲻ȥǣǿ㰡ԵһϧģѪҲǾһֻýеĻ˵˳
ףԵжʱһϲΪѪ˵ûȥǸ磬ȴ簡ǻһģ
뵽ѪʱͷǾͰ˵ɣĺǡ
˵˿ѪĶϾ˵ڵԵ͵֪ͬʱҲһʷԼĹ켣ѾǸı䣬Ժ֪Լһôġ
ԵĬ֮þɵַݣѯʵ⣬ǽ˰ɣ
šЩεӣôһ˽нַݴĵ׵ĸе˲̫ӦҲǴӦϾôҲûǣ
׺ԵʱпһѪ㣬һɱһҸˣҵԼ氮
ʲô˼ַѪ΢΢һ㶣رѪһȵָԼѵҵһĺⲻܰɡ
ԵҡҡͷһĿЦĺûУҳȥʱûҹκһˡ
Ϊʲôٴ¶һĨɫѪһӶûҹһˣ⾿ô£ѵʲô飿
ĿַһۺԵҡҡͷʵСҲһֱܺ⣬Ҳʹ㾿Ϊʲôȴҡҡͷ˵С顣
ĸҲǳĽΪῡܣܴܲǣɽǵĿһۺҡͷ˵㲻ֱѡ뿪
ֱǰҲʹŸҽˣ˵һֱεһˣǸ˾һķֻһֱûг֣ǰȴ˵ǸһֵģһԼһ𡣡

˻ַ֮Ѫ̲סһҲޱȵ⣬ĸ˳ԺԸ¶ҲԸһ顣
˵ԵͻȻվ˵Եһᣬȥȡһǽǰ˵ֵʱȡҽ
˵꣬ԵתطַѪǴ۵СۣһеĸоΪǰ̫ˣ綼Ҫ˵ǳ׵߸ǵ뷨
˵ʲôûˣҪľǵȴȴԵǼó󿴿ؽҲ֪ˣ⵽ô¡
ֻһСᣬԵһģĶ˵ǰǻѪУˣǴ򿪿ɡ
Ѫ÷ĵ˵ͷǻ򿪣ֻǿһۺ˫־һֱŵĽеĻ˳ȥ
ôַһϽӹһۺҲǲûµĽȥиһĨŵɫ
ô£ﵽ׻ʲô˵ĶȻԵүɫޱȵĹ죬ߴԼҲҪ⻭
Լɡַ̲סһʣֱתˣҲյ׸׸֪ΪϻȻԼѪ໥һģôĴôʵ
˶˴֮УַݸЩɬĶԵѯʵ⾿ô£˭ܸҸͣ
ȷŻԵղóģԼżʮʱ䣬ַݻΪ˭Ķ磬Ͼʵ̫ˡ
˭֪˶ҡҡͷһãȻ˭Ҳܽͣѧ޷ͣô˵Ѿǳ׵ĳΪδ֮գΪǸѪѾˡ



794 ֣һ
гϣһ˺ƺƵũܵķжȥ·ʱ򣬿гжԵ̾Ϊʵ̫ˡ
гϵģȻַһˣǵĿ꣬Ȼũݴ½ĴǼǰݴ½ӡ
Ȼˣӵг̵ĿռַͨȻŮҲԼȥðգҲǽǸ棬ԼǰеĿռ䴫ͨ
ʱμѾǳ׵ռŵĽΣʵ绹δ磬Ͼδĳ̵Ѿ˶ϣ۶ֻͨĽ׷ʽҲѾǳ׵˶˵۹⡣
ô˵̵Ѿڶǳ׵Ĵ˾棬ǹɼȻҲǴǣҲǳûչ̵׵ƿС
ҸܵȽԼһк󣬶Ҳǳ׵ķſĹؿ˵Ѿǲֱ˴ˣĶԿͬƤͬࡣ
ʵ磬Ҳһ˳ĹĴǿһңԻĻĹҶǴ˸
رһֱ뻪ų޵̫ǳ׵ĳĳǻĵĹԼԻĹɵľ޴˺⳥һӴĲƲ
һ뻪ĹڵĹңҲǲ˵ʲôʲôնǵˣΪĹܿ˲Ͷ׼ǡ
ʲôʱȭͷӲڻĵȭͷģĹҶԻĳʱţĹһĸǿ
ÿ뵽ЩʱַҲ̲ס΢΢һЦΪĿѾﵽˣ׵ĸı磬ҲǸı磬ıδ硣
һޱȾԵ׳٣κһ˶ȫΪûг̵꣬ûԼĻԵ
ַ˵ĲǸı磬ȢôԼŮˣÿһô㣬ȴԸԼԼһҪǳ
ַҲǷǳϧǣԼۣ˭Ҵ˭ӻ˭
ռͨѾַȻҲǺɵĽ룬ڴʱһҲһĨЦ⣬󺰵ݴ½Һֻˡ
ַ֮ȻҲûжͣڴ˷һռ䴫ѡԶ룬СʱǰΡ񶼾ǰҵı־ԽһֱУһжûκεı仯
ַҲǲԥ˸Ů˸Ѷһ֮ͬУʱס֮С

ʱҴҷţתǽʮȥַѾСĸˣһȺСһԺϷţҲһĨᡣ
ôҶӨٻеĸоַеһĨᣬжʱЩõԤУַݿ϶ʲô˵ڵĻ
ѹƲסˡַݿЦҡҡͷҲһĨεɫЩٶʵ̫ˣ˵۷塣
ַֻһֱѹž磬ͻƻӤΪͻƻӤ֮ͱҪԼļ˺ŷˣѡԾסԲԸ⿴һ顣
ʲôҶӨٻҲ̲סһһĨĲᣬҲףַѾѹƲסˣȥĻ嶼һ˿˺
ֻǰСʱѣַݼͻƵʹԼ˺ӣҶ£һѣֵĳһֻͣȴԵЩء
ַҲǲ˵ʱҡҡͷˣҪ˶ҲͻƻӤģĻǲһ𣿡
ַôһ˵ŮźһЩΪȷַ˵ǾͻƻӤҲǲԶˣֻʱķֱѡ
еİַҲװ·һŨĵط˵ı֮зôһŵҩѡͻƻӤ
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